Senior High School

General Physics 1
Quarter 2 – Supplementary Materials
Mechanical Waves

Engr. Jeoffna Ruth C. Dasigo

Physics Teacher
 General Physics 1
Supplementary Material – Mechanical Waves

What I Need to Know

Learning Competencies:
1. Define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic wave, and sinusoidal
wave. STEM_GP12PMIId-31
2. From a given sinusoidal wave function infer the speed, wavelength, frequency, period, direction,
and wave number. STEM_GP12PMIId-32
3. Apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the distance from the
source. STEM_GP12MWSIIe-34
4. Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the superposition of waves. STEM_GP12MWSIIe-35
5. Apply the condition for standing waves on a string. STEM_GP12MWSIIe-36
6. Relate the frequency (source dependent) and wavelength of sound with the motion of the source
and the listener. STEM_GP12MWSIIe-37

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic wave, and sinusoidal
wave.
2. From a given sinusoidal wave function infer the speed, wavelength, frequency, period, direction,
and wave number.
3. Apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the distance from the
source.
4. Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the superposition of waves.
5. Apply the condition for standing waves on a string.
6. Relate the frequency (source dependent) and wavelength of sound with the motion of the source
and the listener.

Lesson 1: Mechanical Wave

What Is It?
Wave is a flow or transfer of energy in the form of oscillation through a medium – space or mass.
Sea waves or tides, a sound which we hear, a photon of light travelling and even the movement of small
plants blown by the wind are all examples of different types of waves. A simple wave illustration is as
follows.

Mechanical Wave
A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter and is responsible for the transfer of
energy through a medium.
The distance of the wave’s propagation is limited by the medium of transmission. In this case, the
oscillating material moves about a fixed point, and there is very little translational motion. One intriguing
property of mechanical wave is the way they are measured, which is given by displacement divided by
wavelength. When this dimensionless factor is 1, it results in the generation of harmonic effects; for
example, waves break on the beach when this factor exceeds 1, resulting in turbulence.

There are two types of mechanical waves:

1. Longitudinal waves – In this type of wave, the movement of the particle are parallel to the
motion of the energy i.e. the displacement of the medium is in the same direction to which the
wave is moving. Example – Sound Waves, Pressure Waves.
2. Transverse waves – When the movement of the particles is at right angles or perpendicular to the
motion of the energy, then this type of wave is known as Transverse wave. Light is an example

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 32

 of a transverse wave. Some of the other examples are – ‘Polarized’ waves & Electromagnetic
waves.

Water waves are an example of a combination of both longitudinal and transverse motions.

3. Surface waves – In this type, the particles travel in a circular motion. These waves usually occur
at interfaces. Waves in the ocean and ripples in a cup of water are examples of such waves.

Below is an illustration of a wave and its characteristics.

Crest: It is the highest point or the peak of a transverse wave.

Trough: It is the lowest point on a transverse wave.

Characteristics of a Periodic Wave

Amplitude(A): The maximum displacement of a particle on the medium from the equilibrium
position.
Wavelength (𝝀): The distance between two successive crests or throughs.
Frequency (𝒇): The number of waves that pass a particular point for every one second.
Period (T): The time required for one complete wave to pass a particular point.

These characteristics of the wave can be determined using the sinusoidal wave function.

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 33

What’s More?
Recall that periodic waves that oscillates in simple harmonic motion generates sinusoidal waves.
When sinusoidal waves travel through a medium, every particle in the medium undergoes simple
harmonic motion with the same frequency and is displaced from its equilibrium as a function of both
position (x) and time (t). This is express in the general form of a sinusoidal wave below.

𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏)𝒌𝒙 ± 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋) Equation 4.1

where:
𝒚 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 (Unit: m)
𝑨 = 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 (𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡: 𝑚)
𝒌 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡: rad/m)
𝝎 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 (Unit: rad/s)
𝝋 = phase constant

Consider a transverse harmonic wave traveling in the positive x-direction. The displacement (y) of a
particle in the medium is given as a function of x and t as shown in this equation:

𝒚(𝒙,𝒕) = 𝑨𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒌𝒙+𝝎𝒕+ 𝝋) Equation 4.2

(Sinusoidal wave moving in +x-direction)

If the displacement (y) of the wave is zero at t=0 and x=0, then 𝜙=0. Equation 4.1 is reduced to:

𝒚(𝒙,𝒕) = 𝑨𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒌𝒙+𝝎𝒕) Equation 4.3

(Sinusoidal wave moving in +x-direction)

When a transverse harmonic wave travels in the negative x-direction, the equation will become:

𝒚(𝒙,𝒕) = 𝑨𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒌𝒙−𝝎𝒕) Equation 4.4

(Sinusoidal wave moving in -x-direction)

We can use these sinusoidal wave functions to determine the characteristics of the sinusoidal wave.

