Chapter 4

Result and Discussion

4.1 General

This chapter discusses the experimental findings of the research work which are gathered from
the slump test, compressive strength test, splitting tensile test, water absorption test, electron
microscopy test of the concrete sample. There were five mix variation were tested as WTP-0%,
WTP-5%, WTP-10%, WTP-15% and WTP-20%mof waste tiles powder by the weight of cement
respectively. This chapter concludes by presenting the study's findings and outcomes, including
graphs, tables, and microscopic images and their interpretations.

4.2 Workability of Concrete: Slump Test

A concrete slump test evaluates a batch of concrete's consistency to determine how smoothly it
will flow. The test not only checks batch consistency but also looks for flaws in a mixture,
providing the operator a chance to fix the mixture before it is poured on site. Perhaps the word
"workability of concrete" is broad and arbitrary, but it refers to how easily freshly mixed
concrete may be mixed, placed, solidified, and finished with the least amount of homogeneity
loss. Gilson‘s, (2016) elaborated that the purpose of the concrete slump test is typically to
determine whether concrete is workable. A decrease in material mobility due to the relative
movement of the particles may be the cause of the decreased workability of concrete. It
prevented the concrete mixtures from segregating and flowing as a result [21]. In the table 4.1
there is shown the slump values of the test.

Table 4.1: Slump value for different mixes

Mix Type Slump Value (mm)

WTP-0% 115
WTP-5% 112

WTP-10% 106

WTP-15% 102

WTP-20% 97
From the table here is shown the decreasing value of slump test by the variation changes in the
percentage of replacement of cement. Water cement ratio (w/c) is the main factor for behind
enhancing in the workability of the concrete. Also aggregate size and admixture is a part of this.
The workability of the desired concrete has shown the slump value of 97mm to 115mm. This
was supported by a subsequent investigation that demonstrated how significantly the slump was
decreased when more than 20% WTP was substituted for cement. A significant amount of free
water might be absorbed by excessive WTP, which would make the material less workable[22].

120

110

100
Slump Value (mm)

90

80

70

60
WTP-0% WTP-5% WTP-10% WTP-15% WTP-20%

Variation mixes

Figure 4.1: Slump value for different % of waste tiles powder

The figure 4.1 shows the slump value of maximum in the control mixture where there is no
additive used and that is 115mm. As the variation changes by partial replacement the slump
value started to decrease. The typical w/c 0.5 was used in the mixture. By the test it is shown that
increase of tiles powder the slump value will be decreased respectively. As there was used
recycled aggregate in the mixture that absorb more water than natural aggregate. However
increase or decrease of the slump value, all concrete mixtures' slump values were maintained
within the required slump range.

4.3 Compressive Strength Test of Concrete

Compressive strength testing is mostly done to make sure that the concrete mix that was supplied
on site complies with the task specification's stipulated strength, fc', also to check whether load-
bearing stones are appropriate for construction. Compressive testing demonstrates how a material
will respond to compression. Compression testing may assess a material's plastic flow behavior
and ductile fracture limits as well as determine how a material responds to crushing loads.
Compressive strength is the capacity of the carrying load that can be withstand to the failure
mode of concrete. This is a common technique in worldwide and the process is continued by
crushing of specimens put into the compression test machine. This test is more important element
for the design procedure of structure.

This test method is covered with the compressive strength determination of specimens of
cylindrical shape concrete mold ( height 200mm and diameter 100mm ). Approximately 45
specimens were made for the test at curing age of 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. This taste shows
the variation in compressive strength at a different percentage of waste tiles powder from 0% to
20% which is shown in the table 4.2. This analysis shows the strength of concrete mold from
12.3 MPa to 17.5 MPa for the curing age of 7 days. And similarly the compressive strength
ranged from 17.9 to 25.8 MPa and from 19.3 to 27.1 MPa for the curing age of 28 days and 56
days cordially. The minimum and maximum strength was found for the 7 days curing is 12.3
MPa and 15.4 MPa for the replacement of cement about 20% and 10%. Again this minimum and
maximum strength was found about 17.9 MPa and 21.7 MPa for the variation of 20% and 10%
approximately for the curing of 28 days and for the same percentage variation of waste tiles
powder minimum and maximum strength was found 19.3 MPa and 27.1 MPa for the 56 days of
curing. The strength loss for a 30% replacement is seen to be low, making it almost
inconsequential. For 40% and 50% replacements, the strength loss is greater [1]. For this in this
test replacement was lasted at 20% as the after that the result will not come out satisfactory. In
this test recycled aggregate was used except of natural aggregate. The advantages of using
construction demolition debris and consuming fewer natural aggregates outweigh the issues
brought on by a slight reduction in compressive strength [7]. From the table this is shown that the
decreasing value of concrete strength by the use of recycled aggregate as well as with the partial
replacement of cement with waste tiles powder. Froudinstou-Yannas attributed that the amount of
strength loss in RCA concrete varies depending on the source aggregate (1977's).

