# Lecture 01 - Fluid Mechanics (FM)

Topics to be covered -

- Pressure - Horizontally accelerated fluid

- Variation of pressure - Angle made by surface with horizontal
- Hydrostatic paradox - Whirlpool
- Measurement of pressure - Barometer, - Types of flow & their properties
manometer - Continuity equation
- Gauge pressure - Bernoulli's equation - speed of efflux,
- Pascal's law - hydraulic lift range of liquid out of the orifice
- U-tube problems - Speed of efflux for two layer fluid
- Force on fluid by irregular vessel walls - Venturimeter, atomiser, siphon
- Force and torque on walls of a container - Dynamic lift (Aerofoil) , Magnus effect
- Archimedes' principle - Buoyant force,
apparent weight
- Amount of metal in total volume
- Ice floating in water - water level change

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➢ Hydrostatic Paradox

• Arrange in increasing order of pressure at the base of containers

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• Arrange in increasing order of force at the base of containers

• Arrange in increasing order weight reading if containers are kept on a weighing

machine

• Measurement of Pressure

1. Barometer Works on the principle that pressure at a given horizontal level in a fluid remains
constant.

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Q. Find the minimum length of barometer tube to balance 1 atm pressure if water is used instead of mercury.

Q. Find the length of mercury column in the barometer tube if it is placed in a room at pressure 10 atm.

Q. If a liquid of specific gravity 10 is used in the barometer, find the length of liquid in the barometer tube to
balance a pressure of 100mm of Hg.

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Q. If a mercury filled barometer tube is kept inclined in the mercury tub making an angle of 37 degree with the
surface. Find the length of mercury in the tube if the surrounding pressure is 2atm.

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# Lecture 02 - FM

# Faulty Barometer -

Q. The pressure of gas trapped in a mercury filled barometer tube is 0.5 atm and the surrounding pressure is 2
atm. Find the height of mercury in the tube when used in the barometer setup.

Q. Inorder to measure the pressure in a room two barometers A and B are used. Barometer A reads the
pressure in room as 100mm of Hg while barometer B reads the pressure as 80mm of Hg. If one of the
barometers is faultless for sure then
a. Which barometer is faulty.
b. What is the pressure of the room.
c. What is the pressure of air trapped in the faulty barometer tube.

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 ➢ Open Tube manometer

Q. If a gas is enclosed in a manometer bulb at pressure of 150mm of Hg find the difference in height of the arms
of the manometer if the liquid used in it has specific gravity 10 and atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.

Q. If a gas is enclosed in a manometer bulb at pressure of 5atm find the difference in height of the arms of the
mercury manometer if the atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.

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# Pascal's Law

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 # Lecture 03 - FM

➢ U-Tube problems

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 C D

A B G H

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A B G H

E F

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# Lecture 04 - FM

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 ➢ Archimedes' Principle

➢ Floating

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Q. A cube of side length 1cm and specific gravity 0.8 floats in water in equilibrium, find
a. The fractional volume submerged
b. The vertical length of cube above water surface.

Q. A solid cylinder of cross sectional area 1 cm2 and length 10 cm floats in a liquid with density 2000 kg/m3 with
6cm of its length above the water surface. Find
a. Density of the cylinder
b. Minimum vertical external force needed to just completely submerge the cylinder.

Q. A cube of side length 1cm is just completely submerged in water when a coin of mass 0.5 gram is kept on it.
Find the fractional volume of the cube submerged when the coin is gently removed.

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Q. A cube of volume 1cm3 and mass 10gram is gently placed in a tank filled with water. Find the force exerted by
the cube at the bottom of the floor.

Q. A solid sphere of specific gravity 0.8 and volume 1 cm3 tied to a spring at the bottom of the tank filed with
water. If the spring constant of the spring constant is 100 N/m, find the extension in the length of the
spring.

Q. The mass of an object made up of an alloy consisting of metal A and metal B is measured using a
spring balance. When measured in vacuum its mass is 70g and when measured in water is 45g. If the
specific gravity of A and B is 2 and 3, find the volume percentage of A in the object.

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Q. An ornament weighs 60 g in air and 55 g in water. If the ornamnet contains copper mixed with
gold, find amount of copper in it. Specific gravity of gold is 20 and copper is 10.

