POPULATION

POPULATION GROWTH
Population Growth Rate:
The population growth rate is influenced by three main factors: the birth rate, the
death rate, and migration.
Birth Rate:
The birth rate refers to the average number of births per thousand people in a given
population.
Death Rate:
The death rate is the average number of deaths per thousand people in a
population.
Rate of Natural Increase:
The rate of natural increase is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the
birth rate. It shows how much the population is growing or shrinking naturally,
without considering migration.
Reasons/Causes of Overpopulation
Child Labour: Families have many children to contribute to the household income
through child labor.
Religious Beliefs: Ulema believe, like the preference for larger families, may
encourage people to have more children.
Early Marriages: Early marriages lead to higher birth rates, as people start having
children at a young age.
Strong Desire for Sons: Desire for sons can lead to larger families, as some families
keep having children until they have a son.
In-Migration: People moving from rural to urban areas or from other countries can
increase population density in certain regions.
Inconsistent Government Policies: Government policies that don’t effectively
control population growth, or lack of family planning programs, can contribute to
overpopulation.
Illiteracy: Lack of education, especially about family planning and reproductive
health, can lead to larger families and uncontrolled population growth.
Solutions to Unemployment:
Population Welfare Programs: Programs like women’s associations, child welfare
initiatives, and clinics such as Green Star Clinics can help by promoting family
planning and improving health, which can ultimately reduce unemployment by
creating a healthier workforce.
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations): NGOs play a crucial role in providing
support and resources for employment opportunities, especially in underserved
areas.
Rural Development: Investing in rural areas through education, better roads, and
electrification can create job opportunities and reduce unemployment.
Role of Ulema: Religious leaders (Ulema) can encourage the importance of
education, work, and family planning, helping to create a more productive society.
Women’s Education: Educating women can lead to delayed marriages and lower
birth rates, which in turn helps reduce pressure on resources and creates more
opportunities for women in the workforce.
Better Utilization of Resources: Efficient use of resources leads to better economic
development, which can create more job opportunities and help control population
growth, ultimately addressing unemployment.
POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
Pakistan’s population growth has significantly impacted its economic development.
In 2011, the country moved from being the 13th most populous nation to the 6th.
This rapid increase in population has created numerous challenges. Food insecurity
has become a major issue as resources struggle to meet demand. Unemployment
rates have risen, putting more pressure on the job market. The healthcare system
is also overburdened, making it difficult to provide quality services to everyone.
Additionally, there is a shortage of water supply and frequent electricity crises. The
lack of sufficient educational institutions limits access to quality education, while
child labor has become a common problem. Public transport and housing facilities
are under strain, making it harder for people to commute and find proper living
spaces. Lastly, the rise in population has contributed to an increase in crime rates,
further affecting the country’s overall development and stability.
WHAT STEPS TO TAKE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY OVERPOPULATION.
Reducing Population Growth Rate
Reducing the population growth rate is essential to managing overpopulation. This
can be achieved through consistent family planning programs that educate people
about the benefits of smaller families. Providing affordable contraceptives makes
family planning easier. Additionally, banning child labor allows children to focus on
education and personal growth instead of working at an early age.
Human Resource Development
Developing human resources is crucial for addressing overpopulation. Increasing
literacy rates helps people make better decisions about their economic status and
family size. Expanding educational facilities, especially in rural areas, improves
access to education, while skill development programs provide training in
industries, agriculture, and services to reduce unemployment and boost the
economy.
Female Education
Educating women plays a key role in controlling population growth. Educated
women tend to marry later, have smaller families, and focus on careers, which
raises their family’s standard of living. They also have better knowledge of family
planning and contribute to household income, reducing the dependency on male
earners.
Utilization of Natural Resources
Efficient use of natural resources is essential for supporting a growing population.
Pakistan needs proper planning and management of resources like water, energy,
and agriculture. Collaboration between the government and citizens is necessary
to ensure resources are used wisely, reducing economic strain and improving living
standards.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
 Stage 1: high stationary: 1905-1935
 Stage 2: early expanding: 1936-1970
 Stage 3: late expanding: 1971-2013
 Stage 4: low stationary: 2013-2040
Stage 1: High Stationary (1905-1935)
During this stage, there was no concept of birth control or family planning. Large
families were seen as a sign of pride and were necessary for farming, which was
the main occupation. Death rates were high due to poor hygiene, a shortage of
food, high infant mortality, and limited medical advancements.