Steps in Finding the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal Wave

1. To get the sinusoidal wave’s amplitude, wavelength, period, frequency, speed, direction and wave
number, write down the wave function in the form:
𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏)𝒌𝒙 ± 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋)
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑦(𝑥,𝑡)=𝐴sin(𝑘𝑥−𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛+𝑥−𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑦(𝑥,𝑡)=𝐴sin(𝑘𝑥+𝜔𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛−𝑥−𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

2. The amplitude can be taken directly from the equation and is equal to 𝐴.
3. Derive the period of the wave from the angular frequency, thus, you will get,
2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔
1
4. Use 𝑓 = 𝑇 to get the frequency of the wave.
5. The wave number can be found using the equation:

6. The wavelength can be derived from the wave number

𝜔
7. The speed of the wave is: 𝑣 = 𝑘

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 34

Example:
1. A transverse wave on a string is described by the wave function:
𝒚(𝒙,𝒕)=𝟎.𝟐𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟔.𝟐𝟖 𝒎−𝟏𝒙−𝟏.𝟓𝟕𝒔−𝟏𝒕)
Find the:
a) amplitude e) period
b) wave number f) speed of the wave
c) angular frequency g) direction of the wave
d) wavelength h) frequency of the wave

Solution: The wave function is in the form 𝑦(𝑥,𝑡)=𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥−𝑤𝑡).Therefore,

a. Amplitude 𝐴 = 0.2 𝑚
b. The wave number can be read directly from the wave equation:
𝑘 = 6.28 rad/m
c. The angular frequency is:
𝜔 = 1.57 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
d. The wavelength can be found using the equation:
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= = 6.28 = 1.0 𝑚
𝑘
e. To get the period:
𝑇 = 2𝜋𝜔 = 2𝜋(1.57 𝑠 −1 ) = 4.0 𝑠
f. Speed of the wave,
𝑚
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑘 = (1.57 𝑠 −1 )(6.28 𝑚) = 0.25
𝑠
g. The wave function is in the form 𝑦(𝑥,𝑡)=𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥−𝑤𝑡).Therefore, the wave is moving in the positive
direction as denoted by the negative sign between 𝑘𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑡.

h. The frequency is
1 1
𝑓= = = 0.25 𝐻𝑧
𝑇 4.0𝑠

What I Have Learned

Activity 4.1.1 Solve the given problems and show your solution.

1. A wave travelling along a string is denoted by:

𝒚(𝒙,𝒕)=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟖𝟎.𝟎 𝒎−𝟏𝒙−𝟑.𝟎𝟎 𝒔−𝟏𝒕).
Solve for:
a) Amplitude e) period
b) wave number f) speed
c) angular frequency g) direction of the wave
d) wavelength h) frequency

2. A sinusoidal wave travelling on a rope has a period of 0.025 s , speed of 30 m/s and an amplitude
of 0.021525 m. At t=0, the element of the string has zero displacement and is moving in the +x-
direction. Find the following wave characteristics:
a) frequency, 𝑓
b) angular frequency, 𝜔
c) wave number, 𝑘
d) wavelength, 𝜆
e) Write the wave function

Activity 4.1.2 Fill me!

Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Choose your
answer from the word bank provided below. Each word can only be used once.
1. A ____________ is a vibration that moves through space.
2. The source of a wave is a _______________ or _____________________.

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 35

 3. The material through which a wave travel is called the _______________.
4. Waves carry _________ and can be described as a ___________ which travels uniformly from its
source.
5. Amplitude of a wave is measured from a wave’s crest to its______.
6. Wave ____________ = frequency x wavelength
7. A________wave requires a medium to propagate
8. In a longitudinal wave, the motion of the particle is________ the wave’s direction of propagation.
9. In a transverse wave, the motion of the particles is ________ the wave’s direction of propagation.
10. A sinusoidal wave is a periodic wave in ___________.

