English Grammar

Present Simple
Usos Estructuras Palabras clave
To talk about things in Affirmative: • Always
general: Subject+verb (s)+complements • Usually
Nurses look after patients • Often
in hospitals. • Sometimes
To say that something Negative: • Rarely
happens all the time or Subject+don’t/doesn’t+verb+ • Hardly ever
repeatedly: complements • Never
The café opens at 7.30 in
the mornings.
To say how often we do Interrogative:
things: Do/does+subject+verb+com.?
I get up at 8 o’clock
every morning.
 Present Continuous
Usos Estructuras Palabras clave
To talk about things you Affirmative: • Now
are in the middle of: Subject+to be+verb+ing+compl. • Right now
Please, don’t make noise. • At the moment
I’m trying to work. • Today
To talk about things you Negative: • These days
have started doing and Subject+to be • This week
haven’t finished yet: negative+verb+ing+compl. This verbs are not
Where is Mark? He is normally used in
having a shower. continuous:
To talk about changes Interrogative: • Like • Mean
happening around now: To be+subject+verb+ing+compl.? • Love • Know
Is your english getting • Hate • Unders
better? • Want tand
• Need • Believe
• Prefer • Reme
• Realis mber
e • Belong
Past Simple
Usos Estructuras Palaras clave
To talk about things that Affirmative: • Yesterday
happened or existed Subject+verb(ed/2 • Last…
before now: column)+complements • In… 1993
I worked in a • …Ago
department store last
year.
To talk about something Negative:
that has already Subject+didn’t+verb+compl.
happened:
The police stopped me
on my way home last
night.
To talk about a past Interrogative:
state of being, such as Did+subject+verb+compl.?
the way someone felt
about something
 Past Continuous
Usos Estructuras
To talk about something you were Affirmative:
in the middle at a certain time. The Subject+to be (past) + ver + ing +
action or situation had already complements
started before this time, but had
not finished:
This time last year I was living in
Brazil.
It’s often used with Past Simple to Negative:
say sth happened in the middel of Subject+ to be (past/neg) + verb +
sth else: ing + complements
Matt phoned while we were
having dinner.
But we use the past continuous to Interrogative:
say that one thing happened after To be (past) + subject + verb + ing
another: + complem.?
I was walking when I saw Dave.
 Present Perfect
Usos Estructuras Palabras clave
To talk about sth has Affirmative: • Just (between have
happend, new Subject + have/has + and the verb)
information: verb (ed/3rd column) + • Already (between
The road is closed. complements. have and the verb)
There’s been an • Yet (end of the
accident. sentence)
To talk about and action Negative: • For (period of time)
in the past which has a Subject + haven’t/hasn’t • Since (precise
result now: + verb(ed/3rd column) + momento)
He told me his name, but complements. • Ever (between have
I’ve fogotten it. and the verb)
Interrogative: • Never before
Have/has + subject + (between have and
verb(ed/3rd column) + the verb)
complements?
Present Perfect Continuos
Usos Estructuras
To talk about an activity that has Affirmative:
recently stopped or just stopped. Subject + have/has+ been+ verb +
There is a connection with now: ing + complements
You’re out of breath. Have you been
running?
To talk about actions repeated over a Negative:
period of time: Subject +
Debbie is a very good tennis player. haven’s/hasn’t+been+verb+ing+com
She’s been playing since she was plements
eight Interroative:
Have/has+subject+been+verb+ing+c
omplements?
Past Perfect
Usos Estructuras
To talk about things that happened Affirmative: Subject+ had + verb
before sth in the past: (-ed/3rd column)+ complements.
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul Negative: Subject+ hadn’t+verb
had already gone home. (-ed/3rd column) + complements.
Interrogative: Had + subject + verb
(-ed/3rd column) + complements?
Past Perfect Continuous
Usos Estructuras
To talk about sth that had been Affirmative: subject + had + been +
happening for a period of time before verb + ing + complements.
sth else happened: Negative: subject + hadn’t + been +
We’d been playing tennis for about verb + ing + complements.
half an hour when it started to rain
heavily. Interrogative: had + subject + been +
verb + ing + complements?
 Future simple
Usos Estructuras
We use different verb forms to talk about our plans for the Affirmative:
future depending on what kind of plan it is. Subject + Will/going to/P.C. +
We use will to talk about plans decided at the moment of verb + complements.
speaking.
I forgot to phone my mum. I’ll do it after dinner. He decides to
phone his mum when she is speaking – she didn’t have a
plan.
We use going to to talk about plans decided before the Negative:
moment of speaking. Subject + Won’t/ be not going
I’m going to phone my mum after dinner. I told her I’d call at to/ Be not + verb +
8 o’clock. He decided to phone his mum before he speaks – complements.
he already had a plan.
We can also use the present continuous to talk about future Interrogative:
plans. We usually use it when the plan is an ‘arrangement’ – Will/Be + subject + (going to) +
more than one person is involved and we know the time and verb + complements?
place.
I’m meeting Jane at 8 o’clock on Saturday.
 Conditionals
Tipo Estructura Usos

Condicional 0: If + present, present • Verdades globales y

•If he takes vitamins everyday, absolutas
he doesn’t get sick.

Primera condicional: If + present, will + verb • Consecuencias que

•If she studies for the test, she ocurrirán si un hecho se da.
will get a good grade.
Segunda condicional: If + past, Would + verb • Hechos improbables o
•If he won the lottery, he would imposibles.
quit his job.
Tercera condicional: If + had + Past Perfect, • Consecuencias posibles si
•If I had remembered to call my Would + Present Perfect algo hubiese sido diferente.
friend last night, she wouldn’t • Arrepentimientos pasados.
have sent me an angry text
message.