ljBfyL{ l;sfOsf nflu cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg

dfkb08 @)*)
cfwf/e"t tx -sIff $–*_

clgjfo{ ljifox¿

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

© kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

k|yd ;+:s/0f M lj=;++= @)*)

 k|fSsyg

ljBfno txsf] lzIffnfO{ a9L p2]Zod"ns, Jofjxfl/s, ;d;fdlos Pjd\ ;fGble{s agfpg] clek|fon] kf7\oj|md
kl/dfh{gsf] sfo{ lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL{ tyf lj1x¿af6 k|fKt /fo ;'emfjÙ
1fg, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; tyf kl/j{tg / :yfgLo cfjZostf tyf ljZjJofkL ;Gbe{lar
;Gt'ngsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L ljBfno lzIff kf7\oj|md sIff $–* ljsf; eO{ sfof{Gjogdf 5g\ .
ljZjdf ePsf gjLgtd z}lIfs kl/jt{g Pjd\ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{ / :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], ;fdflhs Gofo k|jw{g ug{] / /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu ;Ifd tyf
k|lt:kwL{ gful/s tof/ ug{] nIo;lxt /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^ n] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;4fGt tyf ljBfno
lzIffsf] dfu{lrqdf cfwfl/t eO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md -sIff $–*_ sf] dd{cg';f/ of] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\\sg
dfkb08 ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofsf j|mddf pkof]u ul/g] d"Nofª\sg xf] . o;sf] d'Vo k|of]hg l;sfO
;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf ljBfyL{sf l;sfO ;d:of klxrfg u/]/ l;sfOdf ;'wf/ NofO{ lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug'{ xf] .
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs pkl:ylt, sIffsfo{, JolStut tyf ;d"xsfo{, l;h{gfTds sfo{, kl/of]hgf
sfo{ h:tf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/nfO{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L cleefjs ;Dks{, 36gfj[Q clen]v, ljB'tLo ;~rf/
dfWodaf6 pko'St ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / k|:t'tLs/0f h:tf dfWod pkof]u ug{'k5{ . o;af6 k|fKt glthfnfO{
clen]vLs/0f u/L cleefj;Fu;d]t ljBfyL{sf k|ultsf af/]df cGt/lj|mof ul/g'k5{ . afx\o d"Nofª\sgsf] d"n
cfwf/ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] glthf / afx\o d"Nofª\sgsf] of]u xf] . o; of]un] g} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw
:t/sf] clGtd dfkg u5{ . o;sf nflu cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgaf6 %) k|ltzt cª\sef/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

of] dfkb08 tof/ ug]{ j|mddf dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] gLlt lgdf{tf, lj1 tyf ljz]if1, lzIffljb\, k|fWofks,
lzIfs, ljBfyL{ Pjd\ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿k|lt kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| xflb{s s[t1tf JoSt ub{5 . of]
dfkb08sf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ afnaflnsfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{] sfo{df
;Da4 ;a}af6 ;lj|mo of]ubfgsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfno lzIffsf] of] kf7\oj|md ultzLn b:tfj]h ePsfn]
o;df ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ub{} cem k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu o; s]Gb|n] kf7\oj|md k|of]ustf{nufot ;DalGwt
;a}af6 lg/Gt/ /rgfTds ;'emfj k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 .

lj=;+= @)*) kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|

 ljifo;"rL

l;=g+ ljifo k]h g+

!= kl/ro !

@= g]kfnL $

#= cª\u|]hL @!

$= ul0ft @*

%= lj1fg #$

^= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff $@

&= :jf:Yo zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf $(

 v08 -s_
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg
!= kl/ro
kf7\oj|mdsf] ljsf;, kl/dfh{g tyf cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{,
cWoog cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]bg, lzIfs, k|fWofks, ljBfyL{, a'l4hLljnufot ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 k|fKt
;'emfj tyf k|ltlj|mof, ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yf / k];f;Fu cfa¢ ;ª\3;ª\u7gsf ;'emfj, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf
dfWod / gful/s ;dfhaf6 kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;fGble{s tyf ;dfj]zL agfpg k|fKt ;sf/fTds ;Nnfxsf
cfwf/df ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^ tof/ eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . o;
k|f¿kn] lgb]{z u/]sf] ljBfno txsf] kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf Pjd\ kf7\oj|md ljsf;sf dfu{bz{s l;¢fGt, 1fgsf]
lj:tf/ tyf l;h{gf, ;]jf If]qdf a9]sf] k|lt:kwf{ tyf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf cfPsf]
kl/jt{gn] kf7\oj|md kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf cf}FNofPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf ljBfno lzIffnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofodf
cfwfl/t ;d[¢ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu ;Ifd / k|lt:kwL{ gful/s tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug{{] dfWodsf ¿kdf ljsf;
ug'{kg{] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] 5 . ljBfno lzIffsf] plNnlvt ;Gbe{ tyf b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t eO{ sIff $–* sf
nflu kf7\oj|md ;+/rgf tyf ;f] ;+/rgfcg';f/sf ljifout kf7\oj|mdx¿ ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
kf7\oj|mddf l;sf?n] xfl;n ug'{kg{] ;Ifdtf tyf l;sfO pknlAw / tL ;Ifdtf tyf l;sfO pknlAw
k|flKtsf nflu cfjZos ljifoj:t'nufot l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof / ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfjZos
lgb{]zg;lxtsf] l;sfO of]hgfsf ¿kdf afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ cfjZos kg]{ tŒjx¿
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ljBfyL{sf k"j{ l;sfO cg'ej, p;sf] kl/j]z tyf k[i7e"ld, ?lr / Ifdtf;lxt
jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf cfsng u/L pgLx¿n] xfl;n ug'{kg{] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ;lxtsf ;Ifdtfx¿
;d]l6Psf] 5 . ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^ n]] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;4fGt tyf cfwf/nfO{
ljrf/ u/L cfwf/e"t txcGtu{t sIff $–* sf] of] kf7\oj|mdsf] dd{cg';f/ of] dfkb08 ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
cfwf/e"t txdf k|of]ufTds s]xL ljifoafx]s ;a} ljifodf %) k|ltzt cfGtl/s / %) k|ltzt afx\o
d"Nofª\gsf cfwf/df x'g] Joj:yf 5 . l;sfOsf j|mddf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ, d"No /
Jojxf/sf] lg/Gt/ k/LIf0f ul/g] k|lj|mof g} d"Nofª\sg xf] . kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n
eP jf ePgg\ egL n]vfhf]vf ug{ d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . d"Nofª\sgn] d"ntM ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf]
:t/nfO{ b]vfpF5 . d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s / afx\o b'j} k|lj|mof cjnDag u/L ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf]
k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ .
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofsf j|mddf pkof]u ul/g] d"Nofª\sg xf] . o;sf] d'Vo k|of]hg
l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf ljBfyL{sf l;sfO ;d:of klxrfg u/]/ l;sfOdf ;'wf/ NofO{ lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0f
k|fKt ug'{ klg xf] . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs pkl:ylt, sIffsfo{, JolStut tyf ;d"xsfo{,
l;h{gfTds sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ h:tf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/nfO{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ g;Sg] 7x/ u/L cfGtl/s
d"NofÍgsf] :yfgnfO{ ;a} sIff / ljifodf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg lbPsf] 5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]unfO{
o;sf k|of]ustf{x¿ ;a}n] o;sf] dd{adf]lhd Psgf;n] a'emL k|of]u ug{' kg]{ x'gfn] Pp6f ljlzi6 dfu{
bz{gsf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; u/L of] dfkb08sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o; dfkb08sf] ljsf; ubf{ cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ckgfOPsf cGt/f{lii6«o cEof;, kf7\oj|md lj1 / ;DalGwt ljifosf lzIfssf] /fo
;'emfjnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .
@= dfkb08sf] p2]Zo
kl/jlt{t kf7\oj|mdcg';f/ d"Nofª\sgn] l;sfOsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ / l;sfOdf yk ;'wf/sf
nflu dfu{ k|z:t ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . sIffsf]7fsf] l;sfOdf cfwfl/t d"Nofª\sgsf k|lj|mof, /0fgLlt
/ ;fwgsf] k|of]u o;} cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t eO{ ug{'k5{ . o; dfkb08sf] p2]Zo b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
-s_ ljBfyL{sf] lgoldt l;sfOaf6 x'g] pknlAwnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{
-v_ j:t'lgi7 agfpg'

1
-u_ j}1flgs tyf e/kbf]{ agfpg'
-3_ ljBfyL{ pknlJwnfO{kf/bzL{ agfpg'
-ª_ ;/ntf / Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{
-r_ lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/teO{ d"Nofª\sg ug{sf nflu ;xhLs/0f tyf dfu{lgb]{z ug'{
-5_ k|of]ufTds, l;h{gfTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{df yk :ki6tf Nofpg'
-h_ dfkgnfO{ ljlzi6Ls[t ub}{ lzIfs / ljBfyL{ b'j}sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{
o;sf cltl/St jif{sf] cGTodf s'g} Ps kIfnfO{ x]/]/ l;sfO pknlAw d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ vf/]h ub}{
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;dodf ePsf pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ tTsfn clen]vLs/0f ug]{ k|aGwn] d"Nofª\sgsf]
ljZj;gLotfdf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . o;n] :jfWofonfO{ ;d]t k|f]T;fxg ub}{ l;sfO d"Nofª\sgsf
cfwf/df :ki6tf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw j[l4 ug{sf nflu lzIfsnfO{ a9L
l;h{gzLn aGg] cfwf/ pknAw u/fO{ l;sfO ;d:of ePsf ljBfyL{sf] ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fdfkm{t l;sfO
pknlAwdf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
#= d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf ljz]iftf
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgdf b]xfosf kIf cGtlg{lxt /xg' cfjZos 5 M
-s_ ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t j}wtf -Content validity_
-v_ ljZj;lgotf Reliability_
-u_ lgikIftf -Fairness_
-3_ ljBfyL{ ;xeflutf / pTk|]/0ff -Student engagement and motivation_
-ª_ kl/0ffdfTs ;fGble{stf -Consequential relevance_
$= cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg dfkb08 ljsf; ubf{ ckgfOPsf k|fjwfg
-s_ ljBfno lzIffsf] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md k|f¿k, @)&^ / ;DalGwt sIff / ljifosf] kf7\oj|mdleq
/x]/ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .
-v_ kf7\oj|mddf pNn]v ul/Psf cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/nfO{ ;"id ¿kdf k|:t't u/L
JofVof;lxt ;lhn};Fu a'‰g / dfkg ug{ ;lsg] u/L kf/bzL{ agfOPsf] 5 .
-u_ o; k|fjwfgn] ljBfyL{ :jod\n] klg cfkm"n] s] sfo{ ubf{ jf s'g l;ksf] ljsf; u/]df s:tf]
glthf k|fKt x'g] /x]5 egL :jd"Nofª\sg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-3_ lzIfsnfO{ jif{sf] Ps k6sdfq cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf vf/]h u/L
x/]s q}dfl;ssf] lar lardf ljBfyL{ l;sfOsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L yk l;sfOsf] cEof; ug{ dbt
k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
-ª_ o; lgb]{lzsfn] ljBfno txsf ljleGg ljifodf cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ckgfOg] s]xL ;femf
cEof; / ljifout ljleGgtfsf cfwf/df s]xL km/s cEof;;d]tnfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] 5 .
-r_ k|To]s ljifodf ;a} PsfOnfO{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
-5_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ k/LIffsf] eoaf6 d'St u/fpg l;sfO ;xhLs/0f
lj|mofsnfk;Fu} cEof; ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
2
 -h_ k|of]ufTds, l;h{gfTds jf kl/of]hgf sfo{dfkm{t cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg ubf{ Pp6f q}dfl;sdf
k9fO x'g] kf7x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ToxL cjlwdf dfq ul/g] ul/ k|aGw ldnfOPsf] 5 .
%= cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf] cª\ssf] lglZrt ef/ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
o;sf nflu lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgnfO{ clen]vLs/0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] sfo{;~rlosf Jojl:yt
u/L /fVg'k5{ . o:tf] clen]vsf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt kIfdf tf]lsPcg';f/sf] ef/sf] cª\s cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .
j|m=;= d"Nofª\sgsf If]q ef/
!= pkl:ylt / l;sfO ;xeflutf $

@= k|of]ufTds÷ l;h{gfTds sfo{ tyf #^

kl/of]hgf sfo{ / k|:t'tLs/0f
#= q}dfl;s k/LIff !)

