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Ch-1 Matter in Our Surroundings

This document provides information about the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. It discusses the properties of each state of matter and how they differ. It also describes activities that can be done to study the properties and particle nature of matter. The document explains how temperature, pressure, and other factors can cause a change in a substance's state, such as from solid to liquid (melting) or liquid to gas (evaporation). It discusses concepts like latent heat, evaporation, and how evaporation causes cooling.

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Manthan Mudgal
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33 views31 pages

Ch-1 Matter in Our Surroundings

This document provides information about the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. It discusses the properties of each state of matter and how they differ. It also describes activities that can be done to study the properties and particle nature of matter. The document explains how temperature, pressure, and other factors can cause a change in a substance's state, such as from solid to liquid (melting) or liquid to gas (evaporation). It discusses concepts like latent heat, evaporation, and how evaporation causes cooling.

Uploaded by

Manthan Mudgal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-1

Matter In Our Surroundings

By: Dipi Sharma


TGT Science
Matter
• Matter is
anything which
occupies space
and has mass.

https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=QQsybALJoew
Classification Of Matter
Early Indian philosophers classified in the form of
five basic elements as air, earth, fire, sky and water
called Panch Tatva.
Present Classification Of Matter
•Physical Classification- Done on the
basis of physical properties.

•Chemical Classification- Done on the


basis of chemical composition.
Some Activities
To Study
About Matter
• Activity- To show matter is
made up of particles.
• Material- Beaker, common
salt, spoon/glass rod, water.
• Procedure- Fill beaker 3/4th
with water, mark the level
of water on beaker. Add
salt to water. Stir well.
• Observations-
• When we add salt to water it
settles down.
• On stirring it starts disappearing
and gradually disappears.
• This shows matter is not
continuous, rather made up of
small particles.
• The water level remains same.
• The hollow space between the
particles of water is occupied by
salt particles.
• Activity- Particles of matter are very
very small?
• Material- Beaker, crystals of potassium
permanganate, spoon/glass rod, water.
• Procedure-
• Take 2-3 crystals of potassium
permanganate and dissolve them in
100 mL of water.
• Take out approximately 10 mL of this
solution and put it into 90 mL of clear
water.
• Take out 10 mL of this solution and put
it into another 90 mL of clear water.
• Keep diluting the solution like this 5 to
8 times.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ6Pl0c6Zic
• Activity: To show particles are
always in a state of motion.
• Material: Incence, match stick
• Observation: Soon the fragrance
will spread to the entire room.
(Diffusion)
• Activity: To prove particles of matter attract each
other.
• Material: iron nail, log of wood, rubber band.
• Observation: Rubber band is easier to break, then
comes wood and at last comes iron.
Particles of matter have space
between them.
• The space between molecules is
called intermolecular space.
(least in solids and most in gases)
• The force that exist between
particles is called intermolecular
force.
• Intermolecular force ↓
with ↑ in intermolecular space.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W57Lj4exLjM
Theory Of Molecular Structure Of Matter
• Matter is made up of small particles
called molecules.
• Molecules are in a state of continuous
motion. Due th this, we can say that they
possess Kinetic Energy (K.E.)
• K.E. ↑ with ↑ in temperature.
• K.E. is maximum in gases and least
in solids.
States Of Matter
•Solid
•Liquid
•Gas
Properties Of Solids
• They have fixed shape and volume.
• They are not compressible.
• They don’t need a container to hold
them.
• They do no flow.
• Their diffusion tendency is almost nil.
Properties Of Liquid
• They do not have fixed shape but
have fixed volume.
• They have very little compressibility.
• They need a container to hold them.
• They have less density.
• They flow.
• They can easily diffuse.
Properties Of Gases
• They have neither fixed shape nor
volume.
• They are highly compressible.
• They can flow in all directions.
• They fill the entire space of container.
• They can easily diffuse.
• They have very low density.
Comparison Table
CHARACTERISTIC SOLID LIQUID GAS
SHAPE FIXED SHAPE NO FIXED SHAPE NO FIXED SHAPE
NO FIXED
VOLUME FIXED VOLUME FIXED VOLUME
VOLUME
RIGID, CAN NOT NOT RIGID, CAN NOT RIGID, CAN
RIGIDITY/FLUIDITY
FLOW FLOW FLOW
INTERMOLECULAR LESS THAN SOLIDS
MAXIMUM VERY LESS
FORCE MORE THAN GASES
INTERMOLECULAR MORE THAN SOLIDS
VERY LESS MAXIMUM
SPACE LESS THAN GASES
HIGHLY
COMPRESSIBILITY NEGLIGIBLE A LITTLE
COMPRESSIBLE
MORE THAN SOLIDS
DENSITY MAXIMUM MINIMUM
LESS THAN LIQUIDS
KINETIC ENERGY LEAST MORE THAN SOLIDS MAXIMUM
Q1. Why ice floats on water
despite being a solid?
Ans. Ice is a solid but its
density is lower than water
due to its structure. The
molecules in ice make a cage
like structure with lot of
vacant spaces, this makes ice
float on water.
• Fourth state of matter- Plasma
• Fifth state of matter- Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCliAR1Wm5E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUPmqNLgn8c
Can Matter Change It's State?
• What happens inside the matter during this change
of state?

• What happens to the particles of matter during the


change of states?

• How does this change of state take place?


Effect Of Change Of Temperature
• Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a
substance.
• On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic
energy of the particles increases.
• Due to the increase in kinetic energy, the particles
start vibrating with greater speed. The energy
supplied by heat overcomes the forces of attraction
between the particles.
• The particles leave their fixed positions and start
moving more freely. A stage is reached when the solid
melts and is converted to a liquid.
• The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to
become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called
its melting point.
• The melting point of ice is 273.15 K. (273.15 K= 0° Celsius, for
convenience we take 0° Celsius as 273 K)
• The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also
known as fusion. When a solid melts, its temperature remains the same, so
where does the heat energy go?
• The heat energy gets used up in changing the state by overcoming the
forces of attraction between the particles. As this heat energy is absorbed
by ice without showing any rise in temperature, it is considered that it gets
hidden into the contents of the beaker and is known as the latent heat.
• The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into
liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the latent
heat of fusion.
• So, particles in water at 0° C (273 K) have more energy as compared to
particles in ice at the same temperature.
Latent Heat
•It is the amount of
heat released or
absorbed during
change of state of the
substance.
Effect Of Change Of Pressure
• Applying pressure and reducing temperature can
liquefy gases.
• Solid carbon dioxide (CO2) is stored under high
pressure. Solid CO2 gets converted directly to
gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1
atmosphere without coming into liquid state.
• This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also
known as dry ice. Thus, we can say that pressure
and temperature determine the state of a substance,
whether it will be solid, liquid or gas.
• atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure
exerted by a gas. The unit of pressure is Pascal
(Pa): 1 atmosphere = 1.01 × 10^5 Pa.
Evaporation
• This phenomenon of
change of a liquid into
vapours at any
temperature below its
boiling point is called
evaporation.
Factors Affecting Evaporation
• Surface area
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Wind speed
How Does Evaporation Cause Cooling?
• The particles of liquid absorb
energy from the surrounding
to regain the energy lost
during evaporation. This
absorption of energy from the
surroundings make the
surroundings cold.
Q.Why should we wear cotton clothes
in summer?
Ans. During summer, we perspire more
because of the mechanism of our body
which keeps us cool. We know that
during evaporation, the particles at the
surface of the liquid gain energy from
the surroundings or body surface and
change into vapour. Cotton, being a
good absorber of water helps in
absorbing the sweat and exposing it to
the atmosphere for easy evaporation.

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