CHAPTER 1

DC/AC SOURCES, UNITS, ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT COMPONENTS,

EXPERIMENTAL LAWS, AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

Learning Objectives:

1. Familiarize the various units used in electric circuit theory.

2. Identify and differentiate DC and AC Sources.
3. Identify the different components of electric circuits: nodes, branches, loops, and
voltage and current sources.
4. Compute for currents, voltages, power, and energy in simple circuits.
5. State and apply Ohm’s Law to calculate the unknown variables in simple circuits.
6. Solve circuits using series and parallel combination
7. Apply the voltage and current divider laws to calculate the unknown variables in
simple series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits.
8. Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to solve simple electric circuits.
9. Use delta to wye conversion to solve simple circuits.

A. SYSTEM OF UNITS

In order to state the value of some measurable quantity, we must give both a
number and a Unit, because if a certain quantity has no unit, it is meaningless.
We have very little choice open to us with regard to a system of units. The one
which we shall use was adopted by the National Bureau of Standards in 1964;
which is use extensively by all the major professional engineering societies and
today’s engineering textbooks. This is the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
(SI), adopted by the general Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960.

SIX (6) BASIC UNITS:

1. Meter (m) - Length
2. Kilogram (kg) - Mass
3. Second (s) - Time
4. Ampere (A) - Current
5. Kelvin (K) - Temperature
6. Candela (cd) - Luminous Intensity

OTHER UNITS USED IN CIRCUIT THEORY:

QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT SYMBOL

1. Power P, p Watt W
2. Voltage V, v Volt V
3. Resistance R Ohm 
4. Conductance G Siemens S
5. Resistivity  Ohm-meter •m
6. Charge Q, q Coulomb C
7. Energy W Joule J
 PREFIXES FOR USE WITH SI UNITS:

Table 1. Prefixes for use with SI units

Prefix Symbol Relationship to primary unit
Tera T unit x 1012
Giga G unit x 109
Mega M unit x 106
Kilo k unit x 103
Unit unit x 100
Milli m unit x 10-3
Micro  unit x 10-6
Nano n unit x 10-9
Pico p unit x 10-12
Femto f unit x 10-15
Atto a unit x 10-18

Review Questions:

1. Which of the following is the unit of current?

(a.) Volt (b.) Ampere (c.) Coulomb (d.) Watt

2. Which of the following is the unit of voltage?

(a.) Volt (b.) Ampere (c.) Coulomb (d.) Watt

3. Which of the following is the prefix used for one million?

(a.) Tera (b.) Giga (c.) Mega (d.) Kilo

−6
4. Which of the following is the prefix used for 1 x 10 ?
(a.) milli (b.) micro (c.) Mega (d.) nano

5. Which of the following is the unit of power?

(a.) Volt (b.) Ampere (c.) Coulomb (d.) Watt

6. Which of the following is a basic unit?

(a.) Kelvin (b.) candela (c.) meter (d.) all of the above

7. Which of the following is the unit of electric charge?

(a.) Volt (b.) Ampere (c.) Coulomb (d.) Watt

−3
8. Which of the following is the prefix used for 1 x 10 ?
(a.) milli (b.) micro (c.) pico (d.) kilo

−9
9. Which of the following is the prefix used for 1 x 10 ?
(a.) Giga (b.) micro (c.) pico (d.) nano
B. DC AND AC SOURCES

Two types of Electrical Sources

a.) DC Source
b.) AC Source

DC SOURCES

• Direct Current (DC) sources are sources with unidirectional (one

direction) flow of charge.

Categories of DC voltages sources

a.) Batteries
b.) DC Generators
c.) Power supplies

Symbol for DC Voltage Source

BATTERIES

• It is the most common of the DC sources.

• It consists of a combination of two or more similar cells.
• A cell is the fundamental source of electrical energy produced
through chemical conversion.

Types of Cell

a.) Primary – not rechargeable

b.) Secondary – rechargeable

Most common rechargeable Batteries

a.) Lead-acid (automobiles)

b.) Nickel-cadmium (calculators, tools, shavers, etc.)
c.) Lithium-ion (Cellular Phone)

Ampere-Hour Rating

• The capacity rating of Batteries is in ampere-hours (Ah) or

milliampere-hour (mAh).
• The capacity of a dc battery decreases with an increase in the
current demand.
 • The capacity of a dc battery decreases at relatively low and high
temperatures.

DC GENERATORS

• Direct Current (DC) generator is a machine that converts

mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• When the generator is rotating at its rated speed due to the
applied torque of some external source of mechanical power, a
voltage is generated at the external terminals of the machine.

POWER SUPPLIES

• The dc supply most frequently used in the laboratory employs

rectification and filtering processes as its means in obtaining a
steady dc voltage.
• Most laboratory dc supplies have regulated, adjustable voltage
output with three available terminals.

AC SOURCES

• Alternating current (AC) sources are sources that changes with time.
• It is the commercially available electrical source.
• AC generator is also called “alternator”

Types of AC Waveforms

• Sinusoidal (sine) wave

• Square (Rectangular) wave
• Triangular wave

Figure 1.1. Types of ac waveforms

Various Sources of AC Power

a.) Power plant

b.) Portable AC generator
c.) Function generator
Figure 1.2. Various sources of AC Power: (a.) Large power plant, (b.) Portable
AC generator, (c.) Function generator

POWER PLANT

• Large power plant is the most common source of ac voltage that

supplies almost all the electricity needs of the country.
• Ac generator is the primary component in the energy conversion
process in a power plant.

Prime mover of large ac generator:

• Water turbine
• Steam turbine (coal, geothermal, nuclear)
• Gas turbine
• Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

PORTABLE AC GENERATOR

• Portable ac generators are available that run on gasoline that can

be used in isolated areas or during power outage.

FUNCTION GENERATOR

• Generates ac voltages that can be controlled by the user.

