4.

5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

(I/V and V/I converter, Integrator, Differentiator, Instrumentation amplifiers
and Precision Rectifiers)
Module:4 Operational Amplifier Characteristics and
Applications
Course: BECE206L – Analog Circuits
-Dr Richards Joe Stanislaus
Assistant Professor - SENSE
Email: 51749@vitstudent.ac.in
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

Module 4:
Module:4 Operational Amplifier Characteristics and
Applications 7 hours
• Operational amplifier, Ideal and Nonideal characteristics of OP-AMP,
DC and AC characteristics - Operational amplifier with negative
feedback: Voltage Series, Voltage Shunt feedback amplifier -
Applications of OP-AMP - summing, scaling, and averaging
amplifiers, I/V and V/I converter, Integrator, Differentiator,
Instrumentation amplifiers and Precision Rectifiers.
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

1. Instrumentational amplifier
• For measure and control of parameters like temperature, humidity,
light intensity, water flow,
the output of transducer has to be amplified
so that amplified output can drive the indicator or display system
• Instrumentational amplifier does this Basic instrumentational amp
amplification with the features:
a) High gain accuracy
b) High CMRR
c) High gain stability with low temperature
coefficient
d) low dc offset
e) low output impedance
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

1. Instrumentational amplifier
• For the differential amplifier given,
𝑅2 𝑅4 𝑅2
• 𝑉0 = − 𝑉2 + 𝑉1 1+
𝑅1 𝑅3 +𝑅4 𝑅1
𝑅2 𝑅4 𝑅1
=− 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 +1
𝑅1 𝑅3 +𝑅4 𝑅2
Basic instrumentational amp
• If 𝑅1 /𝑅2 = 𝑅3 /𝑅4 , then
𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = − (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑅1
• Input impedance seen by 𝑉1 : 𝑅3 + 𝑅4 = 101𝑘Ω
• Input impedance seen by 𝑉2 : 𝑅1 = 1𝑘Ω
• May draw heavy current and cause loading at 𝑉2
To prevent this use high impedance buffer stage
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

1. Instrumentational amplifier
• Improved instrumentational amplifier: 𝐵𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠:
• When common mode input: 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 :
the 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 0 (Across R)
No current through 𝑅, and 𝑅′ ,
so 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 will be voltage followers. Improved instrumentational amp
• When diff mode input: 𝑉1 ≠ 𝑉2 :
Current flows through R, R′
and 𝑉2 > −𝑉1′ > (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
The differential gain and CMRR will
therefore be more than single stage
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

1. Instrumentational amplifier
• Improved instrumentational amplifier: 𝐵𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠:
• Upward flowing Current through 𝑅:
𝐼 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 /𝑅
𝑅′
• 𝑉1′ = 𝑉1 + 𝐼𝑅′ = 𝑉 − 𝑉2 + 𝑉1
𝑅 ′1
𝑅 Improved instrumentational amp
𝑉2′ = 𝑉2 − 𝐼𝑅′ = − 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 + 𝑉1
𝑅
• As before, for diff-amp:
𝑅2 ′ ′ 𝑅4 𝑅2
𝑉0 = − 𝑉2 + 𝑉1 1+
𝑅1 𝑅3 +𝑅4 𝑅1
𝑅2 ′ ′ 𝑅4 𝑅1
=− 𝑉 − 𝑉1 +1
𝑅1 2 𝑅3 +𝑅4 𝑅2
• If 𝑅1 /𝑅2 = 𝑅3 /𝑅4 , then
𝑅2
𝑉𝑜 = − (𝑉2′ − 𝑉1′ )
𝑅1
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

1. Instrumentational amplifier
• Improved instrumentational amplifier: 𝐵𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠:
• Upward flowing Current through 𝑅: 𝐼 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 /𝑅
𝑅′
• 𝑉1′ = 𝑉1 + 𝐼𝑅 =′
𝑉 − 𝑉2 + 𝑉1
𝑅 ′1
𝑅
𝑉2′ = 𝑉2 − 𝐼𝑅′ = − 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 + 𝑉1
𝑅
• If 𝑅1 /𝑅2 = 𝑅3 /𝑅4 , then Improved instrumentational amp
𝑅
𝑉𝑜 = − 2 (𝑉2′ − 𝑉1′ )
𝑅1

