CE-409: Steel Structures

Lecture No. 7 & 8

Compression Members

By:

Dr. Muhammad Waseem

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar

Lecture Contents

• Introduction
• Compression Members Types
• Column Theory and Buckling Modes
• Critical Buckling Stress
• Effective Length
• AISC Requirements
• Local Stability
• AISC Tables for Compression Members
• Column Design
• More on Effective Length
• Effective Length of Inelastic Columns

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Introduction
Compression Members

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Compression Members Types

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Compression Members Types (Cont.)

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Compression Members Types (Cont.)
Compression Terminology

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Column Theory And Buckling Modes

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Column Theory And Buckling Modes (Cont.)

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Example

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Critical Buckling Stress

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

where
E = modulus of elasticity of the material,
I = moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area with respect to the minor
principal axis,
L is the length of the member between points of support.

• For Equation 4.1 to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must be free to
rotate but not translate laterally. This end condition is satisfied by hinges or pins, as
shown in Figure 4.2.

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

• The derivation of Equation 4.1 is given here to illustrate the importance of the end
conditions.

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Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

The differential equation giving the deflected shape of an elastic member subjected to
bending is

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝑴
=- (4.2)
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝑬𝑰
where
x locates a point along the longitudinal axis of the member, y is the deflection of the axis at
that point, and M is the bending moment at the point. E and I were previously defined, and
here the moment of inertia I is with respect to the axis of bending (buckling). If we begin at
the point of buckling, then from Figure 4.3 the bending moment is 𝑃𝑐𝑟 y.
Equation 4.2 can then be written as

𝑷𝒄𝒓
𝒚" + 𝐲=𝟎
𝑬𝑰

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to x. This is a second-order,

linear, ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients and has the solution

y = A cos(cx) + B sin(cx)

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

The various values of n correspond to different buckling modes; n = 1 represents the first
mode, n = 2 the second, and so on.
A value of zero gives the trivial case of no load. These buckling modes are illustrated in
Figure 4.4. Values of n larger than 1 are not possible unless the compression member is
physically restrained from deflecting at the points where the reversal of curvature would
occur.

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

For any material,

the critical
buckling stress can
be plotted as a
function of
slenderness, as
shown

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

Tangent-Modulus Theory

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

Tangent-Modulus Theory: (Drawbacks)

• Engesser’s Conclusion was challenged with the basis that buckling begins with no
increase in load.
• The tangent-modulus theory oversimplifies the inelastic buckling by using only one
tangent modulus. In reality, the tangent modulus depends on the stress, which is a
function of the bending moment that varies with the displacement w.
• The tangent-modulus theory tends to underestimate the strength of the column, since it
uses the tangent modulus once the stress on the concave side exceeds the proportional
limit while the convex side is still below the elastic limit.

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

Reduced Modulus Theory

• Engesser presented a second solution to the inelastic-buckling, in which the bending
stiffness of the x-section is expressed in terms of double modulus Er to compensate for
the underestimation given by the tangent-modulus theory.
• For a column with rectangular cross section, the reduced modulus is defined by:

• The corresponding critical stress is,

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

Reduced Modulus Theory: (Drawbacks)

• The reduced-modulus theory tends to overestimate the strength of the column, since it is
based on stiffness reversal on the convex side of the column.
• The reduced-modulus theory oversimplifies the inelastic buckling by using only one
tangent modulus. In reality, the tangent modulus depends on the stress which is a
function of the bending moment that varies with the displacement w.

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

Shanley’s Theory

• The critical load of inelastic buckling is in fact a function of the transverse displacement w.
• Practically there are manufacturing defects in mass production and geometric
inaccuracies in assembly.
• This is the reason why many design formulas are based on the overly-conservative
tangent-modulus theory.

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Critical Buckling Stress (Cont.)

Shanley’s Theory

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Professor Gregory Wilson
Professor Gregory Wilson
Effective Length

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Effective Length (Cont.)

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AISC Requirements

LRFD

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AISC Requirements (Cont.)
ASD

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AISC Requirements (Cont.)

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AISC Requirements (Cont.)

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AISC Requirements (Cont.)

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Example

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Example (Cont.)

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Local Stability

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Local Stability (Cont.)

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Local Stability (Cont.)

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Local Stability (Cont.)

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Example

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AISC Tables For Compression Members

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AISC Tables For Compression Members (Cont.)

Example of
Table 4 - 22

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AISC Tables For Compression Members (Cont.)

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AISC Tables For Compression Members (Cont.)

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AISC Tables For Compression Members (Cont.)

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AISC Tables For Compression Members (Cont.)

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Example

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Column Design

Design

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Column Design

Steps Of Design

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Example

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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More On Effective Length

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More On Effective Length (Cont.)

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More On Effective Length (Cont.)

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Example

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Example (cont.)

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Effective Length of Inelastic Columns

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Effective Length of Inelastic Columns (Cont.)

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Effective Length of Inelastic Columns (Cont.)

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Effective Length of Inelastic Columns (Cont.)

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Example

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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Example (Cont.)

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 THANK YOU

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