Travesía • 2011

Design, Fabrication and Test Performance

of a Multi-Crop Grating Machine 1
2
Orley G. Fadriquel

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to design, fabricate and test the

performance of the Multi-Crop Grating Machine. The multi-purpose grating
machine was composed of four major components, namely: the hopper/
feeding assembly, the grating and the power units, and the machine frame or
support. The over-all dimension of the machine measured 300 mm in length,
300 mm in width and 1000 mm in height. In testing the machine, two types of
grating blades, the coarse and the fine ones were used. The capacity of the
machine in grating cassava using the coarse blade was 161 kg/hr and that for
the fine blade was 107. While the grating of papaya requires the machine’s
capacity of using the coarse blade for 71.43 kg/hr, that for the fine blade was
68.96. The grating of ginger showed that the capacity of the machine of using
the coarse blade was 111.11 kg/hr, that for the fine blade was 80.54. To
determine the viability of the machine economic analysis was made using the
Internal Rate of Return. Results show that an investment for the multi-
purpose grating machine is profitable. The grating machine designed,
fabricated and performance tested is found to be useful to the cassava,
papaya and ginger processors because it lessen the time in grating the
commodities.

Key words: grating machine, cassava grater, papaya grater, ginger grater,
multi-crop grater

1
Presented during the Southern Luzon Cluster Invention Contests and Exhibits, Legaspi City,
Albay on September 6-9, 2010 sponsored by DOST IV A&B and DOST V. Best R&D Poster, 24th
Regional Symposium on Research and Development Highlights
2
Assistant Professor II; Mechanical Engineer; Faculty, College of Engineering and Technology,
RSU
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INTRODUCTION

During my high school days, my mother occasionally would ask me

to do the favor of grating cassava for cassava cake and sometimes of papaya
for pickled papaya to augment our income. I would always obey her in
exchange for bigger allowance for the following school days. Grating would
require me more than two hours to finish half sack of cassava while grating
papaya would just enable me to spend enough time but after the grating
session, my arms could not be moved easily for aches caused by manual
grating.

Ginger rhizome, commonly known as “luya”, is a common morning

drink in exchange for coffee for those who are health-conscious. The
traditional process to make ginger rhizome tea is to boil pieces of peeled and
washed ginger rhizome and after boiling it for several minutes, it could be
served together with boiled “camote” or cassava.

Nowadays, cassava is still being processed as cakes, “suman”,

“bibingka” and “sago” and being used and explored as source of starch, flour
and feeds. Its demand is bound to increase in the years to come. “Papaya”,
on the other hand is still processed as pickles because it adds palatability to
lechon and other fried foods. “Luya” is being processed as tea labeled and
attractively packaged, can be found in many stores.

Commercial instant “salabat” is also processed by grating the ginger

rhizome, which is squeezed later to extract the juice. The juice will then be
mixed with sugar and simmered until it dries. From that of course, comes the
source of instant “salabat”. In most parts of the Philippines, crops earlier
pointed out have evolved from being sources of human food to key
commercial crops with high-value and marketable products.

Commercial production with sufficient and sustained volume of this

type of products will surely give economic impact to the community,
therefore, more researches and development interventions must be pursued
so as to enhance production from planting to processing.

Grated cassava products, pickled papaya or “atsara” and instant

ginger rhizome or “salabat” are the products commonly processed by self
employed women to earn income for the family. Even working mothers are
engaged in this type of business to earn extra income. These women
activities which add economic stability to the family and to the community
must be enhanced. Interventions should be continuously pursued with full
integration of all efforts from crop production to products.

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The facts mentioned have encouraged the researcher to

conceptualize the design, fabrication and test the performance of the multi-
purpose grating machine to help ease the burden of food processors in
grating cassava, papaya and ginger rhizome.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted to design, fabricate and test the

performance of the multi-purpose grating machine conducted at Romblon
State University, Odiongan, Romblon during the school year 2009 – 2010.
Specifically, the objectives of the study are:
1. To design the components of the multi-purpose grating machine
such as the hopper/ feeding chute, the grating and the power units
and the frame.
2. To fabricate the multi-purpose grating machine based on the design
parameters as the:
a. Hopper
b. Feeding chute
c. Grating Unit
d. Power Unit
e. Frame
3. To test the performance of the machine in terms of production
output using three crops namely cassava, papaya and ginger
rhizome.
4. To determine the economic viability of the machine if used
commercially.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual model of the study is shown in the form of a

paradigm in figure 1. It utilizes the input, throughput and output approach.
The INPUT of the study consisted of alternative ideas from related literature
and studies, supplies and materials, tools and equipment and cost of
construction of the project. The THROUGHPUT covers the different
processes involved in the development of the model namely: designing,
fabrication and testing. The OUTPUT is the completed Multi-purpose
Grating Machine.

