Student Life

YOUR HARVARD
REFERENCING GUIDE
Guidance for students who enrolled
before summer 2019

Library &
Learning Services
CONTENTS
About This Guide 3

What Is Referencing? 4

Why Do It? 5

Citing 6

Citing in the Body of the Text 7

Quoting in the Text 10

Secondary Referencing 11

Reference Lists 12

Bibliographies 13

Layouts for Your Reference List and Bibliography 14

A–Z Referencing Examples 15

Frequently Asked Questions 72

Study Support 73

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S About This Guide
This guide is designed to help you
understand how to cite and reference
your information appropriately using
the Harvard system of referencing.

Our guide is intended to give you help

with some of the common types of
information you may need to cite and
reference. It is not possible to include
every single type of information but
once you are familiar with our guidance,
you should be able to use it to create
references for types of information
which are not included.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 3

What Is Referencing?

Referencing is a way of acknowledging zzVideo, film, CDs and audio

that you have used the ideas and recordings/clips.
work belonging to someone else. zzNewspapers.
It demonstrates that you have zzConference papers.
undertaken an appropriate literature zzPamphlets.
search and carried out appropriate zzRadio/TV broadcasts – you must
reading. check with your lecturer that this
type of material is okay to use in your
The following are examples of sources assignment!
you might access and need to zzPersonal communication – you
reference: should ask permission from the other
person(s) before quoting personal
zzBooks and ebooks. communication.
zzJournal and e-journal articles. zzInterviews – if this is a personal
zzWeb pages. interview, you must always ask
zzEmails. permission of the interviewee before
using such material.

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Why Do It?
zzAnyone reading your assignments zzGood quality references give you a
should be able to trace the sources good basis for your argument.
you have used in the development of
your work. zzAccurate referencing is good
academic practice and enhances
zzReferencing gives you the the presentation of your work. If you
opportunity to demonstrate the have referenced fully and accurately
work you have put into creating your you can be sure that you won’t be
assignment. If you’ve done a lot of accused of plagiarism.
hard work, why keep quiet about it?
zzAccurate referencing can improve
zzReferencing allows you to show which your marks!
parts of the assignment are your own
thoughts, ideas and evaluation.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 5

Citing
When you have used an idea from a
book, journal article or other source, you
must acknowledge this in your text. We
refer to this as ‘citing’.

When you cite someone else’s work,

you must always state the author or
editor and the date of publication. If the
work has two authors or editors you
must cite both surnames when citing
in the body of your own work. Only use
the author and date; do not include
the title, place of publication, and other
information, because these are included
in your reference list at the end of your
assignment.

If the work has multiple authors or

editors you should cite all names unless
there are four or more authors/editors.
If this is the case, you should use the
abbreviation et al. (which is short for et
alia and means ‘and others’) after the
name of the first author.

However, in your reference list or

bibliography you should include all the
author names, regardless of how many
there are.

Read on for more on where and how

you will need to cite.

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Citing in the Body of the Text
Citing an author or editor

When you cite a piece of work you must always state the author/editor and the date
of publication. If the work has two authors/editors you must cite both names. When
citing in-text, you only use the author and date; do not include the title, place of
publication etc as these further details are written in your reference list at the end of
your assignment.

The work of Smith (2002) emphasises that the research […]

There has been considerable debate (Theakston and Boddington 2002) […]

Citing four or more authors

If the work has four or more authors/editors, then use the abbreviation ‘et al.’ – this
should be used after the name of the first author. (Remember: in your reference list
or bibliography, you will need to include all author names, so make sure you keep a
record of who they are!)

The work of Smith et al. (2002) emphasises that […]. However, Theakston and
Boddington (2001) considered that […]

[…] however, this caused even further debate (Smith et al. 2006).

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 7

 Citing in the Body of the Text

Citing different work by the same author from the same year

If you cite an item which has the same author and was written in the same year as
an earlier citation, you must use a lowercase letter after the date to differentiate
between the two.

The work of Smith (2002a) emphasises that the research […]

Citing more than one author to support a point

If you cite several works in support of a single point then include them all in one set
of brackets in chronological order of publication. List any works published in the
same year in alphabetical order.

There has been some considerable debate (Smith 1993; Brown 2001; Jones
2009) […]

Citing from book chapters or sections

If you cite from an edited book that contains collections of chapters, poems or short
stories written by different authors, cite the author of the chapter and not the editor
of the overall collection.

For more information on referencing book chapters/sections, check the layout

guidelines that can be found further on in this booklet.

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 Citing in the Body of the Text

Citing a resource using its title

There are some works where the title appears before the year of publication in
the reference list as oppose to the author. An example of this would be a film (for
more information, check the layout guidelines that can be found further on in this
booklet).

If citing these works in your text, then rather than state an author, state the title in
your citation.

[…] as displayed by the characters’ interaction (Frozen 2013).

The way the characters interact in Frozen (2013) reveals […]

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 9

Quoting in the Text
Often it is better to paraphrase than to use direct quotes. Paraphrasing is putting
text from source material into your own words. This demonstrates that you have
understood the meaning and context of what you have read. You must always
reference paraphrased material. However, where direct quotes are used, you should:

zzuse quotation marks.

