A PROJECT REPORT

ON

Automatic breaking system

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 PLATFORM USED

 AIM OF THE PROJECT

 BLOCK DIAGRAM

 WORKING OF THE PROJECT

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 COMPONENT LIST

 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

 PCB LAYOUT

 STEPS FOR MAKING PCB

 PROGRAMMING

 SENSING UNIT DESCRIPTION

 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

 APPLICATIONS

 CONCLUSION

 REFERENCE
 INTRODUCTIO
In this project we are developing an Automatic breaking system which apply
the breaks automatically when any obstacle come in its way ,thus protect the
vehicle from any accident .

So if a driver is not in his senses during driving then any obstacle in its
way cause a breaking of his vehicle .Any mistake during driving may lead to a
big accident sometime it may happen rather pressing break the driver
mistakenly press accelerator or the break is pressed when the distance between
vehicle was very small which leads to the major accident . For Preventing
vehicle from these accidents this system has been designed where we have used
a microcontroller for the proper functioning of the system ..

A distance sensor have used for sensing the distance of the obstacle and
controller is user to make decision when to apply a break.
 REQUIREMENTS

1. MOTOR

2. WHEELS

3. CONTROLLING CARD

4. SENSOR

5. BATTERY

6. RELAY
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

Our aim is to design a breaking system that apply a break in automatically on

facing any obstacle. This project is helpful in military vehicle where the
chances of sleeping of driver during driving may occur because they have to
travel upto very long distances and in night time also this system provide the
automatic breaking if any obstacle suddenly arrive in vehicle way .
In this way it can protect any unusual accident. This system made driving
easier and safe .

BLOCK DIAGRAM
SUPPLY

SECTION

DIGITAL VALUE

PROCESS
SECTION
SUPPLY
ANALOG VALUE

DISTANCE

SENSOR
 Working of the
project
 WORKING OF THE PROJECT

Here we are using a toy car for presenting the working of breaking system .

In case if any obstacle found in front of our system, the sensor senses the

obstacle and relay is turned on and the wheel stops. It stops the running of

motor and stops the car at that point.

CIRCUIT
DESCRIPTION
POWER SUPPLY SECTION:

Consists of:

1. RLMT Connector--- It is a connector used to connect the step down

transformer to the bridge rectifier.

2. Bridge Rectifier --- It is a full wave rectifier used to convert ac into dc

, 9-15v ac made by transformer is converted into dc with the help of
rectifier.

3. Capacitor: -----It is an electrolytic capacitor of rating 1000M/35V

used to remove the ripples. Capacitor is the component used to pass the
ac and block the dc.
 4. Regulator: ----LM7805 is used to give a fixed 5v regulated supply.

5. Capacitor: -----It is again an electrolytic capacitor 10M/65v used for

filtering to give pure dc.

6. Capacitor: ----- It is an ceramic capacitor used to remove the spikes

generated when frequency is high(spikes).

So the output of supply section is 5v regulated dc.

+5v supply: This +5v supply is required for the controller to get start which
is provided from the power supply section. This supply is provided at pin
no.31and 40 of the 89c51 controller.

STEPS FOR MAKING PCB

Prepare the layout of the circuit (positive).

 Cut the photofilm (slightly bigger) of the size of the layout.

 Place the layout in the photoprinter machine with the photofilm above it.
Make sure that the bromide (dark) side of the film is in contact with the
layout.

 Switch on the machine by pressing the push button for 5 sec.

 Dip the film in the solution prepared (developer) by mixing the chemicals A
& B in equal quantities in water.

 Now clean the film by placing it in the tray containing water for 1 min.

 After this, dip the film in the fixer solution for 1 min. now the negative of the
Circuit is ready.

 Now wash it under the flowing water.

 Dry the negative in the photocure machine.

 Take the PCB board of the size of the layout and clean it with steel wool to
make the surface smooth.

 Now dip the PCB in the liquid photoresist, with the help of dip coat machine.

 Now clip the PCB next to the negative in the photo cure machine, drying for
approximate 10-12 minute.

 Now place the negative on the top of the PCB in the UV machine, set the
timer for about 2.5 minute and switch on the UV light at the top.

 Take the LPR developer in a container and rigorously move the PCB in it.

 After this, wash it with water very gently.

 Then apply LPR dye on it with the help of a dropper so that it is completely
covered by it.

 Now clamp the PCB in the etching machine that contains ferric chloride
solution for about 10 minutes.

 After etching, wash the PCB with water, wipe it a dry cloth softly.