3
 v08 -v_
g]kfnL -sIff $—%_
kl/ro
efiff l;sfOsf j|mddf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ, d"No / Jojxf/sf] lg/Gt/ k/LIf0f ul/g] k|lj|mof
g} eflifs d"Nofª\sg xf] . kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP jf ePgg\ egL n]vfhf]vf ug{
d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . eflifs d"Nofª\sgn] d"ntM ljBfyL{sf] eflifs l;k, eflifs ;+/rgf / zAbe08f/sf] l;sfO
pknlAwsf] :t/nfO{ b]vfpF5 . d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s / afx\o b'j} k|lj|mof cjnDag u/L ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ .
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofsf j|mddf pkof]u ul/g] d"Nofª\sg xf] . o;sf] d'Vo k|of]hg l;sfO
;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf ljBfyL{sf l;sfO ;d:of klxrfg u/]/ l;sfOdf ;'wf/ NofO{ lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug'{ klg
xf] . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs pkl:ylt, sIffsfo{, JolStut tyf ;d"xsfo{, l;h{gfTds sfo{,
kl/of]hgf sfo{ h:tf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/nfO{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ;'gfO / af]nfO l;kcGtu{t >'ltaf]w / >'ltn]vg,
;'gfOsf cfwf/df k|Zgf]Q/, ljifoj:t' jf lrq j0f{g, syfsyg, 36gf, kfq / kl/j]zsf] j0f{g, eflifs k|sfo{df
cfwfl/t ;+jfb tyf k9fO l;kcGtu{t ;:j/jfrg / af]w h:tf l;k;Da4 lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . n]vfO
l;kcGtu{t lgb]{lzt n]vg / :jtGq n]vgsf lj|mofsnfk pkof]u ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L cleefjs ;Dks{, 36gfj[Q
clen]v, ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 pko'St ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / k|:t'tLs/0f h:tf dfWod pkof]u ug{'k5{ .
o;af6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ clen]vLs/0f u/L cleefj;Fu;d]t ljBfyL{sf k|ultsf af/]df cGt/lj|mof ul/g'k5{ .
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgkl5 ul/g] d"Nofª\sg afx\o d"Nofª\sg xf] . k|To]s z}lIfs ;qsf] cGTodf clGtd k/LIffdfkm{t
afx\o d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . afx\o d"Nofª\sgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] k9fO / n]vfO l;ksf] pknlAw :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L
sIff]Ggltsf af/]df lg0f{o lnOG5 . afx\o d"Nofª\sgsf] d"n cfwf/ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] glthf / afx\o
d"Nofª\sgsf] of]u xf] . o; of]un] g} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] clGtd :t/ lgwf{/0f u5{ . o;sf nflu
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgaf6 %) k|ltzt / afx\o d"Nofª\sgaf6 %) k|ltzt cª\sef/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] cª\sef/sf] lj:t[tLs/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
cfwf/e"t tx sIff $ / % sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/

j|m=; d"Nofª\sgsf If]q d"Nofª\sgsf If]qsf] lj:t[tLs/0f cª\sef/ hDdf cª\sef/

!= pkl:ylt / sIff pkl:ylt @ $
;xeflutf
sIff ;xeflutf @
@= -s_ ;'gfO / lglb{i6 zAbdf cfwfl/t >'ltn]vg @ @)
af]nfO
lglb{i6 ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t >'ltn]vg $
kf7\o;fdu|L ;'gfOsf cfwf/df k|Zgf]Q/ $
;fGble{s ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf] df}lvs @
k|ltlj|mof tyf j0f{g
syfsyg -36gf, kfq / kl/j]z, ;Gb]z_ $
eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t k|:t'lt $
-v_ k9fO / ;:j/jfrg @ !^
n]vfO
k7gaf]w $
4
 cg'n]vg @
lgb]{lzt n]vg @
k|ltlj|mof n]vg @
:jtGq n]vg $
#= q}dfl;s k/LIff q}dfl;s k/LIff !) !)
hDdf %)

!= ;xeflutfsf] d"Nofª\sg

;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] xflh/L÷pkl:ylt / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf tyf

;lj|motfsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/cGtu{t xflh/L÷pkl:yltafkt @
cª\sef/ / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf / ;lj|motfafkt @ cª\sef/df ?la|S;sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{
5 . ;xeflutfafkt d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

;xeflutf -pkl:ylt / l;sfOdf ;lj|motf / ;xeflutf_ M $ cª\sef/

If]q cfwf/ JofVof dfkg :s]n cª\s ljt/0f

!= pkl:ylt ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
() k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L pkl:ylt ePdf

*% k|ltzt / ;f] eGbf a9L t/ () k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf pTs[i6 !=%

*) k|ltzt / ;f] eGbf a9L t/ *% k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf dWod !

&% k|ltzt / ;f] eGbf a9L t/ *) k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf ;fdfGo )=%

@= l;sfOdf l;sfOdf lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf ;lj|motfk"j{s efu ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
;lj|motf / lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ lgaf{w / :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf ;Dk"0f{
;xeflutf sfo{ :jod\n] k"/f u/]df
l;sfOdf lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf sd ;lj|motfk"j{s pTs[i6 !=%
efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf clwsf+z
sfo{ k"/f u/]df
l;sfOdf sd lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf lgb]{zgcg';f/ dWod !
efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf sfo{
cfwf dfq k"/f u/]df
l;sfOk|lt pbf;Lg /x]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf ;lj|motf ;fdfGo )=%
gb]vfPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ ;fyL jf lzIfssf] ;xof]u rflxPdf,
c¿sf] ;xof]udf lbOPsf sfo{ k"/f u/]df
hDdf

@= ;'gfO, af]nfO / k9fO, n]vfO l;ksf] d"Nofª\sg -#^ cª\sef/_

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf ;'gfO / af]nfO, ;'gfO / n]vfO, lrq / ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO
5
l;k;Da4 lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . ;'gfO / af]nfO l;ksf] @) cª\sef/nfO{ lglb{i6 zAbdf cfwfl/t >'ltn]vgdf
@ cª\s, lglb{i6 ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t >'ltn]vgdf $ cª\s, ;fGble{s ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf] df}lvs k|ltlj|mof tyf
j0f{gdf # cª\s, syfsygdf # cª\s / eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t k|:t'ltdf $ cª\s lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ctM oL
;a} kIfnfO{ dfkg :s]nsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L k9fO / n]vfO l;ksf] !^ cª\sef/nfO{
;:j/jfrgdf @ cª\s, k7gaf]wdf # cª\s, cg'n]vgdf @ cª\s, lgb]{lzt n]vgdf # cª\s, k|ltlj|mof n]vgdf #
cª\s / :jtGq n]vgdf # cª\s ljefhg u/L ?la|S;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ t/ ?la|S;df pNn]lvt
kIfnfO ;d]6L lglb{i6 sfo{ u/]tf klg To;sf] u'0f:t/ kIf sdhf]/ nfu]df lzIfsn] :jljj]s k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 5 .
d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/, k/LIf0fLo kIf, JofVof, dfkg :s]n / cª\s ljt/0f lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
;'gfO / af]nfO
cª\sef/ @)

d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ k/LIf0fLo kIf dfkg :s]n cª\s

JofVof ljt/0f
lglb{i6 zAbdf x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
cfwfl/t >'ltn]vg P÷o, 5\o÷If, l/÷C, x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o, 5\o÷If,
xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb', l/÷C, xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb', rGb|laGb',
rGb|laGb', k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú sf ljleGg ¿ksf]
sf ljleGg ¿ksf] k|of]u k|of]u ePsf kf7\ok':tsleqsf @$ cf]6f
ePsf kf7\ok':tsleqsf @$ zAb >'ltn]vg ubf{ @) jf ;f]eGbf a9L
cf]6f zAbsf] >'ltn]vg ug{ zAb z'4 n]v]df
nufpg]
x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o, 5\o÷If, pTs[i6 !=%
l/÷C, xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb', rGb|laGb',
k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú sf ljleGg ¿ksf]
k|of]u ePsf kf7\ok':tsleqsf @$ cf]6f
zAb >'ltn]vg ubf{ !^ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
zAb z'4 n]v]df
x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o, 5\o÷If, dWod !
l/÷C, xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb', rGb|laGb',
k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú sf ljleGg ¿ksf]
k|of]u ePsf kf7\ok':tsleqsf @$ cf]6f
zAb >'ltn]vg ubf{ !@ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
zAb z'4 n]v]df
x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o, 5\o÷If, ;fdfGo )=%
l/÷C, xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb', rGb|laGb',
k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú sf ljleGg ¿ksf]
k|of]u ePsf kf7\ok':tsleqsf @$ cf]6f
zAb >'ltn]vg ubf{ * jf ;f]eGbf a9L
zAb z'4 n]v]df
lglb{i6 ^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ ^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ cg'R5]b ;jf]{Ts[i6
ljifoj:t'df cg'R5]b >'ltn]vg ug{ >'ltn]vg ubf{ j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo lrx\gdf $
cfwfl/t >'ltn]vg nufpg] % cf]6f jf ;f]eGbf sd q'l6 u/]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ cg'R5]b pTs[i6 #
>'ltn]vg ubf{ j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo lrx\gdf
!) cf]6f jf ;f]eGbf sd q'l6 u/]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ cg'R5]b dWod @
>'ltn]vg ubf{ j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo lrx\gdf

6
 !% cf]6f jf ;f]eGbf sd q'l6 u/]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ cg'R5]b ;fdfGo !
>'ltn]vg ubf{ j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo lrx\gdf
!% cf]6feGbf a9L q'l6 u/]df
;'gfO kf7sf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ df}lvs pQ/ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
cfwf/df k|Zgf]Q/ lbg nufpg] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf / df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ :jtGq / df}lns ¿kdf ;a}
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbPdf
kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ pTs[i6 #
ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf / df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ :jtGq ¿kdf clwsf+z
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbPdf
kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ dWod @
ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf / df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ ;f]lwPsfdWo] cfwf k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbPdf
kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ ;fdfGo !
ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf / df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ ;f]lwPsfdWo] cf+lzs k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbPdf
;fGble{s j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrq lbP/ lbOPsf] j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf af/]df ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
ljifoj:t' jf df}lvs k|ltlj|mof lbg jf :ki6tf, k|:t'lt z}nL, z'4f]Rrf/0f /
lrqsf] df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] xfpefp;lxt df}lns / :jtGq ¿kdf
k|ltlj|mof tyf l;nl;nfa4 df}lvs k|ltlj|mof lbPdf jf
j0f{g j0f{g u/]df
lbOPsf] j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf af/]df pTs[i6 !=%
:ki6tf, k|:t'lt z}nL, z'4f]Rrf/0f /
xfpefp;lxt :jtGq ¿kdf
l;nl;nfa4 df}lvs k|ltlj|mof lbPdf jf
j0f{g u/]df
lbOPsf] j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf af/]df dWod !
:ki6tf, k|:t'lt z}nL, z'4f]Rrf/0f /
xfpefp;lxt cf+lzs ¿kdf df}lvs
k|ltlj|mof lbPdf jf j0f{g u/]df
lbOPsf] j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf af/]df ;fdfGo )=%
:ki6tf, k|:t'lt z}nL, z'4f]Rrf/0f /
xfpefp;lxt df}lvs k|ltlj|mof lbg jf
j0f{g ug{ sl7gfO ePdf
syfsyg cfk"mn] ;'g]sf jf k9]sf j'mg} syf ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
-ljifoj:t', 36gf, :ki6;Fu l;nl;nf, z}nL / xfpefp
kfq, kl/j]z, ldnfO{ df}lns / :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t't
;Gb]z_ u/]df
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} syf ;'Gg
cfk"mn] ;'g]sf jf k9]sf j'mg} syf pTs[i6 #
jf k9\g nufP/ df}lvs
:ki6;Fu l;nl;nf, z}nL / xfpefp
k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg]
ldnfO{ :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t't u/]df
cfk"mn] ;'g]sf jf k9]sf j'mg} syf dWod @
:ki6;Fu l;nl;nf, z}nL / xfpefp
ldnfO{ cf+lzs ¿kdf k|:t't u/]df

7
 cfk"mn] ;'g]sf jf k9]sf j'mg} syf ;fdfGo !
:ki6;Fu l;nl;nf, z}nL / xfpefp
ldnfO{ k|:t't ug{ sl7gfO ePdf
eflifs k|sfo{df kf7\ok':tsleqsf eflifs lglb{i6 eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t eO{ z'4, ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
cfwfl/t k|:t'lt k|sfo{sf cEof; u/fP/ :ki6, l;nl;nfa4 / xfpefp;lxt
d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ljifoj:t'sf] df}lns / :jtGq ¿kdf
k|:t'lt lbPdf
lglb{i6 eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t eO{ z'4, pTs[i6 #
:ki6, l;nl;nfa4 / xfpefp;lxt
ljifoj:t'sf] :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t'lt lbPdf
lglb{i6 eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t eO{ z'4, dWod @
:ki6, l;nl;nfa4 / xfpefp;lxt
ljifoj:t'sf] cf+lzs ¿kdf k|:t'lt lbPdf
lglb{i6 eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t eO{ z'4, ;fdfGo !
:ki6, l;nl;nfa4 / xfpefp;lxt
ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt lbg sl7gfO ePdf

k9fO / n]vfO
cª\sef/ !^

d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ k/LIf0fLo kIf dfkg :s]n cª\s

JofVof ljt/0f
;:j/jfrg ^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf ^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
kBf+z -b[i6f+z_ lbP/ ;:j/jfrg b[i6f+z_ ult, olt, no, efj,
ug{ nufpg] xfpefp;lxt z'4;Fu tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
;:j/jfrg u/]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - pTs[i6 !=%
b[i6f+z_ ult, olt, no, efj, xfpefp,
z'4tf / ;dodWo] clwsf+z kIf ;d]6L
;:j/jfrg u/]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - dWod !
b[i6f+z_ ult, olt, no, efj, xfpefp,
z'4tf / ;dodWo] cflz+s kIf ;d]6L
;:j/jfrg u/]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - ;fdfGo )=%
b[i6f+z_ ult, olt, no, efj, xfpefp,
z'4tf / ;do h:tf tf]lsPsf kIf ;d]6L
;:j/jfrg ug{ sl7gfO ePdf
k7gaf]w *) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf *) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
kBf+z k9\g nufP/ k|Zgf]Q/ b[i6f+z_ sf] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf ldnfO{
u/fpg] :jtGq / df}lns ¿kdf ;a} k|Zgsf] pQ/
lbPdf
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - pTs[i6 #
b[i6f+z_ sf] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf ldnfO{
8
 :jtGq ¿kdf clwsf+z k|Zgsf] pQ/
lbPdf
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - dWod @
b[i6f+z_ sf] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf ldnfO{
cfwf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbPdf
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - ;fdfG# !
b[i6f+z_ sf] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf ldnfO{
df}lnstf;lxt k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg sl7gfO
ePdf
cg'n]vg ^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b ^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
-b[i6f+z_ lbP/ cg'n]vg ug{ j0f{ljGof;, n]Volrx\g, pko'St
nufpg] cGt/fn;lxt afGsL ldnfO{ h:tfsf]
To:t} n]v]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ pTs[i6 !=%
j0f{ljGof;, n]Volrx\g, pko'St cGt/fn /
afGsLdWo] clwsf+z kIf ;d]6L n]v]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ dWod !
j0f{ljGof;, n]Volrx\g, pko'St cGt/fn /
afGsLdWo] cf+lzs kIf ;d]6L n]v]df
^) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ ;fdfGo )=%
j0f{ljGof;, n]Volrx\g, pko'St cGt/fn /
afGsL ldnfO{ n]Vg sl7gfO ePdf
lgb]{lzt n]vg s'g} a'Fbf jf 36gf lbP/ a'Fbf jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
syf÷sljtf÷hLjgL÷;+jfb eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf, l;h{gfTdstf,
n]Vg nufpg] df}lnstf;lxt :jtGq ¿kdf lgb]{lzt
/rgf u/]df
a'Fbf jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, pTs[i6 !=%
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf, l;h{gfTdstf,
df}lnstfsf] ;+of]hgdf clwsf+z kIf
Vofn u/L lgb]{lzt /rgf u/]df
a'Fbf jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, dWod !
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf, l;h{gfTdstf,
df}lnstfsf] ;+of]hgdf cf+lzs kIf dfq
Vofn u/L lgb]{lzt /rgf u/]df
a'Fbf jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, ;fdfGo )=%
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf, l;h{gfTdstf,
df}lnstfsf] ;+of]hg u/L lgb]{lzt /rgf
ug{ sl7gfO ePdf
k|ltlj|mof n]vg s'g} uBf+z jf kBf+z k9\g lbO{ lglb{i6 uBf+z jf kBf+z k9L z'4tf, ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
k|ltlj|mof n]Vg nufpg] tfls{stf, df}lnstf;lxt l;nl;nfa4
¿kdf :jtGq lsl;dn] lnlvt k|ltlj|mof
lbPdf
lglb{i6 uBf+z jf kBf+z k9L z'4tf, pTs[i6 !=%
tfls{stf, df}lnstf;lxt l;nl;nfdWo]
clwsf+z kIf ;d]6L] lnlvt k|ltlj|mof
lbPdf

