ESC-101-ETC: Basic Electronics

Engineering
Unit IV
Operational Amplifier and Electronic
Instruments
Syallbus:
Operational Amplifier and Electronic Instrument
Operational amplifier:
 Functional block diagram of operational amplifier,
 Ideal & practical values of performance
parameters,
 Op-amp applications: Inverting, Non-inverting
amplifier.
Electronic Instruments:
 Block diagram of Digital Multimeter,
 Function Generator,
 Digital Storage Oscilloscope
 DC power supply.
Operational Amplifier
What is Op-Amp

Very High Gain Direct Coupled Multistage

Amplifier capable of carrying out
mathematical operations like Addition,
Subtraction, Integration, Differentiation, Log,
Antilog etc.
It consists of three terminals: Two high-
impedance inputs and a low-impedance
output port.
 Block Diagram
Emitter Comp. Sym.
DIBO DIUO Follower with Push Pull
DA DA Constant Amplifier
Current
Source

Null the Power

Voltage Gain,
DC Gain, Low
High i/p
Shift O/P
resistance
Resistance
Circuit Diagram Of OP-AMP
Block Diagram Of OP-AMP
 The input stage is a Dual input balance output differential
amplifier. The differential amplifier used as an input stage
provides differential inputs and a frequency response down to
DC. Special techniques are used to provide the high input
impedance necessary for the operational amplifier.
 The second stage is Dual input balance output Differential
amplifier, provide a high-gain voltage amplifier. This stage may
be made from several transistors to provide high gain. A typical
operational amplifier could have a voltage gain of 200,000.
Most of this gain comes from the voltage amplifier stage.
 The final stage of the Op-amp is an output amplifier. The output
amplifier provides low output impedance. The output stage
should allow the operational amplifier to deliver several
milliamperes to a load.
 The operational amplifier has a positive power supply (+VCC)
and a negative power supply (−VEE). This arrangement enables
the operational amplifier to produce either a positive or a
negative output.
 Block Diagram Of OP-AMP
The two input terminals are labeled "inverting input"
(−) and "non-inverting input" (+).
With differential inputs, both input terminals are used
and two input signals which are 180 degrees out of
phase with each other are used.
 This produces an output signal that is in phase with the
signal on the non-inverting input.
If the non-inverting input is grounded and a signal is
applied to the inverting input, the output signal will be
180 degrees out of phase with the input signal (and
one-half the amplitude of the first mode output).
If the inverting input is grounded and a signal is applied
to the non-inverting input, the output signal will be in
phase with the input signal (and one-half the amplitude
of the first mode output).
Op amp Symbol and IC
Op amp Parameters
Open Loop Gain
Open-loop gain refers to the gain of an operational
amplifier without any feedback, and ideally, it is
considered infinite (very high in a practical case).
Input Impedance
Its ideal value is infinity, which minimizes source
loading. An Input impedance is measured between
a negative and positive terminal.
Output Impedance
Ideally, an operational amplifier should have zero
output impedance, and its output determines its
ability to drive current and buffer voltage
(practically a very small value).
Op amp Parameters
Frequency Response and Bandwidth (BW)
Ideally, an operational amplifier can maintain a high gain
regardless of signal frequency (practically, there is a
20dB/decade decrease after a finite BW, i.e., 3dB point).
Gain Bandwidth Product (GBP)
At a given frequency, GBP is calculated as the point at
which the gain of the operational amplifier reaches
unity, allowing the user to calculate the device’s open-
loop gain.
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
CMRR is the ability of an operational amplifier to cancel
out the noise or the common inputs at the terminals.
Ideally, the CMRR value is expected to be infinite
(practically very good at avoiding noise).
 Property Ideal Practical(Typical)
Open-loop gain Infinite 200000
Ideal & practical
Open-loop bandwidth
values
Infinite
of Op-amp
1MHz
CMRR Infinite 90 dB
InputResistance Infinite 1M
OutputResistance Zero 75ohm
Input Bias Currents Zero 50 nA
Offset Voltages Zero 10 mV
OffsetCurrents Zero 50 nA
SlewRate Infinite 0.5V/uS
Drift Voltage Zero 200nV
 Op-amp Application
Inverting Amplifier
Non-inverting Amplifier