Finally rub the PCB with a steel wool, and the PCB is ready
.
 Controll
SENSING UNIT
DESCRIPTION
 In the SENSING section we are controlling the movement of robot by
transmitting radio frequency and control the neck of robot with the help of
microcontroller.

Distance SENSOR:

DESCRIPTION:

The LTM-97 series are miniaturized receivers for infrared remote control
systems. It is a single unit type module which incorporates a PIN diode and a
receiving preamplifier IC. The demodulated output signal can directly be
decoded by a microprocessor. It has excellent sensitivity and reliable function
even in disturbed working environment.
DC MOTOR

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.

Brushed
The brushed DC motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the
motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent magnets, and
rotating electrical magnets.It works on the principle of Lorentz force , which
states that any current carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic
field experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a
brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control
of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high
intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the brushes and springs
which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the
commutator. These components are necessary for transferring electrical power
from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the
motor.
Synchronous
Synchronous DC motors, such as the brushless DC motor and the stepper motor,
require external commutation to generate torque. They lock up if driven directly
by DC power. However, BLDC motors are more similar to a synchronous ac
motor.
Brushless
Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and
stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts
DC to AC. This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it
eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the
spinning rotor. Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or
no maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high initial cost,
and more complicated motor speed controllers.

DC MOTOR:
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A
current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed
in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the
current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As
you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and
South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and
South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness
the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external
magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all
that BEAMers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-
strength permanent magnets1. The stator is the stationary part of the motor --
this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole
pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotate with
respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the
windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram
shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such
that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the
stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost
aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the
brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding.
Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current
through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field,
driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a
very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the
commutator. You can imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the
rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned with the field
magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a
moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes
touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the
power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet
another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high
amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with
the position of the rotor).
 CAPACITOR

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair

of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference
(voltage) exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the
dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the
conductors. The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between
large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called plates.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,
which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each
conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric
between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors
and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an
electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct
current while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to
smooth the output of power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are
used in resonant circuits in radio frequency equipment to select particular
frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

Theory of operation
Main article: Capacitance
Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field.
A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.

A simple demonstration of a parallel-plate capacitor

A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive
region.The non-conductive substance is called the dielectric medium, although
this may also mean a vacuum or a semiconductor depletion region chemically
identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and
isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from an external electric
field. The conductors thus contain equal and opposite charges on their facing
surfaces, and the dielectric contains an electric field. The capacitor is a
reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits.
An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined
as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them
Sometimes charge buildup affects the mechanics of the capacitor, causing the
capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental
changes:

In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on

each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.
Energy storage
Work must be done by an external influence to move charge between the
conductors in a capacitor. When the external influence is removed, the charge
separation persists and energy is stored in the electric field. If charge is later
allowed to return to its equilibrium position, the energy is released. The work
done in establishing the electric field, and hence the amount of energy stored, is
given by:

RESISTOR
Resistors are used to limit the value of current in a circuit. Resistors offer
opposition to the flow of current. They are expressed in ohms for which the
symbol is ‘’. Resistors are broadly classified as
(1) Fixed Resistors
(2) Variable Resistors

Fixed Resistors :
The most common of low wattage, fixed type resistors is the molded-carbon
composition resistor. The resistive material is of carbon clay composition. The
leads are made of tinned copper. Resistors of this type are readily available in
value ranging from few ohms to about 20M, having a tolerance range of 5 to
20%. They are quite inexpensive. The relative size of all fixed resistors changes
with the wattage rating.
Another variety of carbon composition resistors is the metalized
type. It is made by deposition a homogeneous film of pure carbon over a glass,
ceramic or other insulating core. This type of film-resistor is sometimes called
the precision type, since it can be obtained with an accuracy of 1%.

Lead Tinned Copper Material

Colour Coding Molded Carbon Clay Composition

Fixed Resistor

A Wire Wound Resistor :

It uses a length of resistance wire, such as nichrome. This wire is wounded on to

a round hollow porcelain core. The ends of the winding are attached to these
metal pieces inserted in the core. Tinned copper wire leads are attached to these
metal pieces. This assembly is coated with an enamel coating powdered glass.
This coating is very smooth and gives mechanical protection to winding.
Commonly available wire wound resistors have resistance values ranging from
1 to 100K, and wattage rating up to about 200W.
Coding Of Resistor :
Some resistors are large enough in size to have their resistance printed on the
body. However there are some resistors that are too small in size to have
numbers printed on them. Therefore, a system of colour coding is used to
indicate their values. For fixed, moulded composition resistor four colour bands
are printed on one end of the outer casing. The colour bands are always read left
to right from the end that has the bands closest to it. The first and second band
represents the first and second significant digits, of the resistance value. The
third band is for the number of zeros that follow the second digit. In case the
third band is gold or silver, it represents a multiplying factor of 0.1to 0.01. The
fourth band represents the manufacture’s tolerance.

