I.C.

Engines &
Reciprocating Machines

“I have always considered that the substitution of the Internal Combustion Engine for the
horse marked a very gloomy milestone in the progress of mankind.”
Winston Churchill
 Content
 Why we study I.C. Engines?
 Definition of Engines
 Heat Engines, & Classification
 Evolution of Engines
 Major Engine components & Systems
 I.C. Fundamentals (working Principle)
 4-stroke (SI & CI Engines)
 2- stroke
 Comparison of SI & CI Engines and 4-s & 2-s Engines
 Classification of Engines
 Application of Engines
Definition of Engine
 Engine-

 is a device which transforms one form of energy

in to another form.
 Most of the engines convert Thermal Energy into
Mechanical Work and therefore they are called
Heat Engine.

Mechanical
Fuel Energy Thermal Energy Energy

Combustion Heat Engine

 Heat Engines hot
reservoir
TH

heat
 What is Heat engine ?
work
 any device that is capable of converting
thermal energy (heating) into mechanical impossible cyclic
energy (work). heat engine
 Heat is generally generated by chemical
hot reservoir, TH
reaction, typically from combustion of all
heat

entropy
sorts of fuels
 Work can be completely converted into work
Q

heat
heat, but the inverse is not true dS
T
 The transfer of energy by heating is
accompanied with the entropy transfer cold reservoir, TC
Heat Engines
 HeatEngine can be broadly classified in to two
categories
 Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)
 External Combustion Engine (EC Engine)
Classification of Heat Engine
Gas & Steam Turbine
 Turbo-Jet

Turbo-Prop

Rocket Turbo-Fan
Evolution of Engines
 Evolution of Engines
 Lenoir Engine (Internal Combustion) 1860
 Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir developed the first internal
combustion engine,
 resembled a single-cylinder, double-acting horizontal
steam engine, with two power strokes per revolution
 a single-cylinder two-stroke engine
 Induction of a mixture of coal gas and air (air/gas)
 exhaust of the burnt mixture were controlled by slide
valves
 ignited by a "jumping spark" ignition system
• the burnt mixture were controlled by slide valves
• combustion occurred on both sides of the piston,
but considering just one combustion chamber

Efficiency ~ 3-5%
~6 hp
 Evolution of Engines
 Atmospheric or Free-piston engine (Otto -Langen
1866 )
 At the world exhibition of 1867 in Paris, Nikolaus
August Otto's (1832-1891) and Eugen Langen's
(1833-1895) success with the atmospheric engine
 The engine was working with illuminating gas, too, and
achieved a better efficiency of about 30 percent than the
Lenoir engines because of a better technology
 the fuel consumption was about half that of the Lenoir
Engine.
 The main features of the engine were a
 long vertical cylinder,
 Heavy piston and
 Racked piston rod
 Evolution of Engines
 The Otto engine (in1876 he built his first four-stroke engine )
 Otto had great success with his atmospheric engines
 solution of the problems which prevented the explosion engines from
delivering a regular work: The burn was jerky.
 Otto finally found the right way. His improvements were fantastic:
 He learned how to let a mixture burn slowly and safely. At the same time,
he could hold the performance of the engine on a high level by a
compression of the gas
 the otto engine was developed very quickly therefore, better accessories
(carburetor, ignition mechanism, valves, pistons) were produced, the
cylinder capacity, engine speed and the horsepower performances were
increased dramatically
 Otto experienced a 100 HP Otto engine before he died (His first four-
stroke engine had a power of approx. 3 HP)
Evolution of Engines
 Four-stroke I.C engine ( Nicolaus Otto in 1877)
 Four up-down strokes are involved:
 Downward intake stroke coal-gas and air enter the piston
chamber,
 Upward compression stroke the piston compresses the
mixture,
 Downward power stroke ignites the fuel mixture by electric
spark, and
 Upward exhaust stroke releases exhaust gas from the
piston chamber
Evolution of Engines
 DieselEngine (Rudolph
Diesel 1893)
 The first Diesel Engine
 Four Stroke Compression
Ignition Engine
Evolution of Engines
 Current Engine Challenges
 Limited energy supply (Higher fuel efficiency)
 Global warming effect
 Environmental protection (Less pollutant emissions)
Evolution of Heat Engines
 Possible options to power future vehicles
 IC engines are still competitive for the near future
 Technology advancement
 Infrastructure
 Manufacture cost
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Engine Systems
 An engine must at least include the following
systems to operate
 Air supply and Exhaust system
 Fuel supply system
 Combustion system
 Ignition system (SI)
 Cooling system
 Lubricating system
 Starting system
 Electrical power supply (battery or generator)
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamentals

pressure = force
area
force = pressure x area
I.C Engine Fundamentals

pressure = force
area
force = pressure x area
I.C Engine Fundamentals

Ignition system
I.C Engine Fundamentals

ignition system

crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system

ignition system

crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system

ignition system

crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system
cooling system thermostat

ignition system

crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system
cooling system thermostat

ignition system

lubrication system

crankcase vent
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Working Principle of Engines
 Four- Stroke Ignition Engine
 The cycle of operation completed in 4 strokes of piston
operation ( 2 revolutions of Crankshaft)
 Each stroke consists of 1800 of crankshaft rotation.
 During 4 strokes, there are 5 events
 Suction
 Compression
 Combustion
 Expansion
 Exhaust
 I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Nomenclature
 Cylinder Bore (d) or B
 The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder
 Piston Area (A)
 The area of circle diameter equal to the cylinder bore
 Stroke (L) or (s)
 The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two
successive reversal of its distance of motion
 Dead Centers
 The potion of the working piston at the moment when the dirction of piston
motion reversed at either end of the stock
 Top Dead Center (TDC) or Inner Dead Center IDC) – when the piston is
a farthest from the crankshaft
 Bottom Dead Center (BDC) or outer Dead Center (ODC) – when the
piston is nearest to the crankshaft
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 Displacement Volume (Vs)
 The nominal volume swept by the working piston
when traveling from one dead center to the other
 Vs = A Х L= π/4(d2L)
 Clearance Volume (Vc)
 The nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the
piston when it is at TDC is the clearance volume.
 Compression Ratio (r)
 It is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the
BDC, VT, to the clearance volume vc
VT  VC  VS  V 
r   1   s 
VC  VC   VC 
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)

 Otto Cycle
 Intake
 Compression,
 Combustion
 Power
 Exhaust
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
fuel

air air + fuel

pressure


volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Fanda (SI Engine)

pressure
stoichiometric mixture

 

volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)

pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)

pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)



pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)




pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)




pressure


 


volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)




pressure


  

volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)

Work =  (pressure x volume)

positive work



pressure


  
exhaust gas residual

volume
TDC BDC

negative work
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
I.C Engine Funda-Some Problem
intake tuning emissions
exhaust tuning

mixture preparation combustion, autoignition CxHx

CO
wear
NOx

inertia

lubrication
I.C Engine Funda (Diesel Engine)

pressure
volume
TDC BDC

negligible negative work

The Diesel Engine

I.C Engine Funda (Diesel Engine)

10000 - 20000 psi

The Diesel Engine

I.C Engine Funda (2- S Engine)
 The two stroke engine
employs the crankcase as
well as the cylinder to
achieve all the elements of
the Otto cycle in only two
strokes of the piston.
 I.C Engine Funda (2- S Engine)
upward stroke of the piston During the downward stroke

Intake Valve open Crank Case compression Transfer port Opening

Scavenging
I.C Engine Funda (2- S Engine)
upward stroke of the piston Down ward stroke of the piston

Cylinder compression
Power Stroke Exhaust Stroke
another intake stroke is
Crankcase compression Scavenging
happening beneath the piston
I.C Engine Funda (2- S Engine)
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamentals
 I.C Engine Fundamentals

The Two Stroke Engine

 I.C Engine Fundamentals

The Two Stroke Engine

 I.C Engine Fundamentals

The Two Stroke Engine

 I.C Engine Fundamentals
 two engine/fuel types
 gasoline (premixed)
Four Stroke Gasoline Engine  diesel (diffusion)
 four stroke, two stroke
Four Stroke Diesel Engine  intake
 compression
 power
Two Stroke Gasoline Engine  exhaust
 problem areas
 performance
 Emissions
 Fuel economy
 I.C. Engine Fundamentals
 Comparison of SI & CI Engines
Description SI Engine CI Engine

Basic Cycle Otto Cycle Heat addition @ V=C Diesel cycle, Heat addition @P=C

Gasoline, Highly volatile fuel, Diesel oil, non volatile fuel, self-
Fuel
self ignition temp is high ignition temp is comparatively low
Fuel-air mixture introduced Fuel directly injected to the com.
Introduction of
during suction stroke Chamber at high pressure (fuel
Fuel
(Carburettor is necessary) pump and injector is necessary
The quantity of fuel is regulated in
Throttle controls the quantity of
Load control the pump. Air quantity is not
mixture introduce
control

Required an ignition system with Ignition system & sparkplug are

Ignition
spark plug not necessary
 I.C. Engine Fundamentals
 Comparison of SI & CI Engines
Description SI Engine CI Engine
Compression 6-10, upper limit is fixed by anti 16-20 upper limit is limited by
ratio knock quantity of fuel weight increase of the engine
They are high speed engines They are low speed engines
Speed (light weight & homogeneous ( heavy weight & heterogeneous
combustion) combustion)

Thermal Lower thermal Efficiency (lower Higher thermal efficiency (higher

Efficiency compression ratio compression ratio)

Lighter due to lower peak Heavier due to higher peak

weight
pressure pressure
I.C. Engine Fundamentals
 Comparison of 2-S & 4-S Engines
4-S Engines 2-S Engine
The cycle is completed in two strokes
The cycle completed in 4 strokes of
of the piston or one power strokes
piston or 2-revo. of crankshaft
obtained in every revo. of crakshaft

Turning moment is not uniform & Turning moment is more uniform &
hence a heavier flywheel is needed hence a lighter flywheel can be used

Power produced for the same size of

The power produced for the same size engine is more (Theoretically twice,
engine is less (2 revo gives 1 power) actually 1.3 times) due to 1 Power
stroke in 1 revo. Of Cra Sh)
Lesser cooling & lubrication Greater cooling & lubrication
requirement requirements
Lower rate of wear & tear Higher rate of wear & tear
 I.C. Engine Fundamentals
 Comparison of SI & CI Engines
4-S Engines 2-S Engine
Contains valve & Valve mechanisms to No valves but ports (some 2-s engines are
open & close valves fitted with exhaust valves or reed valve)

The initial cost is very high (Coz of heavy Initial cost of the engine is less (Coz od
wt. & complicated valve mechanism) light wt. & simplicity)

Volumetric Efficiency is more (Coz of more Volumetric Efficiency is low (Coz of lesser
time for induction) time for induction)

Thermal Efficiency is higher, part load Thermal Efficiency is less, part load
efficiency is better efficiency is poor compared 4-s engine

Used where Efficiency is important Used where low cost, compactness & Light
( in Cars, Buses, aero planes, etc… Wt. are important (in Scooters, Motercycles
Classification of I.C. Engines
 Engines can be classified according to the following Points
 Application
 Basic Engine Design
 Operating Cycle
 Working Cycle
 Valve/Port Design and Location
 Fuel
 Mixture Preparation
 Ignition
 Stratification of Charge
 Combustion Chamber Design
 Method of Load Control
 Cooling
Classification of I.C. Engines
Basic Engine Design:
1. Reciprocating
(a) Single Cylinder
(b) Multi-cylinder
(I) In-line
(ii) H, U,V,W & X
(iii) Radial
(iv) Opposed Cylinder
(v) Opposed Piston
2. Rotary:
(a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
Classification of I.C. Engines
Position & Number
of Cylinders
Classification of I.C. Engines
 Radial Engine
Classification of I.C. Engines

Wankel (Rotary Piston Engine)

Classification of I.C. Engines
Operating Cycle

 Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine)

 Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI Engine)
 Miller
(For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type
SI Engine)
 Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
 Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
Classification of I.C. Engines
4. Working Cycle (Strokes)

1. Four Stroke Cycle:

(a) Naturally Aspirated
(b) Supercharged/Turbocharged
2. Two Stroke Cycle:
(a) Crankcase Scavenged
(b) Loop Scavenged
(i) Inlet valve/Exhaust Port
(ii) Inlet Port/Exhaust Valve
(iii) Inlet and Exhaust Valve
Classification of I.C. Engines
7. Method of increasing inlet
pressure (power boosting)
1. Supercharger
2. Turbocharger
Classification of I.C. Engines

Valve Location
Classification of I.C. Engines
Classification of I.C. Engines
7. Mixture Preparation
1. Carburetion
2. Fuel Injection
(i) Diesel

(ii) Gasoline
(a) Manifold
(b) Port
(c) Cylinder
Classification of I.C. Engines
8. Ignition
1.Spark Ignition
(a) Conventional
(i) Battery
(ii) Magneto
(b) Other methods
2.Compression Ignition
Classification of I.C. Engines
10. Combustion Chamber Design
1. Open Chamber:
(i) Disc type
(ii) Wedge
(iii) Hemispherical
(iv) Bowl-in-piston
(v) Other design
2. Divided Chamber: (For CI):
(i) Swirl chamber
(ii) Pre-chamber (For SI)
(i) CVCC
(ii) Other designs
 Classification of I.C. Engines
9. Charge Stratification

1. Homogeneous Charge (Also Pre-mixed charge)

2. Stratified Charge
(i) With carburetion
(ii) With fuel injection
Classification of I.C. Engines
11. Method of Load Control

1. Throttling: (To keep mixture strength constant) Also called Charge

Control Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine

2. Fuel Control (To vary the mixture strength according to load)

Used in the C.I. Engine

3. Combination

Used in the Fuel-injected S.I. Engine.

Classification of I.C. Engines
12. Cooling

1. Direct Air-cooling

2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)

3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.

Classification of I.C. Engines
 13- Various Operational Modes

 Electric Drive Motors

 Hybrid Electric Engine
 Applications of Engines
IC Engine CI Engine

Types Application Types Application

Automotive
Locomotive
Gasoline Engines Marine Steam Engine Marine
Aircraft

Experimental
Industrial
Gas Engines Power
Sterling Engine SpaceVehicles
submarines

Automotive

Locomotive Power
Diesel Power
Steam Turbine Large Marine
Marin

Power
Power
Aircraft Closed cycle Gas
Gas turbine Industrial Turbine Marine
Marine
 Engine Fundamentals
THE END

QUESTIONS?
“I have always considered that the substitution of the Internal Combustion Engine for the
horse marked a very gloomy milestone in the progress of mankind.”
Winston Churchill