Either ‘single’ or “double” quotation marks may be used, but you should always
remain consistent and not switch between the two.

zzstate the page number in addition to the author and year. Use a single ‘p.’ for a
single page (eg p. 6), and ‘pp.’ for a range of pages (eg pp. 6–13).

Simpson (2002, p. 6) declared […]

zzwhere relevant, use an ellipsis (three dots, or full stops: …) in square brackets to
indicate that part of the original text has been omitted from the quotation.

“In 1664, the most common female crime […] was that of battering men.”

zzhave a separate, indented paragraph where quotes take up more than two lines of
text (see below example). Indented quotes don’t require quotation marks.

Boden (1998, p. 72) states:

In 1664, the most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter
Sessions was that of battering men. This would suggest that women
were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would
have liked to believe they were.

Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc should be treated as direct quotes in

that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown (both in your
text where the diagram is discussed or introduced, and in the caption written for it).

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Secondary Referencing

Secondary referencing occurs when you are reading an author who refers to another
author’s work, and you want to use this information to support an argument in your
assignment.

Ideally, you should try to locate the original work so that you can cite directly from
it. However, it may not be possible to access the original work, or it may not be
appropriate (eg when referring to well-established theories).

When citing a secondary reference we recommend that both the author of the
primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should be used:

Ellis (1990), cited by Cox (1991), discusses […]

In your reference list you should only reference the work you have read and cited in
your assignment. Therefore, if you haven’t read and cited from the original work, you
shouldn’t reference it.

The same principle applies to your bibliography (if you decide to include one).
You should only list the work you have read for your assignment. Therefore, if you
haven’t read the original work, you shouldn’t reference it.

NB: Some subject areas ask that secondary referencing should be avoided where
possible. Check with your Academic Liaison Librarian for more information.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 11

Reference Lists
The reference list is a list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment.
The list is inclusive showing books, journals, etc, in one list, not in separate lists
according to source type.

zzThe list should be in alphabetical order by author/editor/organisation.

zzAll the author names of an item should be included, regardless of how many there
are.
zzWhere an item in your reference list has multiple authors, these authors should be
noted by the order in which they appear on the item itself (such as the first and
third references from the example list below).

Books, paper journal articles, e-journal articles, etc, are laid out in a particular format
that must be followed.

Your reference list contains all the items you have cited or directly quoted from. For
example:

Gill, J., Hoffman, J. and Tawadros, G. (2006) Alien nation. London, Institute of
the Contemporary Arts.

Life on campus. (2006) [DVD] London, Imperial College London.

Rymer, J., Smith, T. and Jones, E. (2001) Nottingham Forest: dream team.
London, Blackwell.

For more information, check the layout guidelines that can be found further on in
this booklet.

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Bibliographies
There may be items which you have
consulted for your work, but not cited
anywhere within your assignment’s
text. These can be listed at the end of
your assignment in a bibliography. The
items which form a bibliography should
be listed in alphabetical order by author
and laid out in the same way as items in
your reference list.

If you cite from every source you

consulted, you will only need a
reference list. If you wish to show to
your reader (examiner) the unused
research you carried out, a bibliography
will show your extra effort.

NB: Some subject areas don’t accept

bibliographies and will only accept a
reference list. Check with your subject
tutor for relevant guidance on this.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 13

Layouts for Your Reference
List and Bibliography
When finding information for any of Over the next few pages are some
your essays, dissertations or other layout guidelines for you to use if
pieces of work, always remember to you’re ever unsure of how to correctly
collect information on your source that reference a source. Remember, it
you can use later to properly reference isn’t possible to include every type of
it. Once you have done this, you should information source, but you can use
then reference this source using the these guidelines to help decide how to
correct format. reference anything which isn’t listed.

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A–Z Referencing Examples
A App  16 N Newspaper article  50

Audio: broadcast/recording  17 O Official publication  52

B Blog  18 P Patent  56

Book  19 Personal communication  57

Brochure/leaflet  24 Play  59

C Conference paper  25 Podcast  60

Conference proceedings  26 Poem  see Book: chapter/section

D Data set  27 Presentation/lecture  61

Database  28 R Report/document  64

E Exhibition catalogue  29 S Scripture  66

F Film  30 Short story 

G Game  31  see Book: chapter/section

I Image/illustration  33 Standard  67

Image: original work of art  35 T Television  68

Interview  36 Thesis  70

J Journal article  38 Tweet  71

L Lecture  see Presentation/lecture V Video  72

Live performance  42 W Web page  73

M Map  46

Music  47

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 15

A

A–Z Referencing Examples

App

1 Developer name

2 (Year of publication)

3 Name of app, in italics

4 [Application type, ie iPad, iPhone, Android application].

5 Vers. version number.

6 Available from source of app, ie Apple App Store, Google Play Store, etc).

Example

Media Applications Technologies Limited (2012) BBC iPlayer [iPad

application]. Vers. 2.0.0. Available from Apple App Store.