Simple harmonic motion wave parallel oscillation mechanical

Equilibrium position perpendicular vibration medium speed
energy

What I Can Do
Activity 4.1.3 Answer the following, show your solution.

1. The wave speed according to figure below is _______.

2. The distance between point A and B is 30 cm. What is the wave speed according to figure below.

3. If the distance of A and B = 250 cm, then the wave speed is _____.

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 36

Lesson 2: Sound
What Is It?
A sound is a vibration that propagates through a medium in the form of a mechanical wave. The
medium in which it propagates can either be a solid, a liquid or a gas. Sound travels fastest in solids,
relatively slower in liquids and slowest in gases.

A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the energy travelling away from the source
of the sound. Sound waves are longitudinal waves. This means that the propagation of vibration of
particles is parallel to the energy wave propagation direction. When the atoms are set in vibration they
move back and forth. This continuous back and forth motion results in a high-pressure and a low-pressure
region in the medium. These high- pressure and low-pressure regions are termed compressions and
rarefactions, respectively. These regions are transported to the surrounding medium resulting in the sound
waves travelling from one medium to another.

Nature of Sound
The sound produced by a guitar is different from the sound produced by a drum. This is because
the sound produced by different sources have different characteristics. Sound can be characterized by its
frequency, wavelength, and amplitude.

• Frequency of sound
The number of rarefactions and compressions that occur per unit time is known as the frequency
of a sound wave. The formula of the frequency of a wave is given as:
1
𝑓=
𝑇
• Wavelength of sound
The distance between the successive compression and rarefaction is known as the wavelength of a
sound wave. The wavelength of the sound formula is given as follows:
𝑣
λ=
𝑓
• Amplitude of sound
The amplitude of the sound is the magnitude of the maximum disturbance in a sound wave. The
amplitude is also a measure of energy. Higher the amplitude higher the energy in a sound wave. Humans
can hear a limited range of frequencies of sound. Physicists have identified the audio frequency spectrum
of the human ear to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Under ideal laboratory conditions, the human ear
can detect frequencies that are as low as 12 Hz and as high as 20,000 Hz.

• Speed of Sound
The speed at which sound waves propagate through a medium is known as the speed of sound.
The speed of sound is different in different media. The speed of sound is highest in solids because the
atoms in solid are highly compressed. The interaction between atoms in a particle is highly dependent on
the distance between them. Higher the interaction between the atoms, the quicker the energy is
transferred. As the interaction of the particles in solids is high, the speed of sound is faster than liquids
and gases. The table below lists the speed of sound in different media. The formula used to calculate the
speed of sound is given as:
𝑑
𝑐=
𝑡
where:
d is the distance traveled by sound
t is the time taken to cover the distance

Medium Speed of Sound

Water 1481 m/s
Air 343.2 m/s

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 37

 Copper 4600 m/s
Hydrogen 1270 m/s
Glass 4540 m/s

What’s More
Activity 4.2.1 Sound Check!

Objective: Make qualitative observations about different objects producing sound and its frequency.

Materials:
• Download the app: Audio Frequency Counter

• Group A - Solid things with different shapes and sizes and a spoon/fork or stick
• Group B - Liquid containers with varying amount and type of liquid
• Group C - Wind instruments (flute, harmonica), electric fan, handheld fan, etc.

Procedure:
1. Form 3 groups.
2. Gather the required materials.
3. Conduct the activity and record your observations by answering the guide questions written on the
activity sheet.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the frequency when the sound of the object is loud? Soft?
2. What is the frequency when a female member says “hello”? Male member?
3. Hum a song while your fingers are placed on your throat, what do you feel?

Write your conclusion.

What’s New?
Spherical Wave
Sound waves go from one place to another off from a
source (where there is vibration) in all directions. When a person
plays a stringed musical instrument in the middle of a room, the
resulting sound can be heard throughout the room because the
sound waves spread out in all directions. Such three-dimensional
sound waves are approximately spherical. We shall assume that
sound waves are exactly spherical unless stated otherwise.
Because each wave front corresponds to the center of a
compression, the distance between adjacent wave fronts is equal to
one wavelength, 𝛾. The lines which are perpendicular to the wave
fronts are termed as rays. Rays indicate the direction of wave
motion. Each wave front corresponds to a crest of the sine curve,
which in turn corresponds to a single ray.

