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POPULATION (NOTES)
BIRTH RATE
➢ Number of live births per thousand people in a particular year.
REASONS FOR HIGH BIRTH RATE
➢ Strong desire for sons (to support parents at an old age); (as male heir is considered
symbol of power in rural Pakistan); (family is continued by sons)
➢ Child labour on farms (as it’s unpaid labour); (subsistence farmers can’t afford
expensive labour)
➢ More childeren implies more income (which could help families to sustain
themselves)
➢ A belief is held that childeren will provide support in old age (to retired parents who
might not be able to earn livelihood)
➢ Orthodox religious belief that Allah is the sustainer is misinterpreted by the
(uneducated class and they reproduce more)
➢ Large family is linked to prestige and power (In rural setting in Pakistan)
➢ Lack of women empowerment through jobs, education etc (leads women to becoming
housewives and reproducing more)
➢ Early marriages (increases span of sex life and reproductive span)
➢ Uneducated citizens (are not aware of the hazards of over population and the burden
it creates on Pakistan’s resources).
➢ Lack of contraceptive knowledge (due to low education/literary rate); (as it is
considered against religion)
➢ Lack of contraceptives availability (as it is regarded anti-Islamic)
➢ No family planning (as it is regarded anti-Islamic); (as people aren’t educated enough)
MEASURES TO CONTROL HIGH BIRTH RATE
➢ Provide contraceptive knowledge (and explain that it is not against religion)
➢ Make contraceptives available (at low prices to increase affordability); (in rural areas
where birth rate is high)
➢ Promote family planning (with the help of Ulemas and explain that it is not anti-
Islamic); (Chabi Ka Nishan or Green Star clinics)
➢ Promote gender equality; (so that male heir is not considered superior over female
and people restrict their desire to have a son)
➢ Ban on child labour on farms (subsistence farmers can’t afford expensive labour)
➢ Government can provide retirement relief (so that people don’t conceive childeren to
become their support in old age)
➢ Awareness about hazards of over population should be spread (through TV, Radio)
➢ Women empowerment through jobs, education etc (so that women go to work)
➢ Delay marriages (which will decrease span of sex life and reproductive span)
➢ Uneducated citizens (are not aware of the hazards of over population and the burden
it creates on Pakistan’s resources).
➢ Recreational activities (like parks to reduce time spent at home)

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death RATE
➢ Number of deaths per thousand people in a particular year.
REASONS FOR HIGH DEATH RATE
➢ Lack of medicines (as poor health problems are widespread)
➢ Expensive medicines (as Pakistan does not produce much on its own and import is
needed)
➢ Lack of hospitals and clinics (due to carelessness of the government); (due to shortage
of funds); (due to lack of doctors, staff, nurses etc)
➢ Lack of vaccinations (due to carelessness of the government); (due to shortage of
funds)
➢ Poor diet (leads to malnourishment and fatalities); (occurs due to lack of food
production and supply)
➢ No access to fresh water for drinking or bathing (due to water politics)
➢ Poor lifestyle (as people aren’t accustomed to exercise habits); (people aren’t
accustomed to hygienic conditions especially in scattered settlements)
Measures to reduce high death rate
➢ Provision of medicines (to rural and urban masses as diseases are widespread)
➢ Produce medicine locally to meet the increasing demand (low medicine import)
➢ Build more hospitals and clinics (with help of NGOs like AKDN)
➢ Make more vaccination centres (with the help of existing NGOs like AKDN)
➢ Awareness about balanced diet through campaigning (government can make medical
camps)
➢ Provision of fresh water for drinking or bathing (to avoid malaria, typhoid etc)
➢ Improve lifestyle (by exercising); (taking necessary nutrients)
➢ Train more doctors, nurses, and medical staff to overcome the doctor shortage
problem (and provide quality healthcare)
➢ Proper sewage system (to avoid diseases that spread through stagnant water)
NATURAL INCREASE
➢ The positive difference between the birth rate and death rate.
➢ Formula: Birth Rate – Death Rate
NATURAL DECREASE
➢ The negative difference between the birth rate and death rate.
➢ Formula: Birth Rate – Death Rate