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 A

A–Z Referencing Examples

Audio: broadcast/recording

1 Author/Corporate author

2 (Year of publication/broadcast)

3 Title of audio recording/broadcast, in italics

4 [Material type, if relevant].

5 Country or city of origin/production,

6 Publisher,

7 Date of broadcast, if known.

Example

British Diabetic Association (2002) Guidelines on nutrition [CD]. London, BDA.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 17

B A–Z Referencing Examples

Blog

1 Author/Corporate author

2 (Year of publication, if available)

3 Title of blog, in italics

4 [Internet].

5 Available from URL

6 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Little, J. (2015) Blogs of war: covering the convergence of conflict, intelligence

and technology since 2002 [Internet]. Available from http://blogsofwar.com/
[Accessed 14th May 2016].

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 A–Z Referencing Examples B

Book

1 Author/Editor/Corporate author – if an editor, always follow with “ed.”

2 (Year of edition’s publication)

3 Title: subtitle, in italics.

4 Edition, if not first edition, followed with “ed.”

5 Series title and number, if part of a series.

6 Place of publication – if more than one place is listed, use the first named,

7 Publisher.

Examples

Duncan, E. ed. (2012) Foundations for practice in occupational therapy. 5th

ed. Edinburgh, Elsevier.

Fox, R. (2005) Teaching and learning: lessons from psychology. Oxford,

Blackwell.

White, S., Fook, J. and Gardner, F. (2006) Critical reflection in health and social
care. Maidenhead, Open University Press.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 19

B A–Z Referencing Examples

Book: chapter/section

1 Author of the chapter

2 (Year of edition’s publication)

3 Title of chapter.

4 In: Editor ed.

5 Title of publication, in italics.

6 Edition, if not first edition, followed with “ed.”

7 Series title and number, if part of a series.

8 Place of publication – if more than one place is listed, use the first named,

9 Publisher,

10 Page numbers – use p. before a single page and pp. where there are multiple
pages.

Example

Stone, T. (2002) Libraries in the twenty-first century. In: Woolley, M. ed. The
changing world of information retrieval. Luton, UOL Press, pp. 23–45.

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 A–Z Referencing Examples B

Book: ebook

If the ebook is just an electronic version of the print you can reference it as you
would a print book (see page 19).

If the ebook has no pagination, or otherwise differs from the print version, you will
need to include the URL and the date you accessed it, as shown in the examples
below.

Examples

Jones, S. (2013) Literature, modernism, and dance [Internet]. Oxford, Oxford

University Press. Available from https://capitadiscovery.co.uk/yorksj/items/
dda-27/EDZ0000155880 [Accessed 1st June 2018].

Parvini, N. (2012) Shakespeare and contemporary theory: new historicism and

cultural materialism [Internet]. London, Bloomsbury. Available from https://
capitadiscovery.co.uk/yorksj/items/dda-30/EDZ0001242956 [Accessed 1st
June 2018].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 21

B A–Z Referencing Examples

Book: translated

1 Author/Editor/Corporate author – if an editor, always follow with “ed.”

2 (Year of edition’s publication)

3 Title of publication, in italics.

4 Trans. Name of translator

5 Edition, if not first edition, followed with “ed.”

6 Series title and number, if part of a series.

7 Place of publication – if more than one place is listed, use the first named,

8 Publisher.

Example

Kawanashi, M. (2002) The history of Japan. Trans. Bean, S. Hakodate,

Hakodate Publishing.

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 A–Z Referencing Examples B

Book: written in a foreign language

1 Author/Editor/Corporate author – if an editor, always follow with “ed.”

2 (Year of edition’s publication)

3 Title of work in original language, in italics

4 [Title in English, in italics].

5 Edition, if not first edition, followed with “ed.”

6 Series title and number, if part of a series.

7 Place of publication – if more than one place is listed, use the first named,

8 Publisher.

Example

Milani, F. (2001) Le fantôme de l’opéra [The phantom of the opera]. Paris,

Leroux.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 23

B A–Z Referencing Examples

Brochure/leaflet

1 Author/Organisation

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of publication, in italics

4 [Brochure].

5 Place of publication, if known,

6 Publisher, if known.

Example

York Art Gallery (no date) Take your own grand tour: discover 600 years of
British and European art [Brochure]. York, York Art Gallery.

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Conference paper

1 Author/Editor/Corporate author – if an editor, always follow with “ed.”

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of conference paper.

4 In: Title of conference, in italics.

5 Location of conference,

6 Date of conference.

Example

Callingham, R. (2010) Mathematics assessment in primary classrooms:

making it count. In: ACER Research Conference. Melbourne, Australia,
16th–17th August.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 25

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Conference proceedings

1 Author/Editor/Corporate author – if an editor, always follow with “ed.”

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of conference proceedings, in italics.

4 Location of conference,

5 Date of conference.

6 Place of publication,

7 Publisher.

Example

Kenyon, J.R. and Williams, D.M. eds. (2010) The impact of the Edwardian
castles in Wales. Bangor University, Wales, 7th–9th September 2007. Oxford,
Oxbow.

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Data set D

1 Data collector

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title, in italics
4 [Data set].