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 38

 The figure above shows a small portion of a spherical wave front that is many wavelengths away
from the source. With this case, considering the rays are close to become parallel lines, same with the
wave fronts as close to becoming parallel planes. Thus, at distances from the source that are great relative
to the wavelength, we can approximate spherical wave fronts with parallel lines. Such waves are called
plane waves.

Plane Waves
At distances from the source that are great relative to the wavelength, we can approximate
spherical wave fronts with parallel lines. Such waves are called plane waves. Apparently, a plane wave is
just any small portion of a spherical wave that is far from the source. Plane waves can be treated as a
series of identical one-dimensional waves, all travelling in the same direction.

On the left is Spherical Waves while on the right is Plane Waves,

Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect (or the Doppler shift) is the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an
observer who is moving relative to the wave source.

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 39

 Doppler effect or Doppler shift is a phenomenon that is observed whenever the source of waves is
moving with respect to an observer. For example, an ambulance crossing you with its siren blaring is a
common physical demonstration of the Doppler Effect.

Waves emitted by a source travelling towards an observer gets compressed. In contrast, waves
emitted by a source travelling away from an observer get stretched out. Christian Johann Doppler first
proposed the Doppler Effect (Doppler Shift) in 1842.

Let us imagine the following scenario:

Case 1: Two people A and B, are standing on the road, as shown below in the picture.

Which person hears the sound of the revving engine with a greater magnitude?

Person A hears the sound of the revving engine with a greater magnitude than person B. Person B,
standing behind the car, receives fewer waves per second (because they’re spread out), resulting in a low-
pitched sound. But, person A who is in front of the car, receives more of those soundwave ripples per
second. As a result, the frequency of the waves is higher, which means the sound has a higher pitch.

Doppler Effect Formula

Doppler effect is the apparent change in the frequency of waves due to the relative motion
between the source of the sound and the observer. We can deduce the apparent frequency in the Doppler
effect using the following equation:

(𝑉 ± 𝑉𝑜 )
𝑓′ = 𝑓
(𝑉 ± 𝑉𝑠 )
where:
f’ = observed frequency
f = actual frequency
V = velocity of sound waves
Vo = velocity of observer
Vs = velocity of the source

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 40

 While there is only one Doppler effect equation, the above equation changes in different
situations depending on the velocities of the observer or the source of the sound. Let us see below how we
can use the equation of the Doppler effect in different situations.

(a) Source Moving Towards the Observer at Rest

In this case, the observer’s velocity is zero, so Vo is equal to zero. Substituting this into the
Doppler effect equation above, we get the equation of the Doppler effect when a source is moving towards
an observer at rest as:
𝑉
𝑓′ = 𝑓
(𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠 )

(b) Source Moving Away from the Observer at Rest

Since the velocity of the observer is zero, we can eliminate Vo from the equation. But this time,
the source moves away from the observer, so its velocity is negative to indicate the direction. Hence, the
equation now becomes as follows:
𝑉
𝑓′ = 𝑓
(𝑉 − (−𝑉𝑠 ))
𝑚
343
′ 𝑠
𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑚 (1.0 𝐻𝑧) = 932 𝐻𝑧
(343 + 25 )
𝑠 𝑠

(c) Observer Moving Towards a Stationary Source

In this case, vs will equal to zero, hence we get the following equation:
(𝑉 + 𝑉𝑜 )
𝑓′ = 𝑓
𝑉
(d)Observer Moving Away from a Stationary Source
Since the observer is moving away, the velocity of the observer becomes negative. So, instead of
adding Vo, we now subtract, since Vo is negative.
(𝑉 − 𝑉𝑜 )
𝑓′ = 𝑓
𝑉

Examples:
Two trains A and B are moving towards each other with a speed of 432 km/h. If the frequency of
the whistle emitted by A is 800 Hz, then what is the apparent frequency of the whistle heard by the
passenger sitting in train B. (The velocity of sound in air is 360 m/s).

Solution:
The source and the observer are moving towards each other, hence.
(𝑉 + 𝑉𝑜 )
𝑓′ = 𝑓
(𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠 )

Converting 432 km/h into m/s we get

𝑘𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 1000 𝑚 𝑚
(432 )( )( ) = 120
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠 1 𝑘𝑚 𝑠

Substituting the values in the equation, we get

(360 + 120)
𝑓′ = (800 𝐻𝑧) = 1600 𝐻𝑧
(360 − 120)

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 41

 What I Have Learned
Activity 4.2.2 Solve the given problems and show your solution.

