DECLARATION

I hereby declare the work, which is being presented at the minor

project entitled ‘‘ RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS ’’ in partial fulfillment of
the half yearly assessment carried out at BHARAT JYOTI VIDYALAYA,
ANUPPUR is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the
guidance of Mr. SUSHIL KANT MISHRA.

UJJWAL GUPTA Mr. SUSHIL KANT MISHRA

(Project Guide)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is immense pleasure to express my deepest sense of gratitude and

sincere thanks to my highly respected and esteemed, Mr. SUSHIL KANT
MISHRA, Department of Mathematics for his unflinching support,
guidance and pearls of wisdom to enable me to complete this thesis.

I would like to give warm expression of thanks to Sr. SINIMOL

AUGUSTINE, Principal & Mr. SUSHIL MISHRA for providing all facilities
and academic environment for my project work.

I am thankful to all staff members of Bharat Jyoti Vidyalaya for their

cooperation in my work.

UJJWAL GUPTA
Relations And Functions Introduction

“Relations and Functions” are the most important topics in algebra. Relations
and functions – these are the two different words having different meanings
mathematically. You might get confused about their difference. Before we go
deeper, let’s understand the difference between both with a simple example.

An ordered pair is represented as (INPUT, OUTPUT):

The relation shows the relationship between INPUT and OUTPUT. Whereas, a
function is a relation which derives one OUTPUT for each given INPUT.

Note: All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions.
.diagram...
In this section, you will find the basics of the topic – definition of functions
and relations, special functions, different types of relations and some of the
solved examples.

Functions

A function is a relation which describes that there should be only one output
for each input (or) we can say that a special kind of relation (a set of ordered
pairs), which follows a rule i.e., every X-value should be associated with only
one y-value is called a function.

For example:
Let us also look at the definition of Domain and Range of a function.

 Domain: It is a collection of the first values in the ordered pair (Set of all
input (x) values).
 Range: It is a collection of the second values in the ordered pair (Set of
all output (y) values).
Example:

In the relation, {(-2, 3), {4, 5), (6, -5), (-2, 3)},

The domain is {-2, 4, 6} and range is {-5, 3, 5}.

Note: Don’t consider duplicates while writing the domain and range and also
write it in increasing order.

Types of Functions

In terms of relations, we can define the types of functions as:

 One to one function or Injective function: A function f: P → Q is said to
be one to one if for each element of P there is a distinct element of Q.
 Many to one function: A function which maps two or more elements of
P to the same element of set Q.
 Onto Function or Surjective function: A function for which every
element of set Q there is pre-image in set P
 One-one correspondence or Bijective function: The function f matches
with each element of P with a discrete element of Q and every element
of Q has a pre-image in P.

Special Functions in Algebra

Some of the important functions are as follow:

 Constant Function
 Identity Function
  Linear Function
 Absolute Value Function
 Inverse Functions

CONSTANT FUNCTION

A constant function is used to represent a quantity that stays constant over

the course of time and it is considered to be the simplest of all types of real-
valued functions. Constant functions are linear functions whose graphs are
horizontal lines in the plane. The maximum marks which can be obtained in
an examination can be taken as one of the real-life examples of constant
functions. A constant function has the same output even with different input
values.

Any function can be considered as a constant function if it is of the form y = k,

where k is a constant and k is any real number. It is also written as f(x) = k. We
need to note here that the value of f(x) will always be 'k', and is independent
of the value of x. In general, we can define a constant function as a function
that always has the same constant value, irrespective of the input value.

Here are some of the examples of constant functions:

 f(x) = 0
 f(x) = 1
 f(x) = π
 f(x) = 3
 f(x) = −0.3412454
 f(x) equal to any other real number you can think about.

One of the interesting things about a constant function is that we can input
any real number we want for x, and we can instantly know the value of the
function at that x without using any calculations.

IDENTITY FUNCTION

Let R be the set of real numbers. Thus, the real-valued function f : R → R by y

= f(a) = a for all a ∈ R, is called the identity function. Here the domain and
range (co domain) of function f are R. Hence, each element of set R has an
image on itself. The graph is a straight line and it passes through the origin.
The application of this function can be seen in the identity matrix.