5 SN: set number, if applicable.

6 Place of publication,

7 Publisher (ie database, repository).

8 Available from URL

9 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Tausch, N. & Spears,R. (2016) Social-Psychological Predictors of Support

for Terrorism, 2009-2011 [Data set]. SN: 7765. Colchester, UK Data Service.
Available from https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=7765
[Accessed 5th June 2018].

Sanciolo, P., Monis, P., Blackbeard, J., Salveson, A., Ryan, G., & Gray, S.R. (2015)
Pasteurisation for production of Class A recycled water: laboratory scale
testing and pilot plan trial data [Data set]. Melbourne, Victoria University
Research Repository. Available from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/30481/ [Accessed
5th June 2018].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 27

 A–Z Referencing Examples

D Database

Many different types of item, such as reports, can be found through databases.
Simply name the item as you would in other references. If you would like to reference
the database itself, this guide provides an outline layout.

1 Database name

2 (Year of item’s publication)

3 Title of item, in italics

4 [Internet].

5 Available from URL

6 [Accessed date of access].

Example

FAME (2012) Company report: Nestle (UK) Limited [Internet]. Available from
http://fame.bvdinfo.com [Accessed 11th September 2013].

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Exhibition catalogue
E
1 Author*

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of catalogue, in italics.

4 Place of publication,

5 Publisher/Gallery.

Example

Gill, J., Hoffman, J. and Tawadros, G. (2006) Alien nation. London, Institute of
the Contemporary Arts.

*Author If there is no named author or corporate author, simply keep this

format and cite the name of the gallery/museum in the place of the
author.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 29

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Film

F 1 Title of film, in italics.

2 (Year of release)

3 [Material type, eg ‘Film’ if seen in cinema]

4 Directed by Director(s)*.

5 Place of production,

6 Production company.

Examples

Frozen. (2013) [Film] Directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee. Hollywood, CA,
Walt Disney Animation Studios.

Up. (2009) [DVD] Directed by Pete Docter and Bob Peterson. Hollywood, CA,
Pixar Animation Studios.

*Director In the case of directors etc, names are presented in the format
Firstname Surname. (Note this is an exception to the usual format of
Surname, F. that is conventional for most names.)

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Game: physical copy

1 Creator/Developer

2 (Year of release)
G
3 Title, in italics.
4 Edition or Version, if applicable.

5 Platform/Console.

6 [Game].

7 Place of publication/distribution,

8 Publisher/Distributor.

Example

Ubisoft (2010) Assassin’s Creed: Brotherhood. Standard edition. Xbox 360.

[Game]. Montreal, Ubisoft.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 31

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Game: online/downloaded copy

1 Creator/Developer

2 (Year of release)
G
3 Title, in italics.
4 Edition or Version, if applicable.

5 Platform/Console.

6 [Game].

7 Available from URL

8 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Blue Byte Mainz (2015) Anno 2205. Standard edition. PC. [Game]. Available
from http://store.ubi.com/uk/anno-2205/56c4947888a7e300458b4570.
html#start=29 [Accessed 16th November 2017].

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Image/illustration

1 Artist’s name

2 (Year the work was produced)

3 Title of work

4 [Medium of work, if known].

5 In: Author/Editor/Corporate author of publication the work has appeared in I

6 (Year of publication)

7 Title of publication, in italics.

8 Place of publication – if more than one place is listed, use the first named,

9 Publisher,

10 Page numbers – use p. before a single page and pp. where there are multiple
pages.

Example

Krasner, L. (1956) Birth. In: Weidemann, C., Larass, P. and Klier, M. (2008) Fifty
women artists you should know. Munich, Prestel, p. 104.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 33

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Image/illustration (online)

1 Artist’s name

2 (Year the work was produced)

3 Title of work, in italics

4 [Internet].
I 5 Available from URL

6 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Mehta, D. (1996) Tiger yawn, Asia, 1996 [Internet]. Available from http://
photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/wallpaper/tiger-yawn_
pod_image.html [Accessed 22nd August 2008].

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Image: original work of art

1 Artist’s name

2 (Year the work was produced)

3 Title of work, in italics

4 [Medium of work*].

5 Location of gallery, I
6 Name of gallery.

Example

Monet, C. (1899) The water lily pond [Oil on canvas]. London, National Gallery.

*Medium of Common media include those such as ceramic, acrylic on canvas,

work sculpture, etc.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 35

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Interview: broadcast

1 Name of interviewee

2 (Year of interview)

3 Interviewed by: Name of interviewer

4 Title of interview, if any,

I 5 Title of programme, in italics.
6 Time of broadcast,

7 Day and month of broadcast – not necessarily first broadcast,

8 Production information.

Example

McDonnell, J. (2016) Interviewed by: Humphrys, J. Today. 7.00am, 23rd July,

BBC Radio 4.

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Interview: personally conducted

1 Name of interviewee

2 (Year of interview)

3 Title of interview, in italics

4 [Interviewed by name of interviewer].

