International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

Print ISSN: 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099 (www.ijsrset.com)

doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET207643

Research Progress of Road Intersection Design Analysis

Hwan NamGung1, ChangSop Kim1, KyongChol Choe1, CholUk Ri2, YongNam Kim1, Myong Pok Ri1
1Pyongyang University of Transportation, School of Railway operation Pyongyang 950003, DPR of Korea

2Kim Chaek University of Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Technology, Pyongyang, 950003,

DPR of Korea

ABSTRACT

Article Info Intersection is one of the most important components of urban roads, and
Volume 7 Issue 6 traffic flow is the node that realizes route change. When the vehicle passes
Page Number: 245-256 through the intersection due to the need for traffic flow route conversion, the
Publication Issue : driver can slow down, change lanes, park, steer. A series of tasks such as
November-December-2020 acceleration, etc., must be completed, and this process must be completed at
the intersection and its neighboring area. Therefore, a number of traffic
conflict points are formed at the intersection and its adjacent area, and the
intersection between traffic flows in different directions, Traffic conflicts such
as merger and direction change occur. Traffic characteristics of intersections
are more complex than road sections, and road traffic bottlenecks and traffic
accidents are frequent. Good design of intersections ensures safe and efficient
operation of the entire road network. Based on the analysis of the serious
causes of urban traffic problems, the importance of intersections in improving
road traffic capacity, traffic jams and accidents is analyzed. The basic content,
types, forms, advantages and disadvantages of intersections are analyzed in
Article History detail. Carry out a specific analysis of the crossover design method classified by
Accepted : 11 Dec 2020 the crossover point, and demonstrate the existing and unsolved problems.
Published : 28 Dec 2020 Keywords : Road Intersection, Intersection Design, Analysis

I. INTRODUCTION ensure traffic safety. Therefore, the thesis briefly

explains the concept, classification, merits and defects
An intersection is a place where two or more roads of various intersections that exist, and focuses on the
intersect, allowing vehicles and pedestrians to gather, recent intersection design method according to
turn, and evacuate. Traffic control facilities such as classification.
traffic lights and other traffic management facilities II. General understanding and classification of
are often installed at intersections to ensure traffic intersections
safety and smooth traffic. Correctly designing road 2.1 A serious problem in urban traffic
intersections and rationally organizing and managing
intersection traffic is necessary to improve traffic and

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Intersections are the throat of the city's road network 2.2 General understanding of intersection
and are a frequent occurrence of traffic jams and
accidents. For example, the travel time of motor An intersection is the intersection of two or more
vehicles in large cities in Japan in the city center roads. It is the necessary place for vehicles and
occurs approximately at intersections, and more than pedestrians to gather, turn and evacuate. According to
half of traffic accidents occur at level intersections the number of intersecting roads, it can be divided
and surrounding US traffic accidents. The traffic into three forks, four forks and multiple forks.
problems at intersections in china are more serious. According to the way of crossing, there are plane
First of all, many cities in china have low road crossing and grade crossing. In order to ensure traffic
network density, excessively large distance between safety and smoothness, traffic control facilities such as
arterial roads, shortage of branch roads, and chaotic signal lights and other traffic management facilities
functions. They are low-level traffic systems that are are often installed at intersections. Correctly
difficult to meet the needs of modern automobile designing road intersections and rationally organizing
traffic. Secondly, many cities Due to the limited land and managing intersection traffic are indispensable
area and small area of intersections, and there are a for improving traffic capacity and ensuring traffic
large number of non-motorized vehicles and safety.
pedestrians, motor vehicles, non-motorized vehicles,
and pedestrians are often intertwined to form a mixed 2.3 Classification of intersections
traffic flow, which seriously affects the traffic
capacity of the intersection. Therefore, rational design Intersections are divided into plane intersections and
of urban intersections, reasonable resolution of grade intersections according to whether the roads
various existing problems, and resolution of traffic intersect in the same plane. The main forms of grade
congestion and safety issues are important links in separation and plan intersections and their
solving urban traffic congestion problems. comparative analysis are introduced below.