9
 lglb{i6 uBf+z jf kBf+z k9L z'4tf, dWod !
tfls{stf, df}lnstf;lxt l;nl;nfdWo]
cf+lzs kIf ;d]6L] lnlvt k|ltlj|mof lbPdf
lglb{i6 uBf+z jf kBf+z k9L z'4tf, ;fdfGo )=%
tfls{stf, df}lnstf;lxt l;nl;nf ldnfO{
clwsf+z kIf ;d]6L] lnlvt k|ltlj|mof lbg
sl7gfO ePdf
:jtGq n]vg s'g} zLif{s lbP/ syf÷sljtf lglb{i6 zLif{sdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
n]vg ug{ nufpg] eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf / l;h{gfTds
k|:t'lt;lxt :t/Lo df}lns /rgf u/]df
lglb{i6 zLif{sdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, pTs[i6 #
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf / l;h{gfTds
k|:t'lt;lxt df}lns /rgf u/]df
lglb{i6 zLif{sdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, dWod @
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf / l;h{gfTds
kIfdWo] cf+lzs kIf dfq ;d]6L /rgf
u/]df
lglb{i6 zLif{sdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, ;fdfGo !
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf / l;h{gfTds
kIf ;d]6L /rgf ug{ sl7gfO ePdf

#= q}dfl;s k/LIff

tLg dlxgfsf] k7gkf7gkZrft\ ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;a} tx / k|sf/sf k|Zg tof/ ug'{k5{ . klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIff #) k"0ff{ª\ssf] lng ;lsg] 5
t/ To;nfO{ !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . To;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf lng'kg]{ 5 /
To;nfO{ klg !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . bf];|f] q}dfl;s -cw{jflif{s_ k/LIff lnbf ;'? PsfOb]lv
k7gkf7g ePsf PsfO;Ddsf ;a} PsfOaf6 lgwf{l/t ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df k|Zg ;f]Wg'kg]{ 5 .
q}dfl;s k/LIff ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/sf nflu cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf lng'kg]{ 5 .

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIf

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|To]s q}dfl;s jf jflif{s ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg ubf{ tf]lsPsf] k"0ff{ª\sdf ug{'k5{ . h:t} M
;xeflutfsf] $ cª\sef/, k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu #^ cª\sef/ / q}dfl;ssf nflu !) cª\sef/ lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] 5 .

!= ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/sf nflu

-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlw;Ddsf] ;xeflutf jfkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-v_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwsf nflu ;xeflutf jfkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-u_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwkZrft\sf] cjlwsf nflu ;xeflutf jfkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt
cª\ssf] clen]vLs/0f ug]{

10
 -3_ ;xeflutfjfktsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ $ ePsfn] dfly plNNflvt -s_, -v_ / -u_ df k|fKt cª\snfO{
hf]8]/ $ n] efu ubf{ jflif{s $ cª\sef/df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;xeflutfjfktsf] cª\s k|fKt
x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n] ;xeflutfafkt @=% cª\s, bf];|f]
q}dfl;ssf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfjfkt # cª\s / bf];|f] q}dfl;skZrft\sf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfjfkt #=%
k|fKt u/]df jflif{s ¿kdf pSt ljBfyL{n] @=%®#®#=%  (÷#  # cª\s k|fKt u5{ .

@= eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu

-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlw;Dddf hlt kf7 k9fO x'G5 tL kf7df cfwfl/t eP/ eflifs l;k -;'gfO,
af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ cGtu{t tf]lsPsf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/cg';f/ d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-v_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlw;Dddf hlt kf7 k9fO x'G5 tL kf7df cfwfl/t eP/ eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO,
k9fO / n]vfO_ cGtu{t tf]lsPsf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/cg';f/ d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-u_ t];|f] q}dfl;s cjlw;Dddf hlt kf7 k9fO x'G5 tL kf7df cfwfl/t eP/ eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO,
k9fO / n]vfO_ cGtu{t tf]lsPsf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/cg';f/ d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-3_ jflif{s ¿kdf eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ sf] clen]vLs/0f ubf{
klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf]
cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M klxnf] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{sf] #^ df #$ cª\s k|fKt eof] .
bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwdf eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf]
cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M bf];|f] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{sf] #^ df ## cª\s k|fKt eof] .
t];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwdf eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf]
cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M t];|f] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{sf] #^ df #% cª\s k|fKt eof] .
tLgcf]6} q}dfl;ssf] cf};t cª\s lgsfNg], h:t} M #$±##±#%  !)@÷# Ö #$ cª\s k|fKt eof] .

#= q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu

;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfkg ug{ q}dfl;s k/LIff / afx\o÷clGtd k/LIff sfod ul/Psf]
5 . q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu hDdf cª\sef/ !) ePsfn] klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff !)÷!) cª\sef/
g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hlt a9L cª\sef/df k/LIff ;~rfng ul/of] cyf{t\ hlt w]/} ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6L k/LIff
;~rfng ul/of] Tolt a9L ljifout j}wtf x'g] ePsfn] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf k/LIff
;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf
k/LIff ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ !) ePsfn] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf kfPsf] cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf ug]{ /
bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf u/L hDdf !) cª\sef/df kfPsf] cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M klxnf]
q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n] $% kfPsf] lyof] / !) df ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ ( cª\s k|fKt eof] .
To;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf pSt ljBfyL{n] $% cª\s kfof] / !) df ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ (
cª\s k|fKt eof] . jflif{s ¿kdf q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\s lgsfNbf k|To]s q}dfl;sdf kfPsf] cª\snfO{ cfwf
cfwf u/]/ /fVg] jf b'j} q}dfl;s k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s hf]8]/ @ n] efu ug]{ . h:t} dfly lbOPsf]
ljj/0fcg';f/ klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtfª\s j|mdzM (®( eg] cf};t
cª\s  !*÷@  ( eof] .
11
g]kfnL ljifosf] q}dfl;s ¿kdf glthf lgsfNbf -dflysf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df_
j|m=;= ljBfyL{sf] gfd ;xeflutf eflifs l;k q}dfl;s k/LIff hDdf k|fKtfª\s k|fKt u|]8
-$_ -#^_ -!)_ -%)_
! ;l/tf k'g # #$ ( $^ A±

bf];|f] q}dfl;s / jflif{ssf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]t o;} cfwf/df n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5 . u|]8 l;6 tof/ ug]{
tl/sf n]6/ u|]l8ª sfof{Gjog ;xof]uL k'l:tsf @)&( df lbOPcg';f/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .

12
 g]kfnL -sIff ^—*_
kl/ro
efiff l;sfOsf j|mddf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ, d"No / Jojxf/sf] lg/Gt/ k/LIf0f ul/g] k|lj|mof
g} eflifs d"Nofª\sg xf] . kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP jf ePgg\ egL n]vfhf]vf ug{
d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . eflifs d"Nofª\sgn] d"ntM ljBfyL{sf] eflifs l;k, eflifs ;+/rgf / zAbe08f/sf] l;sfO
pknlAwsf] :t/nfO{ b]vfpF5 . d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s / afx\o b'j} k|lj|mof cjnDag u/L ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
pknlAwsf] k/LIf0f ug'{k5{ .
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofsf j|mddf pkof]u ul/g] d"Nofª\sg xf] . o;sf] d'Vo k|of]hg l;sfO
;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf ljBfyL{sf l;sfO ;d:of klxrfg u/]/ l;sfOdf ;'wf/ NofO{ lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug'{ klg
xf] . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs pkl:ylt, sIffsfo{, JolStut tyf ;d"xsfo{, l;h{gfTds sfo{,
kl/of]hgf sfo{ h:tf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/nfO{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ;'gfO / af]nfO l;kcGtu{t >'ltaf]w / >'ltn]vg,
;'gfOsf cfwf/df k|Zgf]Q/, ljifoj:t' jf lrq j0f{g, syfsyg, 36gf, kfq / kl/j]zsf] j0f{g, eflifs k|sfo{df
cfwfl/t ;+jfb tyf k9fO l;kcGtu{t ;:j/jfrg / af]w h:tf l;k;Da4 lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . n]vfO
l;kcGtu{t lgb]{lzt n]vg / :jtGq n]vgsf lj|mofsnfk pkof]u ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L cleefjs ;Dks{, 36gfj[Q
clen]v, ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 pko'St ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / k|:t'tLs/0f h:tf dfWod pkof]u ug{'k5{ .
o;af6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ clen]vLs/0f u/L cleefj;Fu;d]t ljBfyL{sf k|ultsf af/]df cGt/lj|mof ul/g'k5{ .
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgkl5 ul/g] d"Nofª\sg afx\o d"Nofª\sg xf] . k|To]s z}lIfs ;qsf] cGTodf clGtd k/LIffdfkm{t
afx\o d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . afx\o d"Nofª\sgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] k9fO / n]vfO l;ksf] pknlAw :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L
sIff]Ggltsf af/]df lg0f{o lnOG5 . afx\o d"Nofª\sgsf] d"n cfwf/ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] glthf / afx\o
d"Nofª\sgsf] of]u xf] . o; of]un] g} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAw :t/sf] clGtd dfkg u5{ . o;sf nflu cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgaf6 %) k|ltzt / afx\o d"Nofª\sgaf6 %) k|ltzt cª\sef/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] cª\sef/sf] lj:t[tLs/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
cfwf/e"t tx sIff ^ / * sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/

j|m=; d"Nofª\sgsf If]q d"Nofª\sgsf If]qsf] lj:t[tLs/0f cª\sef/ hDdf cª\sef/

!= pkl:ylt / sIff pkl:ylt @ $
;xeflutf
sIff ;xeflutf @
@= -s_ ;'gfO / lglb{i6 zAbdf cfwfl/t >'ltn]vg @ @)
af]nfO
lglb{i6 ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t >'ltn]vg $
kf7\o;fdu|L ;'gfOsf cfwf/df k|Zgf]Q/ $
;fGble{s ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf] df}lvs @
k|ltlj|mof tyf j0f{g
syfsyg -36gf, kfq / kl/j]z, ;Gb]z_ $
eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t k|:t'lt $
-v_ k9fO / ;:j/jfrg @ !^
n]vfO
k7gaf]w $
lgb]{lzt n]vg @
13
 k|ltlj|mof n]vg @
:jtGq n]vg $
#= q}dfl;s k/LIff q}dfl;s k/LIff !) !)
hDdf %)

!= ;xeflutfsf] d"Nofª\sg
;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] xflh/L÷pkl:ylt / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf tyf
;lj|motfsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/cGtu{t xflh/L÷pkl:yltafkt @
cª\sef/ / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf / ;lj|motfafkt @ cª\sef/df ?la|S;sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg
ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;xeflutfafkt d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

;xeflutf -pkl:ylt / l;sfOdf ;lj|motf / ;xeflutf_ M $ cª\sef/

If]q cfwf/ JofVof dfkg :s]n cª\s ljt/0f

!= pkl:ylt () k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L pkl:ylt ePdf ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
*% k|ltzt / ;f] eGbf a9L t/ () k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf pTs[i6 !=%
*) k|ltzt / ;f] eGbf a9L t/ *% k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf dWod !
&% k|ltzt / ;f] eGbf a9L t/ *) k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf ;fdfGo )=%
@= l;sfOdf l;sfOdf lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf ;lj|motfk"j{s efu ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
;lj|motf / lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ lgaf{w / :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf ;Dk"0f{
;xeflutf sfo{ :jod\n] k"/f u/]df
l;sfOdf lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf sd ;lj|motfk"j{s pTs[i6 !=%
efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf clwsf+z
sfo{ k"/f u/]df
l;sfOdf sd lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf lgb]{zgcg';f/ dWod !
efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf sfo{
cfwf dfq k"/f u/]df
l;sfOk|lt pbf;Lg /x]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf ;lj|motf ;fdfGo )=%
gb]vfPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ ;fyL jf lzIfssf] ;xof]u rflxPdf,
c¿sf] ;xof]udf lbOPsf sfo{ k"/f u/]df
hDdf

