CHAPTER 7

Rectifiers
Inside This Chapter Current 7.7
Bleeder
7.6 Surge
Filter Circuits
Rectifiers 7.5
.1 ntroduction 7.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
7.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers 7.4 Three-Phase

Resistor 7.8 a Voltage Multipliers

Voltage Regulation 7.9

half-wave or full-
either
Rectifiers may be
four diodes.
7.1 INTRODUCTION two or

(centre-tap or bridge) type. has a pulsating

wave rectifier circuit
from a
The electrical power is almost The output voltage (components
exclusively generated, transmitted i.e., it contains
unwanted ac
components

and distributed in the form of ac because of economical character with dc component.

its harmonics) along
consideration but for operation of most of the electronic devices ofsupply
frequencyfand
constant
direct voltage is required
For most supply purposes, trom
and circuits, de supply is required. Dry cells and batteries can be To reduce
rectifier.
a c conponents

used for this purpose. No doubt, they have the advantages of than that furnished by a required. Thus filter
the rectifier output voltage a
filter circuit is load and blocks ac
being portable and ripple free but their voltages are low, they the
de component to
need frequent replacement and are expensive in comparison to is a device which passes tormea
Filter is typically
rectifier output.
components of the
de pOwer supplies. Nowadays, almost all electronic and/or i n ductos
COnvenonal elements such as capacitors
supply into de from reactive circuit
cquipment include a circuit that converts ac

into de is called and resistors with the

supply. The part of equipment that converts ac
The magnitude of output
dc voltage may vary
the dc power supply. In general, at the input of the power supply, the magnitude of load
ac voltage or
rectifier (a diode variation of either the input
there is a power transformer. It is followed by voltage
a combination a
rectifier-filter
current. So at the output of a
then by a voltage regulator circuit. an almost
circuit), smoothing filter and
a
7.1. regulator is required, as shown
in Fig. 7.1, to provide
is given inFig.
A block diagram of such a power supply constant dc voltage at the output
of the regulator. The voltage
block diagram shown in Fig. 7.1, the discrete
As obvious from the constructed from a zener diode, and/or
constituted by four elements viz. a regulator may be
basic power supply is main function is
transistors, and/or integrated circuits (ICs). Its
a filter, and a regulator put together
rectifier, However, it also rejects
transformer, a
to maintain a constant dc voltage.
output
is used to provide a constant
The output of the dc power supply the function of any ac ripple voltage that is not removed by the filter. The
across the load.
Let us briefly outline devices such as short-circuit
de voltage regulator may also include protective
of the de power supply.
each of the elements down (usually to step protection, current limiting, thermal shutdown, or overvoltage
used to step up or step
Transformer is solid-state electronic protection.
of the
as per need
down) the supply voltage the dc power supply.
It can
to be supplied by
devices and circuits l i n e - a n important safety 7.2 HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERS
isolation from the supply
provide include internal shielding to prevent
It may also getting When a single rectifier unit is placed in series with the load across
the power line from
consideration.
on
electrical noise signal as illustrated in
unwanted
supPply and possibly
disturbing the load.
an ac
supply, Fig. 7.2, it converts alternating
voltage into unidirectional pulsating voltage, using one half
into the power converts the sinusoidal ac voltage
device which
Rectifier is a dc. P-N junction diode, cycles of the applied voltage, the other half cycles being
positive or negative pulsating suppressed because it conducts only in one direction. Unless there
into either
biased and practically does not
when forward
which conducts can be used for rectification i.e. is an inductance or battery in the circuit, the current will be zero,
biased,
conduct when
reverse
typically needs one. therefore. for half the time. This is called half-wave
conversion of ac
rectifier
into dc. The rectification.
for

TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIER

HH FILTER voLTAGE
REGULATOR

PEGULATED DC
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
AC INPUT SIGNAL
Fig. 7.1 Block Diagram of a DC Power Supply

124
Rectifiers

125
Vsmax

tLmax OR Imay
/ 4

NS
Vsmax
RECTIFIED OUTPUT VOLTAGE/CURRENT
INPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORMM WAVEFORMS

