I3691CA-ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS I

Dr. John Adebisi

IEEE, Senior Member, R. Engr.
Course Coordinator
Course Contents

• Review of Semiconductor theory: diodes construction, diode applications (including power

supplies);

• Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): structure, operation, biasing and ac modelling;

• Field Effect Transistors (FET): structure, operation, biasing and introduction to amplification and
switching

• OP-Amps: internal structure, ideal and practical op-amps, specifications, and basic applications;
 Power Supply-Rectifier Circuits
This process of converting ac voltage into dc voltage is called rectification and is
accomplished with the help of a
(i) rectifier (ii) filter and (iii) voltage regulator circuit.

This involves a device that only allows one-way flow of electric charge. The simplest
kind of rectifier circuit is the half-wave rectifier. It only allows one half of an AC
waveform to pass through to the load.

Half-wave rectifier circuit

Power Supply Applications
The reason we're looking at power supplies is because they are a major use of diodes. The purpose of a
power supply is to step down the high-end line voltage top a much lower value.

Nearly all computers have power supplies. A power supply circuit perform several operations. One of them
is to convert AC line voltage into a DC voltage required by the circuit. They must also reduce the AC voltage
to a lower value and they must continuous adjust the DC output voltage to keep it constant under varying
load conditions.

From the wall we have an AC signal of 120/240 volts RMS. From the Scope its 170 volts peak. But for a
computer circuit 12 volts DC, 5 volts DC, maybe 3.3 volts DC, with a few miscellaneous values are required.

Therefore power supply is required. Transformer will be used to reduce the AC to a lower value and then
rectifier for converting the AC into DC. It usually start with the half-wave rectifier, which is the most basic of
rectifiers.
Power Supply-Rectifier Circuits
Most electronic equipment requires DC voltages to operate properly. Since they are mostly
connected to 120-VAC power line, this AC voltage must somehow be converted to the required
DC value.

A circuit that converts the AC power-line voltage to the required DC value is called a power
supply.

The most important components in power supplies are rectifier diodes, which convert AC line
voltage to DC voltage.

Diodes are able to produce a DC output voltage because they are unidirectional devices allowing
current to flow through them in only one direction. For the circuits that follow, assume that all
diodes are silicon.
 Power Supply-Rectifier Circuits
These elements put together constitute dc power supply

Unregulated Power Supply

An unregulated power supply is one whose dc terminal voltage is affected significantly
by the amount of load. As the load draws more current, the dc terminal voltage
becomes less

Regulated Power Supply

It is that dc power supply whose terminal voltage remains almost constant regardless
of the amount of current drawn from it. An unregulated supply can be converted into
a regulated power supply by adding a voltage regulating circuit to it.
Rectifier Circuits

Transformer: step up or (mostly) step down the ac supply voltage to suit the
requirement of the devices

Rectifier: circuit which employs one or more diodes to convert ac voltage into pulsating
dc voltage

Filter: remove the fluctuations or pulsations (called ripples) present in the output
voltage supplied by the rectifier.
Rectifier Circuits
Voltage Regulator: keeps the terminal voltage of the dc supply constant even when
(i) ac input voltage to the transformer varies (deviations from 220 V are common); or
(ii) the load varies.

Usually, Zener diodes and transistors are used for voltage regulation purposes. Again,
it is impossible to get 100% constant voltage but minor variations are acceptable for
most of the jobs

Voltage Divider: provides different dc-voltages needed by different electronic circuits.

It consists of a number of resistors connected in series across the output terminals of
the voltage regulator. Obviously, it eliminates the necessity of providing separate dc
power supplies to different electronic circuits working on different dc levels.
Power Supply Applications

We will consider some of the following;

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
Explanation of Concept: Half-wave Rectifier

During +ve half cycle Diode is FORWARD Bias,

Diode does conduct

During –ve half cycle Diode is REVERSE bias,

Diode does not conduct

Only one half of the ac voltage is rectified

output.