Mathematically it can be expressed as;

f(a) = a ∀ a ∈ R
Where a is the element of set R.
For example, f(2) = 2 is an identity function.
In set theory, when a function is described as a particular kind of binary
relation, the identity function is given by the identity relation or diagonal of A,
where A is a set.
LINEAR FUNCTION

The linear function is popular in economics. It is attractive because it is simple

and easy to handle mathematically. It has many important applications.

Linear functions are those whose graph is a straight line.

A linear function has the following form

y = f(x) = a + bx

A linear function has one independent variable and one dependent variable.
The independent variable is x and the dependent variable is y.

a is the constant term or the y intercept. It is the value of the dependent

variable when x = 0.

b is the coefficient of the independent variable. It is also known as the slope

and gives the rate of change of the dependent variable.

Graphing a linear function

To graph a linear function:

1. Find 2 points which satisfy the equation

2. Plot them

3. Connect the points with a straight line

Example:

y = 25 + 5x

Let x = 1

Then
y = 25 + 5(1) = 30

let x = 3

Then
y = 25 + 5(3) = 40

ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

An absolute value function is a function that contains an algebraic expression

within absolute value symbols. Recall that the absolute value of a number is
its distance from 00 on the number lIne.
The absolute value parent function, written as f(x)=| x |f(x)=| x |, is defined as
f(x) = x if x > 0
0 if x = 0
-x if x < 0

To graph an absolute value function, choose several values of xx and find

some ordered pairs.

X Y=|x|
-2 2
-1 1
0 0
1 1
2 2

Plot the points on a coordinate plane and connect them.

Observe that the graph is V-shaped.

(1) The vertex of the graph is (0,0)(0,0).

(2) The axis of symmetry (x=0x=0 or yy-axis) is the line that divides the
graph into two congruent halves.
(3) The domain is the set of all real numbers.
 (4) The range is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 00. That
is, y≥0y≥0.
(5) The xx-intercept and the yy- intercept are both 00.

INVERSE FUNCTION

An inverse function or an anti function is defined as a function, which can

reverse into another function. In simple words, if any function “f” takes x to y
then, the inverse of “f” will take y to x. If the function is denoted by ‘f’ or ‘F’,
then the inverse function is denoted by f-1 or F-1. One should not confuse (-1)
with exponent or reciprocal here.

If f and g are inverse functions, then f(x) = y if and only if g(y) = x

In trigonometry, the inverse sine function is used to find the measure of angle
for which sine function generated the value. For example, sin-1(1) = sin-1(sin
90) = 90 degrees. Hence, sin 90 degrees is equal to 1.
Example: f(x) = 2x + 5 = y
Then, g(y) = (y-5)/2 = x is the inverse of f(x).
Note:

 The relation developed when the independent variable is interchanged

with the variable which is dependent on a specified equation and this
inverse may or may not be a function.
 If the inverse of a function is itself, then it is known as inverse function,
denoted by f-1(x).
Relation

It is a subset of the Cartesian product. Or simply, a bunch of points (ordered

pairs). In other words, the relation between the two sets is defined as the
collection of the ordered pair, in which the ordered pair is formed by the
object from each set.

Example: {(-2, 1), (4, 3), (7, -3)}, usually written in set notation form with curly
brackets.

Relation Representation

There are other ways too to write the relation, apart from set notation such
as through tables, plotting it on XY- axis or through mapping diagram.

Types of Relations

Different types of relations are as follows:

 Empty Relations
 Universal Relations
 Identity Relations
 Inverse Relations
 Reflexive Relations
 Symmetric Relations
 Transitive Relations

Let us discuss all the types one by one

EMPTY RELATIONS

When there’s no element of set X is related or mapped to any element of X,

then the relation R in A is an empty relation, and also called the void relation,
i.e R= ∅.