Table 4.2: Variation of compressive strength test of concrete specimens

Mix Type 7 Days 28 Days 56 Days
Strength Average Strength Average Strength Average
(MPa) Strength (MPa) Strength (MPa) Strength
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
WTP-0 % 17.4 25.4 26.8
18.1 17.5 26.2 25.8 27.4 27.1
16.9 25.7 26.9
WTP-5 % 14.1 19.9 21.2
13.7 13.9 19.5 20.2 22.0 21.9
13.9 21.2 22.5
WTP-10 % 14.9 21.3 22.4
15.5 15.4 21.7 21.7 23.1 23.4
15.9 22.1 24.6
WTP-15 % 14.8 21.1 23.2
14.1 14.3 19.5 20.7 22.5 22.3
13.9 21.5 21.2
WTP-20 % 12.5 17.7 19.8
12.8 12.3 18.1 17.9 19.2 19.3
11.7 17.9 18.7

After finishing of the curing procedure of those specimens of 7,28 and 56 days these test result
was found by the test in the compression machine. For the control mixture WTP-0 the strength
was found maximum which are 17.5 MPa, 25.8 MPa and 27.1 MPa for 7,28 and 56 days of
curing. But the maximum strength by partial replacement of cement with tiles powder was found
21.7 MPa for the 28 days and 22.4 MPa for the 56 days of curing for the mixture of WTP-10%.
 30

25

20
Compressive strength (MPa)

15

10

0
WTP-0% WTP-5% WTP-10% WTP-15% WTP-20% WTP-20%

Variation of mixes

7 Days 28 Days 56 Days

Figure 4.2: Compressive strength test specimens for 7,28 and 56 days

Figure 4.2 shows the variation of strength when the mixture WTP-5% then the compressive
strength is accordingly 13.9 MPa, 20.2 MPa and 21.9 MPa. In the WTP-10% the value is
maximum rather than the other replacement and WTP-15% shows the strength value of 14.3
MPa, 20.7 MPa and 22.3 MPa and lastly the mixture WTP-20% shows the minimum value of
strength among those which are 12.3 MPa, 17.9 MPa and 19.3 MPa for the days of 7,28 and 56
accordingly. The substitution of waste ceramic has resulted in a slight decrease in compressive
strength while enhancing concrete flowability [5]. The taste result was calculated by the average
value of each partial replacement variation by taking three different samples testing. The
examination of ceramic aggregate has aided in the trend analysis (Pacheco-Torgal and Jalali,
2010; Medina et al., 2012). This is because ceramic waste concrete has a chemical composition
that has a comparative larger amount of SiO2 and CaO. The compressive strength test conducted
using CWP in place of cement revealed that as the replacement ratio was increased, the
compressive strength gradually (though slightly) declined, reaching a replacement ratio of 25%.
This can be the result of the pozzolanic reaction between calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and
silicon oxide (SiO2) that occurred during the hydration process[15]. As the strength get started to
decrease its strength from the partial replacement of such 20% so, the favourable value of partial
replacement is between 10%-15% which is considerable for getting more likely acceptable in
terms of the strength.

c) WTP-0% b) WTP-5% a) WTP-10%

e) WTP-15% d) WTP-20%

Figure 4.3: Compressive strength failure patterns of the concrete specimen

4.4: Splitting Tensile Strength Test of Concrete

When tensile forces are greater than the concrete's tensile strength, fractures begin to appear. The
direct tension is then too much for it to handle. In order to establish the load at which the
concrete members may crack, it is important to determine the tensile strength of concrete. The
test primarily serves as an indirect method of assessing concrete's tensile test. A conventional
cylindrical specimen is placed horizontally in this test, and a force is exerted radially on its
surface until a vertical crack forms along the specimen's diameter. Split tensile strength can be
used to eliminate any eccentricity that exists in the direct tensile strength and prevents the
application of real axial load. The tensile splitting strength of typical concretes ranges from 8%
to 12% of the compressive strength. Similar to the findings of the compressive strength test, the
results of the splitting tensile strength test for the concretes that make up WTP vary according to
their ages.