RESISTOR COLOUR CHART

0 black 0 black 0 black 0 black

1 brown 1 brown 1 brown 1 brown

2 red 2 red 2 red 2 red
3 orange 3 orange 3 orange 3 orange

4 yellow 4 yellow 4 yellow 4 yellow

5 green 5 green 5 green 5 green
6 blue 6 blue 6 blue 6 blue

7 purple 7 purple 7 purple 7 purple

8 silver 8 silver 8 silver 8 silver

9 white 9 white 9 white 9 white

For example, if a resistor has a colour band sequence: yellow, violet, orange
and gold
 Then its range will be—
Yellow=4, violet=7, orange=10³, gold=±5% =47KΏ ±5% =2.35KΏ
Most resistors have 4 bands:
 The first band gives the first digit.
 The second band gives the second digit.
 The third band indicates the number of zeros.
 The fourth band is used to show the tolerance (precision) of the resistor.

This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands.
So its value is 270000 = 270 k .
The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 . To show these
small values two special colours are used for the third band: gold, which means
× 0.1 and silver which means × 0.01. The first and second bands represent the
digits as normal.
For example:
red, violet, gold bands represent 27 × 0.1 = 2.7
blue, green, silver bands represent 56 × 0.01 = 0.56
The fourth band of the colour code shows the tolerance of a resistor. Tolerance
is the precision of the resistor and it is given as a percentage. For example a 390
resistor with a tolerance of ±10% will have a value within 10% of 390 ,
between 390 - 39 = 351 and 390 + 39 = 429 (39 is 10% of 390)
A special colour code is used for the fourth band tolerance:
silver ±10%, gold ±5%, red ±2%, brown ±1%.
If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is ±20%.
VARIABLE RESISTOR:
In electronic circuits, sometimes it becomes necessary to adjust the values of
currents and voltages. For n example it is often desired to change the volume of
 sound, the brightness of a television picture etc. Such adjustments can be done
by using variable resistors.
Although the variable resistors are usually called rheostats in other
applications, the smaller variable resistors commonly used in electronic
circuits are called potentiometers
TRANSISTORS
A transistor is an active device. It consists of two PN junctions formed by
sandwiching either p-type or n-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite
types.
There are two types of transistor:
1. n-p-n transistor
2. p-n-p transistor

An n-p-n transistor is composed of two n-type semiconductors separated

by a thin section of p-type. However a p-n-p type semiconductor is formed by
two p-sections separated by a thin section of n-type.
Transistor has two pn junctions one junction is forward biased and other
is reversed biased. The forward junction has a low resistance path whereas a
reverse biased junction has a high resistance path.
The weak signal is introduced in the low resistance circuit and output is
taken from the high resistance circuit. Therefore a transistor transfers a signal
from a low resistance to high resistance.
 Transistor has three sections of doped semiconductors. The section on
one side is emitter and section on the opposite side is collector. The middle
section is base.
Emitter : The section on one side that supplies charge carriers is called emitter.
The emitter is always forward biased w.r.t. base.

Collector : The section on the other side that collects the charge is called
collector. The collector is always reversed biased.

Base : The middle section which forms two pn-junctions between the emitter
and collector is called base.
A transistor raises the strength of a weak signal and thus acts as an
amplifier. The weak signal is applied between emitter-base junction and output
is taken across the load Rc connected in the collector circuit. The collector
current flowing through a high load resistance Rc produces a large voltage
across it. Thus a weak signal applied in the input appears in the amplified form
in the collector circuit.
 DIODE

ACTIVE COMPONENT-

Active component are those component for not any other component are
used its operation. I used in this project only function diode, these component
description are described as bellow.

SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE-
A PN junctions is known as a semiconductor or crystal diode.A crystal
diode has two terminal when it is connected in a circuit one thing is decide is
weather a diode is forward or reversed biased. There is a easy rule to ascertain
it. If the external CKT is trying to push the conventional current in the direction
of error, the diode is forward biased. One the other hand if the conventional
current is trying is trying to flow opposite the error head, the diode is reversed
biased putting in simple words.

