SCIENCE – REVIEWER - Uses: AM and FM radio, television, mobile phones, magnetic

resonance imaging, etc.

Electromagnetic spectrum – electric and magnetic field that moves through
space at the speed of light MICROWAVES (James Maxwell)
- Doesn’t need medium (material) - Extremely high frequency radio waves
- Can be reflected of refracted - Short wavelengths ranging from approximately one mm to 30 cm
- Can be emitted or absorbed by matter - Uses: oven cooking, radar, aircraft navigation, terrain mapping,
molecular research, long distance communication, etc.
Types of EM Waves:
- radio waves INFRARED (William Herschel)
- microwave - Wavelength longer than that of a visible light
- infrared - Near infrared light is not hot at all, closer to visible light (remote
- visible light control)
- ultraviolet - Far infrared light is thermal, closer to microwaves
- x-rays - Can be “seen” with night vision goggles and infrared cameras
- gamma rays - Uses: Heating and drying, night vision cameras, satellite remote
sensing, remote controls, molecular vibrational spectra, etc.
Frequency – number of waves
Wavelength – distance between two waves VISIBLE LIGHT (Isaac Newton, Roger Bacon)
Crest – highest point of a wave - Portion of EM radiation that is visible to the human eye
Through – lowest point - We see them as the colors of the rainbow, each colors
Amplitude – height of a wave have diff. wavelengths and when seen together they make white light.
- Uses: What the typical eye and film can see, visible light photography,
Radiation – emission of energy optical fibers, etc.

Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional. ULTRAVIOLET (Johann Wilhelm Ritter)
- High Frequency = High Radiation = High Energy - Wavelength shorter than visible light but still longer than x-rays
- Named ultraviolet because it’s frequencies is higher than what human
EM SPECTRUM – Classification/Arrangement eye identify as color violet.
- Produced by high temperature surfaces such as the sun
RADIO WAVES (Heinrich Hertz) - Can be detected by photographic plates, photoelectric cell,
- Longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum fluorescence
- Generated by a transmitter and detected by a receiver
- Can pass or penetrate a material
 - Uses: Photochemical and photoelectric effects, hardening casts in Virtual Images - When light rays do not actually meet at the image, but
medicine, etc. because the eye projects light rays backward, we are tricked into seeing
an image that is erect or right side up (upright).
X-RAYS (Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen)
- High energy waves, have great penetrating power (Can also be called Mirror - something that shows what another thing is like in a very clear
Rontgen Radiation) and accurate way.
- Generated by rapid deceleration of fast moving electrons, changes in
energy of innermost orbital electrons Two types of Mirrors:
- Can kill both healthy and bad cells A. Plane mirrors are the common, everyday flat mirrors that we see
- Bones appear white because it’s dense and not hollow everywhere.
- Overexposure may lead to cancer such as leukemia B. Spherical mirror is a second class mirror in the form of spherical
- Uses: Medical examination of bones, teeth, and vital organs; treatment slice of a spherical surface.
for types of cancer; crystallography, astrophysics
Law of Reflection states that the angle of incident is equal to the angle of
GAMMA RAYS (Paul Villard) reflection.
- Generated by radioactive atoms and in nuclear explosions
- More penetrating than X-rays, therefore more radiation Spherical mirror:
- Can completely penetrate a human’s body, harms DNA & tissue. - Convex is a mirror that is curved outward like the outside of the
- Can be detected by photographic plates, ionization chamber, sphere. When parallel light rays pass through a convex mirror, the
phosphorescence reflected light appears to have come behind hence making it a virtual
- Uses: Gamma Knife Surgery, Nuclear research, geophysics, mineral image.
exploration, treatment for types of cancer, food irradiation, etc. - Concave is a mirror that is curved inward like the hollow inside of a
sphere. The light hitting the surface of concave mirror converges and
MIRRORS AND IMAGES the image made by the mirror is virtual or real depending on the
position of the object that is reflected.
- Images are formed when light strikes a reflecting surface such as
mirror or lens Features of Concave and Convex Mirrors

REAL VS. VIRTUAL IMAGES Center of Curvature (C) - the center of the circle which the mirror represents
the small arc.
Real Images - occur when light rays actually intersect at the
image, making them appear inverted or upside down.
Focus (F) – the point where the parallel light rays converge, the focus is Location 4. Object at Focal point
always found on the inner part of the circle of which the mirror is small arc, No image will be made because the rays won’t meet.
the focus of a mirror is one-half the radius
Location 5. Bet. Focal and Mirror
Vertex (V) - the point where the mirror crosses the principal axis. L – Appears behind the mirror
O – Upright
Principal axis - a line drawn though the vertex, focus and center of the S – Magnified or Larger
curvature of the mirror upon which the object rests. T – Virtual

Focal length (f) - the distance from the focus to the vertex of the mirror. Location 6. At affinity
L – At the focus
Radius of the curvature - the distance from the center of curvature to the O – Inverted
vertex of the mirror; it corresponds to the radius of the circle. S – Smaller
T – Real
RAY DIAGRAM

Location 1. Behind C
L – Between the focus and center of curvature
O – Inverted
S – Smaller than The object
T – Real

Location 2. At C
L – at the center of curvature
O – Inverted
S – Same Size
T – Real

Location 3. Bet. F and C

L – Behind C
O – Inverted
S – Magnified or Bigger
T – Real