19EMA204: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-IV

PROBABILITY THEORY AND RANDOM PROCESSES

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3 0 0 3

Unit I: Probability 8L
Probability introduced through sets and relative frequency, joint and conditional probability,
independent events, combined experiments, Bernoulli trials.
Unit II: Random Variable 9L
Introduction, random variable concept, distribution function, density function, the Gaussian random
variable, other distribution and density examples, conditional distribution and density functions.
Operation on One Random Variable: Introduction, expectation, moments, functions that give
moments, transformations of a random variable.
Unit III: Multiple Random Variables 9L
Vector random variables, joint distribution and density functions, properties, conditional distribution
and density, statistical independence, distribution and density of a sum of random variables, central
limit theorem. Expected Value of a Function of Random Variables: Joint moments about the
origin, joint central moments, jointly Gaussian random variables - two random variables case, N
random variable case.
Unit IV: Random Process-I 8L
Temporal characteristics - the random process concept, stationary and statistical independence,
correlation functions, Gaussian random processes, Poisson random process.
Unit V: Random Process-II 8L
Spectral characteristics, the power spectrum: Properties, relationship between power spectrum and
autocorrelation function, the cross-power density spectrum: Properties, relationship between
crosspower spectrum and cross-correlation function.
Text Books
1. Peyton Z. Peebles, Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles, 4/e, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2002.
2. Athanasios Papoulis, S. Unnikrishna Pillai, Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic
Processes, 4/e, Tata McGraw Hill, 2002.

References
1. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4/e, Wiley Student Edition, 2006.
 19EEC232: DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
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3 0 3 4.5

Digital Logic Design is an introductory course which provides the basic concepts used in the design and
analysis of digital circuits. A digital circuit is constructed using logic gates which are the basic building
blocks. This course deals with the design of various combinational and sequential circuits used in the
present day world. This course is a prerequisite to many other courses like Digital Communications,
Computer Organization, Digital System design, Digital IC design, etc.
Course objectives:
• To introduce number systems, conversion used for representing numbers in computational
structures
• To familiarize the implementation of simple logical operations using Combinational circuits
• To acquaint the student with the design of combinational and sequential logic circuits with
practical design examples
• To expose different types of memories used in digital systems
• To impart the design of synchronous and asynchronous digital systems.

Unit I: 8L+6P

Binary Systems: digital systems, binary numbers, number base conversions, octal and hexadecimal
numbers, complements, signed binary numbers, binary codes, binary logic. Boolean Algebra and Logic
Gates: basic definitions, axiomatic definition of boolean algebra, basic theorems and properties of
boolean algebra, boolean functions, canonical and standard forms, digital logic gates.
Learning outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• identify the symbols of different logic gates and write their truth tables (L1).
• convert a number into different base representations (L2).
• construct the given Boolean function using logic gates (L3).
Unit II: 8L+3P
Simplification of Boolean functions
the map method, four-variable map, five-variable map, product of sums simplification, don’t-care
conditions, NAND and NOR implementation, exclusive-OR function.

Learning outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• determine the simplified Boolean expression using map method (L3).
• construct digital circuits using only NAND/NOR logic gates (L3).
• design parity generator and checker circuits using exclusive-OR function (L5).
Unit III: 10L+9P
Combinational Logic: combinational circuits, analysis procedure, design procedure, binary adder-
subtractor, decoders, encoders, multiplexers. Memories: random-access memory, memory decoding,
error detection and correction, read-only memory.
Learning outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• analyze the truth table of a given combinational logic circuit (L3).
• design combinational circuit from the given specifications (L5).
• correct the bit error in the given data word using Hamming code (L5).
Unit IV: 8L+3P
Synchronous Sequential Logic: sequential circuits, latches, flip-flops, analysis of clocked sequential
circuits, state reduction and assignment, design procedure.
Learning outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• explain the operation of latches and flip flops (L2).
• analyze the behavior of sequential circuits (L4).
• evaluate a clocked sequential circuit from its state diagram (L6).
Unit V: 8L+6P
Registers and Counters: registers, shift registers, ripple counters, synchronous counters, ring counter.
Digital Integrated circuits: special characteristics, complementary MOS(CMOS), CMOS transmission
gate circuits.
Learning outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• differentiate asynchronous and synchronous counters (L4).
• design Synchronous and Ripple counters using D, JK and T flip-flops (L5).
• construct multiplexer and D-latch using CMOS transmission gates circuits (L5).
Text Book(s):