1. If arrowhead of diode symbol is positive W.R.T Bar of the symbol,

the diode is forward biased.
2.The arrowhead of diode symbol is negative W.R.T bar , the diode is the
reverse bias.

When we used crystal diode it is often necessary to know that which end
is arrowhead and which end is bar. So following method are available.
1.Some manufactures actually point the symbol on the body of the diode
e. g By127 by 11 4 crystal diode manufacture by b e b.
 2. Sometimes red and blue marks are on the body of the crystal diode.
Red mark do not arrow where’s blue mark indicates bar e .g oa80
crystal diode.

ZENER DIODE-

It has been already discussed that when the reverse bias on a

crystal diode is increased a critical voltage, called break down voltage. The
break down or zener voltage depends upon the amount of doping. If the diode is
heavily doped depletion layer will be thin and consequently the break down of
he junction will occur at a lower reverse voltage. On the other hand, a lightly
doped diode has a higher break down voltage, it is called zener diode.

A properly doped crystal diode, which has a sharped break down voltage, is
known as a zenor diode.

In this project I used semiconducter diode for bridge rectifies, two-crystal diode.

Heat sink

Waste heat is produced in transistors due to the current flowing through them.
Heat sinks are needed for power transistors because they pass large currents. If
you find that a transistor is becoming too hot to touch it certainly needs a heat
sink! The heat sink helps to dissipate (remove) the heat by transferring it to the
surrounding air.
CONNECTORS

Connectors are basically used for interface between two. Here we

use connectors for having interface between PCB and 8051 Microprocessor Kit.
There are two types of connectors they are male and female. The one,
which is with pins inside, is female and other is male.
These connectors are having bus wires with them for connection.
For high frequency operation the average circumference of a coaxial cable must
be limited to about one wavelength, in order to reduce multimodal propagation
and eliminate erratic reflection coefficients, power losses, and signal distortion.
The standardization of coaxial connectors during World War II was mandatory
for microwave operation to maintain a low reflection coefficient or a low
voltage standing wave ratio.
Seven types of microwave coaxial connectors are as follows:
1.APC-3.5
2.APC-7
3.BNC
4.SMA
5.SMC
6.TNC
7.Type N
 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
A junction diode, such as LED, can emit light or exhibit electro luminescence.
Electro luminescence is obtained by injecting minority carriers into the region
of a pn junction where radiative transition takes place. In radiative transition,
there is a transition of electron from the conduction band to the valence band,
which is made possibly by emission of a photon. Thus, emitted light comes
from the hole electron recombination. What is required is that electrons should
make a transition from higher energy level to lower energy level releasing
photon of wavelength corresponding to the energy difference associated with
this transition. In LED the supply of high-energy electron is provided by
forward biasing the diode, thus injecting electrons into the n-region and holes
into p-region.
The pn junction of LED is made from heavily doped material. On forward
bias condition, majority carriers from both sides of the junction cross the
potential barrier and enter the opposite side where they are then minority carrier
and cause local minority carrier population to be larger than normal. This is
termed as minority injection. These excess minority carrier diffuse away from
the junction and recombine with majority carriers.
In LED, every injected electron takes part in a radiative recombination and
hence gives rise to an emitted photon. Under reverse bias no carrier injection
takes place and consequently no photon is emitted. For direct transition from
conduction band to valence band the emission wavelength.
In practice, every electron does not take part in radiative recombination and
hence, the efficiency of the device may be described in terms of the quantum
efficiency which is defined as the rate of emission of photons divided by the
rate of supply of electrons. The number of radiative recombination, that take
place, is usually proportional to the carrier injection rate and hence to the total
current flowing.
 LED Materials:
One of the first materials used for LED is GaAs. This is a direct band gap
material, i.e., it exhibits very high probability of direct transition of electron
from conduction band to valence band. GaAs has E= 1.44 eV. This works in the
infrared region.
GaP and GaAsP are higher band gap materials. Gallium phosphide is an indirect
band gap semiconductor and has poor efficiency because band to band
transitions are not normally observed.
Gallium Arsenide Phosphide is a tertiary alloy. This material has a special
feature in that it changes from being direct band gap material.
Blue LEDs are of recent origin. The wide band gap materials such as GaN are
one of the most promising LEDs for blue and green emission. Infrared LEDs are
suitable for optical coupler applications.