5 Place interview was conducted, I

6 Date interview was conducted.

Example

White, J. (2015) Museums, art galleries and the community [Interviewed by

Smith, R.]. York St John University, 1st October.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 37

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Journal article

1 Author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of journal article.

4 Title of journal, in italics,

5 Volume number

J 6 (Part number),

7 Page numbers of the article – use p. before a single page and pp. where there
are multiple pages.

Example

Weight, E. and Kendal, S. (2014) Staff attitudes towards inpatients with

borderline personality disorder. Mental Health Practice, 17 (3), pp. 34–38.

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Journal article (online)

If an online journal article is also available in paper format and if the layout, page
numbers, text and images are exactly the same, you can just reference it as you
would a print journal article (see page 38).

If the article is only available online, or differs from its print version, you will need to
include the URL and the date you accessed it as shown in the examples below.

J
Examples

Hamley, S. (2007) The effect of replacing saturated fat with mostly

n-6 polyunsaturated fat on coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of
randomised controlled trials. Nutrition Journal [Internet], 6. Available from
https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-017-0254-5
[Accessed 24th May 2017].

Nugent, A., Hancock, N. and Honey, A. (2017) Developing and sustaining

recovery-orientation in mental health practice: experiences of occupational
therapists. Occupational Therapy International [Internet], Art. No.: 5190901.
Available from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/oti/2017/5190901/
[Accessed 23rd March 2017].

Young, H. (2016) Busy yet passive: (non-)decision-making in school governing

bodies. British Journal of Sociology of Education [Internet], Advance online
publication. Available from http://www-tandfonline-com.yorksj.idm.oclc.org/
doi/full/10.1080/01425692.2016.1158641 [Accessed 6th April 2017].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 39

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Journal article: post-print

1 Author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of journal article

4 [Post-print].

5 Name of publication, in italics,

J 6 Volume number

7 (Part number),

8 Page numbers of the article – use p. before a single page and pp. where there
are multiple pages,

9 Available from URL

10 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Zan, R., Brown, L., Evans, J. and Hannula, M. (2006) Affect in mathematics
education: an introduction [Post-print]. Educational studies in mathematics,
63 (2), pp. 113–121. Available from http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/1701/ [Accessed
12th January 2016].

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Journal article: pre-print

1 Author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of journal article

4 [Pre-print].

5 To be published in Name of publication, in italics.

6 Available from URL J

7 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Silas, P., Yates, J. and Haynes, P. (2008) Density-functional investigation of

the rhombohedral to simple cubic phase transition of arsenic [Pre-print].
To be published in Physical Review. Available from http://arxiv.org/
abs/0810.1692 [Accessed 23rd July 2010].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 41

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Live performance: classical music

1 Title of concert, in italics

2 (Year of performance).

3 Conducted by Conductor*.

4 Name of orchestra.

5 Venue of concert,

6 Location of venue

7 [Day and month of concert].

L
Example

The virtuoso cello (2012). Conducted by Vasily Petrenko. Royal Liverpool

Philharmonic Orchestra. Liverpool Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool [3rd
November].

*Conductor In the case of conductors etc, names are presented in the format
Firstname Surname. (Note this is an exception to the usual format of
Surname, F. that is conventional for most names.)

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 A–Z Referencing Examples

Live performance: dance

1 Choreographer

2 (Year of performance)

3 Title of performance, in italics.

4 Dance company.

5 Venue of performance,

6 Location of venue

7 [Day and month of performance].

L
Example

Tharp, T. (2007) In the upper room. American Ballet Theatre. Sadlers Wells,
London [14th February].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 43

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Live performance: popular music

1 Name of act

2 (Year of performance)

3 Title of tour, in italics.

4 Venue of concert,

5 Location of venue

6 [Day and month of concert].

Example
L

Metallica (2012) The full arsenal tour. Rogers Arena, Vancouver, BC [24th
August].

44 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Live performance: theatre

1 Author

2 (Year of performance)

3 Title of performance, in italics.

4 Directed by Director*.

5 Name of theatre company, if known.

6 Venue of performance,

7 Location of venue

8 [Day and month of performance].

L

Example

Middleton, T. (2007) The revenger’s tragedy. Directed by Jonathan Moore.

Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester [4th June].

*Director In the case of directors etc, names are presented in the format
Firstname Surname. (Note this is an exception to the usual format of
Surname, F. that is conventional for most names.)

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 45

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Map

1 Author/Corporate author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title, in italics.
4 Scale.

5 Place of publication – if more than one place is listed, use the first named,

6 Publisher.

Example

M Geographical Survey of Great Britain (1972) Brighton. 1:50,000. London, AA

Publishing.

46 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Music: CD

1 Artist/Author/Corporate author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of work, in italics

4 [CD].

5 Place of publication*,

6 Record label.

Example

Lakeman, S. (2006) Freedom Fields [CD]. (s.l.), Relentless.

M

*Place of If there is no named place of publication, use the bracketed

publication abbreviation (s.l.). This stands for sine locum, meaning no place.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 47

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Music: score

1 Composer

2 (Year of publication*)

3 Title of work, in italics.

4 Edited/Arranged/Scored by Editor/Arranger/Scorer**, if named.

5 Place of publication,

6 Publisher.

Example

M Mozart, W.A. (1959) Concerto in A major for piano and orchestra No. 23.
Edited by Hermann Beck. London, Barenreiter.