Stage 2: Early Expanding (1936-1970)
The death rate began to drop in this period due to better medical facilities,
improved sanitation, and an increased water supply. Food production improved
with advancements in farming techniques, and better transportation helped
deliver food and medical aid. Child mortality also decreased due to improved
healthcare.
Stage 3: Late Expanding (1971-2013)
The birth rate started to decline due to successful family planning programs like
Sabz Sitara and Chabi Ka Nishan. Higher literacy rates and better living standards
also contributed to smaller families. Industrialization and mechanized farming
reduced the need for large families, and women began working in urban areas,
focusing on careers. Late marriages and the desire for material possessions further
reduced birth rates.
Stage 4: Low Stationary (2014-2040)
In this stage, both birth and death rates are expected to remain low, resulting in a
low natural increase. If this trend continues, Pakistan will experience a stable
population, which can lead to balanced economic and social development.
POPULATION STRUCTURE
Population structure refers to the percentage of males and females in different age
groups. It is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy in a particular
area. The population is divided into age groups and further categorized by gender.
A population pyramid helps to visualize the structure. It shows a high birth rate,
which increases the dependency ratio. It also reflects a decline in the death rate,
leading to more people in the middle age group and a slightly longer life
expectancy.
POPULATION PYRAMID (1998):
The 1998 population pyramid of Pakistan shows a youthful population, with 44% of
the population in the 0 to 14 age group, forming a wide base. This indicates a high
fertility rate and a high dependency ratio.
The proportion of the population aged 15-64, which represents the working-age
group, decreased slightly from 53.4% in 1981 to 52% in 1998, showing a slow shift
in the population structure.
Population Pyramid Data:
Pakistan’s age structure. In 1981, males in the 0-14 age group made up 20.2%, while
females were 22.1%. By 1998, this increased slightly to 21.6% for males and 22.4%
for females, indicating a high birth rate. The working-age group (15-64) for males
decreased from 29.4% in 1981 to 26.8% in 1998, while for females, it rose from 24%
to 25.7%. The elderly population (65 and above) decreased slightly for both
genders, with males dropping from 2.2% to 1.7% and females from 2.1% to 1.8%.
This reflects a youthful population with a high dependency ratio.
Population Structure and Development
A high birth rate places significant pressure on a country’s resources, such as food,
housing, education, and healthcare, limiting the government’s ability to focus on
important development projects and slowing overall progress. Additionally, the
smaller proportion of the 15 to 60 age group, which is economically productive and
provides both skilled and unskilled labor, poses a challenge for income generation
and economic growth. As the population ages, the economy may face further
burdens, with an increase in the elderly population requiring more healthcare and
social support, further straining the country’s resources.
Projected Population Structure of Pakistan
It is expected that both the birth and death rates in Pakistan will continue to
decrease in the future. As a result, the population in the 15 to 75+ age group will
increase further. However, despite these changes, the overall population will
remain high due to the continuing high birth rate.
Advantages of expected projected population pyramid:
The expected projected population pyramid of Pakistan offers several advantages.
A low birth rate will result in a lower dependency ratio, meaning fewer resources
will be needed to support young people. This will allow for increased investment in
industries, trade, transport, education, and agriculture. With a larger population in
the 15-60 age group, there will be more skilled and unskilled labor available.
However, if jobs are not created, this could lead to high unemployment. A larger
aging population may place a burden on housing and healthcare, as they will need
pensions and basic necessities. While the elderly may not contribute much to the
country’s revenue, their expertise and experience can help guide the younger
generation, improving work efficiency.
EMPLOYMENT:
In Pakistan, employment can be categorized into paid employment and self-
employment. The total employed labor force stands at 54.4 million people.
Employed Labor Force by Sectors
The employed labor force is divided into three main sectors:
Primary Sector (41%): This sector includes activities like agriculture, mining, and
fishing. However, there is also a problem of disguised unemployment, where
people are working but not fully productive.
Secondary Sector (14%): This sector involves industries such as steel making,
shipbuilding, and furniture making, contributing to the economy through
manufacturing.
Tertiary Sector (45%): This sector is the largest, covering services such as transport,
banking, trade, insurance, administration, health, and education. It plays a key role
in the country's economic growth and job creation.
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment refers to the inability to find a paid job, leading to the
underutilization of human resources and less income generation. This affects both
individuals and the economy.
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
Several factors contribute to unemployment:
High Population Growth: A rapidly growing population increases the number of job
seekers, making it difficult for everyone to find work.
Mechanization in Agriculture: As farming becomes more automated, fewer
workers are needed in agriculture, leading to job losses in rural areas.