Type classification advantage defect General picture

Crossing The form is simple, There are many conflict
intersection the traffic points
organization is
convenient, the street
Plan corner building is
intersections easy to handle, the
application scope is
wide
X-intersection Small footprint, low High requirements for
cost, and wide the sharp angle of
application range intersection

Y-intersection The construction cost High requirements for

is small and the area is intersection angle
small.

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T-intersection Good visibility at The traffic is small.

intersections, safe
driving

Staggered Maximize the use of Short distance,

intersection existing resources insufficient
interweaving length,
and uneven traffic

Multi-road The traffic capacity is The direction of traffic

intersection relatively high. flow is complicated,
with many intersections,
confluence points and
diversion points

Roundabout No need to park, save It occupies a large area,

intersection time, reduce traffic the vehicle speed is low,
accidents, improve and the traffic capacity
driving safety, simple is not large. There 3are a
traffic organization, large number of
and increase beauty. intersections, and the
construction cost is
higher than that of
general level
intersections.
Underpass Less land occupation High requirements for
Grade interchange and less impact on drainage system design
separations urban space and
surrounding
environment
Overpass The construction is The disadvantages are
interchange more convenient, the that the land occupation
cost is lower, because is large, the line bridge
the excavation is affects the sight and
small, the surrounding landscape,
interference with the the approach road is
underground pipeline long or the longitudinal
is small, and the slope is large, which is
drainage is easy to not conducive to non
deal with. motor vehicle traffic.
separate grade The utility model has The vehicles on and off
crossing the advantages of less the road can't change
land occupation, with each other.
simple structure and
low cost

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Interchange The most perfect The cost is high, the

connection facilities land occupation is wide,
in highway network and it has certain
complexity in
technology.

2.4 Comparative analysis of grade separation and ✓ Carry out traffic organization and rationally
plane intersections arrange various traffic facilities;
✓ Check the sight distance of traffic at intersections
Grade separation uses space to separate the traffic to ensure safe visibility conditions;
flow, although it can avoid the formation of conflict ✓ Intersection elevation design, arrangement of
points in the traffic flow at the intersection, reduce rainwater outlets and drainage pipes.
delays, ensure traffic safety, improve traffic capacity
and transportation efficiency, and solve the problems
3.1.2 Design classification of road intersections
caused by level crossing, but it cannot completely
3.1.2.1 Intersection channelization design
replace the plane intersections. First of all, the
overpass project is huge, the construction cost is high,
① Basic principles of intersection channelization
the area is large, and the construction period is long.
design
Secondly, due to the nature of the intersecting roads,
land occupation, project investment and other
Separation principle: The channelization design
restrictions, it is impossible to construct all the
should minimize the interference between different
interchanges, and sometimes it is necessary to build
traffic flows, and guide traffic participants to follow
some of the interchanges. Type interchanges. This
the traffic method of lane separation and separation of
type of interchange retains part of the plane
mancar through traffic signs and markings, so as to
interchanges, and the problem of plane intersections
promote each lane.
still exists. Building an intersection in the city will
also divide the city, affect the sunshine conditions of
The principle of diversion: clarify the driving
the neighborhood, interfere with electric waves,
trajectory of different traffic flows, and divert the
obstruct the line of sight, destroy the landscape, and
traffic flow through measures such as one-way traffic,
bring pedestrians Inconvenience and other issues.
changing traffic, dedicated lanes, and prohibiting left
Therefore, level intersections are still the main form
turns.
of intersections in my country.

