Internal Combustion Engines

Lecture 1 - Introduction
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The British University In Egypt

Prepared by: Taher Halawa

September 2020
 Intended Learning Outcomes
Knowledge and Understanding
1. describe ideal and actual cycles of internal combustion engines
(ICE) along with their major combustion processes and their
effects on different performance parameters;

Subject Specific Cognitive Skills

2. model and analyse performance of internal combustion engines;
3. determine the most important parameters on engine performance along with their
optimum ranges;

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 Intended Learning Outcomes

Subject Specific Practical Skills

4. Conduct experiments to determine performance characteristics of internal
combustion engines;
5. Analyse possible errors and their impact on the measured data;

Transferable skills
6. Integrate the knowledge acquired and apply it to new situations.

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 Learning and teaching methodology

 11 lectures {2 hours each}. This method informs

learning outcomes 1, 2, 3 and 6.

 10 labs and/or tutorials {2 hours each}. This method

informs learning outcomes 4, 5 and 6.

 58 hrs private study.

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 Assessment methodology

 A 120 minute final unseen exam.

This method carries 60% of the total mark and assesses learning
outcomes 1, 2, 3.

 Coursework:
This method carries 40% of the total mark and assesses learning
outcomes 1 to 6.
- one in-class assignment (20%)
- one group (3-4 students) project assignment (15% [10-15
pages report] and 5% [discussion])

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 Feedback

 Feedback given to students in response to assessed work

 Individual and group written feedback on coursework.
 Feedback discussed as part of a tutorial.

 Developmental feedback generated through teaching activities

 Dialogue between students and staff in tutorials.
 Individual feedback provided in tutorials.

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 Important References

 “Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal

Combustion Engine”, by Willar Pulkrabek,
Prentice Hall, 1997.

 “Internal Combustion Engines”, by Colin

Ferguson and Allan Kirkpatrick, J. Wiley &
Sons, 2001.

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 Main topics covered

Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)

Ideal and actual performance of ICE

Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines (SIE)

Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines (CIE)

Air pollution from ICE

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 Outline of this presentation [Introduction to ICE]

• Heat Engines and their classification

• Definition of Internal Combustion Engines

• Historical Development of the Internal Combustion Engines

• Engine Nomenclature

• Classification of Internal Combustion Engines

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Heat Engines

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 Classification of Heat Engines

Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) External Combustion Engines (ECE)

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 What is / is not an ICE?

IS IS NOT
 Gasoline‐fueled  Steam power plant
reciprocating piston
engine  Solar power plant
 Diesel‐fueled  Nuclear power plant
reciprocating piston
engine
 Gas turbine
 Rocket

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 Largest internal combustion engine
 The Wärtsilä RT-flex96C is a two-stroke turbocharged low-speed diesel engine
designed by the Finnish manufacturer Wärtsilä.
 It is designed for large container ships that run on heavy fuel oil. Its largest 14-
cylinder version is 13.5 metres (44 ft) high, 26.59 m (87 ft) long, weighs over
2,300 tons, and produces 80,080 kilowatts (107,390 hp). The engine is the
largest reciprocating engine in the world.
 Also one of the most efficient IC engines: 51%

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 Most powerful internal combustion engine
 Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C is the largest IC engine, but the Space Shuttle Solid
Rocket Boosters are the most powerful (≈ 42 million horsepower (32 hp/lb); not
shaft power but kinetic energy of exhaust stream)
 Most powerful shaft-power engine: Siemens SGT5-8000H stationary gas turbine
(340 MW = 456,000 HP) (0.52 hp/lb) used for electrical power generation

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 Outline of this presentation [Introduction to ICE]

• Heat Engines and their classification

• Definition of Internal Combustion Engines

• Historical Development of the Internal Combustion Engines

• Engine Nomenclature

• Classification of Internal Combustion Engines

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 Definition of Internal Combustion Engines

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that converts chemical

energy in a fuel into mechanical energy

Chemical

Heat

Mechanical

This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine,
and the high‐pressure gas then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the
engine. This expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to a
rotating crankshaft, which is the output of the engine.

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 Definition of Internal Combustion Engines
Internal combustion engines are reciprocating engines having pistons that
reciprocate back and forth in cylinders internally within the engine.

Engine types steam engines and gas turbine engines, which are better classified as
external combustion engines (i.e., combustion takes place outside the
mechanical engine system)

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 Outline of this presentation [Introduction to ICE]

• Heat Engines and their classification

• Definition of Internal Combustion Engines

• Historical Development of the Internal Combustion Engines

• Engine Nomenclature

• Classification of Internal Combustion Engines

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 Historical Development of the I.C. Engine

• 1862 ‐‐ Rochas described the basic principles essential

for efficient engine operation.
• 1878 – Otto built the first successful 4‐stroke cycle
engine.
• 1891 – Day built an improved 2‐stroke cycle engine.
• 1892 – Diesel patented the compression‐ignition
(diesel) engine.
• To present – emphasis on improved engine efficiency,
through refinement.

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 Outline of this presentation [Introduction to ICE]

• Heat Engines and their classification

• Definition of Internal Combustion Engines

• Historical Development of the Internal Combustion Engines

• Engine Nomenclature

• Classification of Internal Combustion Engines

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 COMPONENTS OF AN IC ENGINE

Valves Cam shaft

Valve

Cylinder block Piston

Connecting
rod

Crank shaft

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COMPONENTS OF AN IC ENGINE {with more details}
ENGINE NOMENCLATURE
 Engine Terminology
• Top Dead Center (TDC): Position of the piston when it stops at
the furthest point away from the crankshaft.
– Top because this position is at the top of the engines
(not always), and dead because the piston stops as
this point. Because in some engines TDC is not at
the top of the engines(e.g: horizontally opposed
engines, radial engines, etc,.) Some sources call this
position Head End Dead Center (HEDC).
– Some source call this point TOP Center (TC).
– When the piston is at TDC, the volume in the
cylinder is a minimum called the clearance volume.
 Engine Terminology
• Bottom Dead Center (BDC): Position of the piston when it stops
at the point closest to the crankshaft.
– Some sources call this Crank End Dead Center (CEDC)
because it is not always at the bottom of the engine. Some
source call this point Bottom Center (BC).
• Stroke : Distance traveled by the piston from one extreme
position to the other : TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC.
• Bore :It is defined as cylinder diameter or piston face diameter;
piston face diameter is same as cylinder diameter( minus small
clearance).
• Swept volume/Displacement volume : Volume displaced by the
piston as it travels through one stroke.
– Swept volume is defined as stroke times bore.
– Displacement can be given for one cylinder or entire engine (one
cylinder times number of cylinders).
 Engine Terminology
• Clearance volume : It is the minimum volume of the cylinder
available for the charge (air or air fuel mixture) when the piston
reaches at its outermost point (top dead center or outer dead
center) during compression stroke of the cycle.
– Minimum volume of combustion chamber with
piston at TDC.
• Compression ratio : The ratio of total volume to clearance
volume of the cylinder is the compression ratio of the engine.
– Typically compression ratio for SI engines varies
form 8 to 12 and for CI engines it varies from 12 to
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 Outline of this presentation [Introduction to ICE]

• Heat Engines and their classification

• Definition of Internal Combustion Engines

• Historical Development of the Internal Combustion Engines

• Engine Nomenclature

• Classification of Internal Combustion Engines

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 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS

Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:

1. Engine Cycle

(a) Two‐Stroke Cycle. A two‐stroke cycle has two piston movements over one
revolution for each cycle.

(a) Four‐Stroke Cycle. A four‐stroke cycle experiences four piston movements over two
engine revolutions for each cycle.

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Engine Cycle ‐ Two‐Stroke Cycle

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Engine Cycle ‐ Four‐Stroke Cycle

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 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS

2. Types of Ignition

(a) Spark Ignition (SI) [Petrol Engine]. An SI engine starts the combustion process in
each cycle by use of a spark plug. The spark plug gives a high‐voltage electrical
discharge between two electrodes which ignites the air‐fuel mixture in the combustion
chamber surrounding the plug.

(b) Compression Ignition (CI) [Diesel Engine]. The combustion process in a CI engine
starts when the air‐fuel mixture self‐ignites due to high temperature in the combustion
chamber caused by high compression.

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
2. Types of Ignition

Spark Ignition (SI) [Petrol Engine]

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 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
2. Types of Ignition

Compression Ignition (CI) [Diesel Engine]

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 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
3. Valve Location

(a) Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I Head engine.

(b) Valves in block (flat head), also called L Head engine. Some historic engines with
valves in block had the intake valve on one side of the cylinder and the exhaust valve on
the other side. These were called T Head engines.

L Head engine I Head engine F Head engine T Head engine

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 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
4. Basic Design

(a) Reciprocating. Engine has one or more cylinders in which pistons reciprocate back
and forth. The combustion chamber is located in the closed end of each cylinder. Power
is delivered to a rotating output crankshaft by mechanical linkage with the pistons.
(b) Rotary. Engine is made of a block (stator) built around a large non‐concentric rotor and
crankshaft. The combustion chambers are built into the non‐rotating block.

5. Position and Number of Cylinders

(a) Single Cylinder. (d) Opposed Cylinder Engine. (g) Radial Engine.

(b) In‐Line. (e) W Engine.

(c) V Engine. (f) Opposed Piston Engine.

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
5. Position and Number of Cylinders
In Line

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
5. Position and Number of Cylinders
V Engine

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
5. Position and Number of Cylinders
V Engine

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
5. Position and Number of Cylinders
Radial Engine

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
5. Position and Number of Cylinders
Opposed Piston Engine

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
5. Position and Number of Cylinders
Opposed Cylinder Engine

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ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
5. Position and Number of Cylinders
Delta Engine

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 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
6. Air Intake Process

(a) Naturally Aspirated. No intake air pressure boost system.

(b) Supercharged. Intake air pressure increased with the compressor driven off of the
engine crankshaft.
(c) Turbocharged. Intake air pressure increased with the turbine‐compressor driven by the
engine exhaust gases.
(d) Crankcase Compressed. Two‐stroke cycle engine which uses the crankcase as the
intake air compressor. Limited development work has also been done on design and
construction of four‐stroke cycle engines with crankcase compression.

7. Method of Fuel Input for SI Engines

(a) Carbureted.
(b) Multipoint Port Fuel Injection. One or more injectors at each cylinder intake.
(c) Throttle Body Fuel Injection. Injectors upstream in intake manifold.

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 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
8. Fuel Used

(a) Gasoline.
(b) Diesel Oil or Fuel Oil.
(c) Gas, Natural Gas, Methane.
(d) LPG.
(e) Alcohol‐Ethyl, Methyl.
(f) Dual Fuel. There are a number of engines that use a combination of two or more
fuels. Some, usually large, CI engines use a combination of methane and diesel fuel.
These are attractive in developing third‐world countries because of the high cost of
diesel fuel. Combined gasoline‐alcohol fuels are becoming more common as an
alternative to straight gasoline automobile engine fuel.
(g) Gasohol. Common fuel consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% alcohol.

9. Application

(a) Automobile, Truck, Bus.

(b) Locomotive.
(c) Stationary.
(d) Marine.
(e) Aircraft.
(f) Small Portable, Chain Saw, Model Airplane.
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