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INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT

 Alternative
ideas from
related
literature and  Design
studies  Completed
 Supplies and  Fabrication Multi-Purpose
Materials Grating
 Test Performance Machine
 Tools and
Equipment
 Labor
 Cost

FEEDBACK

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

Table 1. Materials used in the project

Quantity Unit Description
1 Full sheet Stainless sheet (8 mm thick)
1 Full length Mild steel 1 x 3/16 x 20 Angle bar
1 Full length Mild steel 1 x 3/16 x 20 Flat bar
1 Pc V-belt B-23
¼ Kg Tying wire
1 Pc Hacksaw blade (Sandflex)
1 Kg Electrode gauge 12
1 Kg Stainless Electrode gauge 12
4 Pcs 3/8 x 1 ½ Bolts
2 Pcs 1/2 inch Nuts
2 Pcs. 1/2 inch Nuts (Stainless)
1 Pc 3/4” ID Pillow block
1 ft 3/4” Ø stainless steel shaft
2 Pcs Nut washer
2 pcs Nut washer (stainless)
1 Pc 4x13x1 pulley
1 Pc 1 hp single phase electric motor
1 can Spray paint no.36 silver(300 ml)
3 pcs Sandpaper (No. 120)

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Tools and Equipment Used

Electric arc welding machine

Rubber mallet
Hammer
Gas welding machine
Grinding machine
Sheet metal cutter
Hacksaw
Anvil
Sandpaper
Bench tools (long nose, fliers, vise grip, screwdriver, wrenches)
Molder

Fabrication Procedure

The fabricate procedure of the multi-purpose grating machine was

presented in detail but it is necessary to procure all the supplies and
materials needed in the fabrication of the machine. Shop tools and
equipment must also be prepared. It is also necessary to contact first an
expert welder for labor before fabrication commences.

1. The Frame
a. Measure and cut the pieces to the required dimension.
b. Assemble the frame. Use an electric arc welding in joining
the angle bars.
c. Grind the protruding welded parts of the frame with a
portable grinder.
d. Use file to grind the protruding parts that are not removed
by the grinder.

2. The Hopper/ Feeding Assembly

a. Measure and cut the sheet with a tin cutter.
b. Form the necessary cylinder for the hopper and for the
feeding chute.
c. Solder the hopper cylinder.
d. Solder the feeding chute cylinders.
e. Measure and cut a separate sheet for the feeding chute
support.
f. Measure, cut and round the necessary size of the flat bar.
g. Solder the feeding chute to the feeding support.
h. Grind the protruding soldered parts.
i. Use sandpaper for a smooth finish.

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3. The Grating Unit

a. Measure and cut the sheet with a tin cutter.
b. Weld the nut at the center. The nut will act as the holder of
the blade to the shaft.
c. Nail punch the bottom to make grating blade at the top
portion. The protruding parts will act as the grating blade.
d. Grind using electric grinder and sandpaper the protruding
parts but make sure that the nail punched protruding parts
are not included in grinding.

4. The Shaft
a. Using lathe machine, make a screw at one side of the shaft.
The screw will hold the nut mounted at the grating blade.
b. On the other side of the shaft, make a hole that will then
hold the bigger pulley.
c. Insert the pillow block in the shaft using hydraulic press.
d. Insert the bigger pulley.
e. Assemble and weld the shaft to the frame.
f. Grind the welded parts for smooth finish.

5. The Catch Basin

a. Measure and cut the sheet with a tin cutter.
b. Make a center hole to accommodate the passage of the
shaft.
c. Lay out the catch basin.
d. Weld the catch basin to the main frame just above the
pillow block of shaft. Make sure proper angle is observed
for ease sliding of the grated cassava to the collection box.
e. Grind using electric grinder and sandpaper.