• Function generator plays an integral role in the investigation of
theorems and methods of analysis in electric circuit theory.
Review Questions:

1. Which of the following is a source of dc voltage?

(a.) function generator (b.) ac generator (c.) battery (d.) all of the above

2. Which of the following is the other term of ac generator?

(b.) alternator (b.) dry cell (c.) battery (d.) all of the above

3. Which of the following is NOT a type of ac waveforms?

(a.) sinusoidal (b.) triangular (c.) square (d.) none of the above

4. It is a source that varies with time?

(a.) ac source (b.) dc source (c.) battery (d.) none of the above

5. It is a source with unidirectional flow of charge?

(a.) ac source (b.) dc source (c.) alternator (d.) none of the above

6. It is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

(a.) function generator (b.) generator (c.) battery (d.) all of the above

7. Which of the following is NOT a prime mover of large ac generator?

(a.) Water turbine (b.) steam turbine (c.) solar cell (d.) gas turbine

8. Which of the following is the commercially available ac source?

(a.) sinusoidal (b.) triangular (c.) square (d.) all of the above

9. Which of the following is the most common source of ac voltage that supplies almost
all the electricity needs of a country?
(a.) function generator (c.) large power plant
(b.) battery (d.) portable ac generator

10. It is a device that generates ac voltages that can be controlled by the user?
(a.) function generator (b.) ac generator (c.) battery (d.) all of the above
C. TYPES OF CIRCUITS AND CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

➢ Electric circuit – is a collection of electrical elements interconnected in some

specified way.

An ideal basic circuit element has three attributes:

1. It has only two terminals, which are points of connection to other circuit
components
2. It is described mathematically in terms of current and/or voltage
3. It cannot be subdivided into other elements.

➢ The word “ideal” imply that a basic circuit element does not exist as a
realizable physical component.
➢ However, ideal elements can be connected in order to model actual devices
and system
➢ Thus, basic circuit elements form the building blocks for constructing circuit
models, but they themselves cannot be modeled with any other type of
element.
➢ Figure 1.3 is a representation of an ideal basic circuit element. The box is
blank because we are making no commitment at this time as to the type of
circuit element it is.

Figure 1.3. Ideal basic circuit element

Classification of circuit elements

1. Passive Element – absorbs energy

2. Active Element – capable of supplying or generating energy

Types of passive elements

1. Resistor – a circuit element that resist or impede the flow of

current or flow of electric charge.
2. Inductor – a circuit element that stores energy in a magnetic field.
3. Capacitor – a circuit element that stores energy in an electric field
 Figure 1.4. Passive elements symbol: (a.) Resistor, (b.) Inductor, (c.) Capacitor

Resistance is the physical property of an element or device that impedes the

flow of current and it is represented by the symbol R.

Inductance is a measure of the ability of a device to store energy in the form of a

magnetic field.

Capacitance is a measure of the ability of a device to store energy in the form of

a separated charge or electric field

➢ Figure 1.5 shows the common packages of commercially available resistors,

inductors, and capacitors.

Figure 1.5. (a) Resistors, (b) Inductors, (c) Capacitors

Types of active element

1. Voltage source
2. Current source

Independent Sources

1. Independent voltage source – it is characterized by a terminal voltage

which is completely independent of the current through it.

2. Independent current source – the current through the element is

completely independent of the voltage across it.
 Figure 1.6. Independent sources: (a.) Independent voltage source,
(b.) Independent current source

Independent Voltage Sources

➢ Figure 1.7 shows the different configuration of independent voltage

source.

Figure 1.7. Independent voltage source configurations: (a) dc voltage source,

(b) battery, (c) ac voltage source

Dependent Sources

1. Dependent voltage source

2. Dependent current source

➢ The circuit symbol of a dependent source is diamond.

Figure 1.8. Dependent sources: (a.) Current-controlled current source,

(b.) voltage-controlled current source, (c.) voltage-controlled
voltage source, (d.) current-controlled voltage source.
 ➢ Dependent sources model the situation in which the voltage or
current of one circuit element is proportional to the voltage or
current of the second element.
➢ Dependent sources are sources whose value depends on some
other circuit variable.
➢ Dependent sources are used to model electronic devices such as
transistors, amplifiers, and integrated circuits (IC).

Review Questions:

1. It is a collection of electrical elements interconnected in some specified way.

a.) electric circuit (b.) electric (c.) network (d.) none of the above

2. Which of the following symbolizes independent sources?

(a.) diamond (b.) circle (c.) triangle (d.) all of the above

3. Which of the following symbolizes dependent sources?

(a.) diamond (b.) circle (c.) triangle (d.) all of the above

4. Which of the following is an active element?

(a.) voltage source (b.) capacitor (c.) inductor (d.) resistor

5. Which of the following is NOT a passive element?

(a.) resistor (b.) capacitor (c.) current (d.) capacitor

6. It is a source whose value is completely independent of the voltage across it or

current through it.
(a.) Independent source (c.) a and b
(b.) Dependent source (d.) none of the above

7. A passive network has

(a.) No source of emf (c.) neither source of current nor emf
(b.) No source of current (d.) none of the above

8. Which of the following statement is NOT correct?

(a.) voltage source is an active element (c.) Resistance is a passive element
(b.) current source is a passive element (d.) conductance is a passive element

9. Which of the following is a passive element?

(a.) resistor (b.) capacitor (c.) inductor (d.) all of the above

10. It is a source whose value depends on some other circuit variable.

(c.) Independent source (c.) a and b
(d.) Dependent source (d.) none of the above
D. CHARGE, CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND POWER

ELECTRIC CHARGE

• The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle in all

electrical phenomena.
• The most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the “electric charge”.
• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists.
• Charge is measured in Coulombs (C).

The following points should be noted about electric charge:

• The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1C of charge, there are

1
= 6.24 x1018 electrons. Thus the realistic or laboratory
1.602 x10 −19
values of charges are on the order of pC , nC , or  C .
• According to experimental observations, the only charges that occur
in nature are integral multiples of the electronic charge
e = −1.602 x10 −19 C.
• The “Law of conservation of charge” states that charge can neither
be created nor destroyed only transferred. Thus the algebraic sum of
the electric charges in a system does not change.

CURRENT

• Electric Current is the time rate of change of charge. It is measured

in amperes (A).
• Electric current is the rate which charge is being transferred per unit
time.
dq Q
i= , or I =
dt t
• The charge transferred between t0 and t is obtained by integrating
both sides of the equation.

t
q =  idt , or Q = It
t0

• If the current does not change with time, but remains constant, it is
called a direct current (dc).
 • By convention the symbol (uppercase) I, is used to represent such a
constant current.
• A time varying current is represented by the symbol (lower case) i. A
common form of time-varying current is the sinusoidal current or
alternating current (ac).
• An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with
time.
• Such current is used in the household, to run the air-conditioner,
refrigerator, washing machine, and other electric appliances.