1. Michael D. Ciletti, M. Morris Mano, Digital Design, 4/e, Pearson Education, 2007.
References:

1. Zvi Kohavi, Switching and Finite Automata Theory, 2/e, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008.
2. John F. Wakerly, Digital Design Principles and Practices, 4/e, Pearson Education, 2008.
3. Frederick J. Hill and Gerald R. Peterson, Introduction to Switching Theory and Logic Design, 3/e,
John Willey and Sons, 1981.
4. Charles Roth, Jr., Larry Kinney, Fundamentals of Logic Design, 7/e, Cengage Learning, India,
2013.
Digital Logic Design Laboratory
List of Experiments:

1. Verification of Truth Tables of Logic gates and implementation of Basic gates using Universal
Gates
2. Implementation of the given Boolean functions using logic gates in both SOP and POS form.
3. Simplification of the given Boolean function using K-map and implement using logic gates.
4. Realization and verification of Full adder and Full Subtractor using logic gates.
5. Implementation of the given function using decoder and logic gates.
6. Implementation of the given function using Multiplexer and logic gates.
7. Verification of State Tables of SR, D, JK and T-Flip-Flops.
8. Verify the operation of Shift Registers using D flip-flops.
9. Design and Verify the operation of 4-bit and Mod-N Ripple Counters using JK flip-flops.
10. Mini Project.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course, the student will be able to
• convert any number into different base representations(L2).
• simplify logic expressions using Boolean laws and realize using basic and universal logic
gates(L3).
• design combinational circuits for the given specifications(L4).
• design synchronous sequential circuits for the given specifications (L4).
• differentiate asynchronous and synchronous counters and implement Multiplexers and D flip flops
using CMOS technologies(L3).
 19EEC234: ANALOG CIRCUITS
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3 0 3 4.5

This course equips the student with design principles of electronic system building blocks including
amplifiers , oscillators, negative feedback based operational amplifiers .Laboratory experiments of this
course shall include hardware experiments, SPICE simulations and end-to-end circuit design using
EDA/PCB design software. Skills learnt in this course shall help the student in improving existing circuits
using negative feedback, building power Amplifiers, op-amp signal processing circuits etc.

Course Objectives
• To acquaint the studentswith the advantages and techniques of different negative feedback circuit
configurations.
• To introduce the basic principles of oscillator circuits and design/simulate discrete component and
op-amp oscillator circuits.
• To impart knowledge on analysis of the linearity, power efficiency and power dissipation of
different output stages/power amplifiers.
• To explain the configuration and use of operational amplifier in designing several signal
processing building blocks.
• To familiarize the analysis and classification of different ADC/DAC architectures based on
working principle, conversion time and resolution characteristics.
Unit I: 8L + 3P

Feedback Amplifiers: the general feedback structure, properties of negative feedback, basic feedback
topologies, the series-shunt feedback amplifier, the series-series feedback amplifier, shunt-shunt and
shunt-series feedback amplifiers, determining loop gain.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• summarize the basic building blocks of negative feedback systems and list their properties (L2).
• classify the different negative feedback topologies and identify/quantify the improvement in their
characteristics (L2).
• determine the input impedance, output impedance, gain and bandwidth of feedback amplifiers
(L4).
• identify the kind of feedback configuration employed in a given circuit (L3).
Unit II: 8L + 9P
Oscillators: basic principles of sinusoidal oscillators, op amp RC oscillator circuits, LC and crystal
oscillators.Power amplifiers: Classification of output stages, classA output stage, class B output stage,
class AB output stage,class C output stage.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• explain Barkhausen’s criteria for sustained oscillations (L2).
• explain the operation of RC phase shift and op-amp RC oscillators (L1).
• identify the usage of RC, LC and Crystal oscillators (L3).
• classify different output stages based on linearity, power efficiency and conduction angle (L2).
• analyze the transfer function, signal waveforms and power efficiency of Class A/B/AB output
stages (L4).
Unit III: 10L + 9P
Operational Amplifiers: The ideal op-amp, the inverting and non-inverting configuration, difference and
instrumentation amplifiers, summing, scaling and averaging amplifiers, integrators, differentiators,
logarithmic amplifiers, V/I and I/V converters, Comparator, regenerative comparator, Astable and
Monostable multivibrators, Triangular wave generator.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• list the characteristics of ideal Op-amp (L1).
• draw the op-amp inverting and non-inverting configurations and analyze them for their closed loop
gain under ideal and non-ideal conditions (L2).
• describe the use of Op-amp in building analog signal processing blocks (L3).
• summarize the characteristics of comparators and analyze the Op-amp based comparators (L2).