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AGE DISTRIBUTION
IF MORE

0-14 (Young Dependent) ADVANTAGES:

➢ Support to farmers
➢ Support to old parents
➢ Less expense on healthcare

DISADVANTAGES:
➢ creased Child labour
➢ Burden on family head
➢ Cannot earn much
➢ Pressure on government to provide medical and
educational opportunities

15-59 (Working Force) ADVANTAGES:

➢ High productivity as more workers is available
➢ More earners so burden on family heads is likely to be
low.
➢ Government gets to tax more income
➢ More entrepreneurship

DISADVANTAGES:
➢ Competition for jobs (leads to lower wage rate)
➢ More unemployment (increases crime rate)
➢ Competition for resources (like healthcare, transport,
infrastructure etc)
➢ Less chances for young ones to get jobs early

60 and > (Old Dependent) ADVANTAGES:

➢ Valuable Advises
➢ Take care of childeren while parents go for work
➢ Pensions help to cover family expenses
➢ Cultural upbringing of young ones

DISADVANTAGES:
➢ Dependent on young ones
➢ Government needs to raise taxes for pensions
➢ Government needs to call of subsidies or scholarships to
give pensions
➢ Medical Expenses

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

➢ It shows the change in population over a certain period.
➢ The change is reflected by the movements in the graphs of birth and death rates.

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STAGE 1:
BR: High (relatively stable)
DR: High (massive fluctuations possibly because of a sudden spread of disease)
Overall, a small natural increase in the population of Pakistan.
STAGE 2:
BR: Falls only minutely
DR: Falls significantly but remains stable
Overall, a sharp natural increase in the population of Pakistan.
STAGE 3:
BR: Falls significantly but remains stable
DR: Continues to fall further but remains stable
Overall, a small natural increase in the population of Pakistan.
STAGE 4:
BR: Falls minutely but there are many fluctuations
DR: Almost remains same but there are more fluctuations
Overall, a small natural increase in the population of Pakistan.
STAGE 5:
BR: Falls below the corresponding death rate
DR: Remains above the corresponding birth rate
Overall, a natural decrease in the population of Pakistan.
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POPULATION PYRAMID
➢ It is also called age-sex pyramid.
➢ It is a graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and sex (i.e.,
male or female).

WHAT IS OVERPOPULATION?
➢ It occurs when the population of a region becomes too large to be supported or sustained
by its available resources (both natural and human) like food and water, housing, land etc.
REASONS FOR OVERPOPULATION
➢ BR > DR
EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION
➢ Unemployment (Crime Rate increases which decreases social cohesion); (people search
for alternative means of earning like wood cutting which disturbs ecology and destroys
natural habitat which could result in species extinction or loss of tourism); (child labour to
support the family)
➢ Increased demand for food (more land is dedicated to agriculture which leaves less land
for other industrial activities); (more resources are diverted to agriculture which leaves
less resources for other development projects or education)
➢ Decline in living standards (as government needs to focus on the provision of necessities
and thus, they may stop welfare projects/deduct pensions/no free medical or schooling
opportunities)
➢ Government expenditure on education may decrease due to increased expenditure on
necessities like food. (This might increase illiteracy in Pakistan.)

