Introduction to heat transfer

1. On a sunny winter day, the snow on a rooftop begins to melt. As the meltwater drips from the roof,
it refreezes into icicles. Describe the direction of heat flow as the water freezes. Is this process
endothermic or exothermic?

2. When solid barium hydroxide octahydrate (Ba(OH) 2∙8H2O) is mixed in a beaker with solid ammonium
thiocyanate (NH4SCN), a reaction occurs. The beaker quickly becomes very cold. Is the reaction
exothermic or endothermic?

3. In what direction does heat flow between two objects?

4. Define potential energy in terms of chemistry.

5. What factors determine heat capacity?

6. What is the relationship between a calorie and a Calorie?

7. Describe the sign convention that is used in thermochemical calculations.

8. Make the following conversions.

9. Two substances in a glass beaker chemically react, and the beaker becomes too hot to touch.
a. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
b. If the two substances are defined as the system, what constitutes the surroundings?

10. Find the amount of heat required to head 250.0 g of pure gold from 21.8 ℃ to 55.3℃ .

11. A 55.0 g piece of metal at 95.0℃ is cooled down to 30.0℃ and releases 1.67 x 103 J of heat.
Calculate the specific heat of the metal. What metal could this be?

12. Water at 78.0℃ is cooled down to 15.0℃ and is found to release 1.12 x 105 J of energy. What is
the mass of the water?

13. 500.0 g of ethanol, C2H5OH(l) was heated from 25.0℃ to its boiling point of 78.3℃ using 65.0 kJ of
heat. Calculate the specific heat for C 2H5OH(l).

14. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 30.0 kg of aluminum from 288.5 K to 323 K?
15. How many kJ of heat are required to raise the temperature of 100.0 mL of water from 15.0 ℃ to
30.0℃ ?

16. A 2.00 kg bar of copper cools to room temperature (20.0 ℃ ) after releasing 38.19 kJ of heat. What
was the initial temperature of copper?

17. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 250.0 g of mercury 52 ℃ ?

18. Using calories, calculate how much heat 32.0 g of water absorbs when it is heated from 25.0°C to
80.0°C. How many joules is this?

19. A chunk of silver has a heat capacity of 42.8 J/ ℃ and a mass of 181 g. Calculate the specific heat of
silver.

20. Find the quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 3.20 kg of lead from 21.2°C to
30.9°C.

21. How many kilojoules of heat are absorbed when 1.00 L of water is heated from 18 ℃ to 85℃ ?

Calorimetry

22. Compound A is burned in a bomb calorimeter that contains 2.50 litres of water. If the combustion of
0.175 moles of this compound causes the temperature of the water to rise 45.0 ℃ , what is the
molar heat of combustion of compound A? The heat capacity of water is 4.184 J/g ℃ .

23. The molar heat of combustion of compound C is 1250 kJ/mol. If I were to burn 0.115 mol of this
compound in a bomb calorimeter with a reservoir that holds 2.50 L of water, what would the
expected temperature increase be?

24. If I burn 0.315 moles of hexane (C6H14) in a bomb calorimeter containing 5.65 litres of water, what’s
the molar heat of combustion of hexane is the water temperature rises 55.4 ℃ ?

25. If I burn 22.0 grams of propane (C3H8) in a bomb calorimeter containing 3.25 litres of water, what’s
the molar heat of combustion of propane if the water temperature rises 88.5 ℃ ?

26. The data from the two experiments in questions 24 and 25 would not give the correct molar heats of
combustion for those compounds. Explain why this is based on your knowledge of how bomb
calorimetry works.

27. When 150.0 mL of water containing 1.00 mol HCl at 22.5°C is mixed with 50.0 mL of water
containing 1.00 mol NaOH at 22.5°C in a calorimeter, the temperature of the solution increases to
26.0°C. How much heat (in kJ) was released by this reaction?
28. A 2.00 kg bar of copper at 69.6℃ was placed in 5.000 x 103 g of water at 15.0℃ . What is the final
temperature of the water?