In this test method covers the determination of splitting tensile test of the specimens that is made
with different variation. Unlikely compressive strength approximately cylindrical molds were
made (height 300mm and diameter 150mm) for each partial replacement of the cement with
waste tiles powder for the age of curing respectively 7,28 and 56 days. For each variation one
mold was prepared so as to for the three different time duration of curing age about 15
cylindrical mold were made as there were five sample percentage variation in the concrete
mixture. Table 4.2 here represents an overall estimated value of the strength getting by the split
tensile test. It is highly noted that all the test results have found by using testing machine in the
laboratory at 7,28 and 56 days. The statistical analysis demonstrates that the concrete's splitting
tensile strength at all the curing ages ranged from 1.36 MPa to 2.62 MPa. The splitting tensile
strength at the 7 days of curing age ranged from 1.36 MPa to 1.71MPa On the other hand at 28
days this ranged from 1.98 MPa to 2.48 MPa. And also for the 56 days of curing age this ranged
from 2.12 MPa to 2.62 MPa. It was also discovered that different degrees of WTP had a
favorable impact on the tensile characteristics of concrete that contained recycled aggregates and
ceramic waste as total coarse aggregates [16]. The variation in splitting tensile strength was due
to the use of WTP in the mixture with the presence of recycled aggregate without use any
natural aggregate. So the strength was decreased slightly rather than increasing min much. No
shock was applied during the split tensile strength testing and the load was steadily raised at a
nominal rate between 1.2 and 2.4 N/mm2 /min [20]. Control mixture that means the 0% use of
WTP has the maximum value of splitting tensile strength. After adding the partial replacement
material that is WTP the strength was found maximum at a variation in 10% and after that it
become started decreasing when the variation turns into 15% and 20% that is shown in table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Summery of splitting tensile test of concrete for 7,28 and 56 days

Mix Type 7 Days 28 Days 56 Days

Strength Strength Strength
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
WTP-0 % 1.71 2.48 2.62

WTP-5 % 1.46 2.12 2.25

WTP-10 % 1.55 2.24 2.30

WTP-15 % 1.42 2.06 2.15

WTP-20 % 1.36 1.98 2.12

The cylinder was tested after the curing of 7,28 and 56 days. Figure 4.3 represents the value of
the splitting tensile strength for each specimen mixes with the partial replacement of cement.
Without any replacement of cement, the control mix shows that the strength was found 1.71
MPa, 2.48 MPa and 2.62 MPa for the curing duration of 7,28 and 56 days. But aster the
replacement of cement the strength was found maximum at WTP-10% which is about 1.55 MPa,
2.24 MPa and 2.30 MPa respectively for those three different curing duration. The higher surface
area of RA in contact with the new cementitious matrix in RAC and the enhanced bond strength
at the ITZ may be the cause of this increase in strength [17]. After that increase of replacement of
cement there was found decreasing value of in the strength for the variation of WTP-15% and
WTP-20% gradually that was found 1.42 MPa, 2.06 MPa, 2.15 MPa and 1.36 MPa, 1.98 MPa,
2.12 MPa for the curing age of 7,28 and 56 days respectively. The results revealed that,
compared to the control mix, the acceptable results and the resulting mortar preserved their
qualities even when CWP was replaced with cement up to 30% [19]. From the figure 4.3 it is
shown that the increase of more percentage value of waste tiles powder tends to the decrease of
the strength of splitting tensile of the concrete.

2.5

2
Splitting Tensile strength (MPa)

1.5

0.5

0
WTP-0 % WTP-5 % WTP-10 % WTP-15 % WTP-20 %

Variation of mixes

7 Days 28 Days 56 Days

Figure 4.4: Splitting tensile test of concrete for 7,28 and 56 days

From the test it represents the maximum test value was found between 10% to 15%. However
after the 20% of partial replacement of waste tiles powder the tensile strength decreased with the
high rate. Hence the at least of 15% replacement of waste tiles powder can be considered as the
favourable partial replacement of cement.
4.5: Water Absorption Test of Concrete