Fig.7.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers

As already discussed, diode is an electronic
device
consisting
f two elements known as cathode and anode. The above factors will be considered in the
analysis of the
lctrons flow in one direction
can
Since in a diode circuit given below.
only i.e., from
anode, the diode provides the unilateral conduction cathode to Analysis of Half-Wave Rectifier. Under this subarticle, the
far rectification. This is true for diodes of necessary
all following items will be considered.
illed. crystal, semiconductor types-vacuum, gas-
or metallic (copper oxide and (i) Peak inverse voltage
selenium types) diodes. Semiconductor diodes, because of (ii) Average and peak currents in the diode
their
inherent advantages (already mentioned in Art. 4.1) are
usually (iii) DC output voltage
used as a rectifying device. However, for
very high voltages, (iv) RMS current and voltage
vacuum diodes may be employed.
(v) Rectification efficiency
Circuit. The half-wave rectifier circuit using a semiconductor
(vi) Ripple factor, and
diode with a load resistance R but no
smoothing filter is
in Fig. 7.2. The diode is connected in series with given (vii) Regulation.
the secondary
of thetransformer and the load resistance R;, the 1. Peak Inverse Voltage. It is the maximum voltage that
primary of the
transformer is being connected to the ac supply mains. the rectifying diode has to withstand, when it is reverse biased.
The peak inverse voltage (PIV) rating of a diode is of the
Working. The ac
voltage across the secondary winding primary
changes polarity after every half cycle. During the positive half importance in the design of rectification systems.
During negative half cycles of the input voltage, the diode
cycles of the input ac voltage i.e., when upper end of the secondary is reverse biased, no current flows
winding is positive w.r.t. its lower end, the diode is forward biased through the load resistance R,
and so causes no voltage drop across load resistance R and
and, therefore, conducts current. If the forward resistance ot the
diode is assumed to be zero (in practice, however, a small consequently the whole of the input voltage appears across the
diode. Thus the maximum voltage, that
resistance exists) the appears across the diode
input voltage during the positive half cycles is equal to the peak value of the secondary
voltage i.e., Vs max
1s directly applied
to the load resistanee making its upper
R, Thus for a half-wave rectifier
end positive w.r.t. its lower end. Th. waveforms of the output
current and output voltage are of the same shape as that of the PIV Vs max ...(7.1)
input ac voltage. 2. Peak Current. Assuming the voltage across the transformer
During the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage i.e., secondary sinusoidal of peak value Vs may. instantaneous value
when the lower end of the secondary winding is positive w.r.t. its of the voltage applied to the rectifie ie given as

pper end, the diode is reverse biased and so does not conduct.
nus during the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage the 'sVsmax Sin or ..(7.2)
zero if the
neglecting diode cutin voltage Vk, being very small as
and across the load remains
C
ver
t through beingvoltage
urrent, very small in magnitude, is neglected. Thus compared with VS max
to the load. If the diode is assumed to have forward resistance of R
power is delivered
a
ne negative half cycles no
Thusisthe output voltage developed across load resistance ohms andthrough
reversetheresistance equal infinity. then the current
diode (or load resistance R) is given
to

R(V,) seriesof positive cycles alternating

a half of votage,
voltage levels,
flowing
as
as

ntervening very small negative

constant i= max Sin or for 0Sor ST .(7.3)
that the output
w in the Fig. 7.2. It is obvious from the figure
is not: Steady dc, but only a pulsating dc wave. Since only half
i = 0 for nSors 27 (7.4)
ycies of the input wave are used, it is called a half-wave rectifier. where peak value of current flowing through diode (or load

most important
resistance
R) is given as
P
Supply Specifications. The
cha r to be specified
for a power VSmax
dcteristics which are required .(7.5)
Supply are given below: maxRF +RL
3. DC Output Current. The average or dc value of output
.The required output de voltage.
current is given asS
h e average and peak currents the diode.
in
2T
. The peak inverse voltage (PIV) of each diode.

4. The regulat ae27d(or)

0
5. The ripple factor.
 Circuits
Electronic Devicesand

Rectification efficiency. which

max Sin o d(ot) + 2TT 9. Rectification Efficiency.
power to
the ac input power, is

0d(or) is defined as the ratio of dcoutput

given as
delivered to the load
max
0.318 ma =
.7.6)
DC power transformer
A C input power from the
Substituting the value of I,na from Eq. (7.5), we have to the load,
Now de power delivered
de Vsmax
t(RL + RE)
Smax
..(7.17)
if R > Rp ..(7.7)
TtRL Pae= R = | maR
4. DC
the load is
Output Voltage. Average or de value of AC power input from the
transformer,

given as voltage across junction

Power dissipated in diode
Pa R,
in load resistance
Vde deR= Vsnx
Tt(RL +RE L Smax ...(7.8)
+powerdissipated

T RL =I ms R +Ims RL

IfR>>Rp. then Vde VSmax maR= ma (R+R,)...(7.188)

5. RMS Value
...(7.9)
2
max
R,
of Current. RMS value of current flowing So rectification efficiency,
through the diode (or load resistance R) is given as
ma RL/T
2T n Px max (R + RL)/4
ims d(on)
0.406
RL_ ...(7.19)
2T (R +RL) I+E
R
max Sin wr d(or) + [od(or)= 4 L

to 0.406 or 40.6 per

If Rp is neglected. n becomes equal
for a half-
cent. Obviously it is the maximum possible efficiency
or Trmsmax .(7.10)
wave rectifier.
10. Ripple Factor. The pulsating output of a rectifier
have can
Substituting the value of Imax from Eq. (7.5),
we
an

be considered to contain a dc component and ac components

Vs max ..(7.11) called the ripples. The ripple current is undesirable and its value
ms 2(RF + RL) should be the smallest possible in order to make the rectifier

RMS value of voltage effective.