6. The Power Unit

a. Measure the distance of the two pulleys.
b. Lay out the motor.
c. Screw the motor to the frame.
d. Assemble the switch to the main frame.
e. Make sure electric wirings are in place.
f. Connect the male plug to the wire.

7. Cover
a. Top cover
i. Measure and cut the sheet with a tin cutter.
ii. Grind using sandpaper to ensure smooth finish to
avoid scratches when holding the cover.

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iii. Weld the makeshift hinge to the cover and the

hopper cylinder.
iv. Weld the wire that will act as holder to the top
cover.
b. Side cover
i. Measure and cut the sheet with a tin cutter.
ii. Grind the sides using sandpaper.
iii. Weld the sheet to the main frame.
iv. Grind using electric grinder the welded parts.

8. Finishing
a. Grind using sand paper all the rough surfaces of metal.
b. Use number 120 sand paper.
c. Spray the welded parts with a silver paint to avoid
accumulation of rusts. Spray the whole body.

Testing Procedure

In testing the grated commodities, the researcher used two types of

blade, the rough blade and fine blade to determine which blade is fitted to
the purpose of grating. The diameter of the punched hole for fine blade is
half the size of the rough blade. Rough blade has a diameter of 5 mm while
the fine blade has 2.5 mm diameter.

1. Cassava
a. Peel the cassava tubers.
b. Wash the cassava tubers.
c. Weight the cassava tubers.
d. Put the tubers in the feeding chute.
e. Switch on the power and push the timer simultaneously.
f. Record the time consumed in grating the cassava.

2. Papaya
a. Peel the papaya.
b. Cut the papaya lengthwise into three.
c. Remove the seeds.
d. Wash the papaya.
e. Weight the papaya.
f. Slice the papaya in order to fit to the chute.
g. Put the papaya in the feeding chute.
h. Switch on the power and push the timer simultaneously.
i. Record the time consumed in grating the papaya.

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3. Ginger rhizome
a. Wash the ginger rhizome roots thoroughly using brass to
remove soil.
b. Weight the ginger rhizome roots.
c. Put the roots in the feeding chute.
d. Switch on the power and push the timer simultaneously.
e. Record the time consumed in grating the ginger rhizome roots.

Note: The procedure was repeated for all the commodities in five replications
and blades were cleaned every after testing.

Data Analysis

The result of the test was tabulated and analyzed using the average
method. In each type of blade used, actual time recorded per batch of
feeding was summarized and divided by the number of replications made.

Economic Analysis

To determine the extent of the project’s viability and that of the

machine used for commercial purposes the five basic methods for making
economic analysis were used: annual, present and future worth methods,
Internal Rate of Return and the External Rate of Return.

To establish data needed for the financial analysis, the proponent

conducted interview to food processors in the municipality of Odiongan. It
was found out that only one food processor used machine in grating cassava.
No data were established for ginger and papaya processors using grating
machine because there’s no available grating machine for such crops.

Other data gathered:

Grating fee P 10.00 per kg
Average mass of cassava grated per day 15 kg/day
Average of operating days/month 20 days/month

Other assumptions

• Prevailing bank interest rate 21% per annum

• Straight Line method was used to determine depreciation cost
• Maintenance cost was ten percent (10%) of the investment
cost.
• The salary of machine operator was assumed to be P1,500.00
per month since operation of the machine was 8.4 minutes/ day
only.

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• Life span of the machine is estimated to be 5 years only.

• It was assumed that the investment capital of P15,000.00 was
borrowed payable in uniform annual repayment within 5 years.
• Power cost was computed based on the prevailing price of P
8.50 per kW-hr of the Tablas Island Electric Cooperative, that
only 36.24% was for generation charge and the remaining
63.76% were for other charges.
• It is assumed that the machine has zero salvage value after five
years.

The Machine Components

In the first stage of the conceptualization of this research, the

researcher determines the size of the components of the machine. The size
of the machine was based on size of the crops to be grated. The chute was
first designed to hold six cassavas each having 3 inches in diameter. From
there, other components were designed. The proponent also decided to
determine what materials are available in the market.