TYPES OF CURRENT

a. Direct Current
b. Alternating Current
c. Exponential Current
d. Damped Sinusoidal current

Figure 1.9. Several types of current: (a.) direct current, (b.) sinusoidal
current, (c.) exponential current, (d.) damped sinusoidal current

Solved Problems:

1. The total charge entering a terminal is given by q = 5t sin 4 t mC . Calculate the

current at t = 0.5 second.

solution:
dq
i=
dt
d
= ( 5t sin 4 t ) mC / s
dt
i = ( 5sin 4 t + 20 t cos 4 t ) mA
at t = 0.5 second
 i = 5sin 2 + 10 cos 2
= 0 + 10
i = 31.42mA
2. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t = 1s and t = 2s if the
( )
current passing the terminal is i = 3t 2 − t A .

solution:
2
q =  idt
1

=  ( 3t 2 − t ) dt
2

1
2
 t2 
=  t3 − 
 2 1
 1
= ( 8 − 2 ) − 1 − 
 2
q = 5.5C

VOLTAGE

• Voltage is the work done in moving a unit positive charge through the
element from one terminal to the other.

dw W
v= , or V =
dq Q

POWER AND ENERGY

• Power is the rate at which energy is expended or the rate at which the
energy is being delivered.
• Power is the time rate of supplying or receiving work or energy.
• Power is measured in Watts (W)
• Energy is the capacity to do work
• Energy is measured in Joules (J)
 dw
p=
dt
 dw   dq 
p=  
 dq   dt 
p = vi
w
p=
t
w=  pdt
Where:
i, I = current, Amperes (A)
Q, q = charge, Coulomb (C)
v =voltage, Volts (V)
p = power, watts (W)
w = work or energy, Joules (J)
t = time, second (s)
➢ The electric power generated by an active element, or that dissipated or stored
by a passive element, is equal to the product of the voltage across the element
and the current flowing through it.
➢ The power supplied by an element can either be positive or negative, depending
on the values of the element voltage and current.
➢ The power received by an element and the power supplied by that same element
are related by

power received = − power supplied

PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

➢ Whenever the reference direction for the current in an element is in the

direction of the reference voltage drop across the element, as shown in
figure 1.3, use a positive sign in any expression that relates the voltage to
the current. Otherwise, use a negative sign.
➢ Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element and p = +vi . If the current enters through
the negative terminal, p = −vi .
➢ Figure 1.10 shows the expression of power with the corresponding
polarity references using the passive sign convention.
 Figure 1.10. Polarity references and the expression for power

Sample Problems:

1. Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current entering its

di
positive terminal is i = 5 cos 60 t A and the voltage is: (a.) v = 3i , (b) v = 3 .
dt

Solution:

(a.) The voltage is

v = 3i
= 3 ( 5 cos 60 t )
v = 15 cos 60 t

The power is

p = vi
= 15 cos 60 t ( 5 cos 60 t )
= 75 cos2 60 t W

At t = 3 ms
 p = 75 cos 2 60 ( 3 x10 −3 )
= 75 cos 2 0.18
= 53.48 W

(b.) The voltage is

di
v=3
dt
d
= 3 ( 5 cos 60 t )
dt
= 3 ( −60 ) 5 sin 60 t
= −900 sin 60 t V

The power is

p = vi
= −900 sin 60 t ( 5 cos 60 t )
= −4500 sin 60 t cos 60 t W

at t = 3 ms

p = −4500 sin 60 ( 3 x10−3 )  cos 60 ( 3 x10−3 ) 

= −6.396 kW

2. A certain electrical element draws the current i ( t ) = 10 cos 4t A at a voltage

v ( t ) = 120 cos 4t V . (a.) Calculate the power absorbed. (b.) Determine the
energy absorbed by the element in 2 second.

Solution:

(a.) The power absorbed by the element

v = 120 cos 4t
i = 10 cos 4t
p = vi
= (120 cos 4t )(10 cos 4t )
p = 1200 cos 2 4t

(b.) The energy absorbed by the element at t = 2 sec

 t
w =  pdt
0
2
=  1200 cos 2 4tdt
0
2
w = 1200  cos 2 4tdt
0

1
recall: cos 2 = (1+ cos 2 )
2
21
w = 1200  (1+ cos 8t ) dt
0 2

w = 600  (1+ cos 8t ) dt

2

 2 1 2

w = 600 t 0 + ( − sin 8t ) 
 8 0 
 1 
w = 600 ( 2 − 0 ) − sin 8 ( 2 ) − sin 0  
 8 
 1 
w = 600 2 − ( −0.2879 − 0 ) 
 8 
w = 600 ( 2 + 0.036 )
w = 1, 221.59 J

3. How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume in two hours?

Solution:

W = pt
= 100 ( 2 )
= 200 Wh
= 200 Whr ( 60 min/ hr )( 60 sec/ min )
= 720, 000 J
= 720 kJ

4. An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 seconds to flow through

a lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy, calculate the
voltage drop across the bulb.

Solution:

The total charge is

q = it
= 2 (10 )
= 20C
 The voltage drop is
w
v=
q
2.3 x103
=
20
v = 115 V

5. A stove element draws 7 A when connected to a 120-V line. How long does it
take to consume 15 kJ?

p = vi
= 120 ( 7 )
p = 840 W
w
p=
t
w
t=
p
15, 000 J
=
840 W
t = 17.86 s

Review Questions:

1. It is the rate which charge is being transferred per unit time.

(a.) electric charge (b.) current (c.) voltage (d.) power

2. One Coulomb per second is

(a.) Ampere (b.) Volt (c.) Watt (d.) Joule

3. It is the work done in moving a unit positive charge through the element from one
terminal to the other.
(a.) electric charge (b.) current (c.) voltage (d.) power

4. One Joule per Coulomb is

(a.) Ampere (b.) Volt (c.) Watt (d.) Joule

5. It the rate at which energy is expended or the rate at which energy is being delivered.
(a.) electric charge (b.) current (c.) voltage (d.) power

6. One Joule per second is

(a.) Ampere (b.) Volt (c.) Watt (d.) Joule
7. It is the capacity to do work.
(a.) Energy (b.) current (c.) voltage (d.) power

8. It is the unit of energy.

(a.) Ampere (b.) Volt (c.) Watt (d.) Joule

9. It is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists.

(a.) electric charge (b.) current (c.) voltage (d.) power

10. It is the unit of electric charge.

(a.) Coulomb (b.) Ampere (c.) Volt (d.) Joule

Problems:

1. The total charge entering a terminal of an element is given by q = (2t 3 – 4t) mC. Find
the current i at t = 0 and at t = 2 sec.

