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Les 1 GC1-1

This document covers the fundamental concepts of matter in General Chemistry, including definitions of mass, volume, and properties of matter. It distinguishes between physical and chemical properties, changes in matter, and classifies matter into pure substances and mixtures. Additionally, it outlines the laws of chemical combination, such as the Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of Definite Proportions.

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17 views2 pages

Les 1 GC1-1

This document covers the fundamental concepts of matter in General Chemistry, including definitions of mass, volume, and properties of matter. It distinguishes between physical and chemical properties, changes in matter, and classifies matter into pure substances and mixtures. Additionally, it outlines the laws of chemical combination, such as the Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of Definite Proportions.

Uploaded by

jillianh96rt
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 1 in General Chemistry 1

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.


Mass is the measure of how much stuff is in an object. The SI unit is kilogram.
Space/ Volume is the amount of space occupied by any three-dimensional solid. The SI unit is cubic meter.

Properties of Matter
Physical Properties
- characteristics of a substance which can be observed without changing its composition
- examples are boiling point, melting point, density, color, odor, hardness, electrical and thermal conductivities, tenacity,
elasticity, and plasticity
- classified as intensive and extensive
- intensive property depend on quality of matter such as density, color, odor,
taste, luster, hardness, malleability, conductivity, melting point, freezing point,
boiling point
- extensive property depend on quantity such as mass, weight, length, volume

Chemical Properties
- characteristics that a substance exhibits when it undergoes changes in
composition
- iron reacts with oxygen to form a new compound

Changes in Matter
Physical change
- involves no change in the fixed composition of the substance
- phase change/ transition is when substance changes from one state to
another
- physical change is reversible (melt, boil, freeze, dissolve, evaporate, condense, sublime, cut, bend, crack, crush, grind
indicate physical changes)
If heat is added to a substance, such as in melting, vaporization, sublimation, and ionization the process is endothermic.
In this instance, heat is increasing the speed of the molecules causing them move faster (examples: solid to liquid; liquid
to gas; solid to gas).

If heat is removed from a substance, such as in freezing, condensation, deposition, and recombination, then the process
is exothermic. In this instance, heat is decreasing the speed of the molecules causing them move slower (examples:
liquid to solid; gas to liquid). These changes release heat to the surroundings.

Chemical change
- involves changes in the composition of substances
- words like cook, bake, decompose, combine, corrode, decay, grow, rust, spoil, and ferment indicate chemical changes

Matter is classified as a pure substance or a mixture.


*If the components of matter can be separated by physical means, then that is a mixture.
*Anything that cannon be broken down through physical means is a pure substance.

Pure substance can be classified as an element or a compound.


*If a pure substance can be broken down into simpler forms using chemical means, you are dealing with a compound.
*An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical change.
There are so far 118 elements; 94 are naturally occurring on Earth and the rest have been produced artificially.
Elements can be classified into three according to their properties:
*Metals – good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, with metallic luster, solid at room temperature
*Nonmetals – poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle (solids only), nonductile, transparent, solids, liquids, and
gases at room temperature
*Metalloids/ Semi-metals – intermediate between metal and nonmetal, can be shiny or dull, semiconductors

A compound is made up of elements that are chemically bonded in fixed ratios whereas components of a mixture are not
chemically bonded.

Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means. It can be classified as
either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
*A homogeneous mixture has uniform composition and properties as seen by the naked eye. Examples are seawater and
air. It is also called solutions. There are two components of a solution namely the solute and the solvent.
- The solute is the one that is being dissolved while the solvent is the dissolving agent.
Depending upon the dissolution of the solute in the solvent, solutions can be categorized into supersaturated solution,
unsaturated and saturated solutions.
*A supersaturated solution comprises a large amount of solute at a temperature wherein it will be reduced, as a result the
extra solute will crystallize quickly.
*An unsaturated solution is a solution in which a solvent is capable of dissolving any more solute at a given temperature.
*A saturated solution can be defined as a solution in which a solvent is not capable of dissolving any more solute at a
given temperature.

*A heterogeneous mixture is not uniform in composition. Any part of the system with uniform composition and particles is
called a phase. Thus, a heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more phases.
- Examples of heterogeneous mixture are suspensions, colloids, and coarse mixtures.
*Suspensions are type of mixture where the suspended particles can be seen and are large enough to be filtered. For
example, muddy water looks uniform in composition but after a while, the suspended particles will settle at the bottom.
Most medicines labeled “Shake well before use” are suspensions.
*Colloids are generally classified as heterogeneous mixtures where the particles are bigger than those of solutions but
smaller than those of suspensions. Examples of colloids are milk, gelatin, and blood. Colloids exhibit Tyndall effect, a
phenomenon observed in dispersed colloid particles once light is directed to such mixtures. The dispersed solutes scatter
and reflect the light.
*Coarse mixtures are heterogeneous mixtures where the particles can be separated mechanically. Salad and many food
preparations are some examples of these.

Laws of Chemical Combination


*Law of Conservation of Mass
- It states that in any physical or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved. In every case,
the mass of the products is equal to the mass of the reactants.
- Reactants are substances that start a chemical reaction while products are substances that are the end result of the
reaction.

*Law of Definite Proportions


- It states that every chemical compound contains fixed and constant proportions (by mass) of its constituent elements.
- A proportion is a type of ratio that relates a part to a whole. For example, in the class with with 20 men and 80 women,
the total class size is 100, and the proportion of men is 20/100 or 20%. The proportion of women is 80/100 or 80%.

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