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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 discusses various types of intersections and interchanges, focusing on their geometrical components and design considerations. It categorizes intersections into at-grade and grade-separated types, detailing their characteristics, advantages, and design requirements. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of safety, visibility, and traffic flow in intersection design, including specific design elements for roundabouts and other intersection types.

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17 views40 pages

Chapter 6

Chapter 6 discusses various types of intersections and interchanges, focusing on their geometrical components and design considerations. It categorizes intersections into at-grade and grade-separated types, detailing their characteristics, advantages, and design requirements. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of safety, visibility, and traffic flow in intersection design, including specific design elements for roundabouts and other intersection types.

Uploaded by

Esubalew Goa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 6
Intersection & Interchange
Content
 Types of Intersection and
Interchanges
 Geometrical Components of
Intersections &Interchanges
 Geometric Design of Intersection
o Roundabouts
o Intersections
o Interchanges
o Level Crossings
Intersection
•Intersection:- is an area shared by two or more
roads, whose main function is to provide for the
change of route directions.
•Intersections vary in complexity from a simple
intersection , which are only two roads crossing at
a right angle to each other, to a more complex
intersection, at which three or more roads cross
with in the same area.
Types of Intersection
 Intersection are generally classified in to three General
Categories
• At- grade intersections,
• Grade-separated without ramps, and
• Grade-separated with ramps (commonly known as
interchanges)
Grade Separated Intersections ( with /without ramps)
Usually consist of structures,
that provide for traffic to cross at different
levels (vertical distance) without interruption.
 The potential for crashes at grade separated intersections is
Reduced b/se many potential conflicts b/n inersecting
traffic streams of traffic are eliminated.
Type of Grade-separated Junctions

Three-way junctions; (A & B)


 Junctions of major/minor roads; (C & D)
 Junctions of two major roads; and (E & F)
 Junctions of more than two major roads.
Types of Grade-Separated Junctions
Grade-separated with ramps or
Interchanges
Interchange Examples

Interchanges
Interchange Examples
Interchange Examples
Interchange Examples
Interchanges
We use interchanges if
 An at-grade junction has insufficient capacity

The junction is justified economically from the


savings in traffic delays and accident costs
Grade separation is cheaper on account of
topography or on the grounds that expensive land
appropriation can be avoided by its construction
For operational reasons
 Where roads cross motorways
Factor for location of interchanges
 Trip length (travel distance)
 Size of urban areas
 Predicted traffic volumes
 Cost of junction
Congestion control
At-Grade separated Intersection
 do not provide for the flow of traffic at different
levels (Heights)
 therefore, there exist conflicts b/n intersecting
straems of traffic.
Types of at- grade intersections
The basic types of at grade intersections:
 T or three leg intersections
 Four leg or cross intersections
 Multi-leg intersections
At grade intersection
 Chanalized
 Unchanalized
 Flared
Examples of at-grade intersection
Design Considerations at-grade intersection
Human factor: such as driving habits and decision
and reaction times.

Traffic considerations: such as


capacities and turning movements,
vehicle speeds, and
size and
distribution of vehicles
Design Considerations at-grade intersection

 Physical elements: such as


characteristics and use of abutting property,
sight distance, and
geometric features

Economic factors: such as


costs and benefits and
energy consumption
Geometric Design of Intersections
Roundabouts
Roundabout are channelized intersections comprising a

central circle surrounded by a one-way roadway.

Naturally, in the case of roundabouts, entering traffic yields

to traffic within.

Generally have good safety record


Cont.…
Roundabout Design
 Select the general design criteria to be used
 Select the appropriate design vehicle for the site. DV4 for
all design standards.
Adopt a minimum design vehicle turning radius. This will
generally be 15m radius.
 Determine from traffic flows the number of lanes required
on entry, exit and circulation
 Identify the needs of pedestrians
 Identify the location of controls such as(ROW )right-of-
way boundaries, utilities...
 Layout sign plan.
Cont…
Check the achievement of adequate
deflection Adjust as required.
Check site distances at approaches and
exits.
Layout lane and pavement markings.
Layout lighting plan
Layout sign plan.
2. Intersection Design
Intersection Design – Operational Requirements
Provide adequate sight distance – for approach and
departure maneuvers
Minimize turning and through conflicts
Provide natural paths for permitted movements
Avoid geometry (sharp curves/steep grades) that
complicates the driving task and adversely impact
acceleration/deceleration
Cont…

Design Requirement – Safety


Visibility: angle not greater 20 degree from
perpendicular.
Comprehension: similar types of junction, road
sign and markings.
Maneuverability: adequate lane width, turning
radius, marking edge of traffic lanes.
Advantages and disadvantages Intersections
Priority (T-Junction, Cross-Junction). For low flows. Can
cause long delays. Requires sufficient stopping sight distance.
 Delays can be improved by signal installation.

Roundabouts. For low to medium flows.


 Minimal delays at lower flows.
Shown to be safer than priority junctions.
Requires attention to pedestrian movements and
accommodation of slow-moving traffic.

Grade-Separation. For high flows.


Results in minimal delays.
 Expensive.
Alignment
Regardless of the type of intersection, for
safety and economy, intersecting roads should
generally meet at or nearly at right angles.
Profile
Should facilitate driver’s control of
vehicle.
Avoid significant changes in grade
Typically ≤ 3%
Continue major street grade through
intersection
Conflict Areas at Priority Intersections
Conflict Areas at Priority Intersections
Type of Intersection Control
 No control
 Yield or stop signs,
 Channelization,
 Roundabouts and
 Traffic signals.
Uncontrolled Intersections
 Vehicles adjust speed

 Driver should perceive a hazard in sufficient time


before reaching the intersection.

The safe stopping distances applied the same as those


used for designing any other section of highway.

 Provide control if sight triangle not available


Cont….
Cont…
Cont…
Stop Control Case
 Eliminates crossing & merging conflicts

 Three Sub Cases – Maneuvers


Turn left on to major roadway (clear traffic left, enter
traffic right)
Turn right on to major roadway (enter traffic from
left)
Crossing (clear traffic left/right)
Cont…
Yield Control Case
Eliminates crossing conflicts
 Used at major road-minor road intersections
 Minor Roadway Yields – must be able to see
left/right – adjust speed – possibly stop
 Sight distance exceeds that on stop control
 Similar to no-control
Intersection Channelization
Channelization
.

The End
Quiz
1. Write types and differences of intersections.
2. Assume that it is a two lane intersections, count:-
no of diverging
No converging
No of crossing

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