First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System

Conservation of Energy for a CM System

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT)

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq, Ph.D., CEA, FBSME, FIEB
When a system undergoes a cyclic change, the net heat to/from the system
is equal to the net work from/to the system.
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering I I
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) J δQ = δW
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd 
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ 4.1868 kJ/kcal
Mechanical equivalent of heat, J =
1.0 in SI unit
ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6101/

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 1 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 2 / 26

First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System

First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State • Energy (E): represents all forms energy of the system in the given
state. It might be present in a variety of forms, such as:
H H • Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of a system associated with motion.
⇒ δW = J δQ
H H • Potential Energy (PE): energy associated with a mass that is located
⇒ δQ = δW [J = 1.0 in SI unit]
R2 R1 R2 R1 at a specified position in a force field.
⇒ 1 δQA + 2 δQC = 1 δWA + 2 δWC ○ 1 • Internal Energy (U): some forms of energy, e.g., chemical, nuclear,
R2 R1 R2 R1 magnetic, electrical, and thermal depending in some way on the
⇒ 1 δQB + 2 δQC = 1 δWB + 2 δWC ○ 2
R2 R2 R2 R2 molecular structure of the substance that is being considered, and
• ○1 −○2 : 1 δQA − 1 δQB = 1 δWA − 1 δWB these energies are grouped as the internal energy of a system, U.
R2 R2 R2 R2
T363 ⇒ 1 δQA − 1 δWA = 1 δQB − 1 δWB • KE & PE are external forms of energy as these are independent of the
Z2 Z2
molecular structure of matter. These are associated with the selected
(δQ − δW )A = (δQ − δW )B = · · ·
1 1 coordinate frame and can be specified by the macroscopic parameters
R2 of mass, velocity & elevation.
1 (δQ − δW ) is independent of path and dependent only on the initial and
final states; hence, it has the characteristics of a property and this property • Internal energy, like kinetic and potential energy, has no natural zero
is denoted by energy, E. value. So, internal energy of a substance is arbitrarily defined to be
δQ − δW = dE ⇛ Q12 − W12 = ∆E zero at some state, known as Reference State.

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 3 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 4 / 26
 First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System

Internal Energy (U): A Thermodynamic Property

• E = U + KE + PE + · · ·
⇒ δQ − δW = dE = dU + d (KE ) + d (PE ) + · · ·
δQ δW dECM dU d(KE ) d(PE )
⇒ dt − dt = dt = dt + dt + dt + ···
• dECM dQ dW
dt = dt − dt = Q̇ − Ẇ

R2
⇒ dU ⇒ dU = U2 − U1 = m(u2 − u1 )
1
R2
⇒ d (KE ) = mVd V ⇒ 1 d (KE ) = 12 m(V22 − V21 )
R2
⇒ d (PE ) = mgdZ ⇒ 1 d (PE ) = mg (Z2 − Z1 ) = mgh

Q12 − W12 = (U2 − U1 ) + 21 m(V22 − V21 ) + mg (Z2 − Z1 ) + · · · ≃ (U2 − U1 )

 
T133 T134

q12 − w12 = (u2 − u1 ) + 21 (V22 − V21 ) + g (Z2 − Z1 ) + · · · ≃ (u2 − u1 )

 
Various forms of microscopic energies Internal energy is the sum of all forms of
making up sensible energy. the microscopic energies.
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 5 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 6 / 26

First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System

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T129

 


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9



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T1367

T130 T131 T132 First Law of Thermodynamics for closed system

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 7 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 8 / 26
 First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System

Moran Ex. 3.4 ⊲ Estimate net work and heat transfer.

Moran Ex. 2.3 ⊲ The piston-cylinder material is a ceramic composite and thus a [ -2112 kJ/kg, -21486 kJ/kg]
good insulator. Determine the heat transfer from the resistor to the air, in kJ, for
a system consisting of (a) the air alone, (b) the air and the piston. [15.8 kJ]

T1071

(a): PApiston = Patm Apiston + mg ⇒ P = X

• W12 = P(V2 − V1 ) = X, Q12 = m(u2 − u1 ) + W12 = X T1072

• States 1, 2 & 3: fixed

 
V2 −V1
(b): W12 = Patm (V2 − V1 ) = X, ∆PE = mpiston gh = mpiston g Apiston
=X
R R 0
Q12 = m(u2 − u1 ) + ∆PE + W12 = X • wnet = 12 Pdv + 23 P✚ ✚
❃= P(v2 − v1 )
dv
• ∆u = (u3 − u1 ) ⇒ qnet = ∆u + wnet = X
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 9 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 10 / 26

First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Closed (CM) System

Enthalpy (H): A Thermodynamic Property Cengel Ex. 4-5: ⊲ Electric Heating of Gas at Constant Pressure: T2 = ?