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➢ In case of an outbreak of a disease or virus like Covid-19, the chances of its spread are
higher, and it spreads more quickly (which puts burden on medical resources.)
➢ Increased human waste. More waste will be produced. (This will increase pollution.)
➢ More need to import to satisfy local demand. (Import bill will increase and make balance
of payment negative.)
➢ Less exports available due to increased local consumption. (This will make balance of
payment negative.)
➢ Increase in crime rates as unemployed people need to make ends meet. (This reduces
social cohesion)
➢ Government cuts on public spending to pay the national debts and import bill. (This
reduces employment chances in public sector.)
➢ High demand of goods which is not met by the production levels result in inflation (which
further reduces purchasing power).
➢ Poverty force people to live in scattered settlements. (This increases slums.)
➢ Traffic Jams due to increased vehicles on roads. (This causes pollution and accidents
both)
➢ Government might need to employ more people to reduce unemployment. (This causes
overstaffing and increases inefficiency).
➢ Wealth gaps increase in the long run. (Exploitation of the labour class at the hands of the
capitalists)
SOLUTIONS OF OVERPOPULATION
➢ Promote family planning (with the help of Ulemas and explain that it is not anti-
Islamic); (Chabi Ka Nishan or Green Star clinics)
➢ Promote the use of contraceptives and make them available widely and cheaply.
➢ Educating people about hazards of overpopulation and benefits of sustainable population
through TV, Radios & schemes like Sabz Sitara (Green Star clinics).
➢ Promote entrepreneurship. This would increase the job opportunities and reduce
unemployment caused by overpopulation.
➢ Government can provide tax holidays to farmers, so they produce more to meet the growing
demand of crops.
➢ Government can provide subsidies to build housing and medical facilities.
➢ Help from NGOs like AKDN could be taken to spread awareness about the burdens of
overpopulation.
➢ Increased government expenditure in education and hence building more schools to
increase literacy among people.
➢ Government can sign emigration contracts with countries like Australia that have low
population and welcome new citizens.
➢ Pakistan can adopt one-child policy like China to reduce birth rate. This will help to reduce
population growth rate in the next few years.
SUSTAINABLE POPULATION Growth
➢ Population that can be sustained by the available resources.
WHAT IS MIGRATION?
➢ Movement of people from one place to another.

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INTERNAL MIGRATION?
➢ Movement of people within the country/within the borders of a nation-state.
➢ It is of four types.
✓ Rural to Urban (Sakro to Karachi)
✓ Urban to Rural (Karachi to Tar Khuwaja)
✓ Urban to Urban (Karachi to Islamabad)
✓ Rural to Rural (Sakro to Sultanabad)
WHAT CAUSES RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION?
Rural push
➢ Lack of jobs
➢ Lack of educational opportunities
➢ Land unavailable for farming due to flood or drought.
➢ Political problems
➢ Terrorism
➢ Lack of medical facilities
➢ Shortage of clean water for sanitation (Hygiene problems)
➢ Lack of electricity limits industrial growth
➢ Lack of business opportunities
➢ Limited access to gas supplies
➢ Traditional lifestyle is not acceptable to new generations.

URBAN PULL
➢ Better jobs
➢ Quality Education
➢ Smooth law and order
➢ Less Terrorism
➢ Better hospitals like Aga Khan, Liaquat etc
➢ Access to good food and water supply
➢ Better hygiene conditions
➢ Continuous supply of electricity
➢ More business opportunities
➢ Recreational activities
➢ Modern lifestyle

EFFECTS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION?

ON URBAN AREAS
➢ Burden on housing facilities (may result in slums formation)
➢ Competition for Jobs (may reduce market wage rate)
➢ Burden on electricity and gas supplies (may result in loadshedding); (theft)
➢ Burden of food and water provisions (prices may rise); (black markets)
➢ Increases crime rate (and social cohesion is reduced which restricts tourism)
➢ Usually, more male migrates to urban centres which changes the male to female ratio
➢ Increased pollution (air, water, noise, land) which (adversely impacts health)
➢ Traffic jams can cause (pollution and accidents)
➢ Spread of diseases (reduces productivity); (pressure on government to spend of healthcare)

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ON RURAL AREAS
➢ Loss of workforce on farms (reduced crop production)
➢ Unbalanced sex ratio
➢ Depopulation of rural areas further restricts government attention to urban areas only (no
rural development, say electrification)
➢ Resources can be used abundantly by the existing population
➢ Loss of cultural traditions amongst youngsters who travel to urban areas
➢ Less tourism (as less locals are there to entertain tourists)