*Year of Note that the dates refer to the particular published article you have
publication referenced, not to the original publication dates.

** Editor/ In the case of arrangers etc, names are presented in the format
Arranger/ Firstname Surname. (Note this is an exception to the usual format of
Scorer Surname, F. that is conventional for most names.)

48 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Music: sleeve notes

1 Author/Corporate author

2 (Year of notes’ publication)

3 Title of notes.

4 Programme notes in: Artist/Author/Corporate author

5 (Year of work’s publication)

6 Title of work, in italics.

7 Place of publication,

8 Record label.

Example
M

Fricke, D. (2007) Hot, new English group Led Zeppelin. Programme notes in:
Led Zeppelin (2007) Mothership. (s.l.), Atlantic Records.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 49

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Newspaper article

1 Author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of article.

4 Title of newspaper, in italics,

5 Day and month of publication,

6 Page numbers of the article – use p. before a single page and pp. where there
are multiple pages.

Examples

Crystal, D. (2016) A defence of grammar. Times Educational Supplement, 3rd

N
June, pp. 26–32.

Furness, H. (2012) Facebook is a nightmare, says head. Daily Telegraph, 23rd

October, p. 16.

50 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Newspaper article (online)

1 Author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of article.

4 Title of newspaper, in italics

5 [Internet],

6 Day and month of publication,

7 Page numbers of the article, if known – use p. before a single page and pp.
where there are multiple pages.

8 Available from URL

9 [Accessed date of access].

N
Example

Hardman, R. (2011) One man and his hi-tech dog; killed off by the BBC 11
years ago, sheep dog trials are back on TV – with speedometers on the collies.
Daily Mail [Internet], 17th September, p. 32. Available from http://search.
proquest.com.yorksj.idm.oclc.org/docview/890385401?accountid=17386
[Accessed 23rd October 2012].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 51

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Official publication: Act of Parliament

1 Title of Act, including year, in italics

2 (c. Chapter number*)

3 Place of publication,

4 Publisher.

Example

National Health Service Act 2006 (c. 41) London, TSO.

*Chapter The chapter number indicates which number of Act it is to have been
number passed that year. For instance, (c. 41) indicates the 41st Act to have
O been passed in that particular year.

For Acts passed prior to 1963, you should include the Regnal years in addition to the
chapter:

The Forgery Act 1913 (3 & 4 Geo. 5 c.27) London, HMSO.

NB: Until 1995, government acts were published by HMSO. From 1996, TSO is the
publisher.

52 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Official publication: Hansard – House of Lords/

House of Commons parliamentary debates

1 HL/HC Deb – delete HL or HC as appropriate

2 (Year of publication)

3 [Internet]

4 Date of debate,

5 col column number.

6 Available from URL

7 [Accessed date of access].

Example

HC Deb (2016) [Internet] 23rd March, col 1553. Available from http://
www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmhansrd/cm160323/
debtext/160323-0001.htm#16032339001054 [Accessed 11th July 2016]. O

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 53

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Official publication: policy document

1 Author – typically a department or committee of the Government

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of publication, in italics.

4 Policy number, if present.

5 Place of publication,

6 Publisher – typically HMSO (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office) or TSO (The

Stationery Office).

Examples

HM Government (2003) Every child matters. Presented to Parliament by the

Chief Secretary to the Treasury. Cm 5860. Norwich, TSO.
O
Department for Education and Department for Health (2014) Special
Educational Needs (SEN) Code of Practice. DFE-00205-2013. London,
HMSO.

54 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Official publication: statutory instrument

1 Title of statutory instrument, in italics

2 (Year of publication)

3 SI Statutory instrument number.

4 Place of publication,

5 Publisher.

Example

The Public Contract Regulations (2006) SI 2006/5. London, TSO.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 55

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Patent

1 Inventor(s)

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of patent, in italics.

4 Authorising organisation or Place.

5 Patent no. Patent number.

Example

Allard, M.J.R., Dyson, J. and Spaven, J.W. (2004) A cleaning head for a
cleaning appliance. UK Intellectual Property Office. Patent no. GB2402047.

56 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Personal communication: email

1 Sender

2 (Sender’s email address)

3 Day, month and year of sending.

4 Subject title of message, in italics

5 [Email].

6 Message to: recipient’s name

7 (Recipient’s email address)

8 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Whitaker, W. (willwhitaker2@gmail.com) 15th June 2015. Centenary

celebrations [Email]. Message to: Colley, A. (AColley@sky.com) [Accessed 16th
June 2015]. P

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 57

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Personal communication: letter/conversation

1 Name(s) of person/people conversed with, written to, etc

2 (Year of communication)

3 Title of communication, in italics.

4 [Personal communication, day and month of communication].

Example

Mulholland, J. (2013) The weather in York. [Personal communication, 26th

April].