For example, if there are 100 mangoes in the fruit basket. There’s no
possibility of finding a relation R of getting any apple in the basket. So, R is
Void as it has 100 mangoes and no apples.

UNIVERSAL RELATIONS

R is a relation in a set, let’s say A is a universal relation because, in this full

relation, every element of A is related to every element of A. i.e R = A × A.
It’s a full relation as every element of Set A is in Set B.

IDENTITY RELATIONS

If every element of set A is related to itself only, it is called Identity relation.

I={(A, A), ∈ a}.

For Example,
When we throw a dice, the total number of possible outcomes is 36. I.e (1, 1)
(1, 2), (1, 3)…..(6, 6). From these, if we consider the relation (1, 1), (2, 2),

INVERSE RELATIONS

The inverse of a relation is a relation obtained by interchanging or swapping

the elements or coordinates of each ordered pair in the relation. Inverse
relation in sets can be defined using the ordered pairs. The domain and range
of an inverse relation can be written by swapping the domain and range of
that relation.
For example, to find the inverse of a relation y = x3, interchange x and y and
then solve it for y. Then we get x = y3 ⇒ y = x1/3.

REFLEXIVE RELATIONS

Reflexive relation is a relation of elements of a set A such that each element

of the set is related to itself. As it suggests, the image of every element of the
set is its own reflection. Reflexive relation is an important concept in set
theory.

An example of a reflexive relation is the relation "is equal to" on the set of
real numbers, since every real number is equal to itself. A reflexive relation is
said to have the reflexive property or is said to possess reflexivity.

SYMMETRIC RELATION

A symmetric relation is a type of binary relation. An example is the relation

"is equal to", because if a = b is true then b = a is also true. Formally, a binary
relation R over a set X is symmetric if: where the notation means that. If
RT represents the converse of R, then R is symmetric if and only if R = RT.

TRANSITIVE RELATIONS

Transitive relations are binary relations defined on a set such that if the first
element is related to the second element, and the second element is related
to the third element of the set, then the first element must be related to the
third element.

For example, if for three elements a, b, c in set A, if a = b and b = c, then a = c.

Here, equality '=' is a transitive relation. There are mainly three types of
relations in discrete mathematics, namely reflexive, symmetric and transitive
relations among many others.
APPLICATIONS OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Relations are defined as sets of ordered pairs. Ordered pairs are values that go
together. This means that if one value is used, the other must be present.

Here is an example: If (4,8) is an ordered pair, then it implies that if the first
element is 4 the other is designated as 8. A relation may have more than one
output.

On the other hand, a function is a relation where one x-element (or the output)
has one Y-element (or the input associated with it).

In ordered pairs, a relation becomes a function if the x-value is not repeated.

If the values were to be plotted on a graph, a relation could become a function if

no vertical lines intersect at any point in the graph.

Here are real-life examples of relations and functions.

1. The Relationship between Age and Height

If you took a group of people at random, you would notice a relationship

between their ages and height. This is because people get taller with time and
then remain at the same height for a while.
This is a relation because if you input a specific age and check all the people of
that age, you would get different heights.

However, if you were to take the height of a particular person over the years, the
height would be a function of age. This is because a person would have only one
value of height at any point in life.

2. A Semester in School

In a college, students take different classes to fulfill the requirements of a given

course.

A student may have different grades for different subjects. Therefore, there is a
relation between the student and his grades.

However, in a single class, the tutor assigns each student a grade depending on
the performance of that particular subject. There can never be a student with
two grades in a single subject.
3. Temperature and Location

A location may have varying temperatures according to the time of the day and
weather. This may repeat itself over the years as long as the conditions are
similar to those of the last time. That can be said to be a relation.
However, the temperature can also be a function of time. At any one time, there
can only be one temperature reading for a location.

4. . Money Won from a Lottery Ticket

The cash won from buying a lottery scratchcard may differ for two or more
tickets. Therefore, you cannot say for sure how much you are likely to make by
scratching several tickets.

Besides, a single ticket may be eligible for more than one draw where it loses
both, wins one, or both. This is a classic example of a relation.