During the conduct of this research, the only available pulley in the
market was for B-type belt. The researcher decided to use the same type of
pulley. As indicated in the motor plate, the rpm of 1 hp motor is 1730 rpm.
The proponent also decided to use a 2-inch pulley for the motor. From the
interviews conducted to food grinder machine operators in Odiongan
market, most of them said that the average rpm of the food grinder machine
ranged from 800 to 900 rpm, so the researcher decided to use 850 rpm for
the grater. To determine the size of pulley to be used in the grater shafting,
the following formula shown below was used:

𝑛𝑛1 𝐷𝐷1 = 𝑛𝑛2 𝐷𝐷2

where: n1 – rpm of motor = 1730 rpm

D1 – size of the motor pulley = 2 inches
n2 – desired rpm of the grater = 850 rpm
D2 – size of the shaft pulley = inches

𝑁𝑁1 𝐷𝐷1 (1730 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 )(2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)

𝐷𝐷2 = = = 4.07 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ≈ 4.0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑁𝑁2 850 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

The shaft is the major component of the machine since it carries the
load for grating therefore proper sizing is necessary.

To determine the size of the shaft, the researcher referred to the

Phil. Society of Mechanical Engineers Code (PSME), p.18, equation 5b, for
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line shafts carrying pulleys, assuming that transmission losses is neglected

and on dead load based.
3 53.5 𝑃𝑃
𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠 = �
𝑛𝑛 2
where:
P = the power delivered by motor in horsepower. It is also
the
power received by the shaft in which the blade and the
driving pulley are connected
Ds = the shaft diameter in inches
n2 = the rpm of the shaft where the blade is fastened

3 53.5 (1)
𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠 = � (850 )
𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠 = 0.39 ≈ 0.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

The belt used was the open belt, B-type.

To proportion the frame of the motor support to the multi-purpose

grating machine frame, the researcher decided to use the shortest open
type, V-belt, and it was B-23, with actual length of 25 inches.

The center to center distance of the belt will determine the distance
between the shaft of motor and shaft of the grater. To determine the center
to center distance, the formula as illustrated below was used:

(𝐷𝐷2 −𝐷𝐷1 )
𝐿𝐿 = 1.57 (𝐷𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐷1 ) + 2𝐶𝐶 +
4𝐶𝐶

Rearranging the equation, and substituting the other values, the

center to center distance was:

𝐶𝐶 = 7.71 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 196 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Major Components of the Cassava Grater Machine

The Hopper/ Feeding Assembly. The Hopper is 300 mm Ø

cylindrical drum that holds the 76 mm Ø cylindrical feeding chute. It is made
of stainless sheet 8 mm thick, reinforced with a flat bar and is attached
permanently to the main frame. It is designed mainly to hold peeled cassava
tubers while the operator feeds tubers singly through the feeding chute. The

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feeding chute is incorporated into the hopper assembly which is also

supported by a belt made of a rounded flat bar.

THE WORKING DRAWING

Circular belt/Casing support

Feeding
250 mm
Cylindrical casing

Circular belt/Casing support

50 mm Grating blade
Solid shaft
Catch basin

Pillow block
Pulley

Belt

660 mm

Motor
Frame/ Support

40 mm

SIDE VIEW OF THE PROJECT

280 mm Ø Grating Blade

25 mm Ø solid shaft

Pillow Block

100 mm Ø Pulley

THE GRATING ASSEMBLY

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76 mm Ø chute

TOP VIEW OF THE HOPPER/ FEEDING CHUTE

19 mm Ø bolt

270 mm Ø 280 mm Ø

THE GRATING BLADE (COARSE)

19 mm Ø bolt

240 mm 250 mm Ø

THE GRATING BLADE (FINE)

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The Grating Unit. The grating unit is a circular case housing the
rotor plate and the grating blade. It extends downward towards an inclined
catch basin which allows the grated cassava to slide and drop into a
collection box. The grating blade is mounted to the shaft connected to a
motor being driven by pulley and v-belt is also supported by bolts and nuts
for easy assembly and dismantling, and for easy access for cleaning. The
rotor plate 280 mm Ø is made of 8 mm thick stainless sheet while the grating
blades are from a nail-punched hole at the bottom thereby creating the
grating blade in the upper portion of the rotor.