58 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Play

1 Playwright/Dramatist

2 (Year of publication*)

3 Title of work, in italics.

4 Series title.

5 Place of publication – if more than one place is listed, use the first named,

6 Publisher.

Example

Shakespeare, W. (1975) Twelfth night. The Arden Shakespeare. London, Arden

Shakespeare.

*Year of Note that the dates refer to the particular published article you have P
publication referenced, not to the original publication dates.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 59

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Podcast

1 Title of podcast, in italics

2 (Year of publication)

3 [Podcast].

4 Available from URL

5 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Nature podcast (2006) [Podcast]. Available from http://www.nature.com/

environmental/index.html [Accessed 25th May 2006].

60 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Presentation/lecture

1 Speaker(s)

2 (Year of presentation/lecture)

3 Title of presentation/lecture, in italics.

4 Presented at title of conference/meeting/event.

5 Place of event

6 [Day and month of lecture].

Example

McCluskey, C. and Watt, V. (2015) Academic integrity: a pilot for a compulsory

module for all new starters at York St John University. Presented at the
Librarians’ Information Literacy Annual Conference. Newcastle University,
Newcastle [10th April].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 61

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Presentation/lecture: external lecturer

1 Speaker

2 (Year of lecture)

3 Title of lecture, in italics

4 [Lecture].

5 Series, if applicable.

6 Venue of lecture,

7 Location of venue

8 [Day and month of lecture].

Example

Afshar, H. (2011) The politics of fear: what does it mean to those who are
otherised and feared [Lecture]. Ebor Lectures. Fountains Lecture Theatre,
P York St John University, York [9th February].

62 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Presentation/lecture: internal lecturer

1 Lecturer/tutor

2 (Year of lecture)

3 Title of lecture, in italics

4 [Lecture].

5 Course module and title.

6 Venue of lecture

7 [Day and month of lecture].

Example

Edgar, R. (2010) Film noir [Lecture]. 1FT010 Introduction to Film Studies.

Fountains Lecture Theatre, York St John University, York [20th November].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 63

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Report/document

1 Author or organisation

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of report, in italics.

4 Report no. report number, if applicable.

5 Place of publication,

6 Publisher.

Example

Leatherwood, S. (2002) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western

North Atlantic. Report no. 63. Washington D.C., U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

64 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Report/document (online)

1 Author or organisation

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of report, in italics

4 [Internet].

5 Report no. report number, if applicable.

6 Place of publication,

7 Publisher.

8 Available from URL

9 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Leatherwood, S. (2002) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western

North Atlantic [Internet]. Report no. 63. Washington D.C., U.S. Dept. of
Commerce. Available from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33527/33527-h.
htm [Accessed 31st December 2012].
R

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 65

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Scripture

References to the Bible should include book (abbreviated), chapter and verse –
never a page number. Traditionally a colon is used between chapter and verse.

1 Book

2 Chapter:Verse(s).

Examples

Isaiah 4:5–6.

Ruth 1:22.

Luke 2:7–16.

References to the Bible are not typically included in your bibliography, but if you
want to reference the particular Bible that you have been using, please do so as
you would a book (see relevant guidance on this format earlier in this booklet).
Treat references to the sacred and highly revered works of other religious traditions
similarly to how those of the Judeo-Christian tradition are treated.
S
If this remains unclear, please contact Library & Learning Services for assistance.

66 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Standard

1 Standard body/institution

2 (Year of publication)

3 Standard number, in italics

4 Title of standard, in italics.
5 Place of publication,

6 Publisher.

Example

British Standards Institution (1998) BS 5950-5:1998 Structural use of

steelwork in building: code of practice for design of cold formed thin gauge
sections. London, BSI.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 67

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Television: broadcast/recording

1 Episode title*

2 (Year of first broadcast)

3 Programme title, in italics

4 [Material type, if relevant].

5 Country or city of origin/production,

6 Publisher/studio,

7 Date of first broadcast, if known.

Examples

Snow leopard: beyond the myth (2008) Natural world. London, BBC 2, 4th
January.

Ink and incapability (1987) Blackadder the third [DVD]. London, BBC.

*Episode If a show is a one-off or there is otherwise no named episode title,

title skip this detail and place the programme title before the year.

68 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Television: broadcast/recording (online)

1 Episode title*

2 (Year of first broadcast)

3 Programme title, in italics

4 [Internet].

5 Date of broadcast.

6 Available from URL

7 [Accessed date of access].

Examples

The wild places of Essex (2010) Natural world [Internet]. BBC 2, 10th
February. Available from https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.
php/prog/0141596C [Accessed 29th June 2016].

Lucy Worsley: Mozart’s London odyssey (2016) [Internet]. BBC 4, 22nd

June. Available from https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/
prog/0CCC6276 [Accessed 29th June 2016].

*Episode If a show is a one-off or there is otherwise no named episode title,

title skip this detail and place the programme title before the year. T

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 69

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Thesis

1 Author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title, in italics.
4 Type of thesis, eg MSc thesis,

5 Academic institution*.

Examples

Anderson, C. (1996) Local government in transition: LCC to GLC 1962-1967.

PhD thesis, University of Luton.

