Electric Circuits

PME 2201 Electric Circuits

Rongshun Chen
陳 榮 順
Department of Power Mechanical Engineering
National Tsing Hua University

Fall 2022 Chap 1, No. 1

Electric Circuits
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
Introduction:
-- Electric circuit theory and electromagnetic theory are the two
fundamental theories upon which all branches of electrical
engineering are built.
-- In electrical engineering, transferring energy or communicating
signals are quite often from one place to other place which requires
an inter-connection of electrical devices. Such devices are called
elements.
Transferring power Communicating signals
Input
Transmitter optoisolator
(electrical)
signal Optical
Drive
LED signal
circuit
Optical fiber
Output
Photodiode Amplifier (electrical)
signal
https://www.energy.gov/eere/wi Receiver
nd/career-map-power-
systemstransmission-engineer An optical transmission system
Chap 1, No. 2
Electric Circuits
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
Introduction:
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric elements.
Example: a series RLC circuit
Inductor Resistor Inductor
Resistor R L +
i VS + i V
Power - C
Capacitor Power -
Capacitor
Electric circuit (symbol)
Real electric circuit
d 2v R dv 1 VS
2
  v  , (In Chap 8)
dt L dt LC LC
Circuit Theory:
-- An electric circuit is a mathematical model that approximate the
behavior of an actual electrical system.

-- Circuit theory is a special case of electromagnetic field theory:

the study of static and moving electric charges.

Chap 1, No. 3
Electric Circuits Circuit Model
To learn various analytical techniques for the electric circuit, we need the
circuit model: Don’t care about the inside of lamp,
Example: a battery and lamp system then use a resistor to replace the lamp
Current Lamp
+ + Lamp + + Lamp
V V V V R
b b
i i
Battery - - - -
Battery
D
Physical structure Electric circuit model
Battery G
Laptop
Laptop
Battery
Inside + i +
V i V
b
- -
PCB

Electric circuit model

Physical structure
Chap 1, No. 4
Electric Circuits Electric Circuit of a Radio Receiver

A relatively complicated model of electric circuit

Chap 1, No. 5
Electric Circuits System Units:
In this course, Electric Circuit, we use the International Systems of
Units (SI for short)
Six basic SI units and one derived unit (the coulomb) relevant to
the text.
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Charge coulomb C

Basic unit: the unit of all other physical quantities can be derived.

Chap 1, No. 6
Electric Circuits
Prefixes on SI units
The (International System of Units) SI Prefixes:

Multiplier 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018

Prefixes Exa peta tera giga mega kilo milli micro nano pico femto atto

Symbol E P T G M k m u n p f a

• When taking measurements, we must use units to quantify values

• We use the International Systems of Units (SI for short)
• Prefixes on SI units allow for easy relationships between large and
small values
• Examples: GB (in computer memory), k in resistor, mA in current,
and pF in capacitance.

Chap 1, No. 7
Electric Circuits
Charge and Current
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs (C). Charge is bipolar; that is, electric
charge exists either positive or negative.
-- the charge of an electron: e  1.602  1019 C

-- 1 C of charge = 1 / 1.602  10 
19
 6.24  1018 electrons
The law of conservation of charge: the charge can neither be created nor
destroyed, only transferred.
Electric Current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes
(A), 1 A = 1 C/s.
i  dq / dt , q: charge, i : current, t : time, q  tt idt
0

Positive ions Negative ions Chap 1, No. 8

Electric Circuits
Direct Current (dc) vs Alternative Current (ac)
Current is defined as the movement of charge with an associated
direction of flow.
Example: if = 3 A, then = - 3A
A direct current (dc) is a current that The direction of current flow
remains constant with time. is conventionally taken as
I the direction of positive
direct current (dc)
charge movement.

t
An alternating current (ac) is a current
that varies sinusoidally with time.

alternating current (ac)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php
?curid=6578453

Chap 1, No. 9
Electric Circuits Direct Current (dc) vs Alternative Current (ac)
Direct current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow
of charge is always in the same direction. As opposed to alternating
current (ac), the direction and amperage of direct currents do not change.
It (dc) is used in many household electronics and in all devices that use
batteries.
DC is defined by the constant flow of electrons from an area of high
electron density to an area of low electron density. In circuit involving
batteries, this is illustrated by the constant flow of charge from the
negative terminal of the battery to the positive terminal of the battery. It
is much more expensive and difficult to change the voltage of direct
current as opposed to alternating current, making it a poor choice for the
high voltage transmission of electricity.
DC is used in any electronic device with a battery for a power source. It
is also used to charge batteries, so rechargeable devices like laptops
and cell phones come with an AC adapter that converts alternating
current to direct current.
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Direct_current

