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Working Stress Desing (Alternate Design Method)

A. Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beam

Illustrative Problems:
1. For the beam shown, if the applied moment is 40 kN-m, f r=2.70 MPa ,
cc=75 mm , and n=8, determine:
a. Cracking Moment
b. Moment of inertia of uncracked section
c. Moment of inertia of cracked section

Solution:

a. Cracking Moment:

( )
3
250 ( 600 )
2.7
12
600
f r Ig 2
M cr = = 2
=40.5 kN −m
yt 1000

b. Moment of inertia of uncracked section:

( )
2
250 ȳ 2 250 ( 600− ȳ ) 1875 π
= + ( 8−1 ) (525− ȳ )
2 2 4
ȳ =314.468 mm
Using Integration:
ȳ 600− ȳ
I =∫ 250 y dy+
0
2
∫
0
2
250 y dy + ( 8−1 ) ( 18754 π )( 525− ȳ ) 2

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 9 4
I NA =4.988 x 10 m m
c. Moment of inertia of cracked section:

( )
2
250 ȳ ( ) 1875 π (
=8 525− ȳ )
2 4

ȳ =180.254 mm Using Integration:

ȳ
I =∫ 250 y dy+ ( 8 )
0
2
( 18754 π )( 525− ȳ ) 2

9 4
I NA =1.888 x 10 mm

2. For the given beam below, n = 9, f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 345 Mpa,

a. Derive the formula for moment of inertia of gross concrete section;
b. Determine the modulus of rupture of concrete in N/mm 2;
c. Find the cracking moment if b=300 , d=450

Solution:
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 a. Equation for I g:

Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of Area):

d d
() () ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
2
by
3d d d d
2 b −b b −b bd
3
I =∫ y dA I = ∫ b y dy I = ∨
2 2
3 2 2 8 8 I =2
−d
−d I = − I= − 24
2 2 3 3 3 3
3
bd
I g=
12
b. Modulus of rupture of concrete, f r in N/mm2:

f r=0.62 λ √ f ' c λ=1.0 ( for normal weight concrete ) f r=0.62(1) √ 28

f r=3.281 MPa

c. Cracking Moment:

( )
3
300 ( 450 )
3.281
12
450
f r Ig 2
M cr = = 2
=33.220 kN−m
yt 1000

3. For the given beam below, applied moment = 40 kN-m, f’c = 27.6 MPa, As =
2500mm2, determine:
a. Modular ratio;
b. Compressive stress in the concrete;
c. Tensile stress in the steel

Solution:

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 a. Modular ratio:
EC =4700 √ f ' c=4700 √27.6=24.692 x 103 MPa
E s=200,000 MPa
Es 200,000
n= = =8.1 ≈ 8
E c 24.692 x 103

b. Compressive stress in the concrete:

2
30 0 ȳ ( ) (
= 8 2500 )( 5 00− ȳ ) ȳ =200 mm
2
3
300 ( 200 ) 9 4
I NA = + 8 ( 2500 ) (500−200 )2 I NA =2.6 x 10 mm
3
6
M ȳ 40 x 10 (200)
f c= = =3.077 MPa
I NA (2.6 x 109 )

c. Tensile stress in the steel:

6
M (500− ȳ)n 40 x 10 ( 500−200 ) (8)
f s= = =36.923 MPa
I NA (2.6 x 109 )

4. A rectangular reinforced concrete beam with a width of 200 mm and an effective

depth of 500 mm is subjected to a service moment of 150 kN-m. The beam is
reinforced with 4 – 25 mm Ø bars with a modular ratio, n = 8.
a. Compute the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam.
b. Compute the maximum stress of concrete in MPa.
c. Compute the maximum stress of steel in MPa.