2. For what interval of time must a current of 3.80 amp flow to transfer 76 Coulomb of
charge?

3. If i = 5 amp and v = 12 volt, find (a) the power absorbed by the element, and (b) the
energy delivered to the element between 2 sec and 4 sec.

4. A steady current of 10 amp is maintained in a metal conductor for 2 min. What

charge in Coulombs is transferred through it in that time?

5. Determine the potential energy of a 6-volt battery that has 3,000 Coulombs of charge
stored in it?

di
6. The voltage across a device is v ( t ) = 3 V and the current through it is
dt
i ( t ) = 5e−3t A . (a.) Find the charge delivered to the device between t = 0 and t = 3s.
(b.) Calculate power absorbed. (c.) Determine the energy absorbed in 3 s.

7. Determine the total charge flowing into an element for 0  t  4 s when the current
entering its positive terminal is i ( t ) = e−4t mA .

8. To move from point a to point b requires -50 J. find the voltage drop vab if: (a.)
q = 4 C , (b.) q = −12 C .

9. Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current entering its positive

(
terminal is i ( t ) = 5 cos 60 t A and the voltage is: (a.) v = 2i , (b.) v = 10 +  idt ) V .
t

10. How much energy does a 15-hp electric motor deliver in 60 minutes? Assume that
1 horsepower = 746 W.
E. OHM’S LAW

In electric circuit, the resistor is the simplest passive element. The mathematical
relationship of the calculation of each element in an electric circuit was
introduced by a German physicist named, Georg Simon Ohm, which is known as
Ohm’s Law.

Georg Simon Ohm. A German Physicist and

Mathematician developed one of the most important
laws of electric circuit in 1827, the Ohm’s Law.

Ohm’s Law: The voltage across any types of conducting materials is

directly proportional to the current flowing through the
material, in mathematical form.

V = IR
V
I=
R
V
R=
I

where:
R = Proportionality constant The resistance R of an
= Resistance (Ohm, ) element denotes its ability
to resist the flow of
I = Current (Ampere, A) current.
V = Voltage (Volt, V)

POWER:

P = VI
P = I 2R
V2
P=
R

where:
P = Power (Watt, W)
I = Current (Ampere, A)
V = Voltage (Volt, V)
 ENERGY:

W = Pt
W = VIt
where:
W = Energy, (J, kW-hr)
P = Power (W or kW)
t = time (second, hour)

Sample Problems:

1. What is the potential drop across a 10  resistor if the current through it is 1.5 A?

Given: R = 10 , I = 1.5 A

Required: V =?
Solution:

V = IR
V = 1.5 A (10 )
V = 15 V
2. How much resistance is required to limit the current to 1.5 mA if the voltage drop
across the resistor is 12 V?

Given: V = 12V , I = 1.5mA

Required: R=?
Solution:

V
R=
I
12V
=
1.5 X 10 −3 A
= 8000
R = 8k 
3. The voltage across a 500  is 12 V. what will be the current through the resistor?
 Given: V = 12V , R = 500

Required: I =?
Solution:

V
I=
R
12V
=
500
I = 0.024 A
4. If 1,500 J of energy are absorbed by a resistor in 10 minutes, what is the power to
the resistor?

Given: W = 1, 500 J , t = 10 minutes

Required: P=?
Solution:

W
P=
t
1500 J
=
 60 sec 
10 min  
 1 min 
P = 2.5 Watts
5. A 1.5 kW electric heater is connected to a 240 V source. If the heater is on for 30
minutes, how much energy is consumed in kilowatt-hour?

Given: P = 1.5 kW, t = 30 minutes

Required: W = ?, in kW-hr
Solution:

W = Pt
  1 hr  
= 1.5kW 30min  
  60min  
W = 0.75 kW-hr
Review questions:

1. The condition in Ohm’s laws is that

(a.) ratio V should be constant
I
(b.) the temperature should vary
(c.) the temperature should remain constant
(d.) current should be proportional to voltage

2. It is the opposition of the current inside a conductor.

(a.) resistance (b.) voltage (c.) current (d.) all of the above

3. It is the relation between the current, voltage and resistance.

(a.) Faraday’s law (b.) Coulomb’s law (c.) Ohm’s law (d.) Kelvin’s law

4. It is a device which exhibits solely a resistance.

(a.) capacitor (b.) inductor (c.) battery (d.) resistor

5. It is the person who formulated the current-voltage relationship.

(a.) Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (c.) Michael Faraday
(b.) Alessandro Volta (d.) Georg Simon Ohm

Problems:

1. A manufacturer specifies a certain lamp will allow 0.8 amp of current when 220 volts
are applied to it. What is the resistance of the lamp?

2. A heater with a resistance of 16  is connected across a 220-volt. How much is the

current?

3. A current of 0.5 amp flows through a 24  resistance connected across a battery.

How much is the applied voltage of the battery?

4. The terminal voltage of a 10 k resistor is 100-volt. Find: (a) the conductance, (b)
the terminal current

5. How much current is drawn by a 500 W mercury lamp connected to a 220 V source?

6. A 1.2 kW toaster takes roughly 4 minutes to heat four slices of bread. How much
energy is consumed by the toaster?

7. How much energy does a 5-hp motor deliver in 45 minutes? (1 hp = 746 W)

8. How long must a steady current of 1.5 A exist in a resistor that has a 1.5 V across it
to dissipate 6 J of energy?

9. How much power is dissipated by a 5  resistor that has a charge of 200 C/min?

10. A current through a 5  resistor is 5 mA. What is the power delivered to the resistor?
F. KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

In 1847, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, a professor at the

University of Berlin, formulated two important laws that
provide the foundation for analysis of electric circuits.
These laws are Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) in his honor. Kirchhoff’s
laws are a consequence of conservation of charge and
conservation of energy.

DEFINITIONS:

NODE – is a point at which two or more elements have a common

connection.

BRANCH – a single path in a network composed of one simple element

and the node at each end of that element.

CLOSED PATH – if the node at which we started is the same as the node
on which we ended.