Revolution in Information Technology: While IT brings progress, it also reduces job
opportunities in traditional sectors due to automation and digital tools.
Cultural Restraints: Cultural factors, such as gender roles or restrictions on certain
jobs, can limit employment opportunities for certain groups.
Mismatch in Demand and Supply of Labor: The skills available in the workforce
may not match the jobs available, leading to unemployment.
Rural-Urban Migration: People moving from rural areas to cities in search of better
opportunities may find fewer jobs in urban areas, contributing to unemployment.
No Jobs Available: In some cases, there simply aren’t enough job openings or
vacancies for the number of job seekers.
Political Instability: Political unrest and instability can disrupt economic activities
and reduce job opportunities.
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION PROGRAMES THROUGH LITERACY AND TRAINING
Training Labor Force in Agriculture
To generate employment in agriculture, training is essential. This can be done
through training institutions that enroll young people and provide practical learning
opportunities. Model farms can be used for hands-on practice, while workshops
and technical training in machinery help workers gain the skills needed for modern
farming techniques. Training in cottage industries also helps by providing skills for
small-scale production and local businesses.
Training Labor Force to Meet Industrial Requirements
For the industrial sector, specialized training is necessary to meet the demands of
manufacturing. Workers should learn about the functions of the plant, machinery
maintenance, and safety procedures. Demonstrations on handling new machines
can be helpful, and in-service refresher courses ensure workers keep up with
industry changes. Sending trainees abroad to centers of excellence can also
improve their skills. Additionally, training for managers helps them lead teams
effectively.
Training Labor Force to Meet Tertiary Sector Requirements
In the tertiary sector, there is a need for skilled professionals like electricians, shop
supervisors, teachers, doctors, executives, and politicians. Specialized training in
these areas ensures that workers are well-prepared for their roles, contributing to
the growth of services such as healthcare, education, and administration.
EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON ECONOMY:
Unemployment can have several negative effects on the economy. First, it leads to
a low GDP/GNP, meaning the overall economic output decreases.
With fewer people employed, wages decrease significantly, which reduces
purchasing power and consumer spending. This slowdown in consumer
expenditure can slow down overall economic growth.
To cope with the loss in income, the government may raise tax rates, leading to
higher debts and borrowing. This increases interest payments, which can lower the
quality of life for citizens.
Unemployment also means there are fewer government funds available for
investment. As a result, there is less local and foreign investment in the economy.
With lower wages and reduced consumer spending, the economy struggles to
grow, further lowering the GDP/GNP.
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY:
Population Distribution
Population distribution refers to how people are spread out across a specific area.
It shows where people live and how they are distributed in different regions.
Population Density
Population density measures how many people live in a specific area, such as per
square mile, hectare, or acre. It helps to understand how crowded or sparsely
populated a region is.
Factors affecting distribution and density of population in Pakistan:
Physical Factors:
Topography: The landscape of Pakistan plays a big role in where people live. Flat or
undulating land is easier for people to settle on, while areas with mountains or
difficult terrain are less populated. The doabs (areas between rivers) are more
populated due to fertile land.
Climate: Pakistan’s climate also affects population distribution. Regions with
moderate temperatures and reliable monsoons are more attractive for settlement
because they support agriculture and comfortable living conditions.
Vegetation: The presence of barren lands and mangroves can limit where people
can live. Fertile lands with good vegetation are more likely to attract larger
populations.
Soil: Fertile soil, especially the deep, alluvial soil found in river plains, supports
agriculture and can lead to higher population density in these areas.
Natural Resources: The availability of mineral resources in certain areas can
encourage settlement and economic activity, leading to higher population density.
Water Supply: Rivers and lakes provide an essential water supply, making areas
around them more suitable for human habitation and agriculture.
Natural Routes: Access to natural routes, such as passes, valleys, harbors, and
mountains, allows easier movement and trade, which can result in higher
population density in these areas.
Human factors:
Economic Factors: Economic activities play a significant role in where people live.
Areas with efficient transportation systems, trade and business centers, and
tourism attractions tend to attract more people. Access to power supplies and land
reclamation for farming or development also encourages settlement.
Political Factors: Government policies can influence population distribution by
developing new towns or encouraging people to move to certain areas. Political
stability and infrastructure projects can also make certain regions more attractive
for people to settle in.
Social Factors: The availability of better accommodation, education, and
healthcare can make certain areas more appealing for people to live. Rural-to-
urban migration also contributes to changes in population distribution, as people
move to cities for better opportunities.