6. RMS Value of Output Voltage. The ripple voltage or current is measured in terms of the
as
the load is given
across
ripple factor which is defined as the ratio of the effective value of
Smax X RL
Vsmax ..(7.12) the ac components of voltage (or current) present in the output
VL rms
=
IrmsL 2(R + RL) RE from the rectifier to the direct or average value of the output
*RL voltage (or current).
I f R > > Rp. then
The effective value of the load current is given as

Vsmax ...(7.13) -+1 +1+l+..=1 +1 ..(7.20)

VL ms 2
I. 2 I4 etc.
and Peak
Factor. The form factor,
defined where are the rms values of fundamental, second
7. Formn
Factor
value of current, is given by fourth etc. harmonics and I is the sum of the squares of the rmns
to average
r m s value
as the ratio of values of the ac components.
RMSvalue ms max/2(Rp +RL) T=157 .7.14)
VSmax/T(Rp + Ri)
-

Ky Average value dc value to rms

So ripple factor, y = a =\ms
the ratio of peak Idc
defined a s de
factor,
The peak
is given by
value of current,

VSmax/(RF +R,)= VS max-=2 ms ..(7.21)

Peak value max VSmax/2Rp +R1) Smax/2
RMS value ms
.(7.15) where K is the form factor of the
input voltage. For half-wave
frequency is
the s a m e as
rectifier, form factor is given as
The output
Frequency. comparing output
realized by
8. Output be
for half.
m
can

the input
frequency.
This
waveform
in Fig. 7.2. Thus
an
K,= =1.57
with the input
waveform
..(7.16) So ripple factor. y .S7
=
wave rectifier
-1 =
1.21

Jou J i n
 127
Recnfiers

Transformer Utilisation Factor. Determination of voltage is much greater than bar- Vx

11.
rating becomes necessary while designing a power rier potential (Vy) of diode. the
ranst r this transformer utilisation factor (TUF), which is load voltage will resemble a half
Fo
delivered to the load and Vs RL Vs-Vx
defined.
the ratio of power ac rating wave signal. If the peak source
transtormer
secondary, should be known. voltage is not much greater than
of the
diode barrier potential. Fig. 7.4
de
So TUF Peak value of voltage across
=

Pac (rated)
load resistor R.
..(7.25)
R out (max) YSmax VK
Vs msms
DC output voltage. Vdc
VSmax K ...(7.26)
(max/ T) KL 22 max R
..(7.22)
VSmax max Vs maxx VS max Vx ..7.27)
2 DC output current, lde R TRL
But Vs max max (Rp+R) Condition For Maximum DC Output Power in a Haif- Wave
rectifier
Rectifier. DC output power in a half-wave single phase
SoTUF= may RL 0.286 R
...(7.23) is given by
max(R +RL) R +R
Neglecting forward resistance RF of the diode we have RL
Vma RL
TUF = 0.286. (RL +RF)
12. Regulation. The variatior of dc output voltage as a : ImaxR s maxR
function of de load current is called regulation. Percentage
regulation is given as
Differentiating both sides of above equation w.r.t. R;, we

have
regulation =NLVEL x 100
VFL
For an ideal power supply, output voltage should be
dPdc Vmax (R+R +2R RF)-RL (2RL +2R)
dRL (Ri +Rf +2R;RE)
independent of load current and the percentage regulation should
be equal to zero.
For half-wave rectifier, from Eq. (7.8)
VSmax (R-R/)
n (Ri +R^ +2RLR
VSmax RL Output will be maximum if
a RE +RL)
dPdc = 0
dRL
-R (7.24)
or R - Ri =0