Solution:
a. Distance of neutral axis from top of the beam:

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 2
200 ȳ
=8 ( 625 π )( 500− ȳ )
2
ȳ =212.507 mm

b. Maximum stress of concrete:

3
200 ( 212.507 )
I NA = +8 ( 625 π )( 500−212.507 )2
3
9 4
I NA =1.938 x 10 mm
6
Mc 150 x 10 ( 212.507 )
f c= = =16.447 MPa
I 1.938 x 106

c. Maximum stress of steel:

6
M (500− ȳ)n 150 x 10 ( 500−212.507 ) (8)
f s= = =178.007 MPa
I 1.938 x 10 6

5. A rectangular reinforced concrete beam with width of 350 mm and effective

depth of 500 mm is subjected to 120 kN·m bending moment. The beam is
reinforced with 6 – 25 mm ø bars. Use alternate design method and modular
ratio n = 8.
a. What is the maximum stress of concrete?
b. What is the maximum stress of steel?
c. What is the total compressive force in concrete?

Solution:
a. Maximum stress of concrete:

( )
2
35 0 ȳ 1875 π (
=8 500− ȳ )
2 2
ȳ =200.732 mm
ȳ
I NA =∫ 3 50 y dy+ ( 8 )
0
2
( 18752 π )( 5 00− ȳ ) =3.054 x 10 m m
2 9 4

6
Mc 120 x 10 ( 200.732 )
f c= = =7.888 MPa
I 3.054 x 10 9
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 b. Maximum stress of steel:

6
M (500−c)n 120 x 10 ( 500−200.732 ) (8)
f s= = =94.077 MPa
I 3.054 x 10 9

c. Total compressive force in concrete:

1 1
C= f c b ȳ = ( 7.888 )( 350 )( 200.732 ) =277.090 kN
2 2

Supplementary Problems:
1. In a reinforced concrete beam, b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, cc = 40 mm, f’c = 28
MPa, As= 1500 mm2, n = 8. The beam is ·subjected to a bending moment of 70
kN-m
a. The maximum stress in concrete. (6.39 MPa)
b. The maximum stress in steel. (104.75 MPa)
c. Cracking Moment. (47.83 MPa)
2. A reinforced concrete beam, b = 250 mm D = 625 mm, cc = 50 mm and is
reinforced with 3-D25mm. The concrete cylinder strength f’c = 27.6 MPa and
modulus of rupture of 3.28 MPa. The yield point of the steel is 414.7 MPa. The
beam carries a bending moment of 61 kN-m. Used Uncracked, transformed
section method.
a. Concrete compression stress at the top. (3.49 MPa)
b. Concrete tension stress at the bottom. (3.14 MPa)
c. Stress in the steel. (20.89 MPa)
3. For the beam shown, if the applied moment is 35 kN-m, f r=3.1 0 MPa, As = 588π
and n=9, determine,
a. Cracking Moment. (38.75 kN-m)
b. Maximum flexural stress in concrete at the top fiber. (2.64 MPa)
c. Maximum flexural stress in concrete at the bottom fiber. (2.34 MPa)

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4. A rectangular reinforced concrete beam with width of 250 mm and effective
depth of 500 mm is subjected to 150 kN·m bending moment. The beam is
reinforced with 4 – 25 mm ø bars. Use alternate design method and modular
ratio n = 9.
a. What is the maximum stress of concrete? (13.59 MPa)
b. What is the maximum stress of steel? (176.89 MPa)
c. What is the total compressive force in concrete? (347.26 kN)
5. Assuming the concrete is uncracked, compute the bending stresses in the
extreme fibers of the beam, with a total depth of 18 in., concrete cover of 3 in.,
and is subjected to 25 k-ft bending moment. The normal-weight concrete has an
f’c of 4000 psi and a modulus of rupture f r=7.5 ( 1 ) √ 4000 psi=474 psi . Determine
the cracking moment of the section and the modular ratio. Ans.
f c =463 psi , M cr =25.6 k−ft . , n=8

B. Design of Singly Reinforced Beam

Illustrative Problems
1. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 300
mm and the effective depth is 600 mm. The beam carries a moment of 80
kN·m which causes a stress of 5 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 9.
a. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam?
b. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement.
c. Find the stress developed in the steel.