Virtual Ground Concept

 Inverting Amplifier

Inverting Input at Virtual Ground

Inverting Amplifier

Inverting amplifier configuration

 Inverting Amplifier
Resistor R2 is used to feed part of the output signal back
to the input of the operational amplifier.
The output signal is 180 degrees out of phase with the
input signal.
The feedback signal is a portion of the output signal
and, therefore, also 180 degrees out of phase with the
input signal. Whenever the input signal goes positive,
the output signal and the feedback signal go negative.
The result of this is that the inverting input to the
operational amplifier is always very close to 0 volts with
this configuration.
The inverting input is at 0 volts, there will be no current
(for all practical purposes) flowing into the operational
amplifier from the connection point of R1 and R2, the
characteristics of this circuit are determined by the
values of R1 and R2.
Non-inverting Amplifier
Non-inverting Amplifier
 Non-inverting Amplifier
The input signal (Vin) is applied directly to the non-
inverting (+) input of the operational amplifier.
Feedback is provided by coupling part of the
output signal (Vout) back to the inverting (-) input
of the operational amplifier.
R1 and R2 act as voltage divider that allows only a
part of the output signal to be applied as feedback
(Vfdbk).
The input signal, output signal, and feedback
signal are all in phase.
(Remember, that the operational amplifier will
react to the difference between the two inputs.)
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bF3OyQ3
HwfU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bF3OyQ3
HwfU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOZyofN
XWXc
 Topic Refered From
Sr. No. Topic Reference Books
01 Block diagram T1 : 2.3
02 Differential Amplifier configurations T2 : 2.1
Differential amplifier analysis for dual input balanced T1 : 1.11.4
03 T2 : 2.10.1
output mode (using r parameters)
04 Current mirror Circuits T1 : 1.11, T2 : 2.2
05 Level shifter T1 : 1.13, T2 : 2.9
Op amp parameters (AC & DC) and comparison with T1 : 3.1 – 3.3,
06 T2 : 3.6 – 3.7
ideal Op-Amp
Voltage series & voltage shunt feedback amplifiers, T1 : 4.2-4.4
07 T2 : 3.11
Effect on Ri, Ro, gain & bandwidth
Ramakant Gaiwad, “Op Amps & Linear Integrated Circuits”, Pearson
T1
Education 2000
Shalivahan & Kanchana Bhaskaran, “ Linear Integrated Circuits”, Tata
T2
McGraw Hill, India 2008
Digital Multimeter
 Digital Multimeter
(DMM)
What is
Multimeter
• A digital multimeter
(DMM) is a
multifunctional meter
that displays its electrical
quantitative values on an
LCD screen.
• A digital multimeter is
able to read voltage,
current and resistance.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DIGITAL MULTIMETER
Parts of Digital Multimeter
Symbols on Multimeter
PORTS
Two probes are plugged into two of the ports
present on front of the unit.
COM stands for common and connected to
ground
10A port is used to measure the current upto
10 A
mAVΩ is the port which can measure
resistance ,current and voltage.
SELECTOR SWITCH
Selector switch is used to select the
parameter which is to measure on the DMM.
Turn the selector switch to select the
parameter on the DMM.
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bF3OyQ3HwfU
Function Generator
 Function
Generator
What is a Function Generator?
The function
generator is a test
instrument that can
generate different
waveforms, i.e., sine,
square, and triangular
waves with variable
frequency and
Amplitude
Block Diagram of Function
Generator
Front panel of Function
Generator
The Controls of the Function
Generator

There are four basic controls on which a

function generator operates.
Frequency
Types of Waveform
Offset
Duty Cycle
• Frequency:
Frequency is one of the most important controls of the
function generator. Through this control, the
waveform is repeated and shows the properties of the
devices.
• Types of
Waveform:
This control lets you generate waveforms like sine,
square, or triangular. Different frequencies and
voltages may provide different waveforms. However,
the function generator will only produce
• waveforms
Offset: that are programmed into its system.
This control helps vary the voltage in the circuit
and moves from 0V to the higher values that
• we
Duty Cycle:
set for a device.
This control changes the voltage ratios for a high
value and a low value for a square waveform. When
pulse or triangular form is needed, the duty cycle
ratio is changed to a 1:1 ratio with equal rise and
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Zink6v6TXk4
DIGITAL STORAGE
OSCILLOSCOPE
Digital Storage Oscilloscope