LOOP – is a closed path.

PATH – a set of elements that may be traversed in order without passing

through the same node twice.

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)

➢ The algebraic sum of the current entering any node is zero.

➢ The algebraic sum of current entering a node is equal to the algebraic
sum of current leaving that node.

i
n =1
n =0

where N is the number of branches connected to the node and in

is the nth current entering (or leaving) the node.
 Figure 1.11. Currents at a node illustrating KCL

Applying KCL for the circuit in figure 1.11, yields

i1 − i2 + i3 + i4 − i5 = 0
i1 + i3 + i4 = i2 + i5

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

➢ The algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

v
m =1
m =0

where M is the number of voltages in the loop (or number of

branches in the loop) and vm is the mth voltage.

Figure 1.12. A single-loop circuit illustrating KVL

 ➢ Applying KVL for the circuit in figure 1.12, the sign on each
voltage is the polarity of the terminal encountered first as we travel
around the loop, by clockwise rotation it yields

−v1 + v2 + v3 − v4 + v5 = 0
v2 + v3 + v5 = v1 + v4

sum of voltage drops = sum of voltage rises/sources

Solved Problems:

1. For the electric network shown in figure 1.13, determine the number of nodes and
branches. Find v x and ix .

Figure 1.13

Solution:

For the number of nodes and branches:

N =4
B=6

Finding ix

Assign arbitrary current and voltage polarity to every element

KCL at node 2

2 = i1 + i2 (1)

KCL at node 3

i2 + ix = i3 (2)

KVL at 1241

30 − 2 ( 8 ) − 10i1 = 0
30 − 16 = 10i1
i1 = 1.4 A

substituting value of i1 to equation 1

2 = i1 + i2
2 = 1.4 + i2
i2 = 0.6 A

KVL at 2342

10i1 − 2i2 − 2i3 = 0 (3)

substituting values of i1 and i2 to equation 3

10i1 − 2i2 − 2i3 = 0

10 (1.4 ) − 2 ( 0.6 ) − 2i3 = 0
14 − 1.2 = 2i3
i3 = 6.4 A

substitute the values of i2 and i3 to equation 2

i2 + ix = i3
0.6 + ix = 6.4
ix = 5.8 A

Finding vx
 vx = 2i3
= 2 ( 6.4 )
vx = 12.8 V

2. Find vo and io in the circuit of figure 1.14

Figure 1.14

Solution:

Assign arbitrary current and voltage polarity of each element

KCL at node 1

i0
6 − i0 − − i1 = 0 (1)
4
Finding v0

v0 = 8i1 = 2i0 (2)

Substituting equation 2 to equation 1

 i0
6 − i0 − − i1 = 0
4
i 2
6 − i0 − 0 − i0 = 0
4 8
i0 = 4 A

Substitute value of i0 to equation 2

v0 = 8i1 = 2i0
v0 = 2i0
v0 = 2 ( 4 )
v0 = 8 V

Review Questions:

1. It states that the sum of the current entering a node is equal to the sum of the current
leaving that node.
(a.) KVL (b.) KCL (c.) Ohm’s Law (d.) none of the above

2. It is a point at which two or more circuit elements have a common connection.

(a.) branch (b.) loop (c.) node (d.) all of the above

3. It states that the algebraic sum of the current entering any node is zero.
(a.) KVL (b.) KCL (c.) Ohm’s Law (d.) all of the above

4. According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, the algebraic sum of all voltage drops and emf’s
in any closed loop of a network is always
(a.) negative (b.) positive (c.) zero (d.) determine by battery emf

5. Kirchhoff’s current law is applicable to only

(a.) Junction in a network (c.) electric circuits
(b.) Closed loop in a network (d.) electronic circuits

Problems:

1. Determine the number of branches and nodes of the given circuit in figure 1.15 and
find v X and i X .
 Figure 1.15

2. If the current i X is 2 A in the circuit shown in figure 1.16, find: (a.) v X , and (b.) the
power delivered by the controlled current source.

Figure 1.16

3. For the circuit in figure 1.17, find: (a.) ia and ib , and (b.) the power delivered by the
controlled voltage source.

Figure 1.17
G. SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

SERIES CIRCUIT

➢ Two or more circuit elements are said to be “in series” if the current from
one element exclusively flows into the element.

Figure 1.18. (a.) Series circuit configuration, (b.) Equivalent Circuit

TOTAL RESISTANCE

From figure 1.18 (a.)

is = i1 = i2 = i3 (1)
vs = v1 + v2 + v3 (2)
By Ohm’s Law

vs = is Rs , v1 = i1R1, v2 = i2 R2 , v3 = i3 R3 (3)
Substituting equation 3 to equation 2

vs = v1 + v2 + v3
is Rs = i1R1 +i2 R2 + i3 R3
is Rs = is R1 +is R2 + is R3
is Rs = is ( R1 +R2 + R3 )
R s = R1 + R 2 + R 3
 ➢ From KCL, it follows that all series elements have the same current.
➢ The voltage across each resistor in a series circuit is directly proportional
to the ratio of its resistance to the total series resistance of the circuit.
➢ The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in
series is equal to the sum of the individual resistances.

For N resistors connected in series, the equivalent resistance is

Req = R1 + R2 +  + RN
N
Req =  Rn
n =1

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

➢ Two elements, branches, or networks are in “parallel” if they have two

points in common.
➢ Two or more circuit elements are said to be” in parallel” if the elements
share the same terminals.

Figure 1.19. Parallel circuits: (1.) a circuit with parallel resistors with
voltage source, (2.) parallel circuit with a current source

Figure 1.20. Equivalent circuit of parallel circuit

EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE:

From figure 1.19 (1.)

vs = v1 = v2 = v3 (1)
is = i1 + i2 + i3 (2)

By Ohm’s Law

vs v v v
is = , i1 = 1 , i2 = 2 , i3 = 3 (3)
Req R1 R2 R3

The equivalent resistance is

vs v v v
= 1+ 2 + 3
Req R1 R2 R3
vs v v v
= s + s + s
Req R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
= + +
Req R1 R2 R3
1
Req =
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R2 R3

➢ From KVL, it follows that the elements have the same voltage.
➢ The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of the resistances
connected in parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of each
element.

EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCE

➢ Conductance is the reciprocal of the resistance, in Siemens or mho ( )

➢ The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in parallel is equal
to the sum of their individual conductances.
➢ CONDUCTANCE is the ability of an element to conduct electric current.