International MIGRATION
➢ Movement of people from one country to another with an intention to stay for a year or
more.
EMIGRATION
➢ An act of leaving a country.
➢ People who do emigration are called emigrants.
IMMIGRATION
➢ An act of entering a country.
➢ People who do immigration are called immigrants.
CAUSES OF EMIGRATION FROM PAKISTAN
➢ Better schooling opportunities with scholarships like in USA (increase individual’s worth).
➢ More job opportunities (for students who wish to work part-time to fund their education)
abroad.
➢ Better working conditions, meritocracy, and salary packages (improved SOL) abroad. This
helps them to support their families in Pakistan by foreign remittances.
➢ Political problems in Pakistan (no security of life and wealth) lead people to emigrate.
➢ Family emigration visas are available now.
➢ Terrorism in Pakistan motivates people to leave for other countries.
➢ Better healthcare (as some diseases are not treated in Pakistan)
SEASONAL MIGRATION
➢ Migration within a country caused by seasonal or climatic changes.
CAUSES OF SEASONAL MIGRATION
➢ To avoid harsh winters in Northern Pakistan in areas like Gojal Valley.
➢ To avoid severe summers in desertic areas of Pakistan like Tharparkar.
➢ Nomadic people move in search of pastures and water/Transhumance.
➢ People from northern Pakistan come to Punjab to work in cotton factories at the time of
cotton season.
➢ People move away from floodplains during monsoon to avoid destruction caused by the
floods.
➢ To enjoy vacations in summers, Pakistanis go to Northern Areas like Naran, Kaghan etc.
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
➢ It is the way that people are spread/scattered over an area
➢ It is the pattern of where people live

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POPULATION DENSITY
➢ Number of people per unit area (sq. mile, sq. km)
➢ Formula: Total Population/Total Area
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DENSITY
TOPOGRAPHY
➢ Flat Plains attract more settlement as agriculture is easy (machines like tractors can be
used easily)
➢ Indus plain is well drained, soft, and rich in alluvium/loamy soil (which increases
agriculture); (low fertilizer cost to farmers) and thus is densely populated
➢ Cost of road/railway construction is low (trade and communication is easy)
➢ Lands near sea are populated because people practice fish culture.
CLIMATE
➢ Harsh winters/summers result in skin problems, breathing problems (thus low density)
➢ More rainfall helps in good crop growth and thus high population density
➢ High temperature in areas like Tharparkar result in water shortages (low crop
production); (livestock cannot be reared) and thus population density is low.
➢ High temperatures cause high rates of evapo-transpiration, which makes growing crops
very difficult (human living becomes difficult)
➢ Low population density in deserts as people need to move in search of water and food.
INFRASTRUCTURE
➢ Better Roads (better trade) will result in high population density.
➢ Less electricity, gas, water problems (contribute to quality of life) and thus high
population density.
➢ Developed infrastructure (will reduce cost of setting up industries) and thus capitalists
will settle there.
➢ Roads and rails make transportation of raw materials, products, and people (including
labour force), quicker and cheaper. Such areas can be changed into industrial zones and
attract foreign investment. Thus, population density is high.
➢ Presence of airports and seaports makes international travel easy (for international
business dealings of corporate meetings) and thus population density in cities like
Karachi is high.
RESOURCES
➢ Areas with mineral deposits (which leads to jobs in mining sectors) are densely
populated.
➢ Areas with mineral deposits might have low population density due to pollution caused
by mining activities.
POLITICAL
➢ Political problems and inconsistencies in a region will result in declining interest of
foreign and local investors. They will withdraw their capital. Hence, population density
will be low as in the case of Baluchistan.
➢ Political tensions might result in terrorism and people might leave the country for good.
This reduces population density.

What is employment?
➢ People who are willing and able to perform a job are doing it.

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➢ People are employed in one of three sectors of economy viz. Primary, Secondary, and
Tertiary.
WHAT IS PRIMARY SECTOR?
➢ Primary sector is concerned with obtaining raw materials from Earth for further processing
or direct use.
➢ Primary sector includes agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry etc.

WHY PEOPLE WORK IN PRIMARY SECTOR?

