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Practical Notes On Standard Solution

Volumetric analysis involves quantitatively determining the amounts of reactants in a chemical reaction by measuring the volumes of solutions involved. This allows the stoichiometric ratios of the reaction to be established. Standard solutions of known concentration are prepared by either weighing solutes or diluting more concentrated solutions. Dilution involves adding a calculated volume of solvent to reach the desired final concentration while maintaining the same total amount of solute. Calculations using the initial and final concentrations and volumes allow the dilution factor and volumes added to be determined.

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46 views4 pages

Practical Notes On Standard Solution

Volumetric analysis involves quantitatively determining the amounts of reactants in a chemical reaction by measuring the volumes of solutions involved. This allows the stoichiometric ratios of the reaction to be established. Standard solutions of known concentration are prepared by either weighing solutes or diluting more concentrated solutions. Dilution involves adding a calculated volume of solvent to reach the desired final concentration while maintaining the same total amount of solute. Calculations using the initial and final concentrations and volumes allow the dilution factor and volumes added to be determined.

Uploaded by

EMMANUEL ASINTA
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VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

Volumetric analysis involves measuring the volumes of solutions of reactants in


chemical reaction. However, weighing is involved, if a reactant is a solid.
The main objective of volumetric analysis is to quantitatively determine the
amounts of the reactants used in chemical reaction, and hence, establish the
stoichiometry (mole ratio), in order to obtain a balanced equation for the reaction.

PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS

An aqueous solution is obtained when a solid, liquid, or gas forms a homogenous


mixture with water.

Standard solution
Standard solution is a solution of known concentration. Its concentration can be
expressed in g/dm3 (mass concentration) or in mol/dm3 (molar concentration).

The mathematical relationship between mass concentration and molar


concentration of a solution of a chemical substance is

Mass concentration (g/dm3) = molar concentration(mol/dm3) x molar mass (g/mol)

METHODS OF PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTION


Standard solutions of a primary standards can be prepared by weighing and by
dilution methods.

Weighing Method
Suppose 250cm3 of 0.100moldm-3 NaOH crystal is to be prepared.

Procedure

Step 1

Calculate the mass of NaOH required as follows

mass = amount (mole) x molar mass (g/mol)

but amount = Conc. (mol/dm3) x volume (dm3)


= 0.100 x 250/1000
= 0.0250mol.
Molar mass of NaOH = (mass of Na) + (mass of Oxygen) + ( mass of Hydrogen)
= 23 + 16 + 1
= 40g/mol

Hence mass = amount x molar mass


= 0.0250mol x 40g/mol
= 1g

Or

Mass = MCV/1000
Where m is molar mass, c is concentration and v is volume
Mass = 40 x 0.100 x 250/1000
= 1g

Step 2
weigh exactly 1g of NaOH and quickly transfer the solid into a beaker. Dissolve
the solid in distilled water by stirring with a glass rod, and warm, if necessary, to
obtain a homogenous solution.

Step 3
Transfer the solution into a clean and dry 250cm3 standard flask. Make up the
solution to the mark on the standard flask with distilled water from a wash bottle.
The solution is exactly 0.100mol/dm3 solution of NaOH.

N/B If a hydrated sample, (Example Na2CO3.10H2O), is to be used in preparing the


250cm3 of 0.100mol/dm3 solution, then the mass of the hydrated salt required will
be obtained thus:

Na2CO3.10H2O
[(23x2)+12 + (16x3)] + [(1x20) + (16x10)]
= 106 + 180
= 286g/mol

Dilution Method
Dilution method is used in obtaining a solution of low concentration from a
solution of high concentration. The amount of the solute before and after dilution
remains constant.

Before dilution
Amount n1 (mol) = C1 (moldm-3) x V1 (dm3)

After dilution
Amount n2 (mol) = C2 (moldm-3) x V2 (dm3)

Logically; n1 = n2

Therefore; C1xV1 = C2V2


Rearranging the equation
C1/C2 =V2/V1 (This ratio is known as the dilution factor, i.e. the
number of times a solution has been diluted.

Where:
C1 = Initial concentration of solution before dilution
C2 = Final concentration of the solution after dilution
V1 = Initial volume of solution before dilution
V2 = Final volume of solution after dilution

Generally, in any dilution: C1> C2 and V2 > V1

The volume of distilled water to be added to the initial volume V 1 for the dilution
is the difference between the final volume V 2 and the initial volume V1 of the
solutions. i.e. Volume of water for dilution = (V2 - V1)

WORKED EXAMPLE

If 10.0cm3 of a solution of a 2.0moldm -3 HNO3 were diluted with water to obtain a


solution 0.100moldm-3, Calculate the
a) Dilution factor
b) Final volume of solution
c) Volume of distilled water added

Solution
Given:
Initial concentration C1 = 2.00moldm-3
Initial Vol. V1 = 10cm3
Final Conc. C2 = 0.100moldm-3

a) To find the dilution factor from C1 and C2

dilution factor = C1/C2


= 2.0/0.1
= 20

i.e. the solution has to be diluted 20 times

b) To calculate the final volume V2 of solution


using the expression C1 V1 = C2 V2
2.0 x 10 = 0.1 x V2
V2 =200cm3

To calculate the volume of distilled water added.


Volume of water added = V2 – V1
= 200 – 10
= 190cm3

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