@= ;'gfO, af]nfO / k9fO, n]vfO l;ksf] d"Nofª\sg -#^ cª\sef/_

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf ;'gfO / af]nfO, ;'gfO / n]vfO, lrq / ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO
l;k;Da4 lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . ;'gfO / af]nfO l;ksf] @) cª\sef/nfO{ lglb{i6 zAbdf cfwfl/t >'ltn]vgdf
@ cª\s, lglb{i6 ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t >'ltn]vgdf $ cª\s, ;fGble{s ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf] df}lvs k|ltlj|mof tyf
j0f{gdf # cª\s, syfsygdf # cª\s / eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t k|:t'ltdf $ cª\s lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ctM oL
;a} kIfnfO{ dfkg :s]nsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L k9fO / n]vfO l;ksf] !^ cª\sef/nfO{
;:j/jfrgdf @ cª\s, k7gaf]wdf # cª\s, cg'n]vgdf @ cª\s, lgb]{lzt n]vgdf # cª\s, k|ltlj|mof n]vgdf #
cª\s / :jtGq n]vgdf # cª\s ljefhg u/L ?la|S;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ t/ ?la|S;df pNn]lvt
kIfnfO ;d]6L lglb{i6 sfo{ u/]tf klg To;sf] u'0f:t/ kIf sdhf]/ nfu]df lzIfsn] :jljj]s k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 5 .
d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/, k/LIf0fLo kIf, JofVof, dfkg :s]n / cª\s ljt/0f lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

14
;'gfO / af]nfO
cª\sef/ @)
d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ k/LIf0fLo kIf dfkg :s]n cª\s
JofVof ljt/0f
lglb{i6 zAbdf x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
cfwfl/t >'ltn]vg P÷o, 5\o÷If, l/÷C, x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o,
xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb', 5\o÷If, l/÷C, xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb',
rGb|laGb', k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú rGb|laGb', k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú sf
sf ljleGg ¿ksf] k|of]u ljleGg ¿ksf] k|of]u ePsf
ePsf kf7\ok':tsleqsf #) kf7\ok':tsleqsf #) cf]6f zAb
cf]6f zAbsf] >'ltn]vg ug{ >'ltn]vg ubf{ @% jf ;f]eGbf a9L zAb
nufpg] z'4 n]v]df
x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o, pTs[i6 !=%
5\o÷If, l/÷C, xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb',
rGb|laGb', k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú sf
ljleGg ¿ksf] k|of]u ePsf
kf7\ok':tsleqsf #) cf]6f zAb
>'ltn]vg ubf{ @) jf ;f]eGbf a9L zAb
z'4 n]v]df
x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o, dWod !
5\o÷If, l/÷C, xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb',
rGb|laGb', k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú sf
ljleGg ¿ksf] k|of]u ePsf
kf7\ok':tsleqsf #) cf]6f zAb
>'ltn]vg ubf{ !% jf ;f]eGbf a9L zAb
z'4 n]v]df
x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o, ;fdfGo )=%
5\o÷If, l/÷C, xnGt÷chGt, lz/laGb',
rGb|laGb', k~rd j0f{ tyf …/Ú sf
ljleGg ¿ksf] k|of]u ePsf
kf7\ok':tsleqsf #) cf]6f zAb
>'ltn]vg ubf{ !) jf ;f]eGbf a9L zAb
z'4 n]v]df
lglb{i6 *) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ *) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ cg'R5]b ;jf]{Ts[i6
ljifoj:t'df cg'R5]b >'ltn]vg ug{ >'ltn]vg ubf{ j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo $
cfwfl/t >'ltn]vg nufpg] lrx\gdf % cf]6f jf ;f]eGbf sd q'l6
u/]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ cg'R5]b pTs[i6 #
>'ltn]vg ubf{ j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo
lrx\gdf !) cf]6f jf ;f]eGbf sd q'l6
u/]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ cg'R5]b dWod @
>'ltn]vg ubf{ j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo
lrx\gdf !% cf]6f jf ;f]eGbf sd q'l6
u/]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} -b[i6f+z_ cg'R5]b ;fdfGo !
>'ltn]vg ubf{ j0f{ljGof; / n]Vo
lrx\gdf !% cf]6feGbf a9L q'l6 u/]df

15
;'gfO kf7sf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ df}lvs pQ/ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
cfwf/df k|Zgf]Q/ lbg nufpg] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf / df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ :jtGq / df}lns ¿kdf
;a} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbPdf
kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ pTs[i6 #
ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf / df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ :jtGq ¿kdf clwsf+z
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbPdf
kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ dWod @
ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf / df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ ;f]lwPsfdWo] cfwf k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbPdf
kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf ;'gfO kf7 ;'g]/ ;fdfGo !
ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf / df}lnstfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ ;f]lwPsfdWo] cf+lzs
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbPdf
;fGble{s j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrq lbP/ lbOPsf] j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
ljifoj:t' jf df}lvs k|ltlj|mof lbg jf af/]df :ki6tf, k|:t'lt z}nL, z'4f]Rrf/0f
lrqsf] df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] / xfpefp;lxt df}lns / :jtGq ¿kdf
k|ltlj|mof tyf l;nl;nfa4 df}lvs k|ltlj|mof lbPdf jf
j0f{g j0f{g u/]df
lbOPsf] j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf pTs[i6 !=%
af/]df :ki6tf, k|:t'lt z}nL,
z'4f]Rrf/0f / xfpefp;lxt :jtGq
¿kdf l;nl;nfa4 df}lvs k|ltlj|mof
lbPdf jf j0f{g u/]df
lbOPsf] j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf dWod !
af/]df :ki6tf, k|:t'lt z}nL,
z'4f]Rrf/0f / xfpefp;lxt cf+lzs
¿kdf df}lvs k|ltlj|mof lbPdf jf
j0f{g u/]df
lbOPsf] j'mg} ljifoj:t' jf lrqsf ;fdfGo )=%
af/]df :ki6tf, k|:t'lt z}nL,
z'4f]Rrf/0f / xfpefp;lxt df}lvs
k|ltlj|mof lbg jf j0f{g ug{ sl7gfO
ePdf
syfsyg cfk"mn] ;'g]sf jf k9]sf j'mg} syf ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
-ljifoj:t', 36gf, :ki6;Fu l;nl;nf, z}nL / xfpefp
kfq, kl/j]z, ldnfO{ df}lns / :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t't
;Gb]z_ u/]df
cfk"mn] ;'g]sf jf k9]sf j'mg} syf pTs[i6 #
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} syf ;'Gg :ki6;Fu l;nl;nf, z}nL / xfpefp
jf k9\g nufP/ df}lvs ldnfO{ :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t't u/]df
k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg] cfk"mn] ;'g]sf jf k9]sf j'mg} syf dWod @
:ki6;Fu l;nl;nf, z}nL / xfpefp
ldnfO{ cf+lzs ¿kdf k|:t't u/]df
cfk"mn] ;'g]sf jf k9]sf j'mg} syf ;fdfGo !
:ki6;Fu l;nl;nf, z}nL / xfpefp
ldnfO{ k|:t't ug{ sl7gfO ePdf

16
eflifs k|sfo{df kf7\ok':tsleqsf eflifs lglb{i6 eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t eO{ ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
cfwfl/t k|:t'lt k|sfo{sf cEof; u/fP/ z'4, :ki6, l;nl;nfa4 / xfpefp;lxt
d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ljifoj:t'sf] df}lns / :jtGq ¿kdf
k|:t'lt lbPdf
lglb{i6 eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t eO{ pTs[i6 #
z'4, :ki6, l;nl;nfa4 / xfpefp;lxt
ljifoj:t'sf] :jtGq ¿kdf k|:t'lt
lbPdf
lglb{i6 eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t eO{ dWod @
z'4, :ki6, l;nl;nfa4 / xfpefp;lxt
ljifoj:t'sf] cf+lzs ¿kdf k|:t'lt
lbPdf
lglb{i6 eflifs k|sfo{df cfwfl/t eO{ ;fdfGo !
z'4, :ki6, l;nl;nfa4 / xfpefp;lxt
ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt lbg sl7gfO ePdf

k9fO / n]vfO
cª\sef/ !^
d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ k/LIf0fLo kIf JofVof dfkg cª\s
:s]n ljt/0f
;:j/jfrg *) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z *) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
jf kBf+z -b[i6f+z_ lbP/ b[i6f+z_ ult, olt, no, efj, xfpefp;lxt
;:j/jfrg ug{ nufpg] z'4;Fu tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;:j/jfrg u/]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - pTs[i6 !=%
b[i6f+z_ ult, olt, no, efj, xfpefp,
z'4tf / ;dodWo] clwsf+z kIf ;d]6L
;:j/jfrg u/]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - dWod !
b[i6f+z_ ult, olt, no, efj, xfpefp,
z'4tf / ;dodWo] cflz+s kIf ;d]6L
;:j/jfrg u/]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - ;fdfGo )=%
b[i6f+z_ ult, olt, no, efj, xfpefp,
z'4tf / ;do h:tf tf]lsPsf kIf ;d]6L
;:j/jfrg ug{ sl7gfO ePdf
k7gaf]w !)) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} !)) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
uBf+z jf kBf+z k9\g b[i6f+z_ sf] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf ldnfO{
nufP/ k|Zgf]Q/ u/fpg] :jtGq / df}lns ¿kdf ;a} k|Zgsf] pQ/
lbPdf
!)) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - pTs[i6 #
b[i6f+z_ sf] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf ldnfO{
:jtGq ¿kdf clwsf+z k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbPdf
!)) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - dWod @
b[i6f+z_ sf] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf ldnfO{
cfwf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbPdf

17
 !)) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} uBf+z jf kBf+z - ;fdfG# !
b[i6f+z_ sf] ljifoj:t', z'4tf, 9fFrf ldnfO{
df}lnstf;lxt k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg sl7gfO
ePdf
cg'n]vg *) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} *) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
cg'R5]b j0f{ljGof;, n]Volrx\g, pko'St
-b[i6f+z_ lbP/ cg'n]vg ug{ cGt/fn;lxt afGsL ldnfO{ h:tfsf] To:t}
nufpg] n]v]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ pTs[i6 !=%
j0f{ljGof;, n]Volrx\g, pko'St cGt/fn /
afGsLdWo] clwsf+z kIf ;d]6L n]v]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ dWod !
j0f{ljGof;, n]Volrx\g, pko'St cGt/fn /
afGsLdWo] cf+lzs kIf ;d]6L n]v]df
*) zAb;Ddsf] j'mg} cg'R5]b -b[i6f+z_ ;fdfGo )=%
j0f{ljGof;, n]Volrx\g, pko'St cGt/fn /
afGsL ldnfO{ n]Vg sl7gfO ePdf
lgb]{lzt n]vg s'g} a'Fbf jf 36gf lbP/ a'Fbf jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
syf÷sljtf÷hLjgL÷;+jfb eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf, l;h{gfTdstf,
n]Vg nufpg] df}lnstf;lxt :jtGq ¿kdf lgb]{lzt /rgf
u/]df
a'Fbf jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, pTs[i6 !=%
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf, l;h{gfTdstf,
df}lnstfsf] ;+of]hgdf clwsf+z kIf Vofn
u/L lgb]{lzt /rgf u/]df
a'Fbf jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, dWod !
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf, l;h{gfTdstf,
df}lnstfsf] ;+of]hgdf cf+lzs kIf dfq
Vofn u/L lgb]{lzt /rgf u/]df
a'Fbf jf 36gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, ;fdfGo )=%
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf, l;h{gfTdstf,
df}lnstfsf] ;+of]hg u/L lgb]{lzt /rgf ug{
sl7gfO ePdf
k|ltlj|mof n]vg s'g} uBf+z jf kBf+z k9\g lglb{i6 uBf+z jf kBf+z k9L z'4tf, ;jf]{Ts[i6 @
lbO{ k|ltlj|mof n]Vg nufpg] tfls{stf, df}lnstf;lxt l;nl;nfa4
¿kdf :jtGq lsl;dn] lnlvt k|ltlj|mof
lbPdf
lglb{i6 uBf+z jf kBf+z k9L z'4tf, pTs[i6 !=%
tfls{stf, df}lnstf;lxt l;nl;nfdWo]
clwsf+z kIf ;d]6L] lnlvt k|ltlj|mof lbPdf
lglb{i6 uBf+z jf kBf+z k9L z'4tf, dWod !
tfls{stf, df}lnstf;lxt l;nl;nfdWo]
cf+lzs kIf ;d]6L] lnlvt k|ltlj|mof lbPdf
lglb{i6 uBf+z jf kBf+z k9L z'4tf, ;fdfGo )=%
tfls{stf, df}lnstf;lxt l;nl;nf ldnfO{
clwsf+z kIf ;d]6L] lnlvt k|ltlj|mof lbg

18
 sl7gfO ePdf

:jtGq n]vg s'g} zLif{s lbP/ lglb{i6 zLif{sdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, ;jf]{Ts[i6 $
syf÷sljtf n]vg ug{ eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf / l;h{gfTds
nufpg] k|:t'lt;lxt :t/Lo df}lns /rgf u/]df
lglb{i6 zLif{sdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, pTs[i6 #
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf / l;h{gfTds
k|:t'lt;lxt df}lns /rgf u/]df
lglb{i6 zLif{sdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, dWod @
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf / l;h{gfTds
kIfdWo] cf+lzs kIf dfq ;d]6L /rgf u/]df
lglb{i6 zLif{sdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;+/rgf, ;fdfGo !
eflifs z'4tf, l;nl;nf / l;h{gfTds kIf
;d]6L /rgf ug{ sl7gfO ePdf

#= q}dfl;s k/LIff

tLg dlxgfsf] k7gkf7gkZrft\ ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;a} tx / k|sf/sf k|Zg tof/ ug'{k5{ . klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIff #) k"0ff{ª\ssf] lng ;lsg] 5
t/ To;nfO{ !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . To;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf lng'kg]{ 5 /
To;nfO{ klg !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . bf];|f] q}dfl;s -cw{jflif{s_ k/LIff lnbf ;'? PsfOb]lv
k7gkf7g ePsf PsfO;Ddsf ;a} PsfOaf6 k|Zg ;f]Wg'kg]{ 5 . q}dfl;s k/LIff ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/sf nflu
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf lng'kg]{ 5 .