29. What is the molar heat of combustion of ethanol, CH 3CH2OH, if combustion of 1.00 g of ethanol
causes a temperature rise of 4.12℃ in a bomb calorimeter that has a heat capacity of 7.20 kJ/?

30. A sample of warm water at 80.0℃ is added to 100.0 g of cold water at 10.0℃ . The resulting
temperature was 30.0℃ . Calculate the mass of warm water.

31. 50.0 g of water at 40.0℃ are added to 200.0 g of rock at 20.0℃ . The temperature of the mixture is
31.0℃ . Calculate the specific heat capacity of the rocks.

32. When 2 mol of solid magnesium (Mg) combines with 1 mole of oxygen gas (O 2), 2 mol of solid
magnesium oxide (MgO) is formed and 1204 kJ of heat is released. Write the thermochemical
equation for this combustion reaction.

33. Ethanol, C2H5OH(l), when burned, reacts with oxygen to produce CO 2(g) and H2O(g). How much heat is
released when 12.5 g of ethanol burns?
C 2 H 5 OH (l )+ 3O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g) +3 H 2 O (l)
→
∆ H =−1368 kJ

34. Brass has a density of 8.40 g/cm3 and a specific heat of 0.385 J/g∙ ℃. A 14.5 cm3 piece of brass at an
initial temperature of 152℃ is dropped into an insulated container with 138 g water initially at 23.7
℃ . What will be the final temperature of the brass-water mixture?
Answer Key

Introduction to heat transfer

1. Heat flows from the water (system) to the air around it (surroundings). This process is
exothermic. This makes sense because we normally have to cool down water for it to freeze and
for it to cool down it must be releasing heat.
2. Endothermic. The system is the chemicals, i.e., the reactants and products; the surroundings are
everything else, which includes the water in the beaker. If the water in the beaker
(surroundings) gets cold it’s because it’s been absorbed by the system (chemicals).
3. Heat flows from the object with the higher temperature to the object with the lower
temperature.
4. Potential energy is energy stored in a substance because of its chemical composition.
5. the chemical composition of the substance and its mass
6. 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal
7. A negative sign is given to heat flow from the system to the surroundings. A positive sign is given
to heat flow to the system from the surroundings.
8. a. 8.50 x 10-1 Cal
b. 1.86 x 103 J
c. 1.8 x 103 J
d. 1.1 x 102 cal
9. a. exothermic
b. The immediate surroundings are the glass beaker and the air. If one or more of the
substances is in water, the water is also considered part of the surroundings.
10. q = mC∆ T
q = 1080 J
11. C = 0.456 J/g℃ ; this is likely steel
12. m = 425 g
13. C C H OH = 2.44 J/g℃
2 5

14. q = 9.28 x 105 J; q = 928 kJ

Calorimetry

22. ∆ H = mC∆ T
∆ H = (2.50 x 103g)(4.184 J/g℃ )(45℃ ) remember that for water 1 mL = 1 g
∆ H = 471 000 J = 471 kJ
 Because 471 kJ of energy are given of when 0.175 moles of compound A burn, we can divide 471
kJ by 0.175 mol to find that the molar heat of combustion of compound A is 2.70 x 10 3 kJ/mol.

23. ∆ T = 13.8℃

24. Heat transferred from 0.315 mol of hexane = 1310 kJ.

25. ∆ H = (3250 g)(4.184 J/g℃ )(88.5℃ )

C3H8 ∆ Hcomb = 2.41 x 103 kJ/mol

26. The experimental data ignores the mass and heat capacity of the bomb itself. To get accurate
results, you would also have to determine the amount of energy absorbed by the bomb to truly
determine the amount of heat given off in each combustion reaction.
27. q = 2.9 kJ
28. 16.9℃
29. ∆ Hcomb = -1370 kJ/mol
30. 40.0 g
31. C = 0.86 J/g℃
32. 2 Mg(s) +O2( g) → MgO(s )+ 1204 kJ
33. ∆ H = -371 kJ
34. Tf = 33.4℃