1
G=
R
 1 1 1 1
= + +
Req R1 R2 R3
Geq = G1 + G2 + G3

For N parallel connected resistances

N
Geq =  Gn
n =1

Geq = G1 + G2 +  + GN
For N series connected resistances

1 1 1 1
= + +  +
Geq G1 G2 GN

SERIES AND PARALLEL SOURCES

SERIES SOURCES:

Figure 1.21. Series connected voltage source

➢ Series connected voltage sources can be replaced by a single

voltage source using KVL.
 PARALLEL SOURCES:

Figure 1.22. Parallel connected current sources

➢ Parallel connected current sources can be replaced by a single

current source using KCL.

Solved Problems:

1. Calculate the total resistance of three resistances 10 , 20 , and 60  respectively

connected in series.

Given:
R1 = 10 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 60 

Required: Req = ?

Solution:

Req = R1 + R2 + R3
= 10 + 20 + 60
Req = 90 

2. Three resistances 5 , 10 , and 30  respectively are connected in parallel.

Calculate its equivalent resistance.

Given:

R1 = 5 , R2 = 10 , R3 = 30 

Required: Req = ?
 Solution:
1 1 1 1
= + +
Req R1 R2 R3
1 1 1
= + +
5 10 30
6 + 3 +1
=
30
1 10
=
Req 30
Req = 3 

3. Determine the equivalent resistance for the circuit shown in figure 1.23.

Figure 1.23

Solution:

R1 = 4 + 5 + 3
R1 = 12 
 1
R2 =
1 1
+
4 12
1
=
3 +1
12
1
=
4
12
R2 = 3 

R3 = 3 + 3
R3 = 6 

1
Req = 2 + 1 +
1 1
+
6 6
1
=3+
2
6
Req = 6 

4. Determine the current i in the circuit in figure 1.24 by finding the equivalent voltage
sources.
 Figure 1.24

Solution:

Combining the voltages sources connected in series

−10V + 8V + 6V − 2V = 2V
Combining the resistances in series

74 + 26 = 100

The equivalent circuit is

The current i will be

By Ohm’s Law

V
i=
R
2
=
100
= 0.02 A
i = 20 mA
5. Determine the voltage v in the circuit in figure 1.25 by finding the equivalent current
sources.

Figure 1.25

Solution:

Combining the current sources in parallel by KCL

5 A − 6 A − 5 A = −6 A
Combining the resistances in parallel

10 (10 ) 100
` = = 5
10 + 10 20
The equivalent circuit is

The voltage will be

By Ohm’s Law

v = iR
= ( −6 A)( 5 )
v = −30 V
Review Questions:

1. The series circuit provides ______ path.

(a.) Four (b.) three (c.) two (d.) one

2. In parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch

(a.) Varies (b.) somewhat constant (c.) the same (d.) not the same

3. In series circuit, the current throughout the circuit is

(a.) the same (b.) sum of all current (c.) varies (d.) none of the above

4. when a number of resistances are connected in parallel, the total resistance is

(a.) greater than the smallest resistance
(b.) less than the smallest resistance
(c.) between the smallest and greatest resistance
(d.) greater than the greatest resistance

5. If an original electric circuit is to be reduced to a single source and resistance, the

circuit is said to be its ______________ circuit.
(a.) reduced circuit (c.) equivalent circuit
(b.) shortened circuit (d.) none of the above

Problems:

1. Calculate the total resistance of three resistances 5 , 10 , and 15  respectively

connected in series.

2. Three resistances 20 , 30 , and 60  respectively are connected in parallel.

Calculate its equivalent resistance.

3. Two resistor is connected in series, one of which has a resistance of 15 , and the
second is unknown R. What will be the resistance of the unknown resistor R if the
total resistance of the combination is 60 ?

4. Three resistors of 10, 15, and 20 ohms respectively are connected in parallel. What
is the equivalent conductance?

5. For the circuit in figure 1.26, determine the value of the voltage vX by simplifying the
circuit to a single current source in parallel with two resistors.

Figure 1.26
H. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDER RULE

VOLTAGE DIVIDER

Figure 1.27. Series circuit for voltage divider rule

➢ For series circuit, there is only one current flowing in the whole circuit.

By Ohm’s law

V = IRT
V
I=
RT
The total resistance for series circuit is

RT = R1 + R2

The voltage drop V1 and V2 is

V1 = IR1
V 
V1 =   R1
 RT 
 R1 
V1 =  V
 1
R + R2 

V2 = IR2
 R2 
V2 =  V
 1
R + R2 
CURRENT DIVIDER

Figure 1.28. Parallel circuit for current divider rule

➢ For parallel circuit, the voltage drop in each element is the same with
the source voltage.

By Ohm’s law

V = IRT
V
I=
RT

The total resistance for parallel circuit is

1 1 1
= +
RT R1 R2
R1R2
RT =
R1 + R2
The current I1 and I 2

V
I1 =
R1
 RR 
I 1 2 
R + R2 
I1 =  1
R1
 R2 
I1 =  I
(
 1 R + R )
2 
  R1 
I2 =  I
(
 1 R + R )
2 

Solved Problems:

1. For the given circuit in figure 1. 29, find i and v .

Figure 1.29

Solution:

Let R1 = 6 , R2 = 12 

By current divider

 R2 
i=  iT
 R1 + R2 
 12 
i=  ( 9 A)
 6 + 12 
i=6 A
  R1 
i2 =   iT
 R1 + R2 
 6 
i2 =   ( 9 A)
 6 + 12 
i2 = 3 A
v = 4i2
v = 4 ( 3 A)
v = 12 V

2. A 500  and a 1000  resistor are connected in series. If the voltage across the 500
 resistor is 40 V, what is the current that passes through the 1000  resistor and
the source voltage?

Solution:

For series circuit, there is only one current that passes throughout
the circuit

40V
i= = 0.08 A
500

The equivalent resistance Req is

Req = 500 + 1000 = 1500

The source voltage will be

V = iReq
= 0.08 A (1500 )
V = 120V
Problems:

1. A 10  and a 20  resistance are connected in parallel. Another resistance of 5  is

connected in series with the two. If the supply voltage is 48 V, what is the current
through the 20  resistance?