From above equation it seems that the half-wave rectifier or R =R i.e., when load resistance equals diode
resistance.
Tunctions as if it were a constant voltage source of Vsmax yolts The advantages and disadvantages of a half-wave rectifier
in series with an internal resistance being equal to Rp. Thus Vde are given below.
sr
Smax
cquals at no load and dc output voltage decreases lin- Advantages. Simple circuit and low cost.
carly with the increase in output dc current LClearly, the effec- Disadvantages. 1. The output current in the load contains. in
ive internal addition to de component, ac components of basic
resistance of the Rs RF
power supply is
Rp. In prac- w w- frequency equal to that of the input voltage frequency.
tice, the Ro factor is high and an elaborate filtering is,
resistance Rs of the + Ripple
transformer secondary is in v. V dc therefore, required to give steady de output.
Series with the diode, 2. The power output and. therefore, rectification efficiency
and in
bq. (7.24) Ris is quite low. This is due to the fact that power is delivered
in
to be added
R. Thevenin's model for -SOURCE LOAD only half the time.
a
half-wave rectifier is given Fig. 7.3 Thevenin's Model 3. Transformer utilization factor is low.
in Fig. 7.3. 4. DC saturation of transformer core resulting in
Fora Half-Wave Rectifier
Efect of Diode Cutin Voltage on Rectijier Output. We do magnetising current and hysteresis losses and genera-
e t a perfect half-wave voltage across the load resistor. Be tion of harmonics.
The type of supply available from a half-wave rectitier is not
d of the barrier potential (or cutin voltage) of diode, the
satisfactory for general power supply. This type of supply can be
r does not turn on until the ac source voltage attains ap-
proxi
Nimately 0.7 V in case of silicon diode. When the peak souree satisfactory for some particular purposes such as batiery eharging.
128 Electronic Devices and Circuits
Example 7.1. A
resistance of 20 half-wave rectifier havin Vnax - IdeKF
(rms) source of 2 is to supply power to
a diode
1 ka load
with an internal
supply. Do the ronm a l10 V
a
schematic that following:
(a) Draw
a 4028I.8 x 10 x 20 = 18-1.636 =16.364 V
the
circuit. Also represents the above of
d) ac load calculate: (b) peak load current (c) dedeseripu
current (e) de load
eu rrent
TU.P.S.C. LES. Electronies diode voltage. VNI VL 100
Solution: (a) Schematic and Telecommunication Engineer
Regulatiom =
V
the
description of representing
the given 200
max IdeR
given in
Fig. 7.5. cireuit is max
JL
x 100
110V (ms)
Sms TTO S1k)
mak IdeR
ma sms Fig. 7.5
2x110 18-16.564 100 =9.998% Ans.
Load
=
155.56 V 16.364
Diode intemal resistance. R I k2 1.000
=
=
2 rectifier uses a diode with a forward
resistance. R =
20 2 Example 7.3. A half-wave
is 220 V and load resistance
resistance of 100 2. If the input ac voltage
b) Peak load current. max utilisation factor.
Imax is 2 determine the transformer
k2,
R+R Solution: Diode forward resistance, Rp =100 2 or 0.1 kS2
155.56 Load resistance, R = 2 ks2
1.000 + 20
Transformer utilisation factor,
=
0.15251 A or 152.51 mA Ans.
TUF =
0.286 0.286 -0.2724 Ans.
(c)DC load
current. I = max = = 48.55 mA Ans. RF
2
RL
(d AC load current. Ims max
2
=
2
=
107.84 mA Ans. Example 7.4. What is the ripple 2 V on average of 50 V?
(e)DC diode voltage =lde Rp =
48.55 x 10x 20 Solution: RMS value of ac component, Vms2V
= 0.971 V Ans. Average value of output voltage. Vde = 50 V
Example 7.2. A sinusoidal
voltage of 40 V and frequency 50 Hz is V, 2
Ripple factor, y = m s
applied to a half-wave rectifier. R 200 2, V, 0, =
20 2, Vdc 0.04 Ans.
Vde: ldet Imax rms Pae: N, ripple factor, % Rp
= =
R, = «. Find
regulation. Example 7.5. A de voltage supply provides 60 V when the outputis
IM.D. Univ. Analog Electronics, May-2006) unloaded. When connected to a load the output drops to 56 V.
Solution: Vs rm 40 V Calculate the value of voltage
Frequency. f = 50 Hz
regulation.
[Pb. Technical Univ. Electronic Devices and
R = 200 2
Circuits, 2005]
Solution: No-load voltage,
Rp = 20 2
VNL 60 V =
Full-load voltage, VFL= 56 V
R, =
Voltage regulation =
NL FL
Vsma 402 x 100
max R+RF 200+20
=
0.257 A or 257 mA Ans. VFL
60-56
x 100
-
257-2128.5 mA Ans.
Example 7.6. A 10 V
56 7.14% Ans.
0.002. Find the regulated de power supply has a
max
25-8I.8 mA Ans. magnitude of variation in output regulation of
Solution: Full-load voltage, voltage.
Vd=Iac R =81.8 10 20X0 =16.36 VAns. VFL 10 V =
Regulation = 0.002
Pae láR1 =(81.8 10
200 =1.338 W Ans. Voltage regulation =
NL VFL
P Rp +R,) Variation in output FL
voltage VNL- VFL
=
(25710 4 20+ 200) =3.63 W =VFLX Voltage regulation
33
Example
resistive
7.7. A half-wave rectifier
=
10 x
0.002 =
0.02 V Ans.
load is used to
find the R=500
10)= 36 86%
3.63 Ans. 25 , 2. If
the forward supply 12 V de toa
rms value resistance
Ripple factor, of
voltage supplied to theof the diode r1s
Utarakhand Technical
ac
1/2 circuit.
Univ.
Fundamentals of
KIK 121 Ans.
Solution: Maximum
value of
Electronics
Engineering, Odd Semester,
supply voltage. 2012
Vs max
=V x1 RE R Refer to Ea (7
 O00000000
O000O00