Buzzer

It is an electronic signaling device which produces buzzing sound. It is commonly used in

automobiles, phone alarm systems and household appliances. Buzzers work in the same
manner as an alarm works. They are generally equipped with sensors or switches connected
to a control unit and the control unit illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control
panel, and sound a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping
sound.

The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were
electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles.

Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms, timers and confirmation of user input
such as a mouse click or keystroke.
2.9.1Types of Buzzers
The different types of buzzers are electric buzzers, electronic buzzers, mechanical buzzers,
electromechanical, magnetic buzzers, piezoelectric buzzers and piezo buzzers.

(i) Electric buzzers –

A basic model of electric buzzer usually consists of simple circuit components such as
resistors, a capacitor and 555 timer IC or an integrated circuit with a range of timer and
multi-vibrator functions. It works through small bits of electricity vibrating together which
causes sound.

(ii) Electronic buzzers –

An electronic buzzer comprises an acoustic vibrator comprised of a circular metal plate
having its entire periphery rigidly secured to a support, and a piezoelectric element adhered
to one face of the metal plate. A driving circuit applies electric driving signals to the vibrator
to vibrationally drive it at a 1/N multiple of its natural frequency, where N is an integer, so
that the vibrator emits an audible buzzing sound. The metal plate is preferably mounted to
undergo vibration in a natural vibration mode having only one nodal circle. The drive circuit
includes an inductor connected in a closed loop with the vibrator, which functions as a
capacitor, and the circuit applies signals at a selectively variable frequency to the closed
loop to accordingly vary the inductance of the inductor to thereby vary the period of
oscillation of the acoustic vibrator and the resultant frequency of the buzzing sound.

(iii) Mechanical Buzzer-

A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer.

(iv) Piezo Buzzers/ Piezoelectric Buzzers –

A piezo buzzer is made from two conductors that are separated by Piezo crystals. When a
voltage is applied to these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. The
result of this push and pull is a sound wave. These buzzers can be used for many things, like
signaling when a period of time is up or making a sound when a particular button has been
pushed. The process can also be reversed to use as a guitar pickup. When a sound wave is
passed, they create an electric signal that is passed on to an audio amplifier.
Piezo buzzers are small electronic devices that emit sounds when driven by low voltages and
currents. They are also called piezoelectric buzzers. They usually have two electrodes and a
diaphragm. The diaphragm is made from a metal plate and piezoelectric material such as a
ceramic plate.

(v) Magnetic Buzzers –

Magnetic buzzers are magnetic audible signal devices with built-in oscillating circuits. The
construction combines an oscillation circuit unit with a detection coil, a drive coil and a
magnetic transducer. Transistors, resistors, diodes and other small devices act as circuit
devices for driving sound generators. With the application of voltage, current flows to the
drive coil on primary side and to the detection coil on the secondary side. The amplification
circuit, including the transistor and the feedback circuit, causes vibration. The oscillation
current excites the coil and the unit generates an AC magnetic field corresponding to an
oscillation frequency. This AC magnetic field magnetizes the yoke comprising the magnetic
circuit. The oscillation from the intermittent magnetization prompts the vibration diaphragm
to vibrate up and down, generating buzzer sounds through the resonator.

In this project, a magnetic buzzer has been used.

2.9.2 Circuit of buzzer –
2.9.3 Role of buzzer in this project
Buzzer in this system gives the beep when car moves inside cutting the infrared light.
Basically it generates the signal to indicate that car has entered in the parking space.

Conclusion
The project of automatic vehicle breaking has successfully completed and
working properly .The system can be employed in the original car by providing
the connection of the microcontroller with the break system ,So that break will
press as soonas any obstacle will detected. This system is very useful in today’s
traffic on road and prevent from the daily accidents .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUIT THEORY BY ROBERT L.

BOYLSTEAD AND LOUIS NASHELSKY
 “Embedded System using 8051“ (E-book)
Lalit Kumar goel and Gaurav Sharma from Meerut
 OP-AMPS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS BY
RAMAKANT A. GAYAKWAD
 DIGITAL DESIGN BY M.MORRIS MANO
 A COURSE IN ELECTRICAL END ELECTRONIC
MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION BY A.K.SAWHNEY
 SOME OF THE FOLLOWING WEB SITES WERE ACCESSED

 www.alldatasheets.com
 www.datasheetcatalog.com
 www.technowave.co.in
 www.electroniccircuitschematic.com
 www.epanaroma.com
 www.yahoo.com
 www.google.com
 www.scielectronics.com
 www.parallax.com
 www.parallaxinc.com