RURAL URBAN MIGRATION:
Rural Push Factors
Rural areas often face challenges that push people to leave. These include
environmental issues like droughts, floods, and pests that damage crops. The lack
of services and remoteness makes life difficult, while overgrazing and waterlogging
affect land productivity. Large families and limited resources, such as poor seeds
and tools, make farming harder, and overpopulation puts extra pressure on the
land. Insufficient food and mechanization, which replaces workers, also contribute
to the struggle. Natural disasters further worsen the situation, prompting people
to move in search of better opportunities.
Urban Pull Factors:
Urban areas attract people because they offer many opportunities. There are more
jobs in industries with higher salaries, and the living conditions are generally better,
with better housing and a higher quality of life. Cities provide better schools and
hospitals, along with a wide range of shops and entertainment options. Reliable
food sources and improved healthcare also make cities more appealing, offering a
better standard of living compared to rural areas.
PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION:
Housing: As more people move to cities, there is a shortage of affordable housing,
leading to overcrowding and the growth of informal settlements.
Health: The rapid increase in population puts pressure on health services, leading
to poor healthcare and spread of diseases.
Slums: With limited resources, many migrants end up living in slums, where living
conditions are poor and unsafe.
Pollution:
 Air Pollution: Increased vehicles and industrial activities result in poor air
quality.
 Water Pollution: Industrial waste and untreated sewage contaminate water
sources.
 Land Pollution: Garbage and waste are often improperly disposed of, leading to
land pollution.
 Municipal Waste: Cities struggle to manage the growing amount of waste
produced by the increasing population.
Industrial Waste: Industries in urban areas generate large amounts of waste, which
are often not disposed of properly, harming the environment.
Vehicular Emissions: High traffic leads to increased emissions from vehicles,
contributing to air pollution.
Education: The influx of people into cities puts pressure on educational facilities,
leading to overcrowded schools and lower quality education.
Poor Living Conditions: Many migrants face poor living conditions in cities due to a
lack of affordable housing, sanitation, and other basic services.
SELF-HELP SCHEMES:
Khuda Ki Basti is a self-help scheme where the government provides low-cost land
in a remote area to help people settle. In this scheme, communities choose their
own leaders to guide the settlement process. Each family is responsible for building
their own home, which gives them a sense of ownership and independence. The
government supports the settlement by ensuring the availability of basic amenities
like water, electricity, and sanitation, making it easier for families to live in the area.
MIGRATION:
Types of Migration:
Emigration (Exit):
Emigration refers to people leaving their home country to settle in another country.
For example, many Pakistanis move to countries like Canada or the UAE for better
job opportunities or a better lifestyle.
Immigration (In):
Immigration is the opposite of emigration. It refers to people coming into a country
from another. For example, Afghan refugees (mahajireen) have migrated to
Pakistan due to conflict and instability in their own country.
Internal Migration:
Internal migration happens within a country. It includes:
Rural to Urban Migration
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): People who are forced to leave their homes
due to conflict, disasters, or other reasons.
Flood Affected People
Earthquake Affected People
EMIGRATION:
Countries to Which People Move:
People from many countries, including Pakistan, often move to the following
destinations:
Gulf countries
The USA and Canada
The UK and Europe
Nature of Migration:
 Doctors, engineers, and business professionals
 Students seeking higher education
 Skilled labor workers
Causes of Emigration:
Skilled Migration: Professionals with specialized skills often migrate for better job
opportunities.
Job Opportunities in Gulf States: Many people move to Gulf countries in search of
work, especially in construction and service industries.
Higher Education: Students move abroad for better educational opportunities.
Better Lifestyle: People may migrate in search of a better standard of living and
quality of life.
Technical/Industrial Training: Some move abroad for specialized training in
technical or industrial fields.
Advantages of Emigration:
Remittances: Migrants send money back home, supporting families and boosting
the economy.
Cultural Identity: Emigration can help individuals maintain their cultural ties with
their home country.
Improved Relations with Developed Countries: Migration can improve diplomatic
and economic relations between countries.
Source of Investment: Migrants often invest in their home country, contributing to
its economic growth.
Relieve Pressure on Jobs: Emigration can ease unemployment by reducing
competition for jobs in the home country.
Disadvantages of Emigration:
Brain Drain: Highly skilled professionals leaving the country can lead to a loss of
talent.
Shortage of Talent: The migration of skilled workers can create a shortage of
qualified individuals in the home country.
Less Economic Growth: The loss of skilled labor can hinder economic growth and
development.