is i, 2

or L

Lo09000000
O000o000

ww.o
130
Electronic Devices and Circuits
When the
upper end of the to the average value of
positive. say transformer de which is equal
D and during first half evcles secondary win of direct current
be obtained by integrating
the current i.
D, are forward biased of the
input supply, dh allernating current, can
t and 27t.
enters the
load and curTen lows ) and t or current i, between
at
positive through
terminal, leaves tlhe load at
arm
AD
between
terminal, and returns Z max ..(7.36)
nall of each
back flowing
through iega do) =
|max sinox d(or)
=
T
cycle. the diodes D, and D, areDC. Durng n So le
arm
and so
input
the current is reverse bie
Tlow of
not
allowed to tlow in arms AD and BC. Average or de value ofvoltageacross
current is Tn 3. DCOutput Voltage.
Second half of the
indicated by solid arrows in the
input figure. n ne the load is given as
positive, diodes D, andeycle
the lower end of ac supply becomes .(7.37)
Tiows D, become forward biascd and t a R =maxR
through arm CB. enters the load at the
curren effective value of current
positive
terminal and returms back terminal.
leaves the load Current. RMS or
at
negative 4. RMS Value of
through arm DA. Flow of flowing the load resistance R,
is given as
n the eurent has been shown by dotted arrows flowing through
figure. Thus the direction of flow of
current through max
or d(wr)
R remains the same during both half cyclesthe d(on) =max sin
=
load resistance
the input supply voltage
ol im
Peak Inverse ..(7.38)
Voltage (PIV). Figure 7.7 shows a bridge OTmS = max
Tectitier circuit. Let us consider the instant the secondary voltage 2 RMS value of voltage
ltains its
positive peak value Vs Now diodes D, and D, are
max:
5. RMS Value of Output Voltage.
conducting whereas diodes D, and D are non-conducting being across the load is given as
reverse biased. The diodes conducting
and D, have almost D, maxR ...(7.39)
Zero resistance (i.e.. zero
voltage drop across them). Point B has L ms R=
the same potential as point A and similarly point D has the same 2
potential as point C. The entire voltage of the transformer 6. Form Factor and Peak Factor.
secondary winding. V Smay is developed across the load resistance Form factor,
RThe same voltage i.e.. V Smax acts across each of the non
conductiny diodes D, and D. Thus RMS value rms 2.1.11...(7.40)
PIV= V Smax ...(7.29)
Average valuc Ide 21max /T
Peak factor
7.3.3. Circuit Analysis. The analysis of both of the full-wave
rectifier circuits (i.e. centre-tap and bridge type) is the same Peak value max = V2 ..(7.41)
bridge rectifier circuit two diodes conduct RMS value Imax /2
except that (i) in a
during each half eycle and forward resistance becomes double 7. Output Frequency. With a half-wave rectifier, the output
ie. 2R and (ii in a bridge rectifier circut Vsmax 1Sthe makimum frequency equals the input frequency. But the output frequency
voltage across the transformer secondary winding whercas a of the full-wave rectifier is double the input frequency. A full-
centre tup rectulier circuit Vs max represents the maximum voltage
wave output has twice as many cycles as the sine-wave input has.
across each half of the secondary winding. The full-wave rectifier inverts each negative half cycle, so that
1. Peak Current. Instantaneous value of vollage applied we get the number of positive half cycles. The effect is to double
to the rectifier is given as the frequency. Thus, for full-wave rectifier
..(7.30)
Vsmax Sin or out 2/n ...(7.42)
If the diode is assumed to
have a forward resistance of R 8. Rectification Efficiency. Power delivered to load.
ohms and reverse resistance equal to infinity, then current flowing
throughthe load resistance is givenas
i=max sin or and i,
= 0 for first halfcycle ...(7.31) Pa R Imax R .(7.43)
and i = 0 and i, =
max Sin
o for second halfcycle ..(7.32) AC input power,
The total current flowing through the load resistance R,.
i and i2, IS given
as
the sum ol currents
being