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIf

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|To]s q}dfl;s jf jflif{s ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg ubf{ tf]lsPsf] k"0ff{ª\sdf ug{'k5{ . h:t} M
;xeflutfsf] $ cª\sef/, k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu #^ cª\sef/ / q}dfl;ssf nflu !) cª\sef/ lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
!= ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/sf nflu
-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlw;Ddsf] ;xeflutf jfkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-v_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwsf nflu ;xeflutf jfkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-u_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwkZrft\sf] cjlwsf nflu ;xeflutf jfkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt
cª\ssf] clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-3_ ;xeflutfjfktsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ $ ePsfn] dfly plNNflvt -s_, -v_ / -u_ df k|fKt cª\snfO{
hf]8]/ $ n] efu ubf{ jflif{s $ cª\sef/df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;xeflutfjfktsf] cª\s k|fKt
x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n] ;xeflutfafkt @=% cª\s, bf];|f]
q}dfl;ssf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfjfkt # cª\s / bf];|f] q}dfl;skZrft\sf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfjfkt #=%
k|fKt u/]df jflif{s ¿kdf pSt ljBfyL{n] @=%®#®#=%  (÷#  # cª\s k|fKt u5{ .
@= eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu

-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlw;Dddf hlt kf7 k9fO x'G5 tL kf7df cfwfl/t eP/ eflifs l;k -;'gfO,
af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ cGtu{t tf]lsPsf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/cg';f/ d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{

19
 -v_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlw;Dddf hlt kf7 k9fO x'G5 tL kf7df cfwfl/t eP/ eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO,
k9fO / n]vfO_ cGtu{t tf]lsPsf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/cg';f/ d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-u_ t];|f] q}dfl;s cjlw;Dddf hlt kf7 k9fO x'G5 tL kf7df cfwfl/t eP/ eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO,
k9fO / n]vfO_ cGtu{t tf]lsPsf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/cg';f/ d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-3_ jflif{s ¿kdf eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ sf] clen]vLs/0f ubf{
klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf]
cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M klxnf] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{sf] #^ df #$ cª\s k|fKt eof] .
bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwdf eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf]
cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M bf];|f] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{sf] #^ df ## cª\s k|fKt eof] .
t];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwdf eflifs l;k -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO_ sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf]
cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M t];|f] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{sf] #^ df #% cª\s k|fKt eof] .
tLgcf]6} q}dfl;ssf] cf};t cª\s lgsfNg], h:t} M #$±##±#%  !)@÷# Ö #$ cª\s k|fKt eof] .

#= q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] nflu

;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfkg ug{ q}dfl;s k/LIff / afx\o÷clGtd k/LIff sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu hDdf cª\sef/ !) ePsfn] klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff !)÷!) cª\sef/ g}
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hlt a9L cª\sef/df k/LIff ;~rfng ul/of] cyf{t\ hlt w]/} ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6L k/LIff
;~rfng ul/of] Tolt a9L ljifout j}wtf x'g] ePsfn] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf k/LIff
;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf
k/LIff ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ !) ePsfn] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf kfPsf] cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf ug]{ /
bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf u/L hDdf !) cª\sef/df kfPsf] cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M klxnf]
q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n] $% kfPsf] lyof] / !) df ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ ( cª\s k|fKt eof] .
To;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf pSt ljBfyL{n] $% cª\s kfof] / !) df ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ (
cª\s k|fKt eof] . jflif{s ¿kdf q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\s lgsfNbf k|To]s q}dfl;sdf kfPsf] cª\snfO{ cfwf
cfwf u/]/ /fVg] jf b'j} q}dfl;s k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s hf]8]/ @ n] efu ug]{ . h:t} dfly lbOPsf]
ljj/0fcg';f/ klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtfª\s j|mdzM (®( eg] cf};t
cª\s  !*÷@  ( eof] .

g]kfnL ljifosf] q}dfl;s ¿kdf glthf lgsfNbf -dflysf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df_

j|m=;= ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf eflifs l;k q}dfl;s k/LIff hDdf k|fKtfª\s k|fKt u|]8
gfd -$_ -#^_ -!)_ -%)_
! ;l/tf k'g # #$ ( $^ A±

bf];|f] q}dfl;s / jflif{ssf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]t o;} cfwf/df n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5 . u|]8 l;6
tof/ ug]{ tl/sf n]6/ u|]l8ª sfof{Gjog ;xof]uL k'l:tsf @)&( df lbOPcg';f/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .

20
 Subject: English (Grade 4-8)
Introduction
This guideline for internal assessment is fully based on the approved English curriculum for Grade 4-8. The
main aim of developing the guideline is to assist teachers for effective implementation of the internal
assessment provision envisioned by the curriculum. The curriculum has stated the following provisions to be
carried out for internal assessment.

S. N. Assessment area Weightage

a Participation (attendance: 2 and students' performance in teaching 4
learning activities: 2)
b Reading and writing (Each skill carries 50% weightage) 16
c Listening and speaking (Each skill carries 50% weightage) 20
d Terminal test 10
The curriculum has indicated that scores from formative assessment will be taken as the basis of internal
assessment. For this, portfolio of each student should be maintained by the teacher. The portfolio consists of
the details on students' performance in different assessment areas given above. The record of student's project
work, test papers or other proof of the students' performance should be kept in his/her portfolio. The
allocation of weightage under each of the assessment areas will be as specified below:
a. Participation (PAR)
Participation of learners is to be assessed on the basis of attendance and students' performance in teaching
learning activities. Both carry 2 marks which are assessed based on the following indicators.

SN Criteria Indicator Mark Obtained

mark
1. Attendance 90% and above attendance 2
85% to below 90% of attendance. 1.5
80% to below 85% of attendance 1
75% to below 80% of attendance. 0.5
2. Students' Be very curious in learning, have a 2
performance in thorough frequent interaction in
teaching discussion, present own creative
learning views and ideas in all activities,
activities complete the entire task oneself
Be curious in learning, have frequent 1.5
interaction in discussion, present own
creative views and ideas in most of
the activities, complete the most of
the task oneself
Be somehow curious in learning, have 1
some interaction in discussion,
present views and ideas in some of
the activities, complete the partial task
oneself or completes the task with
other's help
Be less curious in learning, have less 0.5
interaction in discussion, present
partial views and ideas in some of the
activities , unable to complete the
even the partial task oneself or with
other's help
Total 4

21
b. Listening and Speaking (LS)
Testing of listening and speaking skills is included in the internal assessment. As per the curricular provision,
teachers need to prepare listening and speaking tasks themselves or they can use the tasks from the textbook
so as to assess the students' performance. Assessing listening and speaking for internal assessment is an
integral part of teaching learning process. It is a part of assessment for learning. It does not assume to carry
out a separate and different test. The teacher can design some additional tasks similar to the task given in the
textbook and use those additional tasks for internal assessment purposes. However, it is mandatory for the
teacher to maintain the portfolio of the students how and through which tasks they assessed students for
internal assessment purpose. While assessing, the tasks should cover the learning outcomes of the assessment
period. The suggested tasks for testing listening and speaking skills are as follows:
Number of Tasks for Listening and Speaking: 5 (5*4=20 marks)
The teacher assesses the students' progress continuously. However, to ease the teacher in keeping record of
internal assessment, the teacher should at least maintain the records of students' performance on five of the
following types of tasks terminally so that they can be presented as a proof of the performance. It helps to
indicate the progress of the students and do the remedial treatment accordingly. Among 5 tasks, there will be
2 listening tasks, two speaking task; and one integrated task which will incorporate both listening and
speaking skills. These all tasks carry 4 marks each.
Task Types:
Listening Tasks (Any two):
1. Listen and Answer (can repeat if other types are not possible in the particular assessment period)
2. Listen and say
3. Listen and write
4. Listen and Draw
5. Listen and Follow
6. Listen and Act
7. Listen and respond
These are some of the suggested tasks. Teacher can use other types of task as well.
For assessing listening skill, teacher will use two sound files or audios based on which they will design the
above mentioned types of tasks. There should be four questions based on a sound file for a task and it will
carry 4 marks for responding all four questions correctly. Two sound files and two tasks mean 8 questions
which carry 8 marks. The record of the task and students' performance should be maintained in portfolios.
The tasks, assessment criteria, descriptor or indicators and marking guide are given in the table below.
According to the task type and criteria, the teacher can use the respective marking indicator. For example, if
a teacher has developed 'Listen and answer' type of task to assess students' comprehension, he/she can use
the marking indicator of the criteria 'Comprehension' and mark 4, 3, 2 or 1 according to their performance.
However, a certain task can be assessed through multiple criteria and a teacher can follow them. In such
case, an average is to be made for record keeping of the marks.

SN Tasks Criteria Descriptor/Indicator Mark Obtained

mark
1. Listen Comprehension Student understands all of 4
and the message from the spoken
Answer/ text.
Listen Student understands most of 3
and say/ the message from the spoken
Listen text.
and write Student understands some of 2
the message from the spoken
22
 text but not all.
Student understands few of 1
the main ideas or details
from the spoken text.
2. Listen Following Student follows all of the 4
and direction directions/instructions
draw/ accurately.
Listen Student follows most of the 3
and directions/instructions
follow/ accurately.
Listen Student follows some of the 2
and act directions/instructions but
not all.
Student tries to follow 1
directions/instructions.
3. Listen Response Student gives completely 4
and appropriate and full
respond responses.
Student gives mostly 3
appropriate responses.
Student gives somewhat 2
appropriate responses.
Student tries to give 1
responses but responses are
not appropriate.
Total
Speaking Tasks (Any two)
1. Picture description
2. Topic Description (People, place, object)
3. Interview
4. Narrating past events
5. Retelling stories
6. Act out/Role play
7. Presentation of a project work
These are some common and suggested tasks. However, teacher can use many other types of tasks as well.
For assessing speaking skill, teacher will design or use any two of the above mentioned type of tasks and
maintain the record. One task will carry 4 marks and it will be assessed based on the given rubrics.

SN Tasks Descriptor/Indicator Mark Obtained

mark
1. Speaking task Pronunciation is clear and appropriate. 4
and project work Speech is smooth and the speed is normal.
presentation Vocabulary is correct and appropriate to the
context.
Grammar is accurate.
Pronunciation is mostly clear and appropriate. 3
Speech is mostly smooth and the speed is normal.
Vocabulary is mostly correct and appropriate to
the context
Grammar is accurate most of the time and does
not affect understanding.
Pronunciation is somewhat clear but needs 2
improvement.

23
 Speech is somewhat smooth with some pauses.
Vocabulary is somewhat correct and appropriate
to the context.
Vocabulary is limited and often inappropriate to
the context.
Pronunciation is inappropriate. 1
Speech is slow and contains several pauses.
Vocabulary is limited and often inappropriate to
the context.
Several grammatical errors make speech difficult
to understand.
Total

Integrated Task (One)

This task includes talking or having conversations in relation to the language function or real situation
including situational role play, act out, etc. For this, teacher should design such tasks in which two or more
students talk (listen and respond) in relation to created situation for using the exponents of a language
function. This tests both skills of both students at a time. Therefore, this task should incorporate both
listening and speaking skills. The following indicators can be used for marking students' performance in this
type of task.

Task Criteria Descriptor/Indicator Mark Mark

Obtained
Integrated Listen, ask and Student listens, initiates questions 4
task respond and gives completely appropriate
and full responses.
Student listens, initiates questions 3
and gives mostly appropriate
responses.
Student listens, initiates questions 2
and gives somewhat appropriate
responses.
Student listens, tries to initiate 1
questions and tries to give
responses but questions and
responses are not appropriate.
Total

The tasks should cover the learning outcomes of the assessment period. The teacher should design the
appropriate tasks themselves or make use of some of the tasks from the textbook. The suggested tasks for
assessing reading and writing are as follows:
Number of Tasks, Reading and Writing: 4 (4*4=16)
Task Types
Reading (Any two):
1. Reading aloud a text of about 100 words ( for fluency and accuracy)
2. Reading comprehension and vocabulary (oral and written)
Teaching reading aims to develop different sub-skills of reading. Therefore, different aspects like accuracy,
fluency, vocabulary and reading comprehension are assessed in terms of reading. An English teacher can

24
design tasks to assess these aspects and skills of reading. Any task a teacher designs should have four
questions so that it can be marked 4.
To assess the skills of fluency, accuracy, vocabulary and reading comprehension, teacher will select a
reading text grade appropriate to the level, and design 4 questions based on it, which will carry 4 marks. The
reading comprehension test can be designed based on the different types of reading text: story, brochure,
biography, notice, letter, news stories, etc. The questions' types can be short answer questions, true false,
matching, fill in the blanks, multiple choice, ordering, etc. The questions should cover literal comprehension,
reorganization, inference and evaluation skills.
The general marking guideline is given herewith. The teacher may decide which aspect he/she will be
assessing in students and use the marking guideline accordingly.

SN Tasks Criteria Descriptor/Indicator Mark Obtained

mark
1. Reading aloud a Fluency Reading is smooth with 4
text of about appropriate
100 words expressions.
Reading is mostly 3
smooth with some
expressions.
Reading is somewhat 2
smooth with limited
expression.
Reading is slow with 1
several pauses and no
expression.
2. Reading aloud a Accuracy Student can read all the 4
text of about words in the given text
100 words accurately.
Student can read most 3
of the words accurately.
Student can read some 2
words accurately but
not all.
Student is unable to 1
read most of the words
accurately.
3. Reading Comprehension Student is able to 4
comprehension understand all the
(oral/written) information in the given
text.
Student is able to 3
understand most of the
information in the given
text.
Student is able to 2
understand some parts
of the text but not all.
Student is able to 1
understand very little of
the text.
4 Reading Vocabulary Student is able to 4
comprehension understand all the
and vocabulary words used in the text.
25
 (Vocabulary) Student is able to 3
understand most of the
words used in the text.
Student is able to 2
understand some of the
words used but not all.
Student is able to 1
understand very few
words used.
Total
Writing Tasks (Any two)
1. Controlled/guided writing (Developing story, form filling, dialogue, description of table, graph,
diagram, etc.)
2. Free writing (Paragraph, letter, application, news story, essay, etc.)
3. Writing project work
There will be two writing tasks: one controlled/guided writing and second free writing. The types of writing
will be as per the types dealt in the teaching learning process during the period. Students writing should be
assessed in terms of content, structure and organization, vocabulary and grammar, and spelling and
punctuation.
The following guideline can be used for assessing students' writing:
SN Descriptors/indicators Mark Mark
Obtained
Content Structure and Vocabulary and Spelling and
Organization Grammar Punctuation
1. Writing has Writing has a There is use of grade- There is an 4
relevant and clear structure appropriate words. accurate use
sufficient and logical Grammar is accurate of
content. organization. throughout the text. punctuation
and spelling
throughout
the text.
2. Writing has Writing has There is use of grade- Punctuation 3
mostly mostly clear appropriate words. and spelling
relevant and structure and Grammar is accurate is correct
sufficient logical most of the time. most of the
content. organization. time.
3. Writing has Writing has There is the use of some There are 2
some content some structure grade-appropriate some errors
but needs but the words. in
improvement organization Grammar is mostly punctuation
. needs inaccurate. and spelling.
improvement.
4. Writing lacks Writing lacks There is the use of There are 1
sufficient a clear limited and often several errors
content and structure and inappropriate words, in
relevant is difficult to grammar is inaccurate. punctuation
ideas. understand. and spelling.