② Key Points of Intersection Channelization Design

III. ROAD INTERSECTION DESIGN

✓ The entrance road is appropriately widened to

3.1 Basic requirements and design classification of
match the traffic capacity of the road section
road intersection design
✓ Parking sight distance, curb radius, lane width
meet requirements
3.1.1 Basic requirements for road intersection design
✓ Using the canalized island to keep traffic flow
smoothly and reduce hidden traffic hazards
✓ Correctly choose the form of the intersection and
✓ Set up pedestrian crossing safety islands and
determine the geometric dimensions of each
organize bicycle traffic reasonably
component;

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✓ Pay attention to the landscape of intersections, simple intersection design where roads are orthogonal
set up the greening of the intersections or close to orthogonal.
reasonably, and pay equal attention to functions
and landscapes ✓ Design contour method:

The design contour method is to select the road ridge

3.1.2.2 Vertical design of intersection line and divide the elevation calculation line network
① Basic principles of vertical design of intersection within the design range of the intersection, calculate
✓ When the secondary roads intersect, the vertical the design elevation of each point on the road ridge
and horizontal slopes of the main roads generally line and the elevation calculation line network, and
remain unchanged, and the vertical and finally draw the design contour line and calculate
horizontal slopes of the secondary roads can be Find out the method of filling and digging the
changed appropriately. construction height at each point. Compared with the
✓ When roads of the same level intersect, the square grid method, the design contour method can
longitudinal slope is generally unchanged, and more clearly reflect the actual terrain and vertical
the transverse slope is variable. design shape of the intersection; however, it has the
✓ The design longitudinal slope of the intersection disadvantage that it is not easy to stake out the
should not be too large, generally not more than position of each point on the design contour. This
2%, and in difficult circumstances, not more than method is commonly used in the design of general
3%. road intersections.
✓ The vertical design elevation of the intersection
should be coordinated with the elevation of the ✓ Contour method of grid design
surrounding buildings.
The grid design contour method is a combination of
✓ In order to ensure smooth drainage at the
the first two methods, combining the advantages of
intersection, at least one of the longitudinal
the two. It first uses the design contour method to
slopes of the road should face away from the
design and calculate, and then further uses the
intersection during the design.
interpolation method to calculate the design elevation
✓ Reasonably determine the slope point and
of each corner of the square grid, and marks the
arrange the gutter.
ground elevation and construction fill and excavation
height of each corresponding point. The square grid
② Key Points of Vertical Design of Intersection design contour method is suitable for the vertical
design of large and complex road intersections.
✓ Grid square method:
3.1.2.3 Traffic signal timing design
In the area of the intersection, use the center line of
the intersecting road as the coordinate baseline to
The timing design of traffic signals is an important
create a 5m×5m or 10m×10m square grid, measure the
link in the design of traffic channelization. How to set
ground elevation of each grid point, and calculate and
the phase sequence and timing reasonably, maximize
determine the design elevation and the method of
the function of traffic lights, and improve the
excavation and filling construction height That is the
efficiency and safety of intersections, the setting of
grid method. The square grid method is convenient
traffic signal lights generally follows the following
for construction lofting, and is usually suitable for
principles:

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✓ The number of traffic signal phases should be ① Pedestrian traffic organization. The main task of
reduced as much as possible to increase the pedestrian traffic organization is to organize
effective transit time within the cycle. pedestrians to walk on the sidewalk and cross the
✓ Signal cycle duration Under the premise of street safely within the crosswalk line to separate
meeting the minimum cycle (the time for the people and vehicles with minimal interference.
traffic flow to safely pass through the ② Non-motorized vehicle traffic organization: at
intersection), the non-motor vehicle peak period intersections, non-motorized vehicle lanes are
should be as small as possible. usually arranged between motorized vehicle
✓ The signal timing design should be coordinated lanes and sidewalks; in intersections, non-
with the space design. motorized vehicles run on the right side
✓ The signal phase should be flexibly combined according to traffic rules at random under normal
according to the actual flow and characteristics of traffic flow, and there is no separation facility ;
the traffic flow When the traffic volume is large, separation belts
✓ Phase sequence design should follow the (or piers) can be used to separate motor vehicles
principle of minimizing lost time under the and non-motor vehicles to reduce mutual
premise of ensuring safety. interference; when the traffic volume is large and
the interference between aircraft and non-motor
3.1.2.4 Traffic organization design
vehicles is serious, three-dimensional non-motor
vehicles can be considered Train traffic
✓ Vehicle traffic organization method
organization and consider it together with
pedestrian bridges or underpasses.
① Set up dedicated lanes:

