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Mechanics Chapter 4

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Malek Abu Madi
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45 views77 pages

Mechanics Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Malek Abu Madi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics of material

Civil Engineering Department


Faculty of Engineering
Spring 2020-2021 An Najah University
Course Content
The course will cover the following contents.
01 ➢ Introduction
Srees ,

02 ➢ Strain
03 Stress Strain Relation
04 Axially loaded member

05 Torsion stress
06 Bending stress
07 Shear stress
08 Combined stress
09 Principle stress
10 Beam deflection
11 Buckling
Axially loaded
member
AXIAL LOADING
Uniform Member

➢Consider a homogeneous rod

➢If the resultant axial stress σ = P/A dos not


exceed the proportional limit of the material,
then Hooke’s law can applied, that is
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading

Uniform Member
From Hooke’s law, it follows that
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading

Multiple Loads/Sizes

➢The expression for the deflection of the previous equation


may be used only if the rod or the member is homogeneous
(constant E) and has a uniform cross sectional area A, and is
loaded at its ends.

➢If the member is loaded at other points, or if it consists of


several portions of various cross sections, and materials, then
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading

Multiple Loads/Sizes

➢It needs to be divided into components which satisfy individually


the required conditions for application of the formula.

➢Denoting respectively by Pi, Li, Ai, and Ei, the internal force, length,
cross-sectional area, and modulus of elasticity corresponding to
component i,then
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading

Multiple Loads/Sizes
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading
Example Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown
under the given loads. Assume E A is constant
Displacement of end A relative to end D:

if the answer is positive, it means that end A will move


away from end D (the bar elongates). If the answer is
negative, it means that end A will move towards end D (the
bar shortens).
Determine the displacement of point D shown under the given loads.
Assume that the modulus of elasticity for all parts is – 29×106 MPa
60 kN -15 kN 30 kN
Relative displacement (Deformation)
EXAMPLE
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2.
Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600 mm2). For
the 30-kN force shown, determine the deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.
Nonuniform Deformation

– For cases in which the axial force or the cross-sectional area


varies continuously along the length of the bar, then

(PL / EA) is not valid.

– Recall that in the case of variable cross section, the strain


depends on the position of point , where it is computed from
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading
Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member

σ=P (x) / A (x)

ε= dδ/ dx

For (Linear) elastic deformation


σ= E ε
Deformations of Members under Axial Loading

Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member


Nonuniform Deformation
A uniform bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and unit mass ρ is suspended vertically
from one end. Show that its total elongation is δ = ρgL2 / 2E. If the total mass of the bar
is M, show also that δ = MgL/2AE.
Nonuniform Deformation

dx

dδ
Examples

1) Find the quantity (stress, strain, displacement, …….)


2) Find the max quantity (stress, strain, displacement, …….)
3) Find the action such that quantity (stress, strain, displacement, …….)
4) Check le system (failure)
5) Design the system
What about the analysis of the following
What about the analysis of the following
What about the analysis of the following
Statically Indeterminate Structures

◼Statically Determinate Member


When equations of equilibrium are sufficient to determine
the forces and stresses in a structural member, we say
that the problem is statically determinate
examples
Yalow and blue member deformation is the red one multiply by cos 25
Hence (this is the compatibility equation)
Slope of the red line is (a-c)/6

So b= 2*slope of the line

b = 2(a-c)/6
Slope of the green line is (a)/3

So b= 1.5 * slope of the line

b = a/2
Slope of the green line is (b)/4

So a = 1 * slope of the line

a = b/4
Examples

This bar is statically


indeterminate since the
equilibrium equations are not
sufficient to solve for the
reactions.
Since the end supports are fixed Thus relative
displacement of one end of the bar with respect to
the other end to be equal to zero

Second equation needed is


provided through compatibility
EA= 30000
EB=10000
P=20 kN
Examples
4
A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast iron 5
mm thick. Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.8 mm in
the length of 2 m. For steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.
The rigid platform in Fig. has negligible mass and rests on two steel bars, each 250.00 mm long.
The center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress in the aluminum bar after
the center load P = 400 kN has been applied. For each steel bar, the area is 1200 mm2 and E =
200 GPa. For the aluminum bar, the area is 2400 mm2 and E = 70 GPa.

Check if determinate or not

200,000*250/(1200*200000)
=0.208 mm
So indeterminate
Examples
Thermal Stresses
When the temperature increases, generally the material expands,
whereas if the temperature decreases the material contract.

(T )
Thermal Changes

(T )

 is member deformation due to T ( =  * T * L)


What about the analysis of the following
Thermal effect and indeterminate
Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15°C. At
what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that
temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume α = 11.7 μm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.
A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed between two rigid walls as
shown in Fig. P-265. At a temperature of -20°C, the gap Δ = 25 mm. Find the temperature at
which the compressive stress in the bar will be 35 MPa. Use α = 18.0 × 10-6 m/(m·°C) and E = 80
GPa.
A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast iron 5
mm thick. Compute the internal stresses for both material if the temperature will be
raised by 50 degrees. For steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.
A rigid horizontal bar of negligible mass is connected to two rods as shown in Fig. P-275. If the
system is initially stress-free. Calculate the temperature change that will cause a tensile stress
of 90 MPa in the brass rod. Assume that both rods are subjected to the change in temperature.
Examples

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