2. A 50  and a 100  resistor are connected in series. If the voltage across the 50 
resistor is 20 V, what is the voltage across the 100  resistor?

3. Use voltage divider rule to determine v X in the circuit of figure 1.30.

Figure 1.30

4. Use current divider rule to determine the current in the circuit of figure 1.31.

Figure 1.31
I. DELTA – WYE AND WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

In circuit analysis, there is a situation that resistors are connected neither in series nor in
parallel. This type of circuit connection can be simplified using the three terminal
equivalent networks such as delta () or pi () and wye (Y) or tee (T) as shown in figure
1.32. This network occurs as independent or as part of a larger network.

Figure 1.32. (a.) Delta connection, (b.) wye connection

DELTA – WYE TRANSFORMATION

Figure 1.33. Delta – Wye Transformation

From figure 1.33 at node 1 and node 2

R a + Rb = RZ / / ( RX + RY )
RZ ( RX + RY )
R a + Rb = 1
RX + RY + RZ
At node 2 and node 3
 R b + Rc = RX / / ( RY + RZ )
RX ( RY + RZ )
R b + Rc = 2
RX + RY + RZ

At node 3 and node 1

R c + Ra = RY / / ( RX + RZ )
RY ( RX + RZ )
R c + Ra = 3
RX + RY + RZ

Subtract equation 2 from 1

RZ ( RX + RY ) RX ( RY + RZ )
( R a + Rb ) − ( R b + Rc ) = −
RX + RY + RZ RX + RY + RZ
RY RZ − RX RY
R a − Rc = 4
RX + RY + RZ

Subtract equation 3 from 2

RX ( RY + RZ ) RY ( RX + RZ )
( R b + Rc ) − ( R c + Ra ) = −
RX + RY + RZ RX + RY + RZ
RX RZ − RY RZ
R b − Ra = 5
RX + RY + RZ

Subtract equation 1 from 3

RY ( RX + RZ ) RZ ( RX + RY )
( R c + Ra ) − ( R a + Rb ) = −
RX + RY + RZ RX + RY + RZ
RX RY − RX RZ
R c − Rb = 6
RX + RY + RZ

Add equation 3 and 4

 RX RY + RY RZ RY RZ − RX RY
( R c + Ra ) + ( R a − Rc ) = +
RX + RY + RZ RX + RY + RZ
2 RY RZ
R a + Ra =
RX + RY + RZ
RY RZ
Ra = 7
RX + RY + RZ

Add equation 1 and 5

RX RZ + RY RZ RX RZ − RY RZ
( R a + Rb ) + ( R b − Ra ) = +
RX + RY + RZ RX + RY + RZ
2 RX RZ
R b + Rb =
RX + RY + RZ
RX RZ
Rb = 8
RX + RY + RZ

Add equation 2 and 6

RX RY + RX RZ RX RY − RX RZ
( R b + Rc ) + ( R c − Rb ) = +
RX + RY + RZ RX + RY + RZ
2 RX RY
R c + Rc =
RX + RY + RZ
RX RY
Rc = 9
RX + RY + RZ

WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATION

Multiply equation 7 and 8

 RY RZ  RX RZ 
Ra Rb =   
 RX + RY + RZ  RX + RY + RZ 
RX RY RZ2
Ra Rb = 10
( RX + RY + RZ )
2
 Multiply equation 8 and 9

 RX RZ  RX RY 
Rb Rc =   
 RX + RY + RZ  RX + RY + RZ 
RX2 RY RZ
Rb Rc = 11
( RX + RY + RZ )
2

Multiply equation 9 and 7

 RX RY  RY RZ 
Rc Ra =   
 RX + R + RZ   RX + RY + RZ 
 Y 
2
RX RY RZ
Rc Ra = 12
( RX + RY + RZ )
2

Add equation 10, 11 and 12

RX RY RZ2 R 2X RY RZ RX RY2 RZ
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra = + +
( RX + RY + RZ ) ( RX + RY + RZ ) ( RX + RY + RZ )
2 2 2

R R R ( R + RY + RZ )
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra = X Y Z X
( RX + RY + RZ )
2

RX RY RZ
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra =
RX + RY + RZ

Note: at equation 7, 8 and 9

RY RZ RX RZ RX RY
Ra = , Rb = , Rc =
RX + RY + RZ RX + RY + RZ RX + RY + RZ

Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
RX =
Ra
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
RY =
Rb
Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
RZ =
Rc
Sample Problems

1. Convert the wye network shown in figure 1.34 to a delta network.

Figure 1.34

Solution:

Let Ra = 3 , Rb = 5 , Rc = 7.5 

Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
RX =
Ra
3 ( 5 ) + 5 ( 7.5 ) + 7.5 ( 3 )
=
3
15 + 37.5 + 22.5
=
3
75
=
3
RX = 25 
 Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
RY =
Rb
3 ( 5 ) + 5 ( 7.5 ) + 7.5 ( 3 )
=
5
15 + 37.5 + 22.5
=
5
75
=
5
RY = 15 

Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
RZ =
Rc
3 ( 5 ) + 5 ( 7.5 ) + 7.5 ( 3 )
=
7.5
15 + 37.5 + 22.5
=
7.5
75
=
7.5
RZ = 10 

2. Convert the delta network shown in figure 1.35 to a wye network.

Figure 1.35

Solution:

Let RX = 70 , RY = 140 , RZ = 35 
 RY RZ
Ra =
RX + RY + RZ
140 ( 35 )
=
70 + 140 + 35
4900
=
245
Ra = 20 

RX RZ
Rb =
RX + RY + RZ
70 ( 35 )
=
70 + 140 + 35
2450
=
245
Rb = 10 

RX RY
Rc =
RX + RY + RZ
70 (140 )
=
70 + 140 + 35
9800
=
245
Rc = 40 
3. Determine the total resistance and the current i in the circuit in figure 1.36.

Figure 1.36

Solution:

10 (15 )
Ra =
10 + 15 + 5
150
=
30
Ra = 5 

15 ( 5 )
Rb =
10 + 15 + 5
75
=
30
Rb = 2.5 
 10 ( 5 )
Rc =
10 + 15 + 5
50
=
30
Rc = 1.67 

21.67 ( 32.5 )
21.67 / /32.5 =
21.67 + 32.5
704.275
=
54.17
= 13 

RT = 5 + 13
RT = 18 

60V
i=
18
i = 3.33 A
Problems:

1. Transform the circuit in figure 1.37 from delta to wye.

Figure 1.37

2. Transform the circuit in figure 1.38 from wye to delta.

Figure 1.38

3. Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b of the circuit in figure 1.39.