➢ Tertiary sector like insurance and banking requires higher education (which is not possible
for the illiterate masses to achieve)
➢ Relatively simpler skills are required than tertiary sector (which suits to illiterate and
unskilled workers).
➢ Masses live in rural Pakistan where primary sector is the most prominent and thus many
people work in the same sector.
➢ Land inheritance motivates many people to remain in agriculture (for they feel it is in their
family tradition).
➢ Pakistan is an agro-based economy as it benefits from two crop growing seasons. (Jobs in
this sector is considered fruitful and reliable source of income throughout the year)
➢ Pakistan has large mineral reserves which needs exploitation and labour. (This gives a good
employment opportunity to the locals living in areas nearby Sui, for example.)
➢ Northern Pakistan is not supplied with gas and people cut wood to use as fire/fuel wood.
Hence, many people work as woodcutters.
➢ Pakistan has a 1000km long coastline which supports fishing. Fish cash is sold in both local
and international markets brining good returns. Therefore, many people work as fishermen.
➢ Many people work as farmers for they believe that doing a job is against their pride and
cannot bring financial independence.
WHY employment in PRIMARY SECTOR is decreasing?
➢ Land reforms result in division of lands. (Small lands bring low returns and are not
considered to be a reliable source of income.)
➢ Waterlogging and Salinity has reduced the area of fertile land. (The treatment is expensive,
and fertilizers too are expensive. This reduces profit levels to the farmers.)
➢ Rise in education and skill level has motivated people to look for jobs in tertiary sectors so
that they could earn better wages and improve their SOL.
➢ Increased mechanization on farms (results in less demand for manual labour). Therefore,
people are switching to other sectors.
➢ Affiliation with primary sector mostly implies living in a rural setting. Youth is least
interested in villages and thus travel to urban centres. This reduces the number of workers
in primary sector.
➢ Industries are developed in the outskirts of villages. Locals gets jobs in secondary sectors.
WHAT IS SECONDARY SECTOR?
➢ It is concerned with the manufacturing and processing of raw materials obtained from
primary sector into finished or semi-finished goods. For example, steel making, food
processing etc.
WHAT IS TERTIARY SECTOR?
➢ This sector is concerned with providing services. For example, banking, insurance, tourism,
tutoring etc.

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WHAT more people are working in tertiary sector?

➢ Higher return for the labour than primary or secondary sector. (This brings high spending
power).
➢ Increased literacy rates (has opened opportunities in baking, insurance etc)
➢ Working conditions and perks (insurance, education for children, prestige) attract people
to join this sector for better living standard.
➢ Increased SOL (has increased demand for service businesses like banking, insurance,
tourism, driving). Therefore, it opens more jobs for people in this sector.
➢ More investment by private investors and the government in service businesses (medical,
education, tourism etc) has expanded their range to employ more people.
➢ Improved political conditions (has increased tourism) and more people are required to work
in hotels or as tour guides.
➢ Better information about jobs is available (because of improved IT systems and
telecommunications). This opens new markets for people in tertiary sector.
➢ Rise in industrialization has resulted in an increased demand for banking and transport
facilities which has led to increased jobs in tertiary sector.
WHO IS AN EMPLOYER?
➢ Job creator and provider.
➢ A person or company willing to pay for labour.
WHO IS AN Employee?
➢ Job doer.
➢ A person who is paid for doing a task.
WHAT IS MEANT BY SELF-EMPLOYED?
➢ Working independently to earn money.
➢ Earing not under any employer.
WHAT IS MEANT BY UNDEREMPLOYED?
➢ Doing a job that is not utilizing one’s skills and abilities to full potential.
➢ Not fully employed.
WHAT IS unemployment?
➢ It is when people who are willing and able to do a work cannot find a job.
Causes of unemployment
➢ Lack of jobs (due to lack of entrepreneurship); (lack of foreign investment due to political
problems).
➢ Limited jobs are below the rate of population growth.
➢ mismatch in the demand and supply of labour in form of skills, gender, age etc required by
the employer (because of misinformation or wrong professional decisions).
➢ Rural urban migration increases unemployment as the migrants might not get jobs (because
of illiteracy, lack of skills etc).
➢ Mechanization on farms (like tractors) has reduced the demand for labour (in tasks like
ploughing or harvesting)