The Power Unit. The power unit consists of an electric motor, v-belt
and pulleys. The electric motor with shaft pulley of 2-inch Ø and another one
of 4-inch Ø has 1 horsepower capacity. Such motor is the prime mover of the
machine and also serves as the means through which the belt transmits
power to the shaft. The computed size of the shaft is 0.5 inch in diameter,
but since the shaft was threaded to hold the grating unit, ¾ inch was used.
The researcher used the open (Type B) v-belt.

Machine Frame. The machine frame that measures 300 mm x 300

mm x 700 mm carries the components of the machine. The frame is made of
1” x 1” x 20’ angle bar. The joints are shielded metal arc welded to insure
strength of the joints.

Machine Cost

The total project cost of the completed grating machine was based
on the expenditures for supplies and materials, labor and other expenditures
summarized below.

Table 3. Project Cost (Php)

Bill of Materials for Fabrication 8,168.00
Contract Labor (cutting, laying-out and welding) 2,500.00
Research of Related Literature and Studies and other data 750.00
Supplies and Materials (encoding, printing, editing) 250.00
Incidental Cost 1,332.00
Administrative Cost 2,000.00
TOTAL PROJECT COST 15,000.00

The total cost of the Multi-purpose grating machine amounted to

P15,000.00 as shown in Table 3 but the labor cost was computed based on
the actual verbal contract with the laborer. Production cost per unit could be
minimized however if mass production will be undertaken.

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Machine Performance

Cassava grating. Ten kilograms of medium sized peeled cassava

were tested in the machine and were divided into 5 batches, with 2 kilograms
each batch placed inside the feeding chute. Each batch was placed inside the
feeding chute. Clock is started simultaneously as the switch is “on” and the
test was repeated for other batches with the following results below:

Table 4. Machine performance in grating cassava (2 kg)

Batch (2 kg each) Coarse Blade (time) Fine Blade (time)
1 47 seconds 69 seconds
2 43 seconds 67 seconds
3 45 seconds 65 seconds
4 45 seconds 69 seconds
5 44 seconds 67 seconds
Average time 44.8 seconds 67.4 seconds

The result shows that 2 kilograms of cassava can be grated with an

average time of 44.8 seconds using the coarse blade with the machine’s
capacity of using the coarse blade.

2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 3600 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑥𝑥 = 161
44.8 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑟𝑟

On the other hand, 2 kg of cassava can be grated with an average

time of 67.4 seconds with the machine’s capacity of 107 kg/hr using the fine
blade.

2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 3600 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑥𝑥 = 107
67.4 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑟𝑟

As can be noted, the result of the test conducted differs since the
coarse blade has greater capacity than the fine blade.

Papaya Grating. A ten-kilogram big-sized peeled papaya was

tested in the machine. Such papaya was divided into 5 batches with each
batch weighing 2 kg placed inside the feeding chute. Simultaneously, time
was started as the switch is “on” and such test was repeated for other
batches with the results shown in Table 5. The result shows that 2 kilograms
of papaya can be grated with an average time of 1.68 minutes using the
coarse blade with the machine’s capacity of 71.43 kg/hr using the coarse
blade.

2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑥𝑥 = 71.43
1.68 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑟𝑟

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Table 5. Machine performance in grating papaya (2 kg)

Batch (2 kg each) Coarse Blade (time) Fine Blade (time)
1 1.70 minutes 1.76 minutes
2 1.72 minutes 1.83 minutes
3 1.65 minutes 1.80 minutes
4 1.63 minutes 1.78 minutes
5 1.71 minutes 1.75 minutes
Average time 1.68 minutes 1.74 minutes

On the other hand, 2 kg of papaya can be grated with an average

time of 1.75 minutes using the coarse blade but for the fine blade, the
capacity of the machine is 68.96 kg/hr.