𝑅2 2𝑅 ′
• 𝑉0 = 1+ 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝑅1 𝑅
𝑉𝑜 𝑅2 2𝑅 ′
• 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 1 +
𝑉1 −𝑉2 𝑅1 𝑅
′
• If 𝑅2 = 𝑅1 = 25𝑘Ω, = 𝑅 ; 𝑅 = 50Ω
25𝑘 25𝑘
• Gain= 1+2× = 1001
25𝑘 50
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

1. Instrumentational amplifier
• Transducer bridge setup for intstrumentational amplifier
measurement
Instrumentational amp using
transducer bridge
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

1.2 Instrumentational amplifier: AD680 IC

Instrumentational amp AD680 IC
• Gain = 1 + 49400/𝑅𝐺 usage to measure floating differential
• For different 𝑅𝐺 , different gains voltage
• If 𝑅𝐺 = 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 circuit
49400
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 1 + =1
∞
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

2.1 AC amplifier: Inverting ac amplifier

• If ac is superimposed on dc, we need to block dc and allow ac only
• Achieved by using coupling capacitor
1 1
• C with 𝑅1 sets lower 3dB frequency of Inverting ac amplifier 𝑍𝑐 = =
𝑗𝑋𝑐 𝑠𝐶
amplifier. With 𝑉𝑎 = 0 (virtual ground)
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑓 𝑠
• 𝑉0 = −𝐼𝑅𝑓 = − 1 𝑅𝑓 = −𝑉𝑖 . .
𝑅1 +𝑠𝐶 𝑅1 𝑠+ 1/𝑅1 𝐶
𝑉0 𝑅𝑓 𝑠
• 𝐴𝐶𝐿 = = − .
𝑉𝑖 𝑅1 𝑠+ 1/𝑅1 𝐶
• Time constant: 𝜏 = 𝑅1 𝐶
1 1
𝑓𝐿 = =
2𝜋𝜏 2𝜋𝑅1 𝐶
𝑅𝑓
• Midband freq: Capacitor short ckt: 𝐴𝐶𝐿 = −
𝑅1
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

2.2 AC amplifier: Non-inverting ac amplifier

• Resistance 𝑅2 is connected for non-inverting ac amplifier, to give dc
return to ground (reduces input impedance to 𝑅2 ) for 𝑉𝑖 input.
• For high input impedance: Non-Inverting ac amplifier
connect additional capacitor 𝐶3
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

2.3 AC amplifier: Non-inverting ac amplifier with

high input impedance
• For high input impedance: High input impedance Non-Inverting
connect additional capacitor 𝐶3 ac amplifier

• Non inverting terminal and node 𝑛

which connects inverting terminal
through 𝐶3 has almost same potential,
for ac - 𝐶3 will be short,
Hence no current through 𝑅2
• Very high impedance for 𝑉𝑖
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

2.4 AC amplifier: Voltage follower

• Used as buffer for high impedance Voltage follower
signal source to be connected to
low impedance load
• 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are short for operational
range of frequencies
• 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 provide return path for
dc input current into non-inverting
terminal
𝑅1
• Input impedance: (Miller’s theorem)
1−𝐴𝐶𝐿
For 𝐴𝐶𝐿 = 0.9997, 𝑅𝑖 will be very large
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.1 Voltage to current convertor – floating load

• Used for low voltage dc and ac Voltage to current convertor – floating
voltmeter, LED, zener diode tester load

• 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑖𝐿 𝑅1 (𝐼𝐵− = 0)
• 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑣𝑖 /𝑅1
• Input voltage is converted to
output current
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.2 Voltage to current convertor – grounded load