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➢ Capital intensive production (to meet increasing demand for products) also results in
unemployment as companies need to save cost.
➢ To increase exports, products need to be produced (standardized) which can be done
through machines only. Thus, people are being made redundant.
REMIDIES/SOLUTIONS of unemployment
➢ Educate and train workers to (update their skill set to be able to remain competent.)
➢ Government should provide subsidies to farmers so they could employ more labour. For
example,
➢ Government can give tax holidays to capitalists (so they invest more in Pakistan) which
will result in more employment.
➢ Government can launch programmes like Khushal Pakistan Programme or Benazir Income
support programme to support the unemployed people.
➢ Career advice should be given (to seek employment opportunities abroad)
➢ Establishment of cottage industries in rural areas
➢ Establishment of export processing zones
➢ IT training (to add to skill set) so that people can work in newly emerging fields like date
sciences.
WHAT IS LITERACY?
➢ Ability to read and write.
REASONS FOR HIGH ILLETERACY
➢ Child labour to sustain families mean (less childeren attending school).
➢ Least priority given to education in rural areas as (families are traditionally involved in
agriculture.)
➢ Lack of educational institutes in Pakistan, especially rural areas (due to lack of government
interest and funding)
➢ Expensive education in private schools is (not affordable for all as many people are from
middle-class backgrounds).
➢ Quality education is not provided in government schools. Teachers are not present in state
schools.
➢ Many ghost schools exist in Sindh and Punjab (as there is no check by the government on
the state schools)
➢ Lack of qualified teachers (as there is no license for teaching).
➢ Entrepreneurs have a mindset that their childeren will become the same and there is no need
for education in that.
REASONS FOR HIGH female ILLETERACY
➢ Orthodox families are against co-education. (Since there are fewer institutes for girls, this
results in high illiteracy.)
➢ Poor parents cannot afford education for all childeren (and thus they prioritize male
education as they believe male child is their support in old age).
➢ Gender discrimination results in mentality that supports the idea that (women are made for
household chores and should not be educated).
➢ (Bad city conditions like kidnapping) restrict parents not to send their daughters for
schooling.

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IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION (primary sector)

➢ An educated farmer will be able to comprehend instructions on the packaging of fertilizer
or pesticides (so that right amount could be used to maximize yields).
➢ An educated farmer will be able to use modern methods on the field like sprinklers or
harvesters (to maximize the yields).
➢ Farmer will be able to apply for bank loans or subsidies (as it requires document work)
➢ Educated miners will be able to look for their health (less burden on government hospitals)
➢ Educated miners will be able to use modern mining equipment’s and methods (like
laser/beam technology to detect mineral seams)
➢ Educated locals will be able to use selective cutting methods (and protect the forests from
being cut from roots).
➢ Educated fishermen will be able to use modern fishing methods like mechanized boats,
radars, and sonars to locate fish (which will increase the monetary return to him).
➢ Educated fishermen will understand the concept of sustainable fishing (and not get involved
in overfishing which will be beneficial in the long run).
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION (secondary sector)
➢ Easy to operate machines (secured jobs in factories).
➢ Able to understand the global market and produce quality products (which can bring export
revenue and improve balance of payment).
➢ Able to perform different tasks (division of labor is said to improve efficiency and
productivity)
➢ Less wastage of resources as educated individuals will have a sense of sustainable
development.
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION (tertiary sector)
➢ Education gives necessary set of skills and leadership qualities to run large firms in an
(increasingly competitive local and foreign market).
➢ Educated individuals can make effective policies (which can bring Pakistan out of national
problems)
➢ Educated individuals will be able to make use of IT and telecommunications (to search for
better employment opportunities elsewhere)
➢ Educated individuals can work as tour guides and communicate with foreigners to visit
Pakistan (which will bring foreign exchange and improve current account deficit).
➢ More doctors (will improve healthcare and increase lifespan of locals).

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POPULATION (ALI JAN KA GIYAN FOR PP)

WHY MIGHT POPULATION OF AN AREA CHANGE OVER TIME?
➢ Education

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