For the other half we get zero voltage.

 Explanation of Concept: Full-wave rectifier (Centre Tap)
Positive Half-Cycle
Two Diodes are involved in full-wave rectifiers
D1 is Forward Bias ✓
D2 is Reverse Bias X

This circuit’s operation is easily understood one half-cycle at a time. Consider the first half-cycle, when the
source voltage polarity is positive (+) on top and negative (-) on bottom. At this time, only the top diode is
conducting; the bottom diode is blocking current, and the load “sees” the first half of the sine wave,
positive on top and negative on bottom. Only the top half of the transformer’s secondary winding carries
current during this half-cycle
 Explanation of Concept
Negative Half-Cycle
Two Diodes are involved in full-wave rectifiers
D1 is Reverse Bias X
D2 is Forward Bias ✓

During the next half-cycle, the AC polarity reverses. Now, the other diode and the other half of the transformer’s
secondary winding carry current while the portions of the circuit formerly carrying current during the last half-cycle
sit idle. The load still “sees” half of a sine wave, of the same polarity as before: positive on top and negative on
bottom
Explanation of Concept
If we need to rectify AC power to obtain the full use of both half-cycles of the sine wave, a
different rectifier circuit configuration must be used. Such a circuit is called a full-wave
rectifier.

Full-wave rectifier, center-tapped design

 Explanation of Concept
Other Configurations: Dual polarity full-wave center tap rectifier

Other Configurations: Full-wave bridge rectifier

 Explanation of Concept
Full-wave bridge rectifier: Current flow for positive half-cycles.

Full-wave bridge rectifier: Current flow for negative half-cycles.

 Explanation of Concept

Disadvantages of Full-wave rectifier Design

One disadvantage of this full-wave rectifier design is the necessity of a transformer with a
center-tapped secondary winding. If the circuit in question is one of high power, the size and
expense of a suitable transformer is significant. Consequently, the center-tap rectifier design is
only seen in low-power applications.

In addition we also have Filter Networks

Most electronic applications require smooth DC current to operate properly. Filtering
pulsating DC circuits accomplishes this. Adding the capacitor to the output of the half-wave
rectifier filters the pulsating DC into smooth DC.
Complete Power Supply

Figure: Power Supply

Complete Power Supply
Explanations;

The Power Supply circuit figure shows a complete solid-state power supply.
From left to right, it consists of a transformer with a current-limiting resistor R1,
rectifier diodes for full-wave rectification, a π-type filter, a transistor series
voltage regulator and a voltage divider.

As seen, unregulated ac voltage is fed from the transformer through a full-wave

rectifier. It is then filtered by the CLC filter and finally regulated by a transistor
regulator. The regulated dc supply becomes available across voltage divider
resistance RB. The output is practically ripple-free.
IMPORTANT PARAMETERS
Ripple Factor and Efficiency
[RMS- Root mean square current/voltage]
Ripple Factor ( γ ) OR
Upper Case ( Γ )
Efficiency ( η )

= Irms/Idc

= Pdc/Pac
Pdc is the output power (W)
Pac is the input power (W)
= RMS value of the ripple voltage]
 IMPORTANT FORMULAS

Invariably Full-wave Rectifier

OR

Half-wave Rectifier

OR =2( )
IMPORTANT FORMULAS

OR 40.6%
=
IMPORTANT FORMULAS

For Current:
IMPORTANT FORMULAS

For voltage:
 IMPORTANT FORMULAS

Ripple factor in terms of voltage

 Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
Transformer Utilization Factor
HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY

40.6%

The maximum possible efficiency of a half-wave rectifier is 40.6%

 Rectifier Circuits: EXAMPLES
N Value

N1 N2
In the half-wave rectifier circuit as shown, determine
(i) maximum and rms values of load voltage,
(ii) peak and rms values of load current,
(iii) power absorbed by the load,
(iv) PIV of the diode,
(v) rms value of ripple voltage

Neglect resistance of transformer secondary and that of the diode

 Rectifier Circuits: EXAMPLES

peak factor = √2
 Rectifier Circuits: EXAMPLES
A half-wave rectifier using silicon diode has a secondary emf of 14.14 V (rms) with a resistance of
0.2 Ω. The diode has a forward resistance of 0.05 Ω and a threshold voltage of 0.7 V. If load
resistance is 10 Ω, determine (i) dc load current (ii) dc load voltage (iii) voltage regulation and (iv)
efficiency.

40.6
Hint = 1 + R /R
0 L

peak factor = √2 The maximum possible efficiency of a half-wave rectifier is 40.6%

Rectifier Circuits

Single-phase Full-wave Rectifier

In this case, both half-cycles of the input are utilized with the help of two diodes working
alternately. For full-wave rectification, use of a transformer is essential (though it is
optional for half-wave rectification).

The full-wave rectifier circuit using two diodes and a centre-tapped transformer shown in
the next slide figure.

(The centre-tap is usually taken as the ground or zero voltage reference point.)
Rectifier Circuits
Rectifier Circuits
Two different ways of drawing the circuit. In Fig. (a), RL becomes connected to point G via
the earth whereas in Fig. (b). It is connected directly to G
 EXAMPLE

With reference to the full-wave rectifier of Fig. A

determine
(i) peak, dc component, rms and ac component of load
voltage,
(ii) peak, dc component, rms and ac component of load G
current,
(iii) ripple factor,
(iv) peak and average diode currents,
(v) total power supplied to the load.

Neglect diode and secondary winding resistances.

Rectifier Circuits

peak factor = √2 = 1.41

Rectifier Circuits

Brain Teaser!!!!!
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a full-wave rectifier is twice the value for the half-wave rectifier for the
simple reason that a full-wave rectifier utilizes both half-cycles of the input ac supply.
 PRACTICE
A 1-φ, full-wave rectifier supplies power to a 1 k W load. The ac voltage applied to the diode
is 300-0-300 V (rms). If diode resistance is 25 W and that of the transformer secondary
negligible, determine“
(i) average load current, (ii) average value of load voltage,
(iii) rms value of ripple, (iv) efficiency.
 PRACTICE

Silicon diodes are used in a two-diode full-wave rectifier circuit to supply a load with 12 volts
D.C. Assuming ideal diodes and that the load resistance is 12 ohms, compute ;
(i) the transformer secondary voltage,
(ii) the load ripple voltage, (iii) the efficiency of the rectifier. Derive equations used
 PRACTICE

QA1-In the centre-tap circuit shown in Fig. 2, the diodes are assumed to be ideal i.e. having zero
internal resistance. Find :(i) d.c. output voltage(ii) peak inverse voltage (iii) rectification efficiency.

Fig. 2
 PRACTICE
QA2- In the bridge type circuit shown in Fig. 3, the diodes are assumed to be ideal. Find: (i) d.c.
output voltage (ii) peak inverse voltage (iii) output frequency. Assume primary to secondary turns to
be 4.

Fig. 3
 PRACTICE
QA3- A half-wave rectifier using silicon diode has a secondary emf of 14.14 V (rms) with a resistance
of 0.2 Ω. The diode has a forward resistance of 0.05 Ω and a threshold voltage of 0.7 V. If load
resistance is 10 Ω, determine;
(i) dc load current (ii) dc load voltage (iii) voltage regulation and (iv) efficiency.

QA4- Find the ripple factor and dc output voltage for the filtered bridge rectifier shown in the Fig.
below. Each silicon diode has a threshold voltage of 0.7 V.

Hint:
READ and Practice More on Power Supplies and Rectifier Circuits

i) Half Wave Rectifier Circuit

ii) Full wave Rectifier Circuit
(a) Centre Tap
(b) Bridge Type

Read up Bridge Type, Power Supply and Practice more questions. Check the textbook
for derivations and final values of the parameters with respect to various formulars.
ThankYou!