Introduction to

Chemistry
(CHEM 1114)
Ling Zhang
lingyunzhang@langara.ca

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Introduction
Chapter 1

Chem 1114
Langara College
1.1 Chemistry in Context:
Learning Outcomes
• Provide examples of the importance of chemistry in
everyday life
• Describe the scientific method
• Differentiate among hypotheses, theories, and laws
• Provide examples illustrating macroscopic, microscopic,
and symbolic domains

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 What is Chemistry?

u Chemistry – the science that studies the

composition, properties and interaction
of matter.
u Matter and its properties
u Interactions of matter
u The changes matter undergoes
u The energy associated with the changes

u Chemistry is everywhere

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Chemistry’s role in science

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The Scientific Approach

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Hypothesis, Theory and Law

u Hypothesis: A statement from observation or

experiments.
u Theory: A set of tested hypotheses that provide an overall
explanation of observed behavior and can be used to make
further predictions
u Natural Law vs. Theory
u A law is a summary of observed behavior

A natural law DOES NOT account why, while a theory is

our attempt to explain why it happens

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Observations made in science can be
qualitative or quantitative

u Qualitative data: observations that don’t involve

numbers

u Quantitative data: data involving a numerical

measurement

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Practice: Is the following
observation qualitative or
quantitative?
u The water is warm.
u The temperature of water is 100 degrees Celsius.
u There is a white precipitate formed.

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1.2 Classification of matter
learning outcomes:
u Describe the basic properties of each physical state of
matter: solid, liquid, and gas
u Define and give examples of atoms and molecules
u Classify matter as an element, compound, homogeneous
mixture, or heterogeneous mixture with regard to its
physical state and composition
u Distinguish between mass and weight
u Apply the law of conservation of matter

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2. State of Matter
u Matter is anything that has mass and occupies volume
u Solid: has fixed shape and volume
u Liquid: takes the shape of its container, but has a surface
(occupies a definite volume)
u Gas: has no fixed shape, fills the volume of its container;
highly compressible

Solid Liquid Gas

At the Macroscopic level 11
At the microscopic level

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Language of Chemistry

u Element symbols
u Chemical formula
u Chemical reactions

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Classification of matter

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Pure substance vs. mixture

u A pure substance is a type of matter that has the

same properties and the same composition
throughout a sample

u A mixture is a group of two or more substances in

variable ratios
u The different components in the mixture are not chemically
bound together

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Pure substances can be either
elements or compounds
u An element is the simplest substance and is
comprised of only one type of atom

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The Periodic Table of Elements

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Pure substances can be either
elements or compounds
u A compound is a substance formed when two or more
different elements combined together in a fixed ratio
u A compound can be broken down to its constituent elements
by chemical methods

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Covalent compounds

u Covalent compounds are formed between nonmetals.

u Covalent compounds are made of molecules

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 Molecules

• A molecule consisted of two or more atoms combined together by covalent

bond.

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Ionic Compounds
u Ionic compounds are formed between a cation and an
anion by the static attraction of opposite charges.
u There are no molecules in ionic compounds.

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 Ion

Ions are formed when elements, molecules or groups

lose or gain electrons.

e.g. Na+ is a cation Na lost one electron so it carries a net +1 charge

Br - is a anion Br gained one electron so it carries a net -1 charge

(i.e. an electron carries a -1 charge)

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Mixtures can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous
u Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout
u Homogeneous mixtures are often called solutions

u In a heterogeneous mixture, components separate into

physically distinct regions of differing properties and
often differing composition

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Ex. Decide whether each of the following as a pure
substance or a mixture. Identify any mixture as
homogeneous or heterogeneous.

a) pure apple juice

b) chocolate chip cookies
c) air
d) gasoline
e) table salt
f) copper metal
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1.3 Properties of matter
learning objectives
u Identify properties of and changes in matter as physical
or chemical
u Identify properties of matter as extensive or intensive

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Changes of Matter

u Physical change
u A change that does not change the identity of a substance
u Ex. phase change
u Chemical change
u A change that results in the change of the identity of a
substance, also called a chemical reaction

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 Chemical or Physical?
qdissolving sugar and water q crushing a can
qMelting an ice cube q combustion (burning) of wood
qmetabolism of food in the body q Boiling water
qmixing an acid and a base, such as q mixing sand and water
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium q baking a cake
hydroxide (NaOH) q rusting of iron
qcooking an egg q chopping wood
qdigesting sugar with the amylase in saliva q mixing red and green marbles
qmixing baking soda and vinegar to produce q electroplating a metal
carbon dioxide gas q milk going sour
qbreaking a glass
qSublimating dry ice
qusing a chemical battery
qexplosion of fireworks
qrotting bananas
qgrilling a hamburger
qshredding paper 28
3. Properties of Matter
u Physical properties
u The properties that describe the physical characteristics of a
substance; not associated with changes in chemical
composition
u Ex. physical state, mass, volume, m.p., b.p., density, color,
shape, hardness, heat capacity, thermal conductivity,
electrical conductivity
u Chemical properties
u The properties shown when a substance interacts with
another or changes into another substance
u Ex. flammability, reactivity with oxygen
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Properties can be intensive or extensive

u Intensive properties
u Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter
present
u Ex. temperature, density
u Extensive properties
u Properties that depend on the amount of matter present
u Ex. heat, mass, volume

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Energy associated with a change

u Energy can be classified into kinetic energy and

potential energy
u Kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion,
while potential energy is the energy stored in a
system
u Heat is the energy flow due to a difference in
temperature
u Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particles

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Endothermic vs. Exothermic

u If the system absorbs heat, the process is said to be

an endothermic process
u Endothermic process results in a decrease in the
temperature of the container

u If the system releases heat, the process is said to be

an exothermic process
u Exothermic process results in an increase in the
temperature of the container

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Phase Changes

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Heating Curve

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1.4 Laboratory techniques for
separation of mixtures
u Describe different methods of separation.
u Identify which separation method is most suited for a
given mixture.
u Identify what physical change occurs during the
separation process.

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4. Laboratory techniques for separating
mixtures

u Evaporation

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Distillation

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Filtration

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Paper Chromatography

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Centrifugation

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