Total

26
It is mandatory for the teachers to maintain the record of the tasks used for assessing students' performance
so that it can be presented as portfolio or evidences when asked later.
d. Terminal Test
Terminal test carries 10% marks of marks in the external assessment. At least two terminal tests should be
administered and its record should be kept for the external examination. The full marks and weight of written
examination of reading and writing (including grammar) will be as per the specification grid developed by
Curriculum Development Centre. However, it won't be mandatory to include all the writing and grammatical
items if they are not taught or introduced at the time of terminal test. The marks obtained in the terminal test
should be converted to 10% and kept record for the final examination. If there are two terminal tests, each
terminal test will weigh 5 percent. If there are more than two terminal tests, number of any two terminal tests
will have to be calculated for the final examination or grade sheet.
General Considerations in Internal Assessment
Internal assessment will be done as a part of teaching learning process. However, for the record keeping
purpose, the above mentioned number of tasks should be done at least once during the timeframe of each
terminal examination and obtained marks should be recorded in the portfolio. For example, in the duration of
first terminal examination, 5 listening and speaking tasks, 2 reading tasks and 2 writing tasks as specified
above should be used to assess students' performance as an internal assessment. If more than than once is
done during a terminal, an average mark for each assessment areas should be made.
Students' performance in the internal assessment can be recorded as follows:

First/Second Terminal
SN Students Name PAR LS RW Terminal Total Obtained
(4) (20) (16) Examination marks Grade
(10) obtained

The grade sheet should be prepared as per the Letter Grading Implementation Support Manual 2079.

27
 ljifo M ul0ft -sIff $– *_
kl/ro
kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf ;Ifdtf / l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] ;'lgZrt ug{ lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds
d"Nofª\sg cjnDag ug'{kg]{ 5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgnfO{ lgdf{0ffTds÷ lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf / l;sfOsf
nflu d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf :yflkt ub]{} afx\o d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;}4flGts d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO :t/df ;'wf/ ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] JolStut
l;sfO pknlAwsf cfwf/df k6s k6s l;sfO cj;/ k|bfg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ul/g] d"Nofª\sgdf ljBfyL{sf]
pknlAwsf] lgoldt clen]v /fvL l;sfO cj:yf olsg u/L ;'wf/fTds tyf pkrf/fTds l;sfOaf6 ;'wf/ ug]{
kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 .
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] %) k|ltzt / clGtd÷afx\o k/LIffsf] %) k|ltzt ef/ sfod u/L lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg
x'g]5 . lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]hgfy{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg cGtu{t sIff ;xeflutf, q}dfl;s k/LIffx¿ /
k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{x¿df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf cª\sx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ 5 . cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt cª\snfO{ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u/L ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 5 .
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]hgfy{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M

j|m=;= cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ cª\sef/

!= sIff ;xeflutf $
@= q}dfl;s k/LIffaf6 k|fKt cª\s !)
#= k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ #^
hDdf %)
-c_ sIff ;xeflutf
sIff ;xeflutfsf] hDdf cª\s $ /x]sf] 5 h'g ljBfyL{sf] xflh/L / sIff lj|mofsnfkdf ePsf] ;xeflutfsf
cfwf/df k|bfg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
ljBfyL{sf] sIff ;xeflutfsf] :t/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ cª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 M
If]q cfwf/ ;"rs cª\s k|fKtfª\s
!= pkl:ylt () k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L pkl:ylt ePdf @
*% k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ () k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf !=%
*) k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ *% k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf !
&% k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ *) k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf )=%

@= l;sfOdf l;sfOdf lh1f;f /fv]df, cGt/lj|mofdf efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf] ljrf/ lgaf{w @
;xeflutf k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf sfo{ k"/f u/]df
plNNflvtdWo] s'g} # cf]6f sfo{ u/]df !=%
plNNflvtdWo] s'g} @ cf]6f sfo{ u/]df !
plNNflvtdWo] s'g} ! cf]6f sfo{ u/]df )=%
hDdf

28
 -cf_ q}dfl;s k/LIffaf6 k|fKt cª\s
q}dfl;s k/LIff klg cfGtl/s d'Nofª\sgs} Ps cª\u ePsfn] ljBfnon] lng] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf cª\snfO{ klg
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg cGtu{t g} ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ 5 . k|To]s sIffdf sDtL b'O{ k6s q}dfl;s k/LIff ;~rfng
ug'{kg]{ 5 . q}dfl;s k/LIff ;~rfng ubf{ k7gkf7g ePsf x/]s PsfO÷kf7sf] k7gkf7gkZrft\ kf7\oj|mdn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L tf]lsPsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ;+1fgfTds txsf]
cª\sef/df cg'kft ldNg] u/L k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . o;/L ;~rfng ul/Psf] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\snfO{ !)
cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . -pbfx/0fsf nflu %) k|ltzt k"0ff{ª\sdf k/LIff ;~rfng ul/Psf] cj:yfdf
ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] cª\snfO{ !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{_ .
-O_ k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
k|To]s ljBfyL{n] kf7oj|md / kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf ;a} ljifoj:t'sf] If]qcGtu{t ;dfj]z ePsf k|of]ufTds
sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ 5 / tL sfo{x¿nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{ 5 . ljBfyL{n] u/]sf k|To]s k|of]ufTds
sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] ;~rfng, k|:t'tLs/0f / clen]vLs/0fsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ?la|S;÷>]0fL dfkgsf] k|of]u
u/L cª\s lbb} hfg'kg]{ 5 . o;/L k|fKt ljBfyL{sf k|fKtfª\snfO{ PsfOut ¿kdf k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf
sfo{sf] ;du| d"Nofª\sg kmf/ddf eb}{ hfg'kg]{ 5 . ;fy} o;sf clen]vnfO{ Pp6f kmfOndf Jojl:yt u/L /fVg'kg]{
5.
k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/
j|m=;= sfo{ ljj/0f cfwf/ cª\s
k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;~rfng / @)
sfo{;Dkfbg -ul0ftLo 1fgsf] z'¢tf, sfo{ ;DkGgtf,
k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf
5nkmndf ;xeflutf, ;fdu|Lsf] :t/Lotf /
sfo{
;do;Ldf_
k|:t'tLs/0f / clen]vLs/0f !^
dfly lbOPsf d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/cg';f/ k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/nfO{ lgDgcg';f/
cª\sg ug{'kg]{ 5 M
-s_ k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;~rfng / sfo{;Dkfbg :t/sf nflu cª\sgsf] cfwf/
If]q cfwf/ ;"rs cª\s k|fKtfª\s
!= ul0ftLo 1fgsf] ul0ftLo jfSo jf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] s'g} q'l6lagf ;xL / :ki6 ¿kdf $
z'¢tf sfo{ u/]df
ul0ftLo jfSo n]Vbf jf ;ª\s]tLs/0fdf ;fdfGo q'l6 eP tfklg #
;xL tl/sfaf6 sfo{ u/]df
;ª\s]tLs/0fdf ;fdfGo q'l6 / pQ/ unt n]lvP tfklg ;xL @
tl/sfaf6 sfo{ u/]df
ul0ftLo cjwf/0ff jf ;ª\Vof jf ;ª\s]tdf n]Vbf q'l6 ePdf jf !
;xL tl/sfaf6 sfo{ ug{ g;s]df
@= ;fdu|Lsf] tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L -h:t}+M Mrf6{ k]k/df k|:t'tLs/0f, lgdf{0f $
:t/Lotf ul/Psf] ;fdu|L cflb_ pTs[i6, cfsif{s, pko'St / :ki6 ePdf
tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L cfsif{s, pko'St / :ki6 ePdf #
tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L :ki6 / q'l6/lxt ePdf @
tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|Ldf q'l6 ePdf !

29
#= 5nkmndf ;fyLx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn tyf cGt/lj|mofdf ;lj|mo ;xefuL eO{ $
;xeflutf ;d"xdf cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]df
;fyLx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn tyf cGt/lj|mofdf ;lj|mo ;xefuL eO{ #
;d"xdf cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L clwsf+z k"/f u/]df
;fyLx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn tyf cGt/lj|mofdf cf};t ¿kdf ;lj|mo @
;xefuL eO{ ;d"xdf cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L slxn]sfxLF dfq k"/f u/]df
;fyLx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn tyf cGt/lj|mofdf Go"g ;xefuL eO{ ;d"xdf !
cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/]df
$= sfo{;DkGgtf tf]lsPsf sfo{ lgb]{zgcg';f/ ;xL / pko'St tl/sfaf6 ;DkGg $
u/]df
tf]lsPsf] sfo{ lgb]{zgcg';f/ ;xL tl/sfaf6 ;DkGg u/]df #
sfo{x¿ cf};t ;xL / lgb]{zgcg';f/ cf};t ¿kdf pko'St @
tl/sfaf6 ;DkGg u/]df
sfo{df ;xeflutf hgfPsf] t/ sfo{ ;DkGg gu/]df !
%= ;do ;Ldf r/0fa4 ¿kdf tf]lsPs} ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg u/]df $
r/0fa4 ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] eGbf s]xL a9L ;do nufP/ sfo{ ;DkGg #
u/]df
tf]lsPsf] eGbf s]xL a9L ;do nufP/ sfo{ u/]sf] eP tfklg @
r/0fa¢ ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ;d:of ePdf
tf]lsPsf] eGbf s]xL a9L ;do nufP/ sfo{ u/]sf] eP tfklg !
r/0fa¢ ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ lzIfssf] k"0f{ ;xof]u cfjZos ePdf

hDdf

-v_ k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|:t'tLs/0f / clen]vLs/0f cª\sgsf] cfwf/

If]q cfwf/ ;"rs cª\s k|fKtfª\s
!= k|:t'tLs/0f cfkm"n] ;DkGg u/]sf] sfo{sf] lgw{Ss / ts{;lxt k|:t't u/]df $
cfkm"n] ;DkGg u/]sf] sfo{sf] lgw{Ss / JofVof;lxt k|:t't u/]df #
cfkm"n] ;DkGg u/]sf] sfo{sf] JofVof;lxt k|:t't u/]df @
cfkm"n] ;DkGg u/]sf] sfo{ k|:t't dfq u/]df !
@= k|Zgf]Q/df lzIfs / ;a} ;fyLx¿sf k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/ lbPdf $
;xeflutf
lzIfs / s]xL ;fyLx¿sf dfq k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/ lbPdf #
lzIfs / s]xL ;fyLx¿sf] k|Zgsf] cf+lzs ;xL pQ/ lbPdf @
lzIfs / ;fyLx¿sf] clwsf+z k|Zgsf] unt pQ/ lbPdf !

30
 #= clen]vLs/0f sfo{k|lj|mof / glthf :ki6 / r/0fa¢ ¿kdf ;lhn};Fu a'em\g ;Sg] u/L $
clen]vLs/0f u/]df
sfo{k|lj|mof / glthf :ki6 ¿kdf a'em\g ;Sg] u/L clen]vLs/0f u/]df #
sfo{k|lj|mof / glthf cf+lzs ¿kdf a'em\g ;Sg] u/L clen]vLs/0f u/]df @
sfo{k|lj|mof / glthf a'em\g sl7g x'g] u/L clen]vLs/0f u/]df !
hDdf

b|i6JoM k|of]ufTds sfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|:t'lts/0f / clen]vLs/0f cª\sgsf] cfwf/dWo] k|:t'lts/0f

afkt k|fKt cª\snfO{ @ n] u'0ff ug'{kg]{ 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s''g} ljBfyL{n] s'g} Ps kl/of]hgfsf] k|:t'lts/0f
afkt $ df # cª\s kfPsf] /x]5 eg] o; cfwf/ cGt{ut p;sf] k|fKtfª\s # ×@ Ö^ x'G5 .
dfly pNn]lvt -s_ / -v_ b'j} cfwf/dWo] ul0ftLo 1fgsf] z'4tf k|of]ufTds ÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ cg';f/ km/s
kg{ ;Sg] xF'bf lzIfsn] o; cGt{ut k|To]s k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]] nflu ?la|S;÷>]0fLdfkg cflb ;fwg
ljsf; u/L d'Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 eg] afFsL cfwf/x? -;fdu|Lsf] :t/Lotf, 5nkmndf ;xeflutf, sfo{
;DkGgtf, ;dol;df, k|:t'lts/0f, k|Zgf]Q/df ;xeflutf / clen]vLs/0f_ sf ;Gbe{df eg] dfly lbOPs}
cfwf/ k|of]u ug{'kg]{] 5 .
gd'gf ?la|S;
kl/of]hgf sfo{ M ( a + b )2 sf] lj:t[t gd'gf ( model ) agfO{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

If]q cfwf/ ;'rs cª\s k|fKtfª\s

!= ul0ftLo cfwf/, 3ftfª\s tyf k|of]u ePsf cGo ul0ftLo zAbfjnLx¿sf] $
1fgsf] ;ª\s]tLs/0f, HofldtLo cfs[ltdf k|of]u ePsf ;ª\s]tx¿ / lrqfTds
z'¢tf k|:t'lt tyf k|of]u ul/Psf] cfot / ju{sf] cfsf/ :ki6 / ;xL ePdf
HofldtLo cfs[ltdf k|of]u ePsf ;ª\s]tx¿ / lrqfTds k|:t'lt tyf #
k|of]u ul/Psf] cfot / ju{sf] cfsf/ :ki6 / ;xL ePdf t/ cfwf/,
3ftfª\s tyf k|of]u ePsf cGo ul0ftLo zAbfjnLx¿sf] ;ªs \ ]tLs/0fdf
;fdfGo q'l6 ePdf
cfwf/, 3ftfª\s tyf k|of]u ePsf cGo ul0ftLo zAbfjnLx¿sf] @
;ª\s]tLs/0f / lrqfTds k|:t'lt tyf k|of]u ul/Psf] cfot / ju{sf]
cfsf/df q'l6 ePsf] t/ HofldtLo cfs[ltdf k|of]u ePsf ;ª\s]tx¿
;xL ePdf
cfwf/, 3ftfª\s tyf k|of]u ePsf cGo ul0ftLo zAbfjnLx¿sf] !
;ª\s]tLs/0f, lrqfTds k|:t'lt tyf k|of]u ul/Psf] cfot / ju{sf]
cfsf/ / HofldtLo cfs[ltdf k|of]u ePsf ;ª\s]tx¿df q'l6 ePdf
k|To]s k|of]ufTds sfo{÷ kl/of]hgf sfo{kZrft\ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu tn lbOPsf] kmf/d e/L ljBfyL{sf] JolStut
clen]vdf cBfjlws ug'{kg]{ 5 .