2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑥𝑥 = 68.96
1.75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑟𝑟

Ginger Rhizome Grating. A ten-kilogram medium-sized washed

ginger rhizome was also tested in the machine and such was divided into 5
batches, with each batch weighing 2 kg placed inside the feeding chute.
Simultaneously, time was started and such test was also repeated for other
batches . Results are as follows:

Table 6. Machine performance in grating rhizome (2 kg)

Batch (2 kg each) Coarse Blade (time) Fine Blade (time)
1 1.0 minute 1.43 minutes
2 1.2 minute 1.45 minutes
3 1.3 minute 1.55 minutes
4 0.9 minute 1.4 minutes
5 1.0 minute 1.63 minutes
Average time 1.08 minutes 1.49 minutes

The result shows that 2 kilograms of ginger rhizome can be grated

with an average time of 1.08 minutes using the coarse blade with the
machine’s capacity of 111.11 kg/hr.

2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑥𝑥 = 111.11
1.08 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑟𝑟

On the other hand, 2 kg of ginger rhizome can be grated with an

average time of 1.49 minutes using the fine blade having the machine’s
capacity of 80.54 kg/hr using the fine blade.

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2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑥𝑥 = 80.54
1.49 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑟𝑟

As noted, the result of the test conducted differs since the coarse
blade has a greater capacity than the fine blade.

The Power Consumption

The motor is rated at 1 horsepower or equivalent to 0.746 kW.

According to the Tablas Island Electric Cooperative, the prevailing price of
electric power is P8.50/kW-hr. If the machine will run in 1 hour, the power
consumption will be P6.34, as the computation shows:

𝑃𝑃8.50
0.746 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑃𝑃 6.34
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − ℎ𝑟𝑟

Economic Analysis

Using the five basic methods for making economic analysis to

determine the extent of the projects’ viability, the Annual Worth Method
showed that an investment would have a profit of P3,153.92 annually. The
Present Worth Method showed that the present worth of an investment is
P24,228.32, higher than the initial investment. The Future Worth Method
showed that the net future worth was P210,370.97 much greater than the
future worth of investment amounting to just P38,906.14. The Internal Rate
of Return Method showed that the internal rate of return for an investment
was 47.96% higher than the 21% prevailing bank interest, while the External
Rate of Return Method showed that the external rate of return is 69.5%
much higher than the 21% prevailing bank interest.

The five methods used in determining the viability of a project

indicated that an investment for the multi-purpose grating machine is
profitable.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The grating machine designed, constructed and performance tested

is found to be useful especially to the cassava, papaya and ginger processors
because it lessen the time in grating the commodities. The multi-purpose
grating machine that measures 300 mm x 300 mm x 1000 mm is composed of
four major components, namely the hopper/ feeding assembly, the grating
and the power units, and the machine frame or support. It is powered by a 1-
hp electric motor and can grate cassava with an average capacity of 134
kg/hr, grate papaya with 70.195 kg/hr and can grate ginger with an average

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capacity of 95.83 kg/hr. As noted, the results of the tests conducted differed
because the coarse blade has greater capacity than the fine blade. In the
economic analysis, the five methods used in determining the viability of a
project indicated that an investment for the multi-purpose grating machine
is profitable.

The multi-purpose grating machine is beneficial to food processor

because the grating of different crops is much easier and faster than the
manual grating. It was found out that an investment of P15,000.00 was viable
for the project.

IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings and conclusions previously stated, the

following courses of action have been recommended:

1. That the designed, fabricated and performance tested multi-

purpose grating machine be used for the purpose.
2. That the designed, fabricated and performance tested grating
machine be extended to the community especially to the identified
areas where cassava, papaya and ginger are abundant.
3. That the designed, fabricated and performance tested grating
machine be commercialized.
4. That test using other commodities like potato, arrow roots, carrots,
gabi, sweet potato, and other root crops be conducted.

REFERENCES

Adekunlee, A.A, Fatunbi, A.O. and Sanni, L. O. Commercial utilization of

cassava in Nigeria, and illustrated guide. Nigeria.
Hansethsuk, Jinnajar. Processing cassava into flour for human food. Rayong
Field Crop Research Center. Department of Agriculture, Thailand.
Loreto, A.B., Orias, R.R. New products of future potential in the philippines:
cassava flour and grates.
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources and
Development. New machines for processing cassava roots into dried
cassava grates. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
www.quezon.gov.ph/commerce/quezon.../atsara.htm
www.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/.../papaya_achara.php
www.thenewstoday.info/.../iloilos.instant.salabat
www.neda8.ph/ProjectMonitoring/projectView.php?projID
www.region4a.dost.gov.ph/databases/proj_details.php?pid

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