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# Lecture 05 -FM

• In case of multiple immiscible liquids

Q. A solid cylinder of length 10 cm is dropped in a vessel having two liquids of speciic gravity 2 and 4. if the
specific gravity of cylinder is 3 find the length of cylinder in the denser liquid.

• Reading of the weighing machine

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Q. The setup shown in each case is in equilibrium as shown. In each case mass of water in the container is M and
the setup is placed on a weighing machine, then match the columns for reading of the weighing machine

Case A : density of block is more than water p) W = (M+m)g

Case B : fish is at rest q) W = (M-------m)g
Case C : density of block is less than water r) W > (M+m)g
Case D : density of block is less than water s) W < (M+m)g

➢ Liquid Level on Melting of Ice

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# Lecture 06 - FM

➢ Pressure variation in an accelerated fluid

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➢ Angle made by the surface with the horizontal in an accelerated fluid

• Concept :

Q. Find the angle made by the surface of the fluid with horizontal when in an accelerated container as shown

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A.

➢ Pressure difference in a rotating fluid

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➢ Whirlpool

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# Lecture 07 - FM

Fluid Dynamics

Streamline Flow / Laminar flow -

➢ Turbulent flow -

➢ Study Of ideal fluid in a streamline flow -

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➢ Study Of ideal fluid in a streamline flow -

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➢ Application of Bernoulli's Equation-

1. To find pressure at a point

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➢ Dynamic lift / Aero foil -

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# Lecture 08 - FM

Q. An airplane of mass 20,000 kg flies at an altitude of 10 km. The surface area of the plane wing is 100m2 each.
If the speed of wind just above and below 220m/s and 200m/s. find the maximum cargo load the plane can
carry.

Q. Which of the following shape provides the maximum dynamic lift.

A. B. C. D.

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# Magnus Effect

• Swing in a ball -

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• Siphon

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• Speed of Efflux / Toricelli's Theorem -

• Range of the ejected liquid -

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 ▪ For maximum range -

Q. Find the distance of the orifice above the ground such that the ejected water has maximum range.

A.

B.

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C.

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# Lecture 09 - FM

▪ Speed of efflux in case of more than one immiscible liquids -

Q. Find the speed of efflux of the liquid coming out.

A.

B.

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 ▪ Time to empty the tank -

Q. Liquid of density P is filled in a container to height H and a small hole is made at the bottom to let the water
out. If the orifice area is a and the container cross section is of area A, Find

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 out. If the orifice area is a and the container cross section is of area A, Find
a. The time in which liquid level reduces to half its initial value.
b. Time to empty the tank

Q. Water is being filled in a cubical container at a constant rate of Q m 3/s. if there is a small hole of cross
sectional area a at the bottom of the container, find the maximum height to which water can be filled in the
container.

▪ Thrust force on the container due to ejecting liquid -

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Q. In a cubical container of volume 27 cm 3 water if filled to the brim and a small hole is made at half the
height above ground, find minimum coefficient of friction between the ground and the container to keep it
at rest, if the area of orifice is 2mm 2.

Q. Find the minimum coefficient of friction between the ground and the container to keep it at rest if the
volume of fluid in the container is V and its density is P and cross sectional area of both the holes is a.

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# Lecture 10 - FM

Q. A cylindrical container has liquid of density P filled in it to a height H, find the maximum length of the
outlet tap that can be fitted at the bottom such that the container does not topple. The radius of
container is R and area of outlet pipe is a.

Q. A cylindrical container of radius R and height 4R contains water upto its brim. If it is suddenly accelerated
horizontally with acceleration 3g/4, find the voume of liquid that will fall out of the container.

➢ Venturimeter -- Device used to measure speed of fluid at a cross section in a tube.

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Q. In the venturimeter water is flowing where difference in height in the columns is 50 cm, and the cross
sectional area is 100 cm2 for the larger and 10 cm2 for the smaller. Find the speed of fluid at the smaller
cross section.

➢ Concept of projected area --

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# Lecture 11 - Fluid Mechanics

➢ Surface Tension

Q. A match stick of mass 0.5 grams rests on the surface of water. If the stick is just about to sink in water and
the surface tension of water is 0.03N/m, find the length of the stick for this to be possible.

