7 MATTER Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the study of matter: its properties, composition, structure and the changes it undergoes in a chemical reaction. Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. Thus, matter is simply all the material that composed the universe. Classification of Matter A. According to State ‘All matter can exist in three states: solid, liquid o gas. The table below gives the comparison of the properties of each state of matter. STATE OF] DISTANCE BETWEEN MATTER camniel YORUME PARTICLES SOLID definite definite very close to each other not definite, moderate, not so close and not LIQUID | takes the shape of the definite ee a so far from each other not definite, __| not definite, can be GAS _ | takes the shape of the | compressed or | far apart from each other container expanded B. According to Composition Below is a schematic diagram of matter. Accordingly, matter can be classified as pure substance or mixture. A pure substance has a definite composition while a mixture has variable composition, Matter Pure Substance (definite composition) (variable proportion) Elemnents ‘Compounds Homogeneous —_—Heterogeneous Metals Acids 1 Solution Colloids Nonmetals Bases ‘Suspension Metalloids Salts Suspension = 10cm or larger18 Element: The following are its common characteristics: — Is composed of only one kind of atom (the smallest unit of an element). — Is represented in terms of a symbol. The symbols and names for all the elements (along with other information) are listed in a table called periodic table. — It cannot be changed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means, such as burning. A radioactive element however, can form another element by nuclear means such as fusion or fission. Group Classification of Elements Metals Ex, Sodium, Na; Magnesium, Mg Non-Metals Ex. Sulfur, S; Chlorine, Cl, Argon, Ar; Neon, Ne Metalloids Ex, Silicon, Si; Arsenic, As An element may exist as individual atom or as molecule like diatomic molecule (made up of only one kind of atom). Example: Individual atom - Lithium, Li Potassium, K Sodium, Na Zine, Zn Diatomic Molecule - Oxygen, O2 Hydrogen, Hz Nitrogen, Nz Chlorine, Cl Compound: The following are its common characteristics: ~ isa pure substance that is composed of two or more different elements that are chemically combined in definite proportion by mass. - it can be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical ‘means such as heating. Group Classification of Compounds Acids Ex. Hydrochloric acid, HCI Bases Ex. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH Salts Ex. Potassium chloride, KCI, Calcium oxide, CaO19 Mixture: The following are its common characteristics: - is a kind of matter that is composed of two or more pure substances that are physically combined in variable proportion. The properties of the components of mixture are still retained, For example, your favorite coffee solution is a mixture of sugar, coffee and water; the proportion of sugar to coffee in your cup depends on how you like your coffee. Place more sugar if you like it sweeter or little sugar for less sweet coffee, = the components of mixture can be separated by physical means such as: filtration, evaporation, magnetic separation, decantation, distillation etc. Classification of Mixture Homogeneous mixture — is a mixture having similar (single phase) physical properties all throughout — taste, color, texture and odor and its components cannot be distinguished. Heterogeneous mixture ~ a mixture that is not uniform in phase and appearance, and its components can be distinguished fiom each other. Suspension - is a type of heterogeneous mixture in which the particles settle on time after prolong standing. Colloid — is a type of mixture that is between the region of homogeneity and heterogeneity. Particles in a colloid do not settle rather they remain suspended in the mixture. In a colloid, the particles exhibit Tyndall effect — a phenomenon whereby light is scattered. Properties of Matter Physical Properties are properties that are observed without changing the composition of the substance. These properties include color, odor, taste, texture, conductivity, malleability, ductility, and brittleness. Other physical properties that can be measured are solubility, density, boiling point, melting point, specific heat, mass and volume Chemical Properties are properties that are observed when a substance reacts with another substance. These properties include combustibility (does the substance burn?), relative activity (is the substance more active or less active than other members of its chemical family?), and stability (does the substance decompose easily or with difficulty?)20 Intensive (Intrinsic) and Extensive (Extrinsic) Properties of Matter Another way of classifying properties of matter is by relating the given amount of matter. Properties that do not depend on the amount or size of matter are referred to as intensive properties. Examples are color, odor, boiling point, density etc. Properties that are dependent on the amount of matter are referred to as extensive properties. Examples are mass, volume and size. Changes in Matter Physical Change is a change in which a substance changes in form but not its chemical