3.2 Road intersection design

Organize vehicles of different driving directions to
drive in separate lanes on their own lanes without
3.2.1 Plane intersection design
interfering with each other. According to the width
of the lane and the traffic volume of left, straight, and
The design research of this intersection is divided into
right vehicles, various types can be made combined
two aspects: the practical part and the theoretical
lane division.
research part. The practical part is based on cross-
design specifications, including design-related content.
② Traffic organization for left-turning vehicles:
Theoretical research mainly analyzes the effectiveness
Set up dedicated left-turn lanes; implement traffic
and methods of design methods from the aspects of
control; change left-turning to right-turning.
plane layout design and cross-sectional design.
③ Organize channelized traffic:
Draw lines on the lanes, or use green belts and traffic
① T-shaped intersection design
islands to separate the traffic flow, so that vehicles of
various types and speeds can be like the water flow in
The VISSIM program was used to analyze the
the channel, without interfering with each other in
characteristics of changes in traffic performance
the prescribed direction driving traffic organization.
measurement related to the composition of drivers of
various age groups in the traffic flow. In addition, it
Pedestrian and non-motorized vehicle traffic
was combined with micro-simulation output analysis
organization:
through SSAM (Surrogate Safety Assessment Model)
and for verifing the traffic collision, the actual

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collision data is compared [1]. It was in the four passing through the intersection [11]. In offset
intersection points of the delivery priority non- intersection, a cellular automaton rule based on
limited signal at the intersection of t analyzing the analysis of traffic collision process is proposed, and
behavior of the receiving gap and the two-wheeled the relationship between road traffic flow and average
vehicle model [2]. Based on the analysis of the factors speed is studied [12]. Literature [13] introduced that
affecting the severity of the truck-related crash based on the sequencing strategy and pre-signal, the
accident at the t intersection, four partial pro problem of low intersection efficiency can be solved
portional odds models including fxed and unfixed at the left and right misaligned intersections through
parameters were created [3]. Various types of channelization and signal phasing, so that the
approach behavior were generated at the t- separation distance is used as the signal to reduce the
intersection and analyzed according to cooperation time loss in the signal cycle.
readiness, priority driving preference, and safety of
the situation through experiments [4]. Solutions and ③ Cross-road intersection design
applied approaches to eliminate the risk of blocking
the movement of road vehicles found at intersections Age, physical ability, and spatial composition of the
are presented in the form of an animated uml-based road were considered as major components of road
model [5]. The influence of both the driver's intended safety, and the quality and risk of intersection were
operation and gap duration on the gap acceptance analyzed in detail [14].The effectiveness of the newly
behavior at the stop control t-intersection using a designed crosswalk sign was evaluated in
driving simulator was specifically analyzed [6]. consideration of the vehicle-pedestrian interaction
Literature [7] proposed a cellular automaton model to [15]. In terms of efficiency and safety, a delay model
describe the traffic characteristics of unsignaled T- was created and the crossing pattern was analyzed in
shaped intersections on crosswalks, and studied the consideration of traffic and diagonal pedestrian
characteristics of vehicle flow of various parameters. movement [16]. Considering the influence of the
Various factors are optimized and analyzed for the upstream signal intersection, the operational
minimum traffic delay at a three-phase T-shaped performance analysis of the reverse left turn lane
intersection [8]. (CLL) design was conducted [17]. In order to solve the
problem of signal timing optimization at irregular
② X–shaped, Y -shaped and Offset intersection four-step intersections, a new design method based on
design the calculation of lane design capacity based on the
VISSIM program is proposed [18]. At signal
Using the Vissim and Surrogate Safe ty Assessment intersections, most factors such as pedestrian
models, the data extracted through the video graphic characteristics (age, movement restrictions, etc.),
survey were analyzed in detail for the stability of the traffic conditions and signal delays are
design at the T intersection and the x intersection comprehensively considered and modeled [19].
using the pedestrian vehicle collision analysis (PVCA)
method [9]. Literature [10] focuses on the dilemma of ④ Roundabout intersection design
passing at Y-intersections, and uses Intelligent Traffic
Point System (ITPS) to design and analyze the Environmental sustainability was analyzed by
simulation system of Y-intersections. Under the researching and comparing various construction
influence of pedestrians, the new traffic rules at y techniques for the road grade, embankment and
intersections proposed a signal distribution formula pavement at the roundabout Intersection [20].
and provided new ideas for the percentage of time Significant differences in emissions due to the type of