Sinorfor the wholecycle ..(7.33) Paem (R +R)= mx (R +Rp) ..(7.44)
i=
1, =
where pcak vainof current 1lowinE hrougn
h e load resistance Rectilication efficiency
as
IS given
R
VSma ..(7.34) in case of centre-tap rectilier
max R+Ri Pac
mas (RL +Rp)
..(7.35) in case ol bridge rectilier
and max 2R + R
8 =
0.812
Since the current is the same throudh ..(7.45)
Current.
2. Output [wo halves of the ac eycle, maonits
the
the load
resistance R,, in RL
Rectifiers 131
In case ot bridge rectitier, rectification 12. Transformer Utilisation Factor For Bridge Rectifier.
efficiency is given as
The currents flowing through both of primary and secondary
0.812
the primary and
I+ RF .. 7.46) windings are sinusoidal. Due to this TUF of both
is 0.812. Since in case
R
secondary are 0.812 and the overall TUF
9. Ripple Factor. Form factor of the
rectified output
of bridge rectifier TUF is also 0.812 whereas the TUF for centre
than
of a full-wave rectifier is given as
voltage is
tap transformer is 0.692 i.e., TUF of bridge rectifier larger
that of centre-tap rectifier, for the same dc output power, a smaller
transformer can be used in the bridge circuit.
K ms max/V2 +
av 2 max I
22 7.3.4. Effect of Diode Cutin Volt-
age on Rectifier Output and PIV of
Ripple factor is given as
Diodes.
Nout
1. Centre-Tap Rectifier. Peak Vs
Y= K-1 =ya. -1 =0.482 ..(7.47) value of voltage across load resistor
10. Regulation. From Eq. (7.37). N
RL:
out (max) Vs max VK ...(7.50)
de max RL as in case of half-wave rectifier Fig. 7.8
2Vs max RL DC output voltage. Vde =VsmaxVx) ...(7.51)
Tt (RF + RL)
s mas R+RL
DC output current. Ide = d2Smax ..(7.52)
RL Tt RL
2Vs max- Iae RF .(7.48) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode
In case of a bridge rectifier. =VS max+voltage developed across load resistor R
2Vs max -21aR =Vs mas+Vout (max)=Vs max +(Vs max-VK)=2Vs max-VK
Vae .(7.49)
.(7.53)
11. Transformer Utilization Factor For Centre-Tap 2. Bridge Rectifier. Voltage developed across load resistor R
Transformer. In a centre-tap full-wave rectifier, there is no out (max) VS max -ZVk .(7.54)
problem due to saturation of core because the de currents in the
two halves of the transformer secondary flow in opposite DCoutput voltage, Vde =(Vsmax-2Vx) .7.55)
directions. The average transformer utilisation factor is found by DC output current,
considering the primary and secondary windings.
Transformer utilisation factor of primaryY d 2 Smax2Vk)
..(7.56)
R RL
RL Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode
Pdc IRL
VA rating of primary VSms ms VSmax
2
max smax voltage developed across load resistor R)
41 maxR/T
=
IVSmax +(Vsmas-2Vk) =Vs max VK ...(7.57)
max +R, )x*max 7.3.5. Merits and Demerits of Full-Wave Rectifiers Over Half-
2 2 Wave Rectifiers
RL Merits. 1. The rectification efficiency of full-wave rectifier
0.812
is double of that of a half-wave rectifier.
(R +R)T +RE
1R 2. The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency in
RL case of a full-wave rectifier, so simple filtering circuit is
Centre-tap transformer can be thought of as equivalent to required.
two half-wave rectifiers feeding to a common load. Hence, TUF 3. Higher output voltage, higher output power and higher
of two half secondaries can be written as TUF in case of a full-wave rectifier.
4. In a full-wave rectifier, there is no problem due to dc
TUF Full secondary) saturation of the core because the dc currents in the two
= 2x TUFHalf-wave) = 2 x 0.286 = 0.572
halves of the transformer secondary flow in opposite
The average transformer utilisation factor,
directions.
Demerits. Full-wave rectifier needs more circuit elements
TUFPrimary +TUfsecondaryO.812 +0.372o692
(TUF 2 2 and is costlier.
 Elecronic Devesand ircuits
7.5.6. Merits
and
ap Demerits of Bridge
and Rectifiers. With the
t r a n s t o r m e r of smaller
availability of Rectifiers
oulput,power
Over Fora given power
aa
small-sized silicon diodes
orc bridge
low-cost, highly Cenlre
Ieetilier
relanic size be used in case
can
both (primary