• For 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑣1 being node voltage at (+),
KCL:
• 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 = 𝑖𝐿
𝑣𝑖 −𝑣1 𝑣0 −𝑣1 Voltage to current
• + = 𝑖𝐿 convertor – grounded
𝑅 𝑅
𝑣𝑖 −𝑣𝑜 −𝑖𝐿 𝑅 load
• 𝑣1 =
2
• Non-inverting op-amp:
𝑅
Gain= 1 + = 2
𝑅
• 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛. 𝑣1 = 2𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣0 − 𝑖𝐿 𝑅
• Here also 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖𝐿 𝑅: 𝑖𝐿 = 𝑣𝑖 /𝑅
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.3 Current to Voltage to convertor (Trans-

resistance amplifier)
• Photocell, photodiode, photovoltaic Current to Voltage to convertor
cell gives output current proportional to
incident radiant energy or light.
• Current can be converted to voltage to store/use
energy
• (-) in virtual ground, no current through 𝑅𝑠 .
• Hence 𝑖𝑠 flows through 𝑅𝑓 (feedback)
• 𝑣𝑜 = −𝑖𝑆 𝑅𝑓
• To reduce high frequency noise, 𝐶𝑓 is used
in parallel to 𝑅𝑓
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.4 Applications of VI or IV convertor

• Offset voltage compensating network
is for op-amp nulling
• When 𝑆 in 1,
Thevenin’s equiv
10Ω
• 𝑅1 = 1𝑘 + 10 = 1𝑘
• If full scale deflection
current 1𝑚𝐴
𝑉
• Then 𝐼0 = 1𝑚𝐴 =
𝑅
𝑉
= .
1𝑘
Full scale voltage: 𝑉 = 1 V
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.4 Applications of VI or IV convertor

• Low voltage ac
voltmeter
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.4 Applications of VI or IV convertor

• Diode tester and match finder
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.4 Applications of VI or IV convertor

• Zener diode tester
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.4 Applications of VI or IV convertor

• Photodiode as photo detector
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

3.4 Applications of VI or IV convertor

• PhotoFET as photo detector
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.1 Op-amp differentiator: Ideal

• At N, virtual ground
• 𝑣𝑁 = 0𝑉
𝑑𝑣𝑖
• Current 𝑖𝑐 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑡
• Current through feedback resistor
is 𝑣𝑜 /𝑅𝑓
• KCL at N: 𝑖𝑐 + 𝑖𝑓 = 0
𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑜
𝐶1 + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐹
𝑑𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑣𝑖
𝑣𝑜 = −𝑅𝐹 𝐶1 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 . (differentiator) with minus sign
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.1 Op-amp differentiator: Ideal

𝑑𝑣𝑖
• 𝑣𝑜 = −𝑅𝐹 𝐶1 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑖
− 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡
(differentiator) with minus sign
• Phasor: 𝑉𝑜 𝑠 = −𝑅𝐹 𝐶1 𝑠𝑉𝑖 𝑠
• 𝐴 = 𝑉0 /𝑉𝑖 = −𝑠𝑅𝐹 𝐶1 = 𝜔𝑅𝐹 𝐶1 (𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔)
• Frequency response of differentiator:
𝑓
𝐴 = where 𝑓𝑜 = 1/2𝜋𝑅𝐹 𝐶1
𝑓0
For 𝑓 = 𝑓0 𝐴 = 1, (0dB)
The differentiator may be unstable
and go into oscillation at high frequency.
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.1 Op-amp differentiator: Practical

𝑉𝑜 𝑠 𝑍𝐹 𝑠𝑅𝐹 𝐶1
• = − =−
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 𝑍1 1+𝑠𝑅𝐹 𝐶𝐹 1+𝑠𝐶1 𝑅1
• For 𝑅𝐹 𝐶𝐹 = 𝑅1 𝐶1 :
𝑉𝑜 𝑠 𝑠𝑅𝐹 𝐶1 𝑠𝑅𝐹 𝐶1
=− =− 2
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 1+𝑠𝑅1 𝐶1 1+𝑠𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑓
1+𝑗 𝑓
𝑏
• 𝑓𝑏 = 1/2𝜋𝑅1 𝐶1