31
 ljBfyL{sf] gfd M sIff M ljifo M
k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf cfwf/ut k|fKtfª\s hDdf lzIfssf]
j|m=;= sfo{ k|fKtfª\s k[i7kf]if0f
ul0ftLo ;fdu|Lsf] 5nkmndf sfo{ ;do;Ldf k|:t'tLs/0f k|Zgf]Q/df clen]vLs/0f
1fgsf] :t/Lotf ;xeflutf ;DkGgtf ;xeflutf
z'4tf

!=
@=
#=
$=
%=

32
;du| d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|To]s ljBfyL{n] k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{df k|fKt cª\snfO{ ljifo If]qut ¿kdf lbOPsf] kmf/fd e/L clen]vdf cBfjlws
ug'{kg]{ 5 .
sIff M ljifo M
ljBfyL{sf] ljifoIf]qut ¿kdf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k|fKtfª\s hDdf kl/of]hgf jf:tljs
j|m=;= gfd k|fKtfª\s sfo{sf] hDdf k|fKtfª\s
;d"x cª\sul0ft If]qldlt aLhul0ft Hofldlt tYofª\szf:q lqsf]0fldlt ;ª\Vof
/ ;DefJotf

!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
o;/L k|To]s k|of]ufTds ÷ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt cª\sx¿sf] hf]8 lgsfn]/ hDdf k|of]ufTds ÷ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] ;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/
cf};t cª\s lgsfNg'k5{ h'g jf:tljs k|fKtfª\s x'G5 . jflif{s ¿kdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ jif{el/ k7gkf7g ePsf ;a}
PsfOdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{afkt ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] hDdf cª\s lgsfn]/ cf};t lgsfNg'kg]{ 5 eg] q}dfl;s ¿kdf k7gkf7g ePsf PsfOdf
ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\s hf]8]/ cf};t lgsfNg ;lsg] 5 .

33
 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw -sIff $—*_
kl/ro
kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] ;'lgZrt ug{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g] d"Nofª\sg g}
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg xf] . o;cGtu{t ;+1fgfTds, dgf]lj|mofTds -l;kut_ / j}1flgs clej[lQut kIf;DaGwL
pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ul/G5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0fsf
dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug'{ / ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd agfpg' xf] . l;sfOsf
nflu tyf l;sfO :jod\sf] d"Nofª\sg (assessment for learning and assessment as learning) sf ¿kdf
o:tf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf /xg'kb{5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf
nflu sIff lj|mofsnfk, k|of]]ufTds sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{, If]qe|d0f, df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/ -viva voce/oral
question), kf7ut, PsfOut tyf q}dfl;s k/LIffx¿, cltl/St tyf ;x lj|mofsnfk -lj1fg lSjh, lj1fg
d]nf, lj1fg k|bz{gL, lj1fg lgaGw n]vg cflb_ u/fO{ pSt sfo{x¿sf] cflwsfl/s d"Nofª\sg (Authentic
assessment) sf ;fwg -?la|S;nufot_ åf/f ljBfyL{n] u/]sf pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljifoj:t'sf]
k|To]s kf7, If]q jf PsfOsf] l;sfOkZrft\ plNnlvt ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ;f] If]q jf PsfOdf ljBfyL{sf]
l;sfO :t/ klxrfg u/L l;sfO ;d:of ePsf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/sf nfuL yk k[i7kf]if0f lbg'kb{5 .
Go"gtd :t/sf] l;sfO :t/ xfl;n ePsf] ;'lglZrttf geP;Dd k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf 6]jf (Scaffolding)
k'¥ofpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] clen]vnfO{ k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] k|of]ufTds k'l:tsf /
sfo{;~rlosf -Portfolio) df Jojl:yt u/L clen]vLs/0f ug'{k5{ .
kf7\oj|mddf cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu %) k|ltzt ef/ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgcGtu{t lgDg
cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
cfwf/e"t tx sIff $ / % tyf sIff ^ – * sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿
j|m=;= k|of]ufTds / cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ hDdf
kl/of]hgf sfo{ cª\sef/
!= pkl:ylt / pkl:ylt / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;lj|motf / ;xeflutf $
sIff
;xeflutf
@= k|of]ufTds k|of]ufTds sfo{ ;~rfng -;fdu|L ;]6ck, cjnf]sg, k/LIf0f, @)
sfo{ tflnsLs/0f / lgisif{
k|:t'tLs/0f
k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f
kl/of]hgf sfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;~rfng -:ynut e|d0f, rf6{ lgdf{0f, df]8]n lgdf{0f !^
/ ;+sng, ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, ;f]wvf]h_
k|:t'tLs/0f
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f
#= q}dfl;s k/LIff tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf k7gkf7g ePsf ;a} PsfOaf6 ljlzi6Ls/0f !)
tflnsfsf cfwf/df k|Zgkq tof/ u/L k/LIff lng] / ;'wf/sf nflu
k[i7kf]if0f lbg]

34
!= ;xeflutfsf] d"Nofª\sg
;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] xflh/L÷pkl:ylt / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf tyf
;lj|motfsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/cGtu{t xflh/L÷pkl:yltafkt @
cª\sef/ / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf / ;lj|motfafkt @ cª\sef/df ?la|S;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg
ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;xeflutfafkt d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
;xeflutf -pkl:ylt / l;sfOdf ;lj|motf / ;xeflutf_ M $ cª\sef/
j|m=;= cfwf/ ;"rs cª\s k|fKtfª\s
() k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L pkl:ylt ePdf @
*% k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ () k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf !=&%
*) k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ *% k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf !=%)
!= pkl:ylt &% k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ *) k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf !=))
@= l;sfOdf  l;sfOdf lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf @
;lj|motf / ;lj|motfk"j{s efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ lgaf{w / :jtGq ¿kdf
;xeflutf k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ :jod\n] k"/f u/]df
 l;sfOdf w]/}h;f] lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf sd !=%
;lj|motfk"j{s efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ w]/}h;f] :jtGq ¿kdf
k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf clwsf+z sfo{ k"/f u/]df
 l;sfOdf sd lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf !
lgb]{zgcg';f/ efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq
k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf sfo{ cfwf dfq k"/f u/]df
 l;sfOdf lh1f;f g/fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGtlj{|mofdf ;lj|motf )=%
gb]vfPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ ;fyL jf lzIfssf] ;xof]u
rflxPdf, c¿sf] ;xof]udf lbOPsf sfo{ k"/f u/]df
hDdf $

@= k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg -#^ cª\sef/_

lj1fg ljifodf cjwf/0ffut :ki6tfsf] cfjZostf hlt 5, plt g} dfqfdf lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg
k|of]ufTds tyf k|lj|mofut l;kx¿sf] ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . :ynut cWoog÷e|d0f÷;e]{÷vf]h, cjnf]sg,
lrqfª\sg, k|of]ufTds sfo{, df]8n lgdf{0f tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf dfWodaf6 ljleGg l;kx¿ xfl;n u/fpg
;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;a} PsfOaf6 kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{
u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s PsfOsf] k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu hDdf @) cª\s / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu hDdf !^
cª\sdf d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sIff % sf] PsfO ! sf] j}1flgs l;sfOdf hDdf $ cf]6f
k|of]ufTds / # cf]6f kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fOPsf] 5 eg] k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu @) cª\sdf g} d"Nofª\sgsf
;fwg k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s lbg] / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] ;Gbe{df # cf]6f kl/of]hgf sfo{afkt
!^ cª\sdf g} d"Nofª\sg u/L ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s lbg'kg]{ 5 . q}dfl;s ¿kdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf
sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k7gkf7g ePsf PsfOdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] x/]s k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf
sfo{df k|fKt cª\s hf]8]/ cf};t lgsfNg'k5{ eg] jflif{s ¿kdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{
jif{ e/L k7gkf7g u/]sf ;a} PsfOdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] hDdf cª\s
lgsfn]/ cf};t lgsfNg' k5{ . olb s'g} PsfOdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ gePdf kl/of]hgf sfo{af6 d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{
35
x'G5 . k|To]s kl/of]hgf sfo{ / k|of]ufTds sfo{sf]] nflu ?la|S;÷r]slni6÷>]0fLdfkg cflb ;fwg ljsf; u/L
d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . k|To]s k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDglnlvt ?la|S;sf]
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg -?la|S;_ M @) cª\sef/ -tn plNnlvt !) cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L
@) cª\sdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{_
k|To]s k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDg ?la|S; k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

cfwf/ ;"rs hDdf cª\s k|fKtfª\s

k|of]ufTds sfo{sf ;a} r/0fx¿ k"/f u/L ;xL glthf $
lgsfn]df
k|of]ufTds k|of]ufTds sfo{sf w]/}h;f] r/0fx¿ k"/f u/L ;xL glthf #
lgsfn]df
sfo{ k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/]sf] t/ ;xL glthf lgsfNg g;s]df @
;~rfng
k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug]{ k|of; dfq u/]df !
r/0fa4 ¿kdf lj|mofsnfksf] k|:t'tLs/0f u/]df / ;f]lwPsf @
;a} k|Zgsf] ts{ lbg ;s]df
w]/}h;f] r/0fx¿ ;d]6]/ lj|mofsnfksf] k|:t'tLs/0f u/]sf] / !=%
w]/}h;f] k|Zgsf] ts{ lbg ;s]df
k|:t'tLs/0f cf+lzs ¿kdf lj|mofsnfksf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ k|of; dfq !
u/]df / s]xL k|Zgsf] dfq ts{ lbg ;s]df
k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ k|of; dfq u/]df / ts{ gldn]df )=%
j|mda4 / ;xL tl/sfn] 9fFrfcg';f/ ;a} sfo{sf] clen]v $
/fv]df
clen]vLs/0f j|mda4 / ;xL tl/sf dWo] s'g} PsnfO{ Wofg lbO{ w]/}h;f] #
sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f /fv]df
ul/Psf k|of]ufTds sfo{ dWo] cfwf hlt sfo{sf] clen]v @
/fv]df
s]xL sfo{sf] dfq clen]vLs/0f /fVg] k|of; u/]df !
hDdf cª\sef/ !)

gf]6 M k|of]ufTds sfo{sf r/0fx¿ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] 5 . olb kf7\ok':tsdf gePsf] t/

kf7\oj|mdcg';f/sf] k|of]ufTds sfo{ eP lzIfsn] k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug]{ js{l;6 tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .
js{l;6df ePsf r/0fcg';f/ ljBfyL{n] k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug'{kg]{ 5 / ?la|S;cg';f/ d"Nof+sg ug'{kg]{ 5 .