ot the bridge rectifier becaus

and secondary) windings o
popular in
beconing is current in
advantages over comparison
many to transtormer llow for
the entire ac cycle.
rectilier. centre -tap t the supply
N o centre centre ap a
rectifier, as
n of a bridge rectifier
is that it needs four
tap is given below The main drawback
required in the half cycles. Because of
bridge rectificr the transformer secondiaryis
SO n
case ot conduct in alternate
a diodes, two of which
transformer requircd diodes becomes double of thatin
Smpler. It stepping up or this the total voltage drop in
losses are increased and rectification
not
required, transtormer stepping
can
down of voltage is
be eliminated even.
case of centre-tap rectilier,
reduced. This poses a problem when low
The PIV is one efficiency is somewhat
-half that otl
bridge rectifier is centre-tap rectifier. tlence voltages are required.
Another drawback of bridge rectifier is
highly suited for high-voltage that the load resistor R, and
the supply source have no common
applications.
Transformer utilisation factor. point which may be earthed.
case of in
rectifier is higher than that of a centre-tap bridge a
rectilier,
S.1.Comparison Between Half-Wave, and Centre-Tap Bridge Rectiliers
TABLE 7.
S.No Full-Wave Rectifiers
Particulars Half-Wave Rectifiers
Centre-Tap Bridge
Number of diodes required 2 4
Transformer requirement not essential essential by centre tap not essential
Average value of current. Ide 2 max/ t 2 Imax/Tt
max/Tt
RMS value of current. Ims 2 max/2 max/2
max
Peak inverse voltage (PIV)
Vs max 2 Vs max Vs mar
Peak load current,
Vs mas Vs max Vs max_
max RL +RF RL +R RL +2 RF
DC output voltage. Vde Tmas Ri Tmax R max R
Rectification efficiency (max) 40.6% 811.2% 81.2%
9. Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482
10. Fundamental frequency of ripple Supply frequency.f 2f 2f
11 Voltage regulation good better
good
12 Transformer utilisation factor 0.286 0.692 0.812
13 Form factor I.57 1.11 1.I1
14 Peak factor 2
the load resistance
2
Example 7.8. In a centre-tap full-wave rectifier,
R 1 k2. Each diode has a forward bias dynamic resistance
=
(ii) RMS value of current, Irms =
N 217.82= 154 mA
ra = 10 Q. The voltage a c r o s s half the secondary winding is 2 2
value of current (ii) The de or
220 sin (314) 1. Find: (i) The peak
average value of current
(ii) The r m s value of current (iv) The ripple (iv) Ripple factor, y = rms -1 217.82
138.67 -1
factor (v) The rectification efficiency. N de
Electronic Devices and Circuits, December-20141
Ph. Tec hnic al Univ. = 1.21 Ans.
Solution: Maximum value of voltage acrOSs halt ot the secondary winding,
= 220 V Rectification efficiency, n = 0.812
S max
10 2
Forward resistance. R; =
ra
=
I k2 1,000 2 R
Lad resistance.
R = =
0.812x100 = 80.396% Ans.
(i) Peak current,ax
R+R I+0
220 1,000
I,000+ 10
Example 7.9. In a bridge rectifier circuit the
voltage is peak value of secondary
= 0.2178A or 217.82 mA Ans. 240 /2 V and
frequency is 50 Hz. Determine no-load de
max
2x217.82
= 138.67 mA
voltage, PIV and
output frequency.
current, e
(ii) DC or a v e r a g e [M.D. Univ. Analog
Electronics May, 2007]
 133
Rectifiers
5 10.8 V Ans.
load =Ide R, =2.16 x =
Solution: Maximum supply voltage, Vs ma= 2402V (i) Vde at
Vs max 2x 240y2 12V2 V= 16.97 V Ans.
No-load dc output voltage 216 V Ans.
(ii) PIV rating ofeach diode
=
Vs nax
max
=
(11)axthroughcach diode =max 122 3.394 V Ans.
PIV rating of diodes,
PIV Vsmas240V2 = 339.4 V Ans.
=
R 5
Output frequcney. /t= /n= 2 x 50 = I00 Hz Ans.
0.812 0,812 or 81.2% Ans.
Example 7.10. A simple full-wave bridge rectifier circuit has an (iv) Rectification efficiency. n =
+ RE
input voltage of 240 V ac rms. Assume the diodes to be ideal. Find R
the output de current, de voltage, rms values of output currents Rp =0
and voltages and peak inverse voltage that appears across the non
conducting diode. Assume load resistance to be 10 kQ.
Example7.12. A full1-wave bridge rectifier with 120 VFms sinusoidal
IUP.S.C. 1.E.S. Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering-1I, 2001
input has a load resistor of 1 k2.
Solution: RMS value of supply voltage. Vs 240v i) If silicon diodes are applied, what is de voltage available at
Maximum value of supply voltage, Vma=2 VFms = 2 x 240 load?
339.4 VV i) Determine required PIV rating of each diode.
Diode barier potential, Vk = 0 (ii) Find maximum current through each diode during
diodes are ideal one
Diode forward resistance, R = 0 : diodes are ideal one conduction.
Load resistance, R = 10 k2 Gv) What is required power rating of each diode?
[Pb. Technical Univ. Electronic Devices & Circuits, 2005]
Output de current, Ii=max Vsmax Solution: RMS value of supply voltage to the bridge rectifier,
RL
RMS value of output voltage of transformer = 120V
2339.4 VS ms=
T10x10 Vs maxv2 Vsms V2 = x 120 V = 169.7 V
0.0216 A or 21.6 mA Ans. (ii) PIV rating of each diode
Output dc voltage. Va= lae R x = 21.6x 10 x 10 x 10' = 216 V Ans.
= VSmax - Vk = 169.7 - 0.7 = 169 V Ans
RMS value of output current,
VS max 2 x 240 (ii) Peak current,
= 0.024 A or 24 mA Ans.
V2 xRL 2 x 10x 10 Vs max-2Vk_169.7-2x0.1 =168.3
Tmax
KL Ix10*
mA Ans.
Vsmax 240 x 2
VTms D 240 V
2 =2X168.3
AVerage current,I, =max 107.14 mA
=
PIV = Vs max 339.4 V Ans. TT
(i) DC voltage available at load,