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Q. A ring of mass m and radius r is kept on the surface of liquid with surface tension S. Find the minimum
vertical upward force needed to lift the ring off the water surface.

Q. A ring and a disc of equal mass and radius are kept on the surface of same liquid. Which object is easier to lift
off the surface of the liquid.

• Soap Film

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• Soap Bubble
• Liquid Drop • Air Bubble

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# Lecture 12 - Fluid Mechanics

Q. Find the mass of block that must be hanged from the massless horizontal rod hung vertically using a thin soap
film of surface tension S.

➢ Surface Energy (U)

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Q. Find the work done in increasing the surface area of a soap film by 20 sqcm slowly given the surface tension of soap
film is 0.04N/m.

Q. Find the work done to blow a soap bubble of radius 3cm using soap solution of surface tension 0.03N/m.

Q. 1000 identical water drops of radius 1 cm each coalesce to form a larger drop, if the surface tension of water is 0.03N/m
find the heat released during the process.

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Q. An ice cube of side length a units is kept in a gravity free hall in vacuum. If the ice cube melts and the surface tension
of the liquid is T, find the heat released by the liquid in the process.

• Excess Pressure The extra pressure inside a curved surface exerted due to
compressive forces of the surface tension.

• For a Drop / Air bubble -

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 • For a soap bubble -

• Radius of curvature of the common interface / Merging of two soap bubbles —

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Q. If two soap bubbles of radius 6cm and 3cm merge to form a common interface, find its radius of curvature.

Q. Find the pressure inside an air bubble of radius R at a depth H below the surface of water given the atmospheric
pressure is P and the density of water is d.

Q. Two soap bubbles are connected to each other via a tube as shown. If the radius of bubble A is R and bubble B is
4R with air in them separated using a valve. If the valve is now removed what will happen
a. Radius of A increases and B decreases.
b. Radius of B increases and A decreases.
c. Radii remain unchanged.

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 c. Radii remain unchanged.

• Excess Pressure for surface having two radius of curvatures -

Excess pressure inside a cylindrical surface

Q. Find the pressure inside a cylindrical film made out of a soap film of surface tension S and radius of curvature of
cylinder R.

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Q. A liquid cylinderical shape of radius of curvature 2R and length L has two hemispherical surface Having radius R of
same liquid attached at its flat ends as shown. If the surface tension of the liquid is S, find the excess pressure inside
the cylinder.

Q. A liquid is filled between two rectangular plates of length l and width b and the plates are kept apart as shown. If
the liquid membrane between the plates forms curvature of radius R at the edges as shown, find the minimum
force needed to keep the plates separated as shown given surface tension of liquid is S.

COHESIVE & ADHESIVE FORCES -

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• Angle of contact -

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# Lecture 13 - Fluid Mechanics

• Capillary Action - Rise and fall of liquid level inside a capillary

• Concave meniscus

• Convex meniscus

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• Capillary of insufficient height -

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 Q. A liquid of specific gravity 1.5 Rises to a height of 3cm in a capillary tube of diameter 0.5mm wetting the surface
of the tube. Find the excess pressure in a spherical bubble made of the same liquid having diameter 1cm.

Q. Find the height to which the liquid of specific gravity 2 and surface tension 0.03N/m will rise in a capillary of
radius 0.1mm given the angle of contact is 60 degrees. Also find the radius of curvature of the meniscus.

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Q. Two narrow tubes of diameter 3mm and 6mm are attached to each other to form a U-tube. If water is poured in
the tubes find the difference in level of liquid in the two limbs of the U-tube given surface tension of water is
0.073N/m and angle of contact is 0 degrees.

Q. In a cylindrical vessel a small hole of diameter 1mm is made at its bottom and water is filled in the container.
Find maximum height to which water can be filled in the container without leakage, take angle of contact as 0
and surface tension of water as 0.075N/m.

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# Lecture 14 - Fluid Mechanics
Monday, 3 January 2022 1:14 AM

Viscosity The property of a fluid due to which layers of the flowing fluid exert resistive force on each other
is called viscosity.

• The resistive force is called viscous force (similar to friction in solids).

• For incompressible viscous fluid equation of continuity is valid but Bernoulli's equation is not valid.

• Properties of viscous force -

○ Depends on the intermolecular force between the molecules of the fluid.

○ For liquids viscosity increases with increase in density but for gases it decreases with increase in density.

○ Viscosity of liquids is much higher than in gases.

○ Viscosity decreases with increase in temperature.

○ The SI unit of viscosity is Poiseuille (Pascal-second) while the CGS unit is Poise

 1 Poiseuille = 10 Poise

Calculation of Viscous Force - • The viscous force depends on the area of surface, nature of fluid
and the velocity gradient.

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Q. Find the viscous force acting on 10sq m of the topmost layer of water flowing in a 100m deep river at 5m/s if the coefficient
of viscosity of the fluid is 0.5 poise.

Q. Find the power of a motor boat moving at 20m/s on the surface of a 100m deep lake if the base area of the boat is 20sq-m
and the viscosity of water is 0.5 poise.

Q. A cubical block of side 1m is being pulled by a constant horizontal force of 5N slides at constant speed of 10m/s on a layer
of grease applied on a horizontal surface. If the coefficient of viscosity of the grease is 0.1 poise, find the thickness of the
grease layer.

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Q. A cubical block of side 1cm and mass 1 kg slides down an inclined plane Of inclination 37 degrees at constant speed of 5m/s
on a thin layer of grease. Find the thickness of the grease layer having viscosity coefficient 0.5 poise.

STOKE’S LAW • This law gives the amount of viscous force acting on a spherical
object moving in a viscous liquid.

Critical velocity / Terminal velocity - • The maximum speed that a spherical object dropped in a
viscous fluid can acquire is called critical or terminal velocity.

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Q. A metal ball. Of specific gravity 3 is dropped in water at rest. If the radius of the ball is 3cm and viscosity of water is 0.5
poise, find its critical speed.

Q. An air bubble of radius 1mm rises in a long cylindrical liquid column at constant speed of 2.1cm/s. If density if the liquid is
1.5gm/cc, find the viscosity of the liquid. (neglect density of air)

Q. The speed of river at the surface is 5m/s at the surface. If the river is 5m deep, find the shear stress between the horizontal
layers of water if the viscosity of water is 0.001 poiseuille.

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Q. Spherical dust particles of different radii are shaken up in a water bottle and kept on a flat surface. If the height of wate r
bottle is 10cm find the radius of largest dust particle that remains in suspension after 1 hour. The specific gravity of
dust particle is 1.8 and viscosity of water is 0.01 poise.

Poiseuille’s Equation - • Relates the volume flow rate of a viscous fluid through a pipe with
pressure difference, viscosity and the dimensions of the pipe.

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• Volume flow rate analogy to current -

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 Q. If the radius of cross section of a pipe carrying a viscous fluid at volume flow rate Q is doubled and length is halved keeping
the same pressure drop across it, find the new volume flow rate.

Q. If the length of a tube carrying a viscous fluid is doubled and is radius is halved, by what factor should the pressure drop
across it be changed to keep the same flow rate.

Q. Water flows through a capillary tube of radius r and length l at rate of 40ml/s when pressure difference across the tube is d ue
to height h of the water column. Another tube of same length and radius r/2 is connected in series with this tube with same
pressure difference across the combination, find the new volum e flow rate trough the

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Q. Find the volume flow rate though the small capillary attached to a small orifice made in the container at a depth h below the
water surface, if the radius of capillary is r, its length is l and viscosity of water is n. Also find the speed of efflux.

Reynold’s Number - • It is the ratio of inertial force of moving fluid to the viscous force offered
by the fluid.

• The number gives the idea about the type of flow of the fluid
(streamline or turbulent).

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Q. It takes 5 minutes to fill a 15lt bucket of water from a tap of diameter 2cm then the Reynold's number of the flow is (viscos ity of
water is 0.001 Pa.s)

Q. Water from a pipe is coming at a rate of 100 lt/min. If the radius of the pipe is 5cm, then find the order of reynold’s numbe r of
the flow if viscosity of water is 1mPas.

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