1. Two trains A and B are moving towards each other with a speed of 562 km/h. If the frequency of
the whistle emitted by A is 700 Hz, then what is the apparent frequency of the whistle heard by
the passenger sitting in train B. (The velocity of sound in air is 360 m/s).
2. Two trucks A and B are moving towards each other with a speed of 60 km/h. If the frequency of
the horn emitted by A is 250 Hz, then what is the apparent frequency of the horn heard by the
passenger sitting in truck B. (The velocity of sound in air is 360 m/s).

What I Can Do
Activity 4.2.3 Think Critically!

1. Relate the frequency (source dependent) and wavelength of sound with the motion of the source
and the listener.
2. Draw an illustration.

Rubrics:
Originality 7 points
Creativity 4 points
Content 4 points
Total: 15 points

Lesson 3: Standing Wave

What Is It?
Standing wave, also called stationary wave, combination of two waves moving in opposite
directions, each having the same amplitude and frequency. The phenomenon is the result of interference;
that is, when waves are superimposed, their energies are either added together or canceled out. In the case
of waves moving in the same direction, interference produces a traveling wave. For oppositely moving
waves, interference produces an oscillating wave fixed in space.

The principle of superposition of waves states that once two or a lot of waves meet at a particular
point, the resultant wave incorporates a displacement which is the algebraic total of the displacements of
every wave.

Considering two waves, travelling simultaneously along the same stretched string in opposite
directions as shown in the figure above. We can see images of waveforms in the string at each instant of
time. It is observed that the net displacement of any element of the string at a given time is the algebraic
sum of the displacements due to each wave.

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 42

 One characteristic of every standing wave pattern is that there are points along the medium that
appear to be standing still. These points, sometimes described as points of no displacement, are referred to
as nodes. There are other points along the medium that undergo vibrations between a large positive and
large negative displacement. These are the points that undergo the maximum displacement during each
vibrational cycle of the standing wave. In a sense, these points are the opposite of nodes, and so they are
called antinodes.
Since the distance from one node to the next is always half a wavelength – the length of the string
is equal to λ1/2. Therefore, the wavelength is twice the string length (λ1=2L). The speed of a wave is equal
to the frequency times the wavelength, it can be rearranged,
𝑣 = 𝑓λ
So,
𝑓 = 𝑣λ
By substituting the value for wavelength as shown above for frequency, we can tell that the
frequency of the vibration equals to the speed of the wave divided by twice the string length.

Fundamental frequency
𝑣 𝑣
𝑓1 = =
λ1 2𝐿

The Harmonic Series.

The frequency of vibration is termed the fundamental frequency of the vibratory string.
Illustration above on second row shows the second harmonic. As presented, three nodes are there and so
the string length is equal to one wavelength. Because this wavelength is half the previous wavelength, the
frequency of this wave is twice as much.
𝑓2 = 2𝑓1
The arrangement pattern continues, and also the frequency of the standing wave within the third
row is thrice the fundamental frequency. And that, the frequencies of the standing wave patterns, are all
integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. The structured frequencies are known as harmonic series.
Since each harmonic is an integral multiple of fundamental frequency, the equation for the fundamental
frequency is generalized to incorporate the whole harmonic series. Therefore, fn = nf 1, where f1 is the
fundamental frequency (f1 = 𝑣/2L) and fn is the frequency of the nth harmonic. (Note that v in the speed
of waves on the vibratory string and not the speed of the resultant sound waves in air).
𝑣
𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛 , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … …
2𝐿
(𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑥
2(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 43

What I Have Learned
Activity 4.3.1 From the concepts that you have learned, perform the task below. Fill the graphic
organizer to complete the concepts on Harmonics. Use a separate paper as you answer sheet.

References:
Byju’s | byjus.com/physics
www.electronicshub.org/sinusoidal-waveform/
Department of Education Central Office. Most Essential Learning Competencies (2020)
Department of Education. Project EASE Physics Module 16: Sound (Learning Resource
Management Development Systems, 2003)
Ferrer, R. A. & Ungson, S. L. 2010. Physics. Science, Environment, Technology and Society.
www.britannica.com/science/standing-wave-physics

General Physics 1 – Quarter 2 44