Solution:

a. Distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam:

1
2
1
3( ) 1
2 ( 1
)
M =Cy M = f c bx d− x 80 ( 1000 ) = ( 5 ) (300 x ) 600− x x=200 mm
2
3
b. Required area for steel reinforcement, As:

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 300 x ( 12 x)=n A ( 400 )
s

2
A s=1666.67 m m

c. Stress developed in the steel

fs fs
n f c 9 5 f s=90 MPa
= =
d−x x 600−200 200

2. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 300

mm and the effective depth is 600 mm. The beam carries a moment of 100
kN·m which causes a stress of 4.5 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 8.
a. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam?
b. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement.
c. Find the stress developed in the steel.

Solution:

a. Distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam:

1
2
1
3 ( ) 1
2 ( )
1
M =Cy M = f c bx d− x 100 ( 1000 ) = ( 4.5 ) ( 3 00 x ) 60 0− x x=295.388 mm
2
3
b. Required area for steel reinforcement, As:

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 300 x ( 12 x)=n A ( 600−x )
s

2
A s=5370.812 mm

c. Stress developed in the steel

fs fs
n fc 8 4.5 f s=37.124 MPa
= =
d−x x 600−295.388 2 95.388

3. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 400

mm and the effective depth is 600 mm. The beam carries a moment of 50
kN·m which causes a stress of 3 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 10.
a. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam?
b. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement.
c. Find the stress developed in the steel.

Solution:

a. Distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam:

1
2
1
3 ( ) 1
2 ( )
1
M =Cy M = f c bx d− x 5 0 ( 1000 )= (3 )( 4 00 x ) 600− x x=151.669 mm
2
3
b. Required area for steel reinforcement, As:

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 4 00 x ( 12 x)=n A ( 600−x )
s

2
A s=1026.183 mm

c. Stress developed in the steel

fs fs
n fc 10 3 f s=88. 679 MPa
= =
d−x x 600−151.669 151.669

4. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 300

mm and the effective depth is 500 mm. The beam carries a moment of 60
kN·m which causes a stress of 5 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 7.
a. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam?
b. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement.
c. Find the number of D25mm bars

Solution:

a. Distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam:

1
2
1
3 ( ) 1
2 ( 1
)
M =Cy M = f c bx d− x 6 0 ( 1000 ) = ( 5 ) (3 00 x ) 5 00− x x=1 82 .109 mm
2
3
b. Required area for steel reinforcement, As:

3 00 x ( 12 x)=n A ( 5 00−x )
s

2
A s=2235.516 m m
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c. Number of D25mm bars:
A s 2235.516
n= = =4.55 ≈ 5 pcs .
Ab π 2
( 25 )
4

5. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 400

mm and the effective depth is 800 mm. The beam carries a moment of 150
kN·m which causes a stress of 8 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 9.

a. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam?
b. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement.
c. Find the number of D16mm bars

Solution:

a. Distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam:

1
2
1
3 ( )1
2 ( )
1
M =Cy M = f c bx d− x 15 0 ( 1000 )= ( 8 ) ( 4 00 x ) 8 00− x x=123.547 mm
2
3
b. Required area for steel reinforcement, As:

4 00 x ( 12 x)=n A ( 8 00−x )
s

2
A s=501.435 mm

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c. Number of D16mm bars:
A s 501.435
n= = =2.49 ≈ 3 pcs .
Ab π 2
( 16 )
4
Supplementary Problems:

1. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 300

mm and the effective depth is 600 mm. The beam carries a moment of 80
kN·m which causes a stress of 5 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 9.
a. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam? (200
mm)
b. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement. (1666.67 mm2)
c. Find the number of D25mm bars. (4 pcs.)
2. A reinforced concrete cantilever beam 4 m long has a cross-sectional
dimension of 400 mm by 750 mm. It is to carry a superimposed load of 29.05
kN/m including its own weight. The steel reinforcement has an effective
depth of 685 mm. Use f’c = 21 MPa, fs = 165 MPa, and n = 9. Determine,
a. Maximum moment (232.4 kN-m)
b. Area of steel reinforcements (2302.17 mm2)
c. The required number of 28 mm ø reinforcing bars (4-D28mm bars)
3. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 300
mm and the effective depth is 600 mm. The beam carries a moment of 80
kN·m which causes a stress of 5 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 9.
a. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam? (200
mm)
b. Find the number of D30mm bars (3 pcs)
c. Find the maximum moment carried by the beam if the beam is simply
supported, 5 m long and carries a load of 35 kN/m (109.38 kN-m)
4. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 300
mm and the effective depth is 600 mm. The beam carries a moment of 80
kN·m which causes a stress of 5 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 9.
a. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement. (1666.67 mm2)
b. Find the number of D12mm bars. (15 pcs.)
c. Find the maximum deflection of the beam if the beam is simply supported,
has a length of 6m, total depth of 650 mm and E = 30 GPa? (1.5 mm)
5. A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 400
mm and the effective depth is 800 mm. The beam carries a moment of 150
kN·m which causes a stress of 8 MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 9.

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 a. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement. (501.435 mm2)
b. Find the number of D25mm bars. (2 pcs.)
c. If the beam has a length of 5.5 m, total depth of 850 mm, has a maximum
deflection at free-end of 15mm, E = 30 GPa, find the slope at end in
radians. (0.0034 rad)

C. Analysis and Design of Non-rectangular Beam

Illustrative Problems

1. A concrete beam below is simply supported over a span of 4 m. The cracking

moment of the beam is 75 kN·m.

a. Find the maximum uniform load that the beam can carry without causing the
concrete to crack, in kN/m.
b. Find the modulus of rapture of the concrete used in the beam.
c. If the hallow portion is replaced with a square section of side 300 mm, what
is the cracking moment of the new section in kN·m?

Solution:

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a. ω:
ωL
2
ω ( 42)
M= 75= ω=37.5 kN /m
8 8
6
My 75 x 10 ( 300 )
f = = =3.773 MPa
b. f b : b I π 4 4
(600 −300 )
64

[ ]
4
π ( 300
600 ) −
4
3.773
c. M cr : fI 64 12
M cr = = 2
=71.520 kN −m
y 1000 ( 300 )
2. A reinforced concrete tee-beam has the dimensions shown in the Figure. A
moment of 112 kN-m acts on the section. It is required that the neutral axis is to
be at section X-X. Use Es/ Ec = 10. Determine a) the required steel, b) the stress
in concrete and c) the stress in steel.

Solution:

a. As:
ω=γ conc x Area of cross−section=23.5 [ 0.6 ( 0.15 )+ 0.225 ( 0.5+0.1 ) ] =5.29 kN /m

2
600 ( 150 ) 2
10 A s ( 500 ) = A s=1350 mm
2

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 6
b. f c : M =600 C 112 x 10 = [ 1
]
f ( 150 )( 600 ) ( 600 ) f c =4.148 MPa
2 c
c. f s :
1 1
T =C A s f s= f c 150 ( 600 )1350 f s= ( 4.148 )( 150 )( 600 ) f s=138.27 MPa
2 2

3. The following are the dimensions of a concrete T-beam section

Width of flange, bf = 600 mm
Thickness of flange, tf = 80 mm
Width of web, bw = 300 mm
Effective depth, d = 500 mm
The beam is reinforced with 3-32 mm diameter bars in tension and is carrying a
moment of 100 kN·m. Find,
a. Distance between the top compression fiber to neutral axis.
b. The total compressive force in the concrete. Use n = 9.
c. Tensile strength of steel.