Chap 1, No. 10
 Electric Circuits Voltage
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V).
v = dw /dq, q: charge in C, w : energy in joules (J), t : time
1 volt = 1 joules/coulomb = 1 newton-meter/coulomb
v ab  v ba
Voltage is defined with voltage polarity. a a
+ -
v ab : point a is at a potential of v ab volts higher v ab = v ab
than point b, or point b is at a potential
of v ab volts higher than point a. -
b + b

Current and voltage are the the two basic variables in an electric circuit.
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
p   vi , w: energy If power has positive sign, power
dt dq dt
is being delivered to or absorbed
p = vi is called the instantaneous power by the element.
Power indicates how much work can If power has negative sign, power
be accomplished in a specified amount is being supplied by the element.
of time. Chap 1, No. 11
 Electric Circuits Passive Sign Convention:
Passive Sign Convention:
Whenever the reference direction for the current in an element is in the
direction of the reference voltage drop across the element, as in figure (a),
use a positive sign in any expression that relates the voltage to the current
(i.e. p = +vi ), absorbing energy.
Otherwise, use a negative sign (i.e. p = - vi ), as in figure (b), releasing
power.
i i
Note that passive sign a a
convention is widely used. + +
p  v ab i v ab v ab p  v abi
A good example: a battery and bulb -
system - b
b
+ + Bulb (b)
(a)
V i
i Vb Using passive sign convention
- - For the bulb, p  Vbi  Vi
Battery
For the battery, p = - V i
In the system, the battery releases power
while the bulb absorbs power
What is voltage and current: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiHVe8U5PhU
Chap 1, No. 12
Electric Circuits Passive Sign Convention (cont.)
Examples: Given v ab  5 V , v cd  5 V , i  2 A using passive sign convention
i i i i :unknown
a a c
+ + - - c element
v ab v ab v cd v cd
- - + +
b b d d
p  v ab i p  v ab i
 (5) (2)  (5) (2) p = ?? p = ??
 10 W  10 W
supply power absorb power

Exercise: How about if v ab  5 V , i  2 A ?

p = ??
Power and Energy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4FpbaMW5sk
Chap 1, No. 13
Electric Circuits Power Rule
+ + Bulb
If the current i flows in the direction of
increasing voltage v, then power is V i
i Vb
being released; e.g. battery
- -
Battery
If the current i flows in the direction
of decreasing voltage v, then power is being absorbed. e.g. bulb
Example: two students measure the same unknown circuit element X,
but use different reference directions of current. Calculate the power.
Student A Student B
p=-Vi p=Vi
+ +

V X V X i
i
- -

V = 5 volts, i = -2 A V = 5 volts, i = 2 A
Thus p = - (5)(-2) = 10 w Thus p = (5)(2) = 10 w
Question: what is the type of this element X? (released or absorbed power?)
Chap 1, No. 14
 Electric Circuits
The law of conservation of energy:  pi  0 (能量不滅定律)
+ v2 - - v3 +
Total power supplied = total power absorbed
2 3
Example: P: power
p1  p2  p3  p4  p5  0 + - -
v1 1 4 v4 5 v5
Energy is the capacity to do work, - + +
measured in joules (J).
dw 
t

t
p , w t0 pdt t0 vidt
dt
Electric companies measure energy use the unit of watt-hours (Wh).