Digital Storage
Oscilloscope is an instrument
that analyses the signal
digitally and stores the data
in the electronic digital
memory. By examining the
stored traces in memory, it can
display visual as well
as numerical values.
It digitizes the input signal in
order to have subsequent digital
signals. The input is stored in
digital memory in the form
of 0 and 1. This stored digitized
signal is then viewed on
the CRT screen after the signal
reconstruction in analog form.
Digital Storage Oscilloscope
Here, the digital copy of input waveform is
stored and further analysed using Digital
Signal Processing techniques.
The maximum frequency that can be
measured by using Digital Oscilloscope
basically depends on sampling
rate and nature of converter
Block Diagram Of DSO
Panel Diagram of DSO
User Interface Menu Display
User Interface
Getting to understand different parts of the user
interface is one of the most important tasks to know the
operations. The oscilloscope user interface consists of:
Vertical control
Horizontal control
Trigger control
LCD display area
Function buttons (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5)
User menu area
Input terminal (CH1, CH2, EXT TRIG)
Multi‐purpose knob
USB interface
 DSO Operation Modes
The digital storage oscilloscope works in three
modes of operations they are roll mode, store
mode, and hold or save mode.
Roll Mode: In roll mode, very fast varying
signals are displayed on the display screen.
Store Mode: In the store mode the signals
stores in memory.
Hold or Save Mode: In hold or save mode,
some part of the signal will hold for some
time and then they will be stored in memory.
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Hqsq4Nugcuw
DC POWER SUPPLY
DC POWER SUPPLY
Dc power
supply is the
supply which
converts the
unregulated AC
(Alternating
current)to
steady DC
(Direct current)
power supply
Block Diagram of Power
Supply
Parts in Power Supply
Transform
Rectifier
Filter
Regulator
 Transformer
• A transformer altersthe AC mains voltage toward a
necessary value and the main function of this is to step up
and step down the voltage.
• Transformer gives separation from the power-line, and
must be used even as any modify within voltage is not
required.

 Rectifier

• A rectifier is an electrical device used to convert

alternating current into direct current. It can be a
full wave rectifier as well as half wave rectifier
with the help of a transformer by a bridge rectifier
otherwise center tapped secondary winding.
• However, the rectifier’s o/p can be variable.
 Filter
A filter in the regulated power supply is mainly
used for leveling the ac differences from the
corrected voltage. Rectifiers are classified into
four types namely capacitor filter, Inductor filter,
LC filter & RC filter.
 Voltage Regulator
• A voltage regulator in the regulated power
supply is essential for keeping a steady DC output
voltage by supplying load regulation as well as
line regulation.
• For this reason, we can employ regulators like a
Zener, transistorized, otherwise 3-terminal
integrated regulators
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=nVpgO6xEF8Y
 Practical (Unit-IV)
2. Measurements using various measuring
instruments:
a) Setup CRO and function generator for measurement
of AC & DC voltages and frequency
b) Measure Voltage, Resistance using digital
Multimeter. Also use Multimeter to check diode, BJT
4. Rectifier circuits: Implement DC Regulated
Power supply using bridge rectifier &
diodes.
6. Linear applications of Op-amp:
Build inverting and non-inverting amplifier using op-
amp (Study the data sheet of typicalOp-Amp741)
Reference Books:
Digital Fundamentals by Thomas. L. Floyd,
11th Edition, Pearson
Mobile Communication by J. Schiller, 2nd
Edition, Pearson
Sensors Handbook, by S. Soloman, 2nd
Edition.
CMOS Circuit Design, Layout & Simulation,
by Baker, 2nd Edition, Wiley IEEE Press
 Books:
https://www.pearson.com/en-us/subject-catal
og/p/electronic-devices-electron-flow-
version/P200000001048
MOOC / NPTEL/YouTube Links:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103063
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103064
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/106/10
5/106105166/
Thank You