• For frequency 𝑓 < 𝑓𝑏

Gain increases +20dB per decade
• For frequency 𝑓 > 𝑓𝑏
Gain decreases-20dB per decade
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.1 Op-amp differentiator: Practical

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.1 Op-amp differentiator: Output of differentiator

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2 Op-amp integrator

𝑣𝑖 −𝑣𝑁 𝑣𝑖
• 𝑣𝑁 = 0𝑉 𝑖𝑅 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑑𝑣𝑐 𝑑𝑣0
• 𝑖𝐶 = 𝐶 = 𝐶𝐹 (𝑣𝑐 = 𝑣0 − 𝑣𝑁 = 𝑣𝑜 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• KCL at N: 𝑖𝑖𝑁 + 𝑖𝑜𝑁 = 0
𝑖𝑅 + 𝑖𝐶 = 0
𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑣0 𝑑𝑣0 1
+ 𝐶𝐹 =0 = − 𝑣
𝑅1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 𝑖
𝑡 1 𝑡
Rearrange and integrate 𝑑𝑣𝑜 = − 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 0 𝑖
1 𝑡 1 𝑡
𝑣0 𝑡 − 𝑣0 0 = − 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 𝑣0 𝑡 = − 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣0 0
𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 0 𝑖 𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 0 𝑖
(Integrator)
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2 Op-amp integrator

1 𝑡 Laplace transform of
• 𝑣0 𝑡 = − 0
𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣0 0
𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 𝑣𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑠 /𝑠
• Frequency domain: assuming 𝑣0 0 = 0
1
𝑉0 𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠) At low frequency, (dc) the integrator
𝑠𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 voltage transfer function is infinite.
• Steady state: 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 (Output will be in saturation)

𝑉0 (𝑗𝜔) 1 1
• 𝐴 = = =
𝑉𝑖 (𝑗𝜔) 𝑗𝜔𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 𝜔𝑅1 𝐶𝐹
• Frequency response:
1
• 𝑓𝑏 = is the frequency at which gain = 0dB
2𝜋𝑅! 𝐶𝐹
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2 Op-amp integrator: Practical

• Ideal: At low frequency, (dc) the integrator
voltage transfer function is infinite.
(Output will be in saturation)
• To prevent this: Updated practical circuit
• Apply KCL at node (-)
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 𝑉0 𝑠 𝑉0 𝑠
+ + =0
𝑅1 1/𝑠𝐶𝐹 𝑅𝐹
1
• 𝑉0 𝑠 = − 𝑅 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠) (Lossy integrator)
𝑠𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 + 1
𝑅𝐹
• At 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 steady state:
𝑉0 𝑠 1 𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1
𝐴 = = 2 2
=
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 𝜔𝑅1 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑅1 /𝑅𝐹 1+ 𝜔𝑅𝐹 𝐶𝐹 2
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2 Op-amp integrator: Practical

𝑉0 𝑠 𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1
• 𝐴 = =
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 1+ 𝜔𝑅𝐹 𝐶𝐹 2
• At 𝑓 = 0, Gain 𝐴 = 𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1
• At 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑎 = 1/2𝜋𝑅𝐹 𝐶𝐹
Gain is -3dB below 𝑅𝐹 /𝑅1
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2 Op-amp integrator: Initial condition

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2 Op-amp integrator:

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2 Op-amp integrator:

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2: Op-amp integrator

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

4.2: Op-amp integrator: Non inverting integrator

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

5.1 Precision rectifier: Precision diode

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

5.2 Precision rectifier: Half-wave rectifier

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

5.3 Precision rectifier: Full-wave rectifier

 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

5.3 Precision rectifier:

Full-wave rectifier
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

5.3 Precision rectifier:

Full-wave rectifier
 4.5 Operational amplifier – Applications – Part 2

5.3 Precision rectifier:

Full-wave rectifier