-v_ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg -?la|S;_ M !^ cª\sef/ -tn plNnlvt * cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L !^
cª\sdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{_

36
k|To]s kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ?la|S; k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

cfwf/ ;"rs hDdf cª\s k|fKtf+s

tf]lsPsf] k|lj|mof k"/f u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] / $
kl/of]hg sfo{ ck]lIft p4]Zo k|flKt ePdf, r/0fa4 ?kdf lj|mofsnfksf]
;~rfng / k|:t'tLs/0f u/]df / ;f]lwPsf] ;a} k|Zgsf] ts{ lbg ;s]df
k|:t'tLs/0f tf]lsPsf] dWo] w]/}h;f] k|lj|mof k"/f u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg #
u/]sf] / ck]lIft p2]]Zo w]/}h;f] k|flKt ePdf, w]/}h;f] r/0fx¿
;d]6]/ lj|mofsnfksf] k|:t'tLs/0f u/]sf] / w]/}h;f] k|Zgsf] ts{
lbg ;s]df
cf+lzs k|lj||mof k"/f u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/]df, cf+lzs ¿kdf @
lj|mofsnfksf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ k|of; dfq u/]df / s]xL k|Zgsf]
dfq ts{ lbg ;s]df
kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{ k|of; dfq u/]df, k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ k|of; !
dfq u/]df / ts{ gldn]df
tf]lsPsf] ;dod} kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ;xL, ;kmf, $
tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / j|mda4 tl/sfn] clen]v /fv]df
clen]vLs/0f tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf Pslbg l9nf u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg #
u/L ;xL, ;kmf, tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / j|mda4 tl/sfdWo] s'g} tLg
cfwf/df clen]v /fv]df
tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf b'O{ Lbg l9nf] u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg @
u/L ;xL, ;kmf, tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / j|mda4 tl/sfdWo] s'g} b'O{
cfwf/df clen]v /fv]df
tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf b'O{ lbg eGbf a9L ;do nufO{ kl/of]hgf !
sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ;xL, ;kmf, tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / j|mda4
tl/sfdWo] s'g} Ps cfwf/df clen]v /fv]df
hDdf cª\sef/ *
hDdf k|fKt c+sef/ !^

gf]6 M
tf]lsPsf] k|lj|mof eGgfn] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPcg';f/sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{
eGg] a'lemG5, h:t} M xa]{l/od agfpg], lrq agfpg], df]8]n agfpg], If]q e|d0f u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{,
cjnf]sg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{, ;f]wvf]h u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{nufotsf sfo{x¿ ug{ 5'6\6f5'6\6}
k|lj|mof kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':tsdf tf]lsPsf] 5 .

k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0fsf] nflu lgDg kmf/fdsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M
k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fd -sIff $-%_

37
 ljBfyL{sf] gfd M ljifo M sIff M /f]Ng+ M

j|m=;= PsfO k|of]ufTds sfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ s}lkmot

-@) cª\s_ -!^ cª\s_
hDdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt hDdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt
k|of]ufTds u/]sf cª\s kl/of]hgf u/]sf cª\s
sfo{sf] ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof sfo{sf] ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof
!= j}1flgs l;sfO
@= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw
#= hLj / jftfj/0f
$= hLjx¿sf] juL{s/0f
%= hLjg k|lj|mof
^= kbfy{
&= b}lgs hLjgdf zlSt
*= k[YjL / cGtl/If
hDdf
cf};t

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fd -sIff ^-*_

ljBfyL{sf] gfd M ljifo M sIff M /f]Ng+ M

j|m=;= PsfO k|of]ufTds sfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ s}lkmot

-@) cª\s_ -!^ cª\s_
hDdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt hDdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt
k|of]ufTds u/]sf cª\s kl/of]hgf u/]sf cª\s
sfo{sf] ;ª\Vof sfo{sf] ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof
!= j}1flgs l;sfO
@= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw
#= hLj / ltgLx¿sf] agf]6
$= h}ljs ljljwtf /
jftfj/0f
%= hLjg k|lj|mof
^= an / rfn
& b}lgs hLjgdf zlSt
* ljB't\ / r'DasTj
( kbfy{
!) b}lgs k|of]usf kbfy{x¿
!! k[YjL / cGtl/If
hDdf
cf};t
#= q}dfl;s k/LIff

38
tLg dlxgfsf] k7gkf7g kZrft ;+1ffTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;a} tx / k|sf/sf k|Zgx¿ tof/ ug'{k5{ . klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIff %)
k"0ff{ª\ssf] lng ;lsg] 5 t/ To;nfO{ !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . To;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s
k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf lng'kg]{ 5 / To;nfO{ klg !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . bf];|f] q}dfl;s -
cw{jflif{s_ k/LIff lnFbf ;'? PsfOb]lv k7gkf7g ePsf] PsfO;Ddsf ;a} PsfOaf6 k|Zg ;f]Wg'kg]{ 5 .
q}dfl;s k/LIff ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/sf nflu cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf lng'kg]{ 5 .

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|To]s q}dfl;s jf jflif{s ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg ubf{ tf]lsPsf] k"0ff{+sdf ug]{ .
h:t} M ;xeflutfsf] $ cª\sef/, k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu #^ cª\sef/ / q}dfl;ssf
nflu !) cª\sef/ .

!= ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/ nflu

-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlw;Ddsf] ;xeflutfafkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-v_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwsf] nflu ;xeflutfafkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-u_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwkZrft\sf] cjlwsf nflu ;xeflutfafkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg
u/L k|fKt cª\ssf] clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-3_ ;xeflutf jfktsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ $ ePsfn] dfly plNNflvt -s_, -v_ / -u_ df k|fKt
cª\snfO{ hf]8]/ $ n] efu ubf{ jflif{s $ cª\sef/df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf]
;xeflutfafktsf] cª\s k|fKt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n]
;xeflutfafkt @=% cª\s, bf];|f] q}dfl;ssf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfjfkt # cª\s / bf];|f]
q}dfl;s kZrftsf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfjfkt #=% k|fKt u/]df jflif{s ?kdf pSt ljBfyL{n]
@=% # #=%  (÷#  # cª\s k|fKt kfpF5g\ .

@= k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu

-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu hDdf cª\sef/ #^ df g}
d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . o;sf nflu k|To]s PsfOdf u/fOPsf k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu @) cª\sef/ /
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu !^ cª\sef/df dfly plNnlvt ?la|S;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug]{
-v_ pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf sIff % df $ cf]6f PsfO k7gkf7g ePsf] 5 eg]

39
 -c_ $ cf]6} PsfOdf k|of]ufTds sfo{df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\sef/ hf]8\g], h:t} M klxnf]b]lv
rf}yf] PsfO;Dd ljBfyL{n] k|of]ufTds sfo{df kfPsf] cª\s j|mdzM !& 1* !& !^ 5
eg] cf};t cª\s  ^*÷$  !& eof] .
-cf_ $ cf]6} PsfOdf kl/of]hgf sfo{df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\sef/ hf]8\g] / cf};t cª\s
lgsfNg] . h:t} M klxnf]b]lv rf}yf] PsfO;Dd ljBfyL{n] kl/of]hgf sfo{ kfPsf] cª\s
j|mdzM !$ !% !# !$ 5 eg] cf};t cª\s  %^÷$  !$ eof] .
-O_ ca klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\s #!
eof] .
o;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwsf] k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-O{_ jflif{s ¿kdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f ubf{

;a} PsfOdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] hDdf cª\s lgsfn]/
PsfOsf] ;ª\Vofn] efu ug]{ .

gf]6 M k|To]s ljBfyL{n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] zLif{sx¿sf] clen]v lzIfsn]
Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ 5 . clen]vsf] vfsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 <

j|m=;= ljBfyL{sf] gfd k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] zLif{s s}lkmot

#= q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu

;+1ffTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfkg ug{ q}dfl;s k/LIff / afx\o k/LIff sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] nflu hDdf cª\sef/ !) ePsfn] klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff !)÷!)
cª\sef/ g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hlt a9L cª\sef/df k/LIff ;~rfng ul/of] cyf{t\ hlt w]/}
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6L k/LIff ;~rfng ul/of] Tolt a9L ljifout j}wtf -content validity) x'g]
ePsfn] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf k/LIff ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !)
cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf k/LIff ;~rfng u/L
tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

40
 q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ !) ePsfn] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf kfPsf] cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf
ug]{ / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf u/L hDdf !) cª\sef/df kfPsf] cª\s /fVg],
h:t} M klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n] $) kfPsf] lyof] / !) df ¿kfGt/0f
ubf{ * eof] . To;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf pSt ljBfyL{n] $% cª\s kfof] / !)
df ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ ( cª\s k|fKt eof] . jflif{s ¿kdf q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\s lgsfNbf k|To]s
q}dfl;sdf kfPsf] cª\snfO{ cfwf cfwf u/]/ /fVg] jf b'j} q}dfl;s k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s
hf]8]/ @ n] efu ug]{, h:t}M dfly lbOPsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ljBfyL{n]
k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtfª\s j|mdzM *®( eg] cf};t cª\s  !&÷@  *=% eof] .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifosf] q}dfl;s ¿kdf glthf lgsfNbf -dflysf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df_

j|m=;= ljBfyL{sf] gfd ;xeflutf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{ q}dfl;s k/LIff hDdf k|fKt
-$_ -#^_ -!)_ k|fKtfª\s u|8]
!= ljgf]b clwsf/L # #! *=% $@=% A

bf];|f] q}dfl;s / jflif{ssf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]t o;} cfwf/df n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5 . u|]8 l;6
tof/ ug]{ tl/sf n]6/ u|]l8ª sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k'l:tsf @)&( df lbOPcg';f/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .

41
 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff -sIff $—*_

kl/ro
d"Nofª\sg eg]sf] ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfqf lglZrt ug]{ j|mda4 k|lj|mof xf] . ljBfyL{sf
l;sfO pknlAwsf] lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{ g} d"Nofª\sgsf] clek|fo xf] . jt{dfg ljBfno
lzIffsf] kf7\oj|mdn] cfGtl/s / afx\o d"Nofª\sgsf] cjwf/0ff clu ;f/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg eg]sf]
kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] ;'lgZrt ug{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g] d"Nofª\sg xf] .
o; d"Nofª\sgn] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg dbt ub{5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0fsf dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug'{ / ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n
ug{ ;Ifd agfpg' xf] . l;sfOsf nflu tyf l;sfO :jod\sf] d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf o:tf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf /xg'kb{5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu xflh/L, sIff
;xefuLtf, sIff sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ / k|of]]ufTds sfo If]q e|d0f, cleefjs ;Dks{ / 5nkmn, df}lvs
k|Zgf]Q/, kf7ut, PsfOut tyf q}dfl;s k/LIffx¿, ;xsfo{snfk -xflh/L hjfkm, jfbljjfb, sljtf, dfGotf,
nf]slut k|ltof]lutf, k/Dk/fut kf];fs k|bz{gL, nf]sg[To k|ltof]lutf u/fO{ pSt sfo{x¿sf] cflwsfl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg-?la|S;nufot_ åf/f ljBfyL{n] u/]sf pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljifoj:t'sf]
k|To]s kf7, If]q jf PsfOsf] l;sfOkZrft\ plNnlvt ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ;f] If]q jf PsfOdf ljBfyL{sf]
l;sfO :t/ klxrfg u/L l;sfO ;d:of ePsf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/sf nfuL yk k[i7kf]if0f lbg' kb{5 .
Go"gtd :t/sf] l;sfO :t/ xfl;n ug{ lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0f / km/s l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / /0flgltnfO{ pkof]u
ug'{kb{5 . ;d:ofd"nos / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t eO{ lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]t hf]8 lbO{ l;sfO{
;'lglZrttfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{kb{5 . ljBfyL{ u/]sf ljleGg lj|mofsnfk, tof/ kf/]sf ;fdu|L / Jojxf/
kl/jt{gsf kIfx¿nfO{ sfo{;~rlosf (Portfolio) df Jojl:yt u/L clen]vLs/0f ug'{k5{ . ;f] clen]vnfO{
ljBfyL{sf] jf:tljs d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/sf ¿kdf pkof]u ug'{kb{5 .
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff kf7\oj|md -sIff $–* _df cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu %) k|ltzt
ef/ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgcGtu{t lgDg cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
cfwf/e"t tx sIff $ / % tyf sIff ^ – * sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/

j|m=;= cfwf/ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ hDdf cª\sef/

!= ;xeflutf pkl:ylt / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;lj|motf / ;xeflutf $
@= kl/of]hgf sfo{ kl/of]hgf÷k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] k"0f{tf #^
⁄ k|of]ufTds l;h{glzntf
sfo{ ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt
;xsfo{, lhDd]jf/L / ;dokfngf
clen]v Joj:yfkg
#= q}dfl;s k/LIff tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf k7gkf7g ePsf ;a} PsfOaf6 !)
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df k|Zgkq tof/ u/L k/LIff
lng] / ;'wf/sf] nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg]
hDDff %)

42
!= ;xeflutfsf] d"Nofª\sg
;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] xflh/L÷pkl:ylt / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf tyf
;lj|motfsf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/cGtu{t xflh/L÷pkl:yltafkt @
cª\sef/ / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf / ;lj|motfafkt @ cª\sef/df ?la|S;sf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg
ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;xeflutfafkt d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
;xeflutf -pkl:ylt / l;sfOdf ;lj|motf / ;xeflutf_ M $ cª\sef/
j|m=;= cfwf/ ;"rs cª\s k|fKtfª\s
() k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L pkl:ylt ePdf @
*% k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ () k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf !=&%
*) k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ *% k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf !=%)
!= pkl:ylt &% k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ *) k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt ePdf !=)
)
@= l;sfOdf l;sfOdf lh1f;f /fVg], cGtlj|{mofdf efu lng], cfkm\gf] ljrf/ k|:t't @
;lj|motf ug]{, lbOPsf] sfo{ -sIff sfo{, ;d"x sfo{ jf cGo sfo{_ k"/f ug]{
/ u/]df
;xeflutf plNnlvt dWo] s'g} # cf]6f sfo{ u/]df !=%
plNnlvt dWo] s'g} @ cf]6f sfo{ u/]df !
plNnlvt dWo] s'g} ! cf]6f sfo{ u/]df )=%
hDdf $

@= k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg -#^ cª\sef/_

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIffn] ljleGg ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eO{ ljleGg
;fdflhs d"No, l;k / Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . oL kIfx¿sf] ljsf;df cjnf]sg e|d0f, vf]h,
;fd'bflos sfo{, afgL Jojxf/df kl/jt{g, gS;f, rf6{, tflnsf jf u|fkmsf] lgdf{0f, k|of]ufTds sfo{, tyf
kl/of]hgf sfo{ h:tf ;xeflutfd"ns l;sfO /0flglt / ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;a}
PsfOaf6 kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf kl/of]hgf÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s PsfOsf]
kl/of]hgf ÷k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] nflu hDdf #^ cª\sdf d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
q}dfl;s ¿kdf kl/of]hgf ÷k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k7gkf7g ePsf PsfOdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt
u/]sf] x/]s kl/of]hgf ÷k|of]ufTds sfo{df k|fKt cª\s hf]8]/ cf};t lgsfNg'k5{ . klxnf] q}dfl;sdf kl/of]hgf
sfo{ ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofsg ubf{ ;f] cjlwdf ul/Psf kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt
u/]sf] hDdf cª\ssf] cf};t lgsfNg' kb{5 eg] bf];|f] q}dfl;ssf xsdf klxnf] q}dfl;s kl5 / bf];|f] q}dfl;s
cjlwdf ul/Psf kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf hDdf cª\ssf] dfq cf};t lgsfnL
d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . jflif{s ¿kdf kl/of]hgf÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