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crossover control were analyzed through experiments In summary, the research on the design of
at roundabout intersections using statistical methods intersections in terms of vehicle passing capacity and
[21]. A vehicle noise emission model considering the pedestrian safety is basically completed. The research
acceleration effect was created using an experimental object is also based on a large area and few pedestrians,
method, and accordingly, traffic noise near the for research analysis and simulation. Without
roundabout and signal intersection was studied [22]. comprehensively considering the parameters in the
Correlation with individual variables such as traffic design, the hypothesis is basically established. The
mode and perception of carousel safety were VISSIM program is used for simulation, and the
evaluated, and processed and analyzed using the research content and analysis are very simple. The
Ordinal regression method and the Multiple research object is also mainly automobiles, without
Correspondence Analysis [23]. Literature [24] comprehensive investigation of various factors related
introduced four relatively new alternative types of to intersection design such as pedestrians and bicycles.
roundabouts-"turbo", "lower", "target" and "four cross-
border" roundabouts and their design, capacity and 1) 3.2.2 Interchange intersection design
traffic volume. Comparison-safe point. By applying The interchange area is a very critical area to improve
the gap acceptance theory widely used in the capacity vehicle and pedestrian capacity in a limited space.
analysis of roundabouts, we analyzed how the Research on the design of the interchange area is in-
frequency of priority violations varies according to depth.
traffic composition and volume, and created a model
to examine it in detail [25]. ① Overpass and underpass grade separation
From the perspective of topology and beautification,
⑤ Multiple intersection design the bridge and the upper-span intersection are studied,
and the characteristics of the reinforced soil are
A new multi-intersection (MI-phase) was proposed analyzed to play a functional potential in the field of
and a scalable optimization frame was designed for building structures [30]. Put forward the management
actual traffic control optimization called the and traffic adjustment methods to obtain the best
"Lagrangian decomposition using subproblem solution, and use the vissim program to evaluate the
approximation" approach [26]. In order to capture the adaptability of the intersection, and compare and
inner correlation between sequential traffic flow data, analyze the analysis results and the modeling results
an algorithm was created using a new learning [31].
method that includes a relevance vector machine for
traffic flow prediction [27]. A cooperative ② Separate grade crossing and interchange
autonomous transport organization design method for intersection
CAVs in a multi-intersection road network was
proposed [28]. Based on queuing theory and standard Combining the changeable design ideas and starting
technology, a new multi-way intersection general from the perspective of survey and design, several
traffic model was developed using M/M/1 single issues that should be paid attention to when
server [28]. Real-time traffic data from multiple optimizing the design plan are put forward to choose
intersections are used to analyze adaptive traffic the best plan and give full play to its functions[32]. It
control issues to ease congestion in terms of was redesigned as Diverging Diamond Interchange
maximum throughput traffic flow and minimize (DDI) by increasing the demand for turning to the left,
delays while keeping all network traffic lights fair thus conducting an in-depth analysis of different
[29]. factors that affect the sustainability performance

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(operational and safety) of conventional Acts such as forcibly crossing the street, ignoring
exchanges[33]. Literature [69] proposed a new Offset signals, and violating traffic laws have increased the
Diamond Interchange (OD1) as an alternative design, burden on traffic operation at intersections.
which showed the potential to alleviate the
limitations of service exchange failures related to 4.2 Ways to improve intersection
transportation operations [34].
① Intersection engineering renovation
In summary, the design of interchanges is dominated A line type of the upstream and downstream sections
by the geometric designof interchanges, but from the of the intersection, the geometric line shape of the
perspective of traffic flow design, ramp and flow line intersection itself, and the central separation belt shall
connection is the focus of current optimization design, be reconstructed to a certain extent to compensate for
and the matching of upstream and downstream traffi the inherent shortcomings of the intersection.
c capacity of intersections is also increasingly being af
fected by people’s concern. ② Channelized traffic
Channelization means that in order to reduce and
IV. DISCUSSION improve the staggered number and nature of traffic
flow at intersections and intersections, appropriate
4.1 Basic problems at intersections settings are set at locations that are not used by
normal traffic flow. The driving position of vehicles is
① Congenital lack of structure design specified, and vehicles are induced to drive in the
In many urban road networks, due to inadequate normal direction to provide pedestrians with
traffic forecasts, unfamiliar environment, and lack of avoidance. At the parking lot, measures aimed at
understanding of the actual situation during the rectifying the traffic flow. It includes motor vehicle
construction period of the road, the planning, channelization and non-motor vehicle channelization,
geometry, and hardware facilities of the intersection and non-motor vehicle channelization is divided into
are unreasonable during the design. The traffic bicycle channelization and pedestrian traffic
congestion and chaotic vehicle operation in the channelization. The specific measures adopted often
intersection increase the risk of traffic accidents. include road markings and markings, physical traffic
islands, turn left twice to cross the street, pedestrian
② Unreasonable management control bridges and underpasses.
Inadequate traffic control at intersections is also one
of the reasons for the prominent traffic problems at ③ Management measures
intersections. Due to improper or even lack of Intersection management uses the actual situation of
channelization measures, poor phase setting, each intersection to manage the intersection problem
unreasonable signal cycle design, and improper by formulating reasonable rules.
manual traffic management, the traffic at
intersections will be confused. 4.3 Development Outlook

③ People lack awareness of traffic Based on the analysis and research on the domestic
Among all the factors affecting traffic, the human and foreign intersection design, the multi-purpose
factor is the most unstable factor. Because different optimization theory should be applied to the
individuals react differently to different traffic intersection design to optimize the design of the
conditions, they have different impacts on traffic. intersection with high traffic safety and traffic

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efficiency, low accident rate, fast passage time, and Analysis and Prevention, 2020, 144:1-12.
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V. CONCLUSION
Research Procedia, 2019, 40:1465-1472
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An intersection is the intersection of two or more
acceptance at stop-controlled T-intersections in
roads. It is the necessary place for vehicles and
asimulated rural environment, Transportation
pedestrians to gather, turn and evacuate. Correctly
Research Part F, 2013, 20:80-89.
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[7]. H. Echab, H. Ez-Zahraouy. Dynamic
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improve traffic capacity and ensure traffic safety. of crossing pedestrians' behavior at a
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Cite this article as :

Hwan NamGung, ChangSop Kim, KyongChol Choe,

CholUk Ri, YongNam Kim, Myong Pok Ri "Research
Progress of Road Intersection Design Analysis",
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology (IJSRSET), Online ISSN :
2394-4099, Print ISSN : 2395-1990, Volume 7 Issue 6, pp.
245-256, November-December 2020. Available at
doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSET207643
Journal URL : http://ijsrset.com/IJSRSET207643

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