Gilroy, H. (2015) Identity construction in a virtual learning environment. PhD

thesis, University of Leeds/York St John University.

*Academic If the name or status of the institution has changed since the
institution publication of the thesis, refer to the name as it was at the time of
publication.

70 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Tweet

1 Author

2 (Year of publication)

3 Tweet, in italics
4 [Twitter post].

5 Available from URL

6 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Bell, R. (2014) Loving Karen Munro’s tactical urbanism talk at #i2c2 “short
term doing, experimenting, testing”. This appeals to me. A lot. [Twitter post].
Available from https://twitter.com/ros_bell/status/441557237467975680
[Accessed 29th June 2016].

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 71

 A–Z Referencing Examples

Video

1 Author/Username

2 (Year of publication)

3 Title of video, in italics

4 [Internet video].

5 Available from URL

6 [Accessed date of access].

Example

UWELibraryServices (2014) Search strategy [Internet video]. Available from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97vGoh8Af_Y [Accessed 29th June
2016].

72 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
 A–Z Referencing Examples

Web page

1 Author/Editor/Corporate author*

2 (Year of publication**)

3 Title of page, in italics

4 [Internet].

5 Available from URL

6 [Accessed date of access].

Example

Edelson, S. (no date) Asperger’s Syndrome [Internet]. Available from http://

www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002].

*Author If there is no named author or corporate author, skip this detail and
place the title of page before the year.

** Year of If no date can be found, substitute this detail for (no date) – see
publication example above.

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 73

Frequently Asked Questions
What do I do if the publication has no If you don’t have the publisher’s name
date? then it will probably be very difficult to
Write “no date” where the date should find out the place of publication. In the
be (retain the round brackets): unlikely event of this happening you
can use (s.l.), an abbreviation for sine
locum: no place.
York Art Gallery (no date) Take
your own grand tour […] These abbreviations should only be
used if you really cannot find the
information.
What if there is no obvious author for
an item on the web? Can I mix referencing styles?
You can use the organisation whose No. You must only use one referencing
website it is (such as the BBC) as the style. Be consistent!
corporate author. However, if there is
no author and it is not a site belonging What is the difference between a
to an organisation, you need to bibliography and a reference list?
question whether or not this is a reliable A reference list is a list of all the sources
source of information. you have cited from. A bibliography is
a list of items you have read during the
There is no obvious publisher or place course of your research, but not cited in
of publication, what should I do? that particular assignment.
This would be fairly unusual. Usually
you would have at least one of these I can’t find guidance on how to
pieces of information. If you can’t reference an item, what should I do?
determine the publisher, then you You can use the principles outlined in
can use the name of the organisation our guidance to create a reference for
responsible. If you don’t have this an item which isn’t listed. Think carefully
information either, then you can use about the item and what information
(s.n.) which is an abbreviation for sine you need to include about it. Have a go
nomine which means no name. at creating a reference and you can ask
Library & Learning Services for advice if
you are unsure.

74 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
Study Support: Your
Academic Liaison Librarians
E: academicliaisonteam@yorksj.ac.uk www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
-> “Subject Help from Your Librarians”

Rachel Hogg The Academic Liaison Librarians can

zzPsychological & Social Sciences provide expert assistance to help
(Criminology, Law, Police Studies, you get the most out of the Library,
Sociology) advising on a range of topics and
issues, including referencing. If you’re
Katherine Hughes unclear on any of the guidance you’ve
zzHumanities, Religion & Philosophy read in this booklet, the ALLs are your
(Creative Writing, English Literature, first port of call.
Geography, Media Studies)

Clare McCluskey-Dean
zzEducation
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(American Studies, History, Politics,
Theology & Religious Studies)

Jane Munks
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(Counselling, Psychology)
zzYork Business School

Ruth Patterson
zzHealth Sciences
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Thomas Peach
zzArt, Design & Computer Science
zzLanguages & Linguistics
zzPerformance & Media Production

Your Harvard Referencing Guide 75

Study Support: Online Help
Library Success ZoteroBib

Library & Learning Services offers Once you understand how to reference,
Search Success and Dissertation you can use a referencing tool to
Success. help you create your reference list (or
bibliography). The referencing tool we
Search Success can help students to recommend is ZoteroBib. This allows
develop effective search and study you to create references in a variety of
methods. including referencing, and styles, including York St John Harvard.
support skills that will be used far You should always check the accuracy
beyond University. of references produced using a
referencing tool.
Dissertation Success is here to help you
with plenty of practical hints, tips, and Access ZoteroBib at:
advice for writing your dissertation, zbib.org
whether or not you’ve written one
before.
Online Guide
Access both from the Library Success
link at: This Harvard referencing guide is also
www.yorksj.ac.uk/library available online, both as a PDF and in
e-reader format on Issuu.

Access both of these online formats

from the Referencing link at:
www.yorksj.ac.uk/library

76 www.yorksj.ac.uk/library
Your Harvard Referencing Guide 77
 ‘Your Harvard Referencing Guide’
© 2019 Library & Learning Services at
York St John University.
Printed July 2019.
Content updated September 2018.

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