⇒ m = 0.025kg
H ≡ U + PV ⇛ h ≡ u + Pv
⇒ Qnet = −3.7 kJ
⇒ Q12 − W12 = ∆E
⇒ We = −0.2(120)(300)/1000 kJ
⇒ Q12 − W12 = ∆U if KE → 0, PE → 0
R ⇒ h1 = h(300 kPa, x = 1)
• W12 = 12 PdV = P(V2 − V1 )
⇒ h2 = h(300 kPa, T2 )
⇒ Q12 = U2 − U1 + P(V2 − V1 )
⇒ Qnet − Wnet = ∆E ≃ ∆U
⇒ Q12 = (U2 + P2 V2 ) − (U1 + P1 V1 )
T117
⇒ Q12 = H2 − H1 ⇒ Qnet − (We + Wb ) = ∆E ≃ ∆U
⇒ Qnet − We − P(V2 − V1 ) = U2 − U1
Heat transfer in a constant-pressure quasi-equilibrium process is equal to
⇒ Qnet − We = m(h2 − h1 ) → h2 = X
the change in enthalpy, which includes both the change in internal energy
and the work for this particular process. ⇒ h2 = h(300 kPa, T2 ) ⇒ T2 = 200o C ⊳
T118

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 11 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 12 / 26
 First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Open (CV) System First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Open (CV) System

Conservation of Energy for CV System

T1073

Control Volume, enclosing a tree. T099

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First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Open (CV) System First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Open (CV) System

First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT) for CV System

X  V2i V2e
 X  
dECV
dt = Q̇ − Ẇcv + ṁi hi + + gzi − ṁe he + + gze
2 e
2
T100 i

dEcv
= Q̇ − Ẇ + ṁi ei − ṁe ee • Closed System: 7→ ṁi = ṁe = 0.
dt
dECM
V2 V2 = Q̇ − Ẇnet
   
dt
= Q̇ − Ẇ + ṁi ui + i + gzi − ṁe ue + e + gze
2 2 • Closed & Adiabatic (Isolated) System: 7→ ṁi = ṁe = 0, Q̇ = 0.
2
V2e
   
˙ V i dECM
= Q̇ − Wcv + ṁi hi + + gzi − ṁe he + + gze dt = −Ẇnet ⇒ ∆ECM = −Wad
2 2
• Steady-State-Steady Flow (SSSF) System:
dmCV P P dEcv
• Ẇ = Ẇs + Ẇb + Ẇf = Ẇcv + Ẇf dt = 0 ⇒ i ṁi = e ṁe : dt =0

• Ẇf = −P(V̇i − V̇e ) = −P(ṁi vi − ṁe ve ) • One-inlet, One-exit & Steady-state: 7→ ṁi = ṁe = ṁ.
h  2 2 i
V −V
• h ≡ u + Pv 0 = Q̇ − ẆCV + ṁ (h1 − h2 ) + 1 2 2 + g (z1 − z2 )

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 15 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 16 / 26
 First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Open (CV) System First Law of Thermodynamics & Energy Open (CV) System

[Moran Ex. 4.5]: ⊲ Air Compressor Power: Determine power required, Ẇcv . Bernoulli’s Equation
⇒ Steady state ⇒ dEcv /dt = 0
• h = u + Pv → dh = du + Pdv + vdP, so for
⇒ Z2 = Z1
isothermal process (du = 0) and incompressible fluid (dv = 0):
⇒ Q̇cv = −180kJ/min = −3.0 kW
P2 −P1
⇒ dh = vdP h2 − h1 = v (P2 − P1 ) = ρ
• ṁ = ρAV
• For a steady state flow device
T147 • ρ = P/RT
X V2i
 X  
V2
 if ∆PE 6= 0, ∆KE 6= 0, Wcv = 0 and Qcv = 0:
dECV
dt = Q̇ − Ẇcv + ṁi hi + + gzi − ṁe he + e + gze h  2 2 i
2 2 V −V
i e ⇒ 0 = 0 − 0 + ṁ (h1 − h2 ) + 1 2 2 + g (z1 − z2 )
h  2 2 i
V1 −V2
0 = Q̇ − Ẇcv + ṁ (h1 − h2 ) + 2 P1 V21 P2 V22
ρg + 2g + z1 = ρg + 2g + z2

⇒ h1 − h2 = Cp (T1 − T2 ) = −160.8 kJ/kg

P
ρg : pressure head
⇒ ρ1 = P1 /RT1 = 1.20 m3 /kg, ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1 = 0.72 kg/s V2
2g : velocity head
⇒ Ẇcv = −119.4 kW (work input required) ⊳
z : elevation head
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Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics: Transient Analysis

In the analysis of transient flow system, two models are widely used:
X V2
 X V2

dECV = δQ − δWcv + h+ + gz dmi − h+ + gz dme 1 Uniform State: state within CV at any instant is uniform throughout
2 2
in i out e the CV. However, the state within CV may change with time. It
Rt Rt X Zt XZt implies rapid or instantaneous approach to equilibrium at all times for
dECV


dt = 0 (Q̇ − Ẇcv )dt + ṁi ei dt − ṁe ee dt
0 dt
0 0 the mass within CV.
in out
2 Uniform Flow: state of mass crossing a CS is invariant with time.
V2 However, mass flow rate across that particular CS may vary with time.
e ≡h+ + gz
2 This condition is frequently met when the flow into transient system is
supplied from a very large reservoir.
⇒ If CV is fixed in space, Ecv = Ucv
R  dEcv  R R
⇒ dt dt = dUcv = d (mu) = m2 u2 − m1 u1 = ∆Ucv ∆mCV = m2 − m1 = mi − me
R R R
⇒ dUcv = d (mu) = (mdu + udm): alternative form. ∆ECV = m2 u2 − m1 u1 = Q − WCV + mi ei − me ee
R R 2
 R 2