composition. There are substances that change in phase but not in composition. Examples are boiling of water and meting of ice. Water (H2O) changes in state but not in composition. Some solid metals when heated melt and become gas at higher temperatures. Processes Involving Physical Changes: Evaporation — process of converting liquid to gas. Ex. Boiling water: H,0 (Il) —» H.0(g) Condensation — process of converting gas to liquid. Ex, Water vapor from clouds becomes rain (liquid water) H20(g) —> H20() Freezing — process of converting liquid to solid. Ex, Water placed in the freezer of the refrigerator becomes ice H20 (I) —» H,0() Melting — process of converting solid to liquid. Ex, Ice from refrigerator becomes liquid water H20() —* H20(s) Sublimation — process of converting solid to gas without passing through a liquid state. Ex, Naphthalene balls gone in the cabinet CioHs (s) —> CioHs (g) Deposition — process of converting gas to solid. Ex. Production of dry ice; COz(g) —» CO2(s)21 Chemical Change is a change in which a substance changes in form as well as in chemical composition that results in the formation of one or more new substances. Examples are burning of wood and decaying of plants and animals. Law of Definite Composition > states that a chemical compound always composed of specific elements in the same proportion by mass. For example, if we were to analyze samples of water (H20) obtained from different sources, we would find in each sample the same ratio by mass of hydrogen to oxygen Law of Multiple Proportions by Mass > states that whenever two elements form more than one compound, the different ‘masses of one that combine with the same mass of the other are in the ratio of small whole numbers. For example, hydrogen forms two compounds with oxygen namely, water (HO) and hydrogen peroxide (H:0,). Thus, the ratio of oxygen in water to oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is 1:2. Law of Conservation of Mass > states that in a chemical reaction, matter can be neither created nor destroyed. Since matter is made up of atoms that are unchanged in a chemical reaction, it follows that the mass of the reactant/s is equal to the mass of the product/s. PRACTICE EXERCISES 1, Identify the following as described: a. A state of matter that has definite volume but indefinite shape. b. Ita heterogeneous mixture in which particles settle in time upon prolong standing. ‘A pure substance that is composed of only one kind of atom. A process of changing gas to liquid state. ‘A change in matter that involves change in composition. lassify the following as pure substance or mixture. milkshake £ steam table sugar g. paint air h. graphite soil i, brass aluminum foil j. bronze a. e. a a b. © d. e2 In question # 3, if pure substance, classify as element or compound; if mixture, classify as homogeneous or heterogeneous £ Classify the following as physical or chemical properties. Gold is malleable. Copper is good conductor of heat and electricity. . Ethyl alcohol readily mixes with water. d. Magnesium when ignited produces bright light and grayish white ash. e. __ Table sugar when intensely heated becomes black in color. Classify the following changes as either chemical or physical. ‘Water boils at 100 °C. Paper readily burns. Boiling egg makes the egg white and egg yolk solid. Copper is drawn into very thin wires. Zine metal forms bubbles in hydrochloric acid solution. Dew formation in the grass every morning. Heating a frying pan. Germination of seed. Flowerpot making from clay. Fermenting sugar solution,Name: Instructor: Date Performed: 23) Score Exercise No. 3 MATTER Identify the following as described: a, A class of matter that has definite composition. b. A state of matter that has definite shape and volume. c. A law that states that the elements in a compound occur in definite composition, . A change in matter that involves a change in form but not in composition. €. A class of matter in which components can be separated physical means. Small amounts of the following elements in our diet are essential for our good health. Write the chemical symbol for each. a. iron £, fluorine b. copper g. manganese ©. cobalt h. nickel d. chromium i. e. molybdenum i Classify the following mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous. a. cola drink f. gasoline b. wine g. rubbing alcohol ¢. tobacco smoke h, dental amalgam d._ oil in water i. pineapple juice cheese bread 4. seltzer in water24 Identify the following as: element, compound or mixture. a. table salt f. multivitamin tablet b. mercury g. toothpaste c. blood ‘h, gaseous ammonia 4. urine i. diamond J. graphite Determine if the following changes are either physical or chemical: a, Glass heated in a hot flame glows and becomes fluid. b. Bright, shiny copper wire, heated in a flame turns black. c. Iron grills rust when exposed in humid air. 4. Boiling melted sugar makes syrup. €. Oil solidifies inside the refrigerator. Read the following statements and identify the described property of a substance as either chemical or physical a. The density of water at 4 °C is I g/mL. b. Household ammonia has a pungent odor. ¢. Ethyl alcohol produces flame when ignited. 4. Iron is attracted to a magnet. e. Table salt crystals when heated become moisture free.