Example 7.11. A full-wave rectifier shown in Fig. 7.9 uses ideal silicon
diodes. Determine ) Vde at the load (ii) PIV rating of each diode Vae IaeRL = 107.14 x 10 x 1 x 1o' = 107.14 V Ans.
(iüü') Imax through each diode (iv) efficiency. Givenn = 10: 1, R; = 5 .
(iv) Power rating of each diode
G.G.S.I.P. Univ. Analog Electronics, December-2010]
= Voltage across diode x current through diode
Solution: Supply voltage, VFms = 120 =12 V
102 V = Vp I = Vkx lae = 0.7 x 107.14 = 75 mW Ans.
Example 7.13. Determine the rating of a transformer to deliver a
Maximum value of supply voltage, Vs max = v2 Vms 122 V
100 W of de power to a load under fu. wave rectifier.
[U.P. Technical Univ. Electronics Engineering Odd Semester. 2005-06]
n:1
Solution:
120 V
R Transformer rating Pdc
5! Transformer utilisation tactor
60 Hz 100
144.5 VA Ans.
0.692
in case of centre-tap transformer
100
Fig. 7.9 and transformer rating = = 123 VA Ans.
0812
Diode barrier potential, VK = Diodes are ideal ones in case of bridge rectifier
Diode forward resistance, R = 0 J Example 7.14. A full-wave rectifier with a centre-tapped transformer
supplies a de current of 100 mA to a load resistance of R = 20 2. The
Loadresistance, R = 52
secondary resistance of transformer is 12. Each diode has a forward
2 Smax resistance of 0.5 2. Determine following:
=*max
21
Output dc current, Le (i) rms value of the signal voltage across each half of the
T Tt RL
secondary.
(i) de power supplied to the load.
2122-2.1 A (iin) PIV rating for each diode.
 134
Electronic Devices and Circuits
(iv) ac
power input to the RMS value of output voltage.
(v) conversion efficiency. rectifier
= 14.1 V Ans.
U.P. Technical xRL
= x2.000
Univ. Electronics Engineering rms 2
Odd
Solution: For a
given centre-tap rectifier circuit Seme ster, 200- 08] (ii) DC output power.
Load
current (output de current). I 100 mA =
Pde R
Load resistance,
Secondary resistance R 20 2 =
6.35 0.08065 W or 80.65 mW Ans.
of transformer. RT 12 =
x 2.000 =
Diode forward resistance. R 0.5 2 =
I.000
Peak value of current
flowing through the load resistance is (iv) AC input power.
masas = x 100 = 157 mA 7.06 x (2.000+ 2 x2)
Pac Ims R; +2Rp) 1.000
(i) RMS value of = 0.09989 W or 99.89 mW Ans.
signal voltage across each half of secondary
(v) Conversion efficiency.
Vsm Im R+R+ 80.0 10 = 80.74% Ans.
px100 99,89
RR Example 7.16. A single-phase full-wave rectifier with
has a load of 2 k2. The transformer primary voltage is 230 V
silicon diodes
20+0.5 +0.5) x10- =2.33 V Ans. with frequency of 50 Hz. If the stepdown transformer has a turns
2 ratio of 10: 1, what is (i) load voltage, (ii) load current (ii') output
(ii) DC power supplied to load,
power (iv) the frequency of the load voltage.
IU.P.S.C. I.E.S. Electronics & Telecommunication Enginee s ing-l1. 20101
Pde lác RL (100 x =
10*) x 20 =0.2 W Ans.
(ii) PIV rating of each diode
Solution: Supply voltage. rms = 10 =23 V
=
2Vs max 2x2.33xv2 =
6.59 V Ans. Maximum value of supply voltage.
(iv) AC power input to the rectifier.
S masv2 V = 23xv2 = 32.53 V
ms
Pac= IimsR; +Rp + ()Load votage.
Vae smas- 2Vk) = (32.53- 2 x 0.7) = 19.82 V Ans.
x10 (20 +0.5 +0.5) =0.259 WAns. (ii) Load current.
() Conversion efficiency, = 19.82 =9,91 mA Ans.
Pa R 2k2
de 100 = - 0.2 x 100 = 77.22% Ans.
(ii) Output power.
Pac
Example7.15. A full-wave bridge rectifier use R = 2 kQ, each diode Pout VdeL= 19.82 x9.91 x 10' =0. 196 Wor 196 mW Ans.
is to have forward resistance R = 2 2 and R, =o A sinusoidal (iv) Frequency of load voltage.
voltage having peak anplitude of 20 V is applied. Find out: () Peak. Jout 2f = 2x 50 = I00 Hz Ans.
dc and rms values of load current; (i) de and rms output voltages;
(ii) de output power, (iv) ac input power, (v) efficiency.
7.4 THREE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
IG.B. Technical Univ. Electronics Engineering Even Semester. 2011-12]
Solution: Peak value of supply voltage. Vs max = 20V 7.4.1. Three-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier. Figure 7.10
Forwardresistance.R = 2 illustrates a circuit for a
Reverse resistance. R, = o diodes are connected
3-phase half-wave rectifier. The three
to the three
star-connected secondary. Neutralphases
Load resistance. R = 2 k2 = 2.000 2
of a
3-phase transformer
(i) Peak value of load current, the negative terminal for the point N of the secondary forms
load and is earthed. as
in Fig. 7. 10. illustrated
VS max 20 Input and output waveforms are also shown in
0 00998 A or 9.98 mA Ans. the figure. The effect
of
max 2RF +RL 2 X2+ 2.000 transformer leakage reactance and
resistance are neglected as it is the
anode forward
DC current,
Each diode conducts voltage drop.
2X970 = 6.35 mA Ans obvious from during one-third of the
cycle, as
Fig. 7.10. When one diode
two remain inactive conducts. the other
RMS value of load current. because then their cathodes
positive with respect their anodes. This
to become
= 7.06 mA Ans. itself during each ensuing cycle. The dc repeats process
cathode and neutral
point) fluctuates voltage (between
(ii) DC output voltage. of
alternating voltage per phase Vs between the peak value
and half of this value
VdeImaxRL =x0.00998 x 2,000
= 12.7 V Ans.
i.e..Vs max (neglecting diode voltage max
voltage can be drops). DC output
obtained from the
following equation
ELEE