To calculate the amount of water absorbed under particular circumstances, water absorption is
utilized. An estimate of the total pore volume of the concrete may be obtained from the water
absorption during immersion. When testing concrete pavers, a specimen is dried to a consistent
weight, weighed, submerged in water for a certain period of time, and weighed again. To
describe this feature more precisely, this test technique assesses the sample's percentage weight
rise after the trial.
Water absorption is an important marker of how long concrete will last. Under demanding
service conditions, reducing water absorption can significantly improve the long-term quality of
concrete [28]. Water absorption has a considerable influence on the durability of concrete. There
were made five different variation of cylindrical samples (height 200mm and diameter 100mm)
and were cured for 28 days. After the completion of curing process this test were held and
determined the different values by causing partial replacement of the cement. Table 4.4 shows
the different water absorption values in different percentage stage of waste tiles powder. This test
was also conducted using a recycled aggregate mixture, making any variations in size appear to
be extremely preferable.

Table 4.4: The test result of water absorption

Concrete Mixture Water Absorption (%)

WTP-0% 12.58

WTP-5% 12.02

WTP-10% 11.06

WTP-15% 12.17
 WTP-20% 12.85

Table 4.4 provides a summary of the impact of the integration of recycled materials on water
absorption by immersion. By the test there was found that the overall water absorption increases
when the natural aggregate were replaced by the recycled aggregate. As well as it was also
increased for using the partial replacement of cement with the waste tiles powder.

13

12.5

12
Water Absorption (%)

11.5

11

10.5

10
WTP-0% WTP-5% WTP-10% WTP-15% WTP-20%

Variation Mixes

Figure 4.5: Variation of water absorption with percentage replacement of WTP

From figure 4.5 it is shown that the minimum percentage of water absorption was found at 10%
replacement of cement. After that by increasing of percentage of filler material it also started to
increase gradually in water absorption that was found for the result of 15% and 20%. A concrete
test specimen with more than 20% failed due to deterioration as the absorption percentage
increasing after that. Finally, it is good to use the replacement that had the minimum absorption
value rather than use of replacement more than 15% or 20% or else, that is not suitable for
concrete.

Chapter 5
Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1: Conclusions

Concrete is the most important building material in the construction business. Every year, both in
Bangladesh and throughout the world, the ceramics sector produces enormous volumes of
pozzolanic clay wastes. This study examines the workability and mechanical characteristics of
concrete that uses waste tiles powder in place of some of the cement with the presence of
recycled aggregate. Five concrete mixtures with various amounts of waste tiles powder inclusion
were tested as part of this research to determine how this material performed in recycled
aggregate. The partial replacement proportions of cement by WTP were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and
20%. The following conclusions may be taken from the experimental test program's findings:

 According to the concrete slump test, more water is needed for concrete with increasing
ceramic content than for concrete with more cement. The slump values of WTP mixtures
were in the range of 97 to 115 mm. Because of the greater tiles powder content in the
concrete mixtures are also denser and less workable.
 Mixtures with various proportions of tiles powder replacement have significantly altered
the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. However, the sharp and rough
edges of the recycled aggregate aid in increasing interlocking, resulting in a solid link
between them. From the test it is concluded that the most favourable mix proportion
range is held between 10% - 15% of the replacement of the cement. By replacing 10% of
cement with the WTP the compressive strength was found 15.4 MPa, 21.7 MPa and 23.4
MPa for 7,28 and 56 days.
  By doing the test following the completion of the targeted curing ages, splitting tensile
strength was also discovered. Additionally, it was done for the five different WTP
replacement variations, and the WTP-0% (control) mixture and WTP-10% combination
both had the highest strength. For the curing of 7, 25, and 56 days, the strength range of
the splitting tensile test was determined to be 1.36 MPa to 2.62 MPa.
 For the concrete samples with those five different partial replacements of cement, water
absorption tests were also performed. Utilizing recycled aggregate in the mixture has an
added effect in this. When recycled aggregate comes into touch with cement, it tries to
absorb additional water. Therefore, the increase in water absorption % was highlighted
more so than the usage of natural aggregate. Increasing of replacement of cement by
15%, 20% or more also causes of increasing in water absorption.

5.2: Recommendations for Further Study

 The thermal behavior, shrinkage behavior, and fire resistance of partly replaced waste
tiles powder (WTP) concrete are proposed to be tested. Future testing on concrete
specimens may utilize non-destructive techniques like the rebound hammer test and
ultrasonic pulse velocity test, as well as a variety of different factors. Further
investigation into the impacts of mixture proportion, RCA replacement %, and the
inclusion of extra supplemental materials can be conducted with the replacement of
cement.