1 Wh = 3,600 J (1 度電 = 1 kWh)
Exercise:
An air conditioner of 2000 W (2 kW) has been used for 10 hours/day.
How much money do you need to pay to Tai Power Electric (台灣電力)
Company per day?
註:
1. 非營業用、夏日時間(6/1 – 9/30)，用電量每月501~700 度範圍，每度4.80元
2. 非營業用、夏日時間(6/1 – 9/30)，用電量每月701~1000 度範圍，每度5.66元
Chap 1, No. 15
Electric Circuits
Circuit Elements
An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of elements.
Circuit Analysis is the processing of determining voltage across (or
current through) the elements of circuit.
Voltage Current
5 Ideal Basic Circuit Elements: sources
+ sources
Voltage sources V -
active element I
Current sources
Resistors Inductor
Inductors passive element
+ Resistor
Capacitors
i i
v Capacitor
Ideal Basic Circuit Element: +
v -
Three attributes: -
1) two terminals Real electric circuit
2) described mathematically in terms of voltage and/or current
3) cannot be subdivided into other elements.
Ideal component: does not exist as a realizable physical component
Basic elements: cannot be reduced or subdivided into other elements

Chap 1, No. 16
Electric Circuits Circuit Elements

Active Elements Passive Elements

Voltage Current
sources sources

• A dependent source is an active

element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another
voltage or current.
Independent Dependant • They are four different types of
sources sources dependent sources: VCVS, CCVS,
VCCS, CCCS (will be discussed in
Two kinds of sources: Slide #19). Keep in minds the signs
independent and dependent of dependent sources.
sources
Chap 1, No. 17
Electric Circuits
Voltage and Current Sources:
Voltage and current sources can either deliver or absorb electric
power, generally maintaining either voltage or current.
An ideal voltage source maintains a prescribed voltage across its
terminals regardless of the current flowing in those terminals.
An ideal current source maintains a prescribed current through its
terminals regardless of the voltage across those terminals.
Ideal independent sources: an active element providing a specified
voltage or current that is independent of other circuit variables
Ideal independent voltage source Ideal independent current source

i V
i V +
+
V Is
Vs + Vs Vs
- - - i
Is
i

Chap 1, No. 18
Electric Circuits
Ideal dependent sources: an active element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another voltage or current
Four possible cases: c, k ,  ,  are constants
Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source Voltage-Controlled Current Source
(VCVS) (VCCS)

vS  cv x iS   v x
+
vS iS
-

Current-Controlled Voltage Source Current-Controlled Current Source

(CCVS) (CCCS)

vS  ki x +
vS iS   i x iS
-

Chap 1, No. 19
Electric Circuits Dependent Source (examples)

- + vx -
+ vx
+ vS iS
-
vS  3v x iS  2.5v x

ix ix

+ vS
- iS
v S  1.8i x iS  100i x

Chap 1, No. 20
 Electric Circuits Use of Dependent Sources
Use of dependent sources can be found in electronics circuits as shown
below. The electronics circuits will be taught in Electronics I and II.
Dependent Current Sources
NMOS Transistor The NMOS transistor can be modelled as a depend
current source plus a resistor
D Id
id G D Vo
G
+ RD + +
vi vi
+ v gs - S + Vgs gmv gs ro RD Vds
- -
Small-signal S -
-
equivalent circuit

Dependent Voltage Sources

Basic feedback circuit: Equivalent circuit of the series – shunt

series – shunt circuit. feedback circuit. Chap 1, No. 21
Electric Circuits
Consumption of Household Appliance

kWh = kilowatt-hours

Chap 1, No. 22
Electric Circuits Example 1.5
Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3 ms if the current entering
its positive terminal is
i  5 con  60 t  A i
For (a) v = 3i, (b) v = 3 di/dt. + -
Solution: v

Ans: (a) p = 53.48 W, (b) p = - 6.396 kW.

Chap 1, No. 23
Electric Circuits Problem Solving – an Effective Methods in Engineering
• Carefully define the problem
– This is the most important step
– What needs to be solved?
– What questions need to be addressed before solving? Find the
sources to answer them.
• Present everything you know about the problem
– What do you know?
– What don’t you know?
• Establish a set of alternative solutions and determine the one that
promises the greatest likelihood of success.
– Most problems have more than one way to be solved
– But not all solutions are as simple
– Are the required tools available?

Chap 1, No. 24
Electric Circuits Problem Solving – an Effective Methods in Engineering (cont.)

• Attempt to solve the problem

– Documenting this process is very important
• Evaluate the solution and check for accuracy
– Does it makes sense?
– Is it consistent with any assumptions made?
• Is the solution satisfactory? If not, try an alternate solution.

Chap 1, No. 25
 台電供電系統簡介
Electric Circuits

Chap 1, No. 26
https://www.taipower.com.tw/tc/page.aspx?mid=211