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Intro To Crypto

The document discusses cryptography and network security, focusing on measures to protect data transmission over interconnected networks, including cryptography techniques, security attacks both passive and active, security services, and security mechanisms. It also covers models for network security and network access security that involve cryptographic algorithms, secret key generation and distribution, and authentication of users through gatekeeper functions and security controls.

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Sharukh
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19 views

Intro To Crypto

The document discusses cryptography and network security, focusing on measures to protect data transmission over interconnected networks, including cryptography techniques, security attacks both passive and active, security services, and security mechanisms. It also covers models for network security and network access security that involve cryptographic algorithms, secret key generation and distribution, and authentication of users through gatekeeper functions and security controls.

Uploaded by

Sharukh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cryptography and

Network Security

Introduction
Background
➢ Information Security requirements have
changed in recent times
➢ traditionally provided by physical and
administrative mechanisms
➢ computer use requires automated tools to
protect files and other stored information
➢ use of networks and communications links
requires measures to protect data during
transmission
Definitions
➢ Computer Security - generic name for
the collection of tools designed to protect
data and to thwart hackers
➢ Network Security - measures to protect
data during their transmission
➢ Internet Security - measures to protect
data during their transmission over a
collection of interconnected networks
Aim of Course
➢ our focus is on Internet Security
➢ which consists of measures to deter,
prevent, detect, and correct security
violations that involve the transmission &
storage of information
Cryptography, a word in
Greek means?
a. Corrupting data
b. Secret writing
c. Open writing
d. Closed writing
The process of transforming a message
to unreadable form is called?

a. Compression
b. Encryption
c. Hiding
Aspects of Security
➢ consider 3 aspects of information
security:
⚫ security attack
⚫ security mechanism
⚫ security service
Security Attack

➢ any action that compromises the security of


information owned by an organization
➢ information security is about how to prevent
attacks, or failing that, to detect attacks on
information-based systems
➢ often threat & attack used to mean same thing
➢ have a wide range of attacks
➢ can focus of generic types of attacks
⚫ passive

⚫ active
Passive
Attacks
Passive Attacks

➢ Two types of
• Are in the nature of
eavesdropping on, or passive attacks
monitoring of, are:
transmissions ⚫ The release of
• Goal of the opponent message
is to obtain information contents
that is being transmitted ⚫ Traffic analysis
Active Attacks
Active Attacks
➢ Involve some modification of
the data stream or the creation • Takes place when one entity
pretends to be a different entity
of a false stream Masquerade • Usually includes one of the other
forms of active attack
➢ Difficult to prevent because of
the wide variety of potential
physical, software, and network
• Involves the passive capture of a
vulnerabilities data unit and its subsequent
Replay retransmission to produce an
➢ Goal is to detect attacks and to unauthorized effect
recover from any disruption or
delays caused by them
• Some portion of a legitimate
Modification message is altered, or messages
of messages are delayed or reordered to
produce an unauthorized effect

Denial of • Prevents or inhibits the normal use


or management of
service communications facilities
Interruption: services or data become unavailable,
unusable, destroyed, and so on, such as lost of file, denial
of service, etc.

Cut wire lines,


Jam wireless
signals,
Drop packets,
➢ Interception: an unauthorized subject
has gained access to an object, such
as stealing data, overhearing others
communication, etc.

Wiring,
eavesdrop
Modification: unauthorized changing
of data or tempering with services,
such as alteration of data,
modification of messages, etc.

Replaced
intercept
info
Fabrication: additional data or
activities are generated that would
normally no exist, such as adding a
password to a system, replaying
previously send messages, etc.

Also called impersonation


Security Service
⚫ Enhance security of data processing systems
and information transfers of an organization
⚫ Intended to counter security attacks
⚫ Using one or more security mechanisms
⚫ Often replicates functions normally associated
with physical documents
• which, for example, have signatures, dates; need
protection from disclosure, tampering, or
destruction; be notarized or witnessed; be
recorded or licensed
Security Services
➢ Authentication - assurance that the
communicating entity is the one claimed
➢ Access Control - prevention of the
unauthorized use of a resource
➢ Data Confidentiality –protection of data from
unauthorized disclosure
➢ Data Integrity - assurance that data received is
as sent by an authorized entity
➢ Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by
one of the parties in a communication
Security Mechanism
➢ feature designed to detect, prevent, or recover
from a security attack
➢ no single mechanism that will support all
services required
➢ however one particular element underlies
many of the security mechanisms in use:
⚫ cryptographic techniques

➢ hence our focus on this topic


Security Mechanisms
➢ specific security mechanisms:
⚫ encipherment, digital signatures, access

controls, data integrity, authentication


exchange, traffic padding, routing control,
notarization
➢ pervasive security mechanisms:
⚫ trusted functionality, security labels, event

detection, security audit trails, security


recovery
Model for Network Security
Model for Network Security
➢ using this model requires us to:
1. design a suitable algorithm for the security
transformation
2. generate the secret information (keys)
used by the algorithm
3. develop methods to distribute and share
the secret information
4. specify a protocol enabling the principals
to use the transformation and secret
information for a security service
Model for Network Access
Security
Model for Network Access
Security
➢ using this model requires us to:
1. select appropriate gatekeeper functions to
identify users
2. implement security controls to ensure only
authorised users access designated
information or resources
➢ trusted computer systems may be
useful to help implement this model

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