Solution:

a. Distance between the top compression fiber to neutral axis:

[ ]
2
600 x 1
−300 ( x−80 ) ( x−80 ) = n A s (500−x ) x=167 mm
2 2
3 3
600 x 300 ( x−80 )
b. f c @ n=9 : I NA = − +6 A s ( 500−x )2=3.274 x 10 9 m m4
3 3

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 C=220.95 kN

fs 100 ( 500−167 ) ( 1000 2)

c. f s = 9
=91.55 MPa
9 3.274 x 10

4. The T-beam shown in the Figure is reinforced with 1,613 sq. mm. of steel.
Assume n = 12, fc = 4,14 MPa, fs =124 MPa. Determine the following: a) The
distance of the neutral axis from the top of the flange. b) The moment of inertia
about N.A. of the transformed section. c) The moment capacity of the section.

Solution:

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Taking moment of area about N.A.

750(100)(50 + x) + 400(x)(x/2) = 19356(500- x)

x = 56.14mm

y = 100 + x =156.14 mm

750 ( 1003 )
3
2 400 ( 56.14 ) 2 6 4
I= +750 ( 100 )( 50+56.14 ) + + 19356 ( 500−56.14 ) =4744.4 x 10 m m
12 3

Maximum moment = 110.45 kN-m

5. A concrete beam below is simply supported over a span of 6 m. The cracking

moment of the beam is 80 kN·m.

a. Find the maximum uniform load that the beam can carry without causing the
concrete to crack, in kN/m.
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 b. Find the modulus of rapture of the concrete used in the beam.

c. If the hallow portion is replaced with a square section of side 250 mm, what is
the cracking moment of the new section in kN·m?

Solution:

a. ω:

ωL
2
ω ( 62 )
M= 80= ω=17 . 78 kN /m
8 8

b. f b
6
My 80 x 10 ( 300 )
f b= = =4.024 MPa
I π 4 4
(600 −300 )
64
c. Mcr

[ ]
4
π ( 25 0
600 ) −
4
4.024
fI 64 12
M cr = = 2
=80.966 kN −m
y 1000 (300 )
Supplementary Problems:

1. If the T-beam shown is uncracked, calculate the stress in the concrete at the (a)top
and (b)bottom extreme fibers under a positive bending moment of 80 ft-k. (c) If f c =
3000 psi and normal-weight concrete is used, what is the maximum uniformly
distributed load the beam can carry if it is used as a simple beam with 24-ft span
without exceeding the modulus of rupture of the concrete? Ans. 172 lb/in2, 338
lb/in2, 1352 lb/ft

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2. A concrete beam below is simply supported over a span of 4 m. The cracking
moment of the beam is 75 kN·m.

a. Find the maximum uniform load that the beam can carry without causing the
concrete to crack, in kN/m. (37.5)

b. Find the modulus of rapture of the concrete used in the beam. (3.77 MPa)

c. If the hallow portion is replaced with a square section of side 300 mm, what is
the cracking moment of the new section in kN·m? (71.51)

3. The following are the dimensions of a concrete T-beam section

Width of flange, bf = 600 mm
Thickness of flange, tf = 80 mm
Width of web, bw = 300 mm
Effective depth, d = 500 mm
The beam is reinforced with 3-32 mm diameter bars in tension and is carrying a
moment of 100 kN·m. Find,
a. Distance between the top compression fiber to neutral axis. (167 mm)
b. The total compressive force in the concrete. Use n = 9. (220.95 kN)
c. Tensile strength of steel. (91.55 MPa)

4. Given the beam below, compute for (a) Location of neutral axis from top fiber (b)
Moment of Inertia (c) Bending stress. M =110 k-ft, n = 8. (a) 9.32 in. (b) 10.887in4 (c)
13,269 psi

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5. Calculate the moment of inertia and the bending stresses in the concrete and the
reinforcing steel, using the transformed – area method: f’c = 3000 psi, n = 9, M = 250
k-ft. (I = 24,778in4, fc = 684 lb/in2, fs = 24,354 lb/in2)

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