Figure 1.39
CHAPTER PROBLEMS:

CHARGE, CURRENT, VOLTAGE, POWER AND ENERGY

1. The current flowing through a device is i ( t ) = 15 sin 4 t A . Calculate the total

charge flow through the device from t = 0 to t = 5 ms .
2. Find the current flowing through an element if the charge flow is
q ( t ) = 2e −3 t
sin50 t C .

4 A, 0  t 1
3. The current flowing through an element is i (t ) =  2 .
4t A, t 1
Calculate the charge entering the element from t = 0 to t = 5 s .

4. The current entering the positive terminal of a device is i ( t ) = 5e−3t A and the
di
voltage across the device is v (t ) = 3 V. (a.) Find the charge delivered to the
dt
device between t = 0 and t = 2 s ec . (b.) Calculate the power absorbed, and (c.)
the energy absorbed in 5 sec.

5. The instantaneous power absorbed by a resistor is 4sin 2 377t W . If the current is

40sin377t mA, find v and R .

OHM’S LAW

6. An electric iron draws 10 A from a 220 V line. What is the resistance of the electric
iron?

7. What is the voltage drop across a 1.5 kW oven toaster that draws 10 A of current?

8. Calculate the current that a 2 Watts, 15 k resistor can safely conduct.

9. Two 30  resistors are connected in series across a 110 V source. What shout be
the value of a resistor across one of them if the total circuit power is to be 250 watts?

2
10. A resistor absorbs an instantaneous power of 40 cos t mW when connected to a
voltage source v = 10 cos t V . Find The resistance R and the current.
 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

11. Determine the current I and V in the circuit of figure 1.40.

Figure 1.40

12. Determine the value of v X and i X in the circuit of figure 1.41.

Figure 1.41

13. For the circuit in figure 1.42, (a.) determine the value of v X and i X . (b.) Calculate the
power absorbed by the resistors.

Figure 1.42
14. The voltage source in the circuit of figure 1.43 has a current of 2 A flowing out of its
positive terminal into resistor R1 . Calculate the current i2 .

Figure 1.43

15. In the circuit depicted in figure 1.44, i X is determined to be 3 A, and the 9 V source
supplies a current of 15.2 A that leaves the positive terminal. Determine the value of
resistor RA .

Figure 1.44

SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT

16. Two resistors 20  and 60 , respectively are connected in parallel. A third resistor
of unknown value is then connected in series with the parallel combination, what will
be the value of the third resistor if the total resistance of the complete circuit is 30 ?

17. A dc supply at 240 V is applied to a circuit comprising of two resistors A and B in

parallel 5  and 7.5 , respectively, in series with a third resistor C of 30 .
Calculate the value of a fourth resistor D to be connected in parallel with resistor C
so that the total power in the circuit shall be 7.2 kW.

18. A 5  resistance is connected in parallel with a 10  resistance. Another set, a 6 

and an 8  resistances are also connected in parallel. The two sets are then
connected in series. What is the equivalent resistance?
19. Calculate the voltage v X and i in the circuit in figure 1.45 after first simplifying, using
appropriate source and resistance combinations.

Figure 1.45

20. Find the equivalent resistance looking into terminals a and b in figure 1.46

Figure 1.46

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVISION

21. In a certain application, the circuit in figure 1.47 must be designed to meet these two
VO
criteria: = 0.05, Req = 40 k  . If the load resistor 5 kW is fixed, find R1 and R2 to
VS
meet the criteria.

Figure 1.47
22. For the circuit shown in figure 1.48, determine the value of R if VL = 4 volts .

Figure 1.48

23. Determine the voltage v0 in the circuit of figure 1.49.

Figure 1.49

24. For the circuit in figure 1.50, determine the voltages v1, v2 , and v3 .

Figure 1.50

25. For the circuit shown in figure 1.51, determine i1, i2 , v1, and v2 .
 Figure 1.51

DELTA – WYE TRANSFORMATION

26. For the network of figure 1.52, the total current i and the current iX .

Figure 1.52

27. Determine V and i in the circuit in figure 1.53.

Figure 1.53
28. What value of R in the circuit in figure 1.54 would cause the current source to deliver
1.6 W to the resistors?

Figure 1.54

29. Find V1 and V2 in the circuit of figure 1.55.

Figure 1.55

30. For the network of figure 1.56, select a value of R such that the network has an
equivalent resistance of 70.6 .

Figure 1.56
 APPLICATIONS

31. Three incandescent lamps rated 30 W, 40 W and 50 W, respectively are connected

in parallel to a 220 V source. Calculate the total current and the current in each bulb.

32. Two 115 V incandescent lamps rated 50 W and 75 W, respectively are connected in
series. Determine the current drawn by the series connection.

33. The essential component of a toaster is a resistor that converts electrical energy to
heat energy. How much current is drawn by a toaster with resistance 24  at 220 V?

34. A lightning bolt carried a current of 3 kA and lasted for 5 millisecond. How many
coulombs of charge were contained in the lightning bolt?

35. A trolley system is supplied by two power stations which are 10 km apart. Station 1
operated at 750 V while station 2 operates at 700 V. the effective resistance of the
trolley wire is 0.05  per km and that of the ground (track) return is 0.02  per km.
the trolley car is drawing 200 A and it is encountering minimum potential difference.
What is the distance of the car from station 1 under this condition?

References:

1. Alexander, C.K., Sadiku, M.N.O (2003). FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC

CIRCUITS, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.
2. Boylestad, R.L. (2002). INTRODUCTORY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, 10 TH Edition,
Prentice Hall, USA.
3. Hambley, A.R. (2011). ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND
APPLICATIONS Fifth Edition,
4. Hayt, W. Jr. H., Kemmerly, J.E. Durbin, S.M. (2012). ENGINEERING
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, MCGRAW-Hill, New York. USA.Pearson Education,
Inc., New Jersey, USA.
5. Nilsson, J.W., Riedel, S.A. (2011). ELECTRIC CIRCUITS, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, USA.
6. Rizzoni, G. (2006). PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING, 5th Edition, New York, USA
7. Svodova, J.A. and Dorf, R.C. (2014). INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS 9TH Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA