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MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL AND OTHER POWER SYSTEMS

Definition of Electricity – motion of free electrons through a solid conductor

William Gilbert – English Physicist who is considered the “Father of Electricity”

Classes of Electricity – dynamic, and static

Types of Electricity – direct current and alternating current

DC – flows at a constant time in one direction; example, battery

AC – periodically varying in time rate and in direction; example, fridge

Types of Circuit – closed, open, series, parallel, short

Closed – complete, continuous path

Open – broken, incomplete, disconnected

Series – same current flows through all components of the circuit

Parallel – current divides between components

Short – results from bridging any part with a conductor of very low resistance

Sources of Electricity –

1. battery; first produced by Daniell Cell in 1836

2. generator – ac, dc, dynamo electric machines
a. dynamo electric machines – motors, transformers, rotary converters

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Ohm’s Law – relationship between current, voltage, and resistance; current which flow in a dc circuit is
directly proportional to the voltage, and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit.

I = current (Amperes) – rate of flow of one coulomb through a given cross section

V = voltage (Volts) – electric unit of voltage or potential difference between two points in an electric field

R = resistance (Ohms) – resistance which allows one ampere of current to flow when one volt is
impressed upon it

W = electric power (Watts) – electric power; rate of doing electrical work

Formulas:

I = V/R

V = IR

R = V/I

Units of Quantity
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Coulomb – approximately 66.25 x 1018 electrons

Ampacity – current carrying capacity of a wire or cable expressed in Amperes

Example: ampacity of 3.5 sq.mm. wire is 30 amps; 5.5 sq.mm. is 40.

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Conductors – objects or materials that allow the flow of charge (electrical current); ex., metal

Insulators – materials that impede the free flow of electrons from atom to atom, and molecule to
molecule; ex., rubber

Resistors – passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element

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Sources of Electricity

Generating Station > Transmission Lines > Substation > Circuit > Tap Lines > Individual Transformers

MODULE 2 – APPLIED ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS

System Components of Buildings

1. Wirings and Raceways /

- Secondary line, service, service drop, service entrance cable, service entry (gooseneck),
feeder, RSC, kWh meter, underground feeder
- Service entrance: overhead service, underground service
- kWh: energy = power x time; number of rotations is counted on the dials, calibrated directly
in kilowatt-hours
2. Power Handling Equipment
- Safety switch, panelboard/ circuit breaker, transformer
3. Utilization Equipment
- Branch circuits (lighting, appliance, independent circuits / special outlets)
- (Lighting) fixtures, conduits/fittings, condulets, electrical boxes (junction box, pull box, utility
box), plates

Electrical Systems by Design – single phase, three phase

Single phase – for homes and small commercial buildings

Three phase – for industries and large commercial buildings

Transformers – passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to
another; outdoor transformers (H-frame cluster mounted, pad mounted), indoor transformers (dry type,
askarel, oil-insulated)

Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) – emergency systems, standby systems, battery equipment, engine-
generator sets
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Protective Devices – fuse, circuit breakers, ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI)

Distribution of Electrical Circuits – panelboard, switchboards, switchgears, unit substations

MODULE 3 – WIRINGS AND RACEWAYS / CONDUITS

THHN: T – thermoplastic, H – heat-resistant; HH – highly heat-resistant; N – nylon-coated

NM: non-metallic cable

Common sizes and amperage:

#14 – 2.0mm2 – 15amp

#12 – 3.5mm2 – 20amp

#10 – 5.5mm2 – 30amp

#8 – 8.0mm2 – 40amp

#6 – 14mm2 – 55amp

UF: underground feeder cable

Other wires and cables: low voltage wire, phone and data wire, coaxial cable, steel wired armour cable,
bx cable, mc cable, ac cable

Bus bar – housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power
distribution

Bus duct – sheet metal duct for the purpose of conducting a substantial current of electricity

Cable bus – electrical system that transmits electrical energy through an assembly of insulated
conductors

Assemblies: flat cable assembly, lighting track, cable trays, raceway, closed raceway

Conduit pipes: RMC/RSC, IMC, EMY, ENT, FMC, LFMC, Rigid PVC

Switches and Convenience Outlets

Switches – devices for making, breaking, or changing conditions in an electrical circuit

Gang (1, 2, 3, 4), multiway (3-way, 4-way), dimmers

Outlet – point in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment

Receptacle – wiring device in which the utilization equipment cord is plugged into

Convenience Outlet, Lighting Outlet, Receptacle Outlet; 2-prong, 3-prong, switch/outlet

combos, GFCI, usb, etc.

Plug – Type A (2 flats), Type B (2 flats + ground), Type C (round), E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L

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MODULE 4 – HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

1894 – La Electricista; 1895 streetlights were turned on

1903 – operation of Manila’s first electric tramway; birth of Manila Electric Company

1919 – merging of MEC + Manila Suburban Railway = Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company or
MERALCO

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Electrical Engineering – newer branch of engineering, late 19th century

Electrical Engineer – design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment,
such as electric motors, radar, and navigation systems, communication systems, and power generation
equipment.

Thomas Edison – electric light and DC

Nikola Tesla – AC and induction motor designs

Michael Faraday – electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and electrolysis

William Stanley Jr – AC transformer

Georg Ohm – Ohm’s law

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta – electric battery, methane

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Laws

1936 – creation of NAPOCOR

1960, RA2717 – Electrification Administration (EA)

1969, RA6038 – creation of National Electrification Administration (NEA)

1972, PD40 – government ownership of major electric generating and transmission facilities

1992, RA7638 – creation of Department of Energy

1993, RA7648 – electric power crisis act of 1993

2001, RA9136 – EPIRA (Electric Power Industry Reform Act) Law

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Philippine Electrical Code

Demand factor – ration of the maximum demand of a system, or part of a system, to the total
connected load of a system or the part of the system under consideration

Live parts – conductor intended to be energized in normal use

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Nominal voltage – actual voltage at which a circuit operates; ex. 120/240 volts

Voltage to ground – voltage between the given conductor and that point or conductor of the
circuit that is grounded

Spaces about electrical equipment

Branch circuits

Required outlets

Overhead service drop conductor

Electrical regulations

MODULE 4B – ELECTRICAL WORKING DRAWINGS

General Notes – provide various supplemental data required by the specifications

Electrical Symbols

Lot Plan / Vicinity Map

Lighting Layout

Power Layout

Auxiliary Layout

Riser Diagram (Panel Board, Cable, etc.)

Schedule of Loads

Typical Details / Details (service drop, etc.)

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Tests

Megger testing – making use of an insulation tester resistance meter that will help to verify the
condition of electrical insulation

High voltage test – the insulation of a product is stressed to a greater extent than under normal
operating conditions, usually twice its normal operating voltage

Insultation resistance test – measure the total resistance of a product’s insulation by applying a
voltage of 500 V – 1000V for low voltage systems

Earth continuity test – measure the resistance between the third pin (ground) and outside metal
body of the product under test

Leakage current test – measure the undesirable leakage current that flows through or across the
surface of the insulation
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Electrical installation condition report – detailing any observed damage, deterioration, defects,
dangerous conditions and any non-compliances with the current safety standard

MODULE 5 – FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Objective of FPS – maintain life safety, protection of property, minimize business interruption

Elements of FP

Early detection & alarm system

Means of egress

Compartmentation

Smoke control

Fire suppression system

Emergency power

Elements in a Fire Hazards Triangle

Smoke

Heat

Time

Detectors – heat, smoke, ionization, flame, water flow, manual pull station

Alarms – fire alarm, alarm indicator, annunciation, electric supervision, emergency power

Combining functions, voice fire alarms, fire-fighter’s communication system, public emergency reporting
system

Exits – elevators, exit signs

Smoke control

Fire suppression – sprinkler (upright, pendant, side walls)

Occupancy hazard classification – light (18m2, distance of 4.60m, not staggered), ordinary
(11m2, distance of 4.60m, staggered allowed), extra (8.40m2 non-combustible ceiling, 7.40m2
combustible ceiling, 3.70m distance)

Piping system – wet, dry, pre-action, deluge, water fog, liquid foam

Special – carbon dioxide, halogentated hydrocarbon, high-expansion foam

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MODULE 5B – CONVEYING AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Elevator – hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform

Types according to use – passenger elevator, service or freight elevator; Elisha Otis introduced the safety
elevator in 1852

Types in general use – electric (traction elevator), hydraulic (no machine room)

Types of traction machines – geared, gearless

Brands – Otis, Kone, Schindler, Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba, Hyundai, etc.

Terminologies: average lobby time, average trip time or travel time, elevator landing, holding capacity,
interval, round trip time, zone

Other types of hoisting systems – dumbwaiter, inclined lift, paternoster

Escalator – power driven, inclined, continuous stairway for raising or lowering passengers

30 degrees – maximum angle of inclination of an escalator

Step width – 32” (800mm) or 48” (1200mm)

Speed (feet per minute) – 90fpm normal; 120fpm rush hours

Jesse Wilford Reno – inventor of first working escalator 1891 at Coney Island, New York City

Parts

Types of arrangement – single, scissors, parallel, criss-cross, double scissors or parallel

Walkalator – slow-moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined
plane

Ar. Joseph Lyman Silsbee – designer of first moving walkway 1893 at Chicago, Illinois

Conveyor – moves materials from one location to another

Mechanical Regulations
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MODULE 6 – HVAC

HVAC – Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning

Definitions

Principles of Heat – Heat energy, heat transmission (conduction, convection, radiation), measurement of
heat

Function of HVAC – fresh air supply, air circulation, temperature control, humidity control, air filtration,
air distribution

Regulate: temperature of the surrounding air, temperature of the surrounding surface, relative humidity
of air, motion of air, odors, dust

Operation principle of Air Conditioning (AC) System

Types of AC by medium – All-air, all-water, air-water system

Types of AC by application – small room – unit/room ac, split type ac, packaged/cabinet type;

medium & large – centralized ac system, chilled water

Types of centralized AC by capacity – constant air volume (CAV), variable volume

Air curtain

Components of AC system

Fan coil unit (fcu)

Expansion coil

Air cooled condensing unit (accu)

Air handling unit (ahu)

Cooling tower

Damper

Grille

Register

Diffuser

Terminal unit

Variable air valve

Plenum

Thermostat

Unit of measures
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General design guidelines

Design consideration

Type and usage and hours of occupancy of building

Number of occupants and type of activity

Area and volume of materials in conditioned space

Building orientation

Types of shades and glass exterior cladding

Ventilation requirements

Amount and type of artificial lighting and hours of use

MODULE 7 – FAN, EXHAUST AND PRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS / VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Drivers:

Wind

Stack effect – warmer air being less dense than cooler air will tend to rise

Mechanical pressurization / depressurization – force air in or draw air out of the space

Ventilation – intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space; mechanical or natural, or mixed-
mode/hybrid

Elements of ventilation system:

Ventilation rate – amount of outdoor air provided into the space

Airflow direction – overall airflow direction in a building, from clean zones to dirty zones

Air distribution or airflow pattern – external air delivery in an efficient manner, removal of
airborne pollutants generated

ASHRAE – American society of heating, refrigerating, and air-conditioning engineers

1989 – 15cubic feet per minute ventilation rate or 7.5L/s per person

Mechanical ventilation – can be achieved by whole-house ventilation, mixing ventilation, displacement

ventilation, dedicated subaerial air supply

Whirligigs / wind turbines / roof vent wind turbines

Smoke dampers – passive fire protection products, installed in physical smoke barriers

Pressurized stair system – safety technique whereby air is blown into spaces which are designed to be
kept clear from smok

Provisions from Fire Code of the Philippines and the Fire Safety Enforcement Manual
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MODULE 8 – AUXILIARY SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS

Telecommunication systems – pabx, intercom, cctv

PABX – private automatic branch exchange

Intercom – two-way communication electronic device that contains circuitry for the purpose of
transmitting and receiving audio and/or video transmissions; talkback, or doorphone

Variety of intercom: wireless, wired, video, apartment, two-way

Components of intercom: master station, sub-station, door station, intercom station, wall mount
station, belt pack, handset, headset, paging signal, power supply, telephonic, amplified, amplifier

CCTV – closed-circuit television – video surveillance, use of video cameras to transmit a signal to
a specific place, on a limited set of monitors

Early cctv 1927 by Russian physicist Leon Theremin, 1942 by Siemens AG in Germany, 1949 in US
by Vericon

Talking cctv

LAN – local area network – computer network that interconnects computers within a limited
area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building

Components of lan: end user devices and servers (pcs, smartphones, servers, printers), network
cables and wifi devices, routers, switches and wireless access points, ip addresses and default
gateways

BAS – building automation system – intelligent system of both hardware and software,
connecting heating, venting, and air conditioning system (HVAC), lighting, security, and other
systems to communicate on a single platform.

Objectives of bas – improve occupant comfort, efficienct operation of building systems,

reduction in energy consumption, reduced operating costs, increased security, historical
performance documentation, remote access/control/operation, and improved life cycle of
equipment and related utilities.

Types of inputs and outputs: sensors, controls

System infrastructure: controller, occupancy, air handlers, air handling unit discharge air
temperature control, central plant, alarms and security, information security

GOD BLESS ON YOUR REVIEW!