⇒ dUcv = Q − Wcv + h + V2 + gz dmi − h + V2 + gz dme
i e

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 Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Charging of Evacuated Vessel Cengel Ex. 5-12 ⊲ Charging of evacuated Vessel

Mass enters only at one section of CS and no efflux of matter.

Assumptions:
• Uniform inlet flow
• Uniform state within the
tank at any instant
• Rigid tank and Wcv = 0
T120
T119 • Effects of KE & PE → 0.
⇒ hi = h(Steam, P1 = 1.0 MPa, T1 = 300o C ) = 3051 kJ/kg
m✟✯ m✟✯
0 0
• m2 − ✟ 1 = ∆mcv = mi − ✟ e ⇒ m2 = mi
• If tank is insulated or filled rapidly, Q −→ 0 ⇒ hi = u2 = u(Steam, P2 = 1.0 MPa, T2 = ?) 7−→ T2 = 456o C ⊳
0
• ∆Ucv = ✓ Q✓
✼− ✟W✟ ✯0 R
✟ R
dm✟✯→
✟ 0
cv + ei dmi − ee✟ e m2 u2 = mi hi = m2 hi
• What happens in case of CNG cylinder filling? u2 = hi → T2 = kTi
⇒ u2 = hi
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Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Moran Ex.4-13 ⊲ Charging of a vessel: Estimate work input required if final Discharging Process
pressure is 4 bar.
012
% % • V = 0.23 m3
%2
• R = 287 J/kg-K

 0124567289952 • P1 = Pi = 105 Pa
6 e835
 • P2 = 4 × 105 Pa ✟
✯− dm = 0 − dm ⇛ dm = −dm
0
2 dm✟
⇒ dmcv = ✟
 !"#$!# &
i e e  cv e
✟
✯ 0 
T1387
✟
 
V2 V2
• PV = mRT ; V = m1 v1 =
⇒ dEcv = δQ − δWcv + h + 2 + gz ✟ dmi − h + 2 + gz dme
m2 v2 ; P1 v11.4 = P2 v21.4 i e
⇒ dUcv = −he dme = +hdm : m = mcv = mass in CV
• ∆Ucv = −Wcv + hi ∆mcv , for uniform flow, pipeline condition is unchanged.
⇒ hdm = dUcv = d (mu) = mdu + udm
• m1 = 0.332, m2 = 0.893 kg ⇒ (h − u)dm = mdu −→ dm du du
m = h−u = Pv

dV✟
✯= mdv + vdm ⇒ − dv = dm
• T2 = 163.96 o C 0
⇒ V = mv → ✟ v m
du
• Wcv = hi ∆mcv − ∆Ucv = hi (m2 − m1 ) − (m2 u2 − m1 u1 ) = 44.7 kJ/kg ⇒ Pv = dm dv
m =− v ⇒|du +{zPdv} = 0 → ds = 0 ⇒ s = const
Tds
© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 23 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 24 / 26
 Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics Transient Processes: First Law of Thermodynamics

Wark Ex. 5-15: ⊲ If cylinder pressure remains constant, estimate: (a) mass
entered through the valve, (b) final temperature. [9.3 g, 342 K]
Example: ⊲ Air (P1 = 10 MPa, T1 = 25o C) is allowed to escape from a vessel • m= PV
RT
of 20 m3 to 200 KPa. Estimate final temperature. • ∆mCV = m2 − m1 = mi − me
⇒ s = constant ⇒ Pv k = constant ⇛ dP dv
P +k v =0 • ∆ECV = m2 u2 − m1 u1 = Q − WCV + mi ei − me ee
 1/k  1/(k−1)
m2 P2 T2
⇒ dm dv 1 dP
m = − v = k P ⇒ m1 = P1 = T 1
• air: cp = 1000, cv = 720 J/kgK
√
P1 V1 • m1 = PV1 /RT1 = , m2 = PV2 /RT2
⇒ m1 = RT1 = 2338 kg
• me = 0 → m2 − m1 = mi
 1/k √
m2
⇒ m1 = PP12 ⇒ m2 = 143 kg • Q = 0, Wcv = P(V2 − V1 ) =
√
P2 V2
• ei = hi ≃ cp Ti =
⇒ m2 = RT2 ⇒ T2 = −175o C ⊳ √
• u ≃ cv T , u1 = , u2 = cv T2
√
• Energy Equation: f (T2 ) only, → T2 =
√
T1079
• mi = m2 − m1 =

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 25 / 26 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 6101 (2022) 26 / 26