Unit IV: 8L + 9P
IC Timers (555): Introduction, Description of functional diagram, Monostable operation, Astable
operation. Active Filter Design: LPF, HPF, BPF, BEF, all-pass filters. Voltage Regulators: Fixed
voltage Regulators, Adjustable voltage Regulators.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• describe the architecture and list the operating modes of 555 timer (L1).
• design an active low- pass,high-pass,band-pass filter for given specifications(L5).
• describe the characteristics of voltage regulators and corresponding Opamp based circuits (L2).
Unit V: 8L + 6P
Data Converters: Introduction, DAC characteristics, digital to analog conversion process, voltage output
DACs, multiplying DAC, 8-bit digital to analog converter DAC-08. Analog to Digital Converters: ADC
characteristics, integrating ADC, successive approximation ADC, Flash converters: Principle of operation,
conversion time.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit the student will be able to
• list the characteristics and operation of DACs and ADCs (L1).
• classify different DAC and ADC configurations(L2).
• explain the operation of voltage output and multiplying DACs (L1).
• describe the principle of operation of flash converters and analyze its conversion time (L1).

Analog Circuits Laboratory

List of Experiments
1. Feedback Amplifier - calculation of gain, input resistance, output resistance with and without
feedback, frequency response characteristic.
2. Design and Implementation of Two stage RC Coupled amplifier.
3. Oscillators (Colpitts, RC phase-shift, Wein-bridge)
4. Class A power amplifier.
5. Class B Push - pull power amplifier.
6. Tuned voltage amplifier.
7. Analysis and simulation of RC differentiator/integrator
8. Bistable/Monstable/Astablemultivibrators with 555 timer
9. Operational Amplifier Circuits (Adders, Integrators, Differentiators, Filters).
10. Op-amp based AM/FM Modulator/Demodulator Circuits.
11. Data Converters
12. Active Filter Design
Text Book(s):
1. Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, Arun N. Chandorkar, Microelectronic Circuits, 6/e, Oxford
University Press, 2013.
2. D Choudhury Roy, Shail B. Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age International, 2003.
3. Ramakanth Gayakward, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, 4/e, Pearson Education, 2007.
References:
 1. Behzad Razavi, Fundamentals of Microelectronics, 2/e, Wiley Student Edition, 2013.
2. R.F Coughlin, F.F Driscoll, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, 6/e, Pearson Education,
2008.
3. S. Salivahanan, V.S. KanchanBhaskaran, Linear Integrated Circuits, Tata Mc- Graw Hill, 2008.
4. Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3/e, Tata Mc-
Graw Hill, 2002.
Course Outcomes:

After completion of this course, the student will be able to

• analyze the characteristics of different negative feedback amplifier configurations (L4).

• choose and design negative feedback circuits to improve the characteristics of given open loop
amplifier (L3).
• describe the basic principle of sinusoidal oscillators and identify the usage of different oscillator
circuits (L1).
• design active filters for the given design specification (L5).
• describe different DAC/ADC architectures and their design issues (L2).
 19EEC236: ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
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3 0 3 4.5

This is an introductory course on communications which starts from the necessity of modulation in
communication of signals. Fundamental concepts of both analog and digital modulation schemes are
discussed and elaborated. Mathematical treatment of communication systems which enable one to
implement them in practice is introduced. Possible errors in modulations are explored and methods for
minimizing the same are discussed.

Course objectives:
• To introduce the need for modulation to communicate signals
• To familiarize the different modulation schemes and their tradeoffs
• To impart knowledge on the characterization, generation and detection of various modulation
schemes
• To provide an understanding of the various digital modulation schemes and their trade off to
characterize the bit error performance.
• To explain characteristics of superhetrodyne and to implement to a generalized receiver as a
building block.

Unit I: 8L+3P
Amplitude Modulation Systems: generation and detection of AM, Power relations, Spectral
Characteristics, generation and detection of DSBSC, SSB, VSB, Frequency division multiplexing.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit, the student will be able to
• identify the necessity of modulation to communicate signals (L1).
• distinguish the various modulation schemes like AM, DSBSC, SSB,VSB (L2).
• demonstrate the various modulation schemes for the generation and detection models (L3).
• formulate the power requirements and bandwidth of the modulation schemes (L4).
• summarize the applications of various modulation schemes with power and bandwidth constraints
(L2).
Unit II : 8L+3P

Angle Modulation systems: properties of angle modulation, representation of FM and PM signals,

NBFM, WBFM, transmission bandwidth of FM systems, generation of FM, detection of FM using PLL,
receiver characteristics, super heterodyne receivers.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this Unit, the student will be able to
• differentiate linear and non linear modulation schemes (L2).
• distinguish the frequency modulation and phase modulation (L4).
• demonstrate the NBFM and WBFM for the generation and detection models(L4).
• estimate bandwidth of the NBFM and WBFM (L4).
• explain the characteristics and demonstrate the Super heterodyne receiver (L2).

Unit III: 8L+15P

Analog to Digital Conversion: sampling process, pulse modulation schemes- pulse amplitude, pulse
width, pulse position modulation. pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation, delta
modulation, time division multiplexing.

Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit, the student will be able to
• explain the sampling theorem (L2).
• distinguish various pulse modulation schemes like PAM, PWM, PPM (L4).
• demonstrate the PCM, DPCM and DM with block diagrams (L2).
• explain the use of time division multiplexing (L2).

Unit IV: 9L+9P

Baseband Transmission Of Digital Data: intersymbol interference, nyquist criterion, digital band pass
modulation schemes- amplitude shift keying, phase shift keying, frequency shift keying, QPSK, M-ary
digital modulation schemes.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit, the student will be able to
• interpret the baseband transmission of digital data (L2).
• explain the phenomenon of the Intersymbol interference (L2).
 • describe various digital modulation schemes ASK, PSK, FSK, QPSK (L2).
• categorize the applications of various digital modulation schemes (L4).
Unit V: 9L+6P
Noise in Digital communications: BER, detection of a single pulse in noise, optimum detection of
BPAM, BPSK, BFSK, comparison of BER performance of various digital modulation schemes.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit, the student will be able to
• identify the noise in digital communication systems (L2).
• formulate the BER in digital communication systems (L4).
• demonstrate the various binary modulation schemes detection BPAM, BPSK, BFSK models (L5).
• formulate the power requirements and bandwidth of the digital modulation schemes (L4).
• evaluate the performance of BER in digital modulation schemes (L4).

Analog and Digital Communications Laboratory

List of Experiments:
1. AM/ DSBSC/ SSB Modulation and Demodulation.
2. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation.
3. Sampling and reconstruction of analog signals.
4. Generation and detection of PAM, PWM, PPM.
5. Time division multiplexing and demultiplexing.
6. PCM transmission
7. Differential PCM
8. Generation of ASK signals and detection.
9. Generation of PSK signals and detection.
10. Generation of FSK signals and detection
11. Simulation of Analog Modulation schemes using SIMULINK/ LABVIEW/MULTISIM
12. Simulation of Digital modulation schemes using MATLAB/LABVIEW/MULTISIM.
Text Book(s):
1. Simon Haykin, Michael Moher, Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications, 2/e Wiley,
2007.
2. P. Rama Krishna Rao, Analog Communication 1/e, Tata McGraw Hill, 2011.
References:
 1. Taub H, Schilling D, Principles of Communication Systems, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
2. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems 4/e, Wiley, 2001
3. Kennedy,david, Electronic Communication System 4/e, Tata McGraw Hill,2012.

Course outcomes:
After completion of this course, the student will be able to
• explain the time domain and frequency domain description of different AM modulations
schemes and compare them (L2).
• describe the characteristics of FM and PM schemes and functional operation of super
heterodyne receiver(L2).
• explain the basic concepts of digital communications and distinguish various pulse modulation
schemes(L2)
• describe various digital modulation schemes and their applications(L2)
• evaluate BER in digital modulation schemes and comparison (L4).
 19EEC238: CONTROL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

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2 0 2 3

In everyday life many applications of control like control of temperature in air conditioners, water level
maintenance, steering of car course etc., a never ending list are encountered. These controls may be
manual or automatic. Human body is an excellent example of automatic control system. Control system
engineering deals with set of devices that control the behavior of other devices or systems to achieve
desired results. This course introduces the student to the principles and applications of control systems in
everyday life.
Course Objectives:
• To expose various concepts of block diagram reduction techniques.
• To create mathematical modeling of the system.
• To demonstrate stability of the system in time domain.
• To impart knowledge on stability of the system in frequency domain.
• To get acquainted with state variable analysis.

UNIT I: 8L
Introduction: Concepts of control systems, different examples of control systems, open loop and closed
loop control systems and their differences, block diagram representation of systems considering electrical
systems as examples, block diagram algebra, representation by signal flow graph, reduction using
Mason’s gain formula, feedback characteristics, effects of feedback.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit, the student will be able to
• outline concepts of control systems (L1).
• contrast the difference between open loop and closed loop systems (L1).
• apply the different block diagram reduction techniques to a given block diagram (L3).
• apply Masons gain formula for obtaining transfer functions (L3).
• analyze effect of feedback on performance of a system (L4).

UNIT II: 9L
Mathematical Modeling and Control System Components: Introduction to mathematical modeling of
physical systems, impulse response and transfer functions, equations of electrical networks, modeling of
translational and rotational mechanical systems, time response of first and second order systems with
standard input signals, time domain specifications, steady state error and error constants.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit, the student will be able to
• explain the impulse response and transfer functions (L1).
• categorize steady state error and error constants based on input (L1).
• analyze the time response of second order system for different signals (L4).
• develop equations of different time domain specifications (L4).
• model different components of a system using Laplace transform method (L4).
• model different components of an electrical and mechanical system using Laplace transform
method (L4).

UNIT III:
8L
Concept of stability, Routh Hurwitz criterion, construction of root locus, correlation between time and
frequency responses, determination of frequency domain specifications, effects of P, PI, PD and PID
Controllers.
Learning Outcomes:

After completion of this unit, the student will be able to

• explain the concept of stability and their definitions (L1).
• apply Routh Hurwitz criterion for checking the stability of a system based on characteristic
equation (L3).
• analyze effect of PID controllers on performance of system (L4).
• relate time and frequency responses specifications (L5).
• develop equations of different frequency domain specifications (L6).
• construct root locus of given system and check its stability (L6).

UNIT IV: 8L
Stability of control systems from Bode plots, polar plots and Nyquist plots, all pass and minimum phase
systems, numerical examples.
Learning Outcomes:
After completion of this unit, the student will be able to

• explain all pass and minimum phase systems (L1).

• construct Bode plots of given system and check its stability (L6).
• construct polar plots of given system and check its stability (L6).
 • Construct Nyquist plots of given system and check its stability (L6).

UNIT V: 9L
State Variable Analysis: State, state variables, state variable representation, transfer function form to
state variable form (diagonal form), state variable form to transfer function form, transfer function form to
canonical form.
Learning Outcomes:

After completion of this unit, the student will be able to

• explain the concept of state and state variables (L3).
• model different components of a mechanical/electrical system in state variable form (L4).
• translate transfer function form to State variable form and state variable form to transfer function
form (L6).
• translate an equation in State variable form to transfer function form (L6).
• translate an equation in transfer function form to canonical form (L6).

Textbooks:
1. Benjamin C. Kuo, Automatic Control Systems, 7/e , Prentice Hall of India, 1997.
2. M. Gopal, Control Systems Engineering, 3/e, Wiley Eastern Ltd., TMH, 2008.
References:
1. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering , 2/e, Prentice Hall of India, 2011.
2. R.C. Sukla, Control Systems, 3/e, Dhanpatrai and Sons,1998.
Course Outcomes:
After successful completion of the course, the student will be able to
• solve numerical on block diagrams reduction techniques (L3).
• represent the mathematical model of a given system (L2).
• determine the response of different order systems for various step inputs (L4).
• analyze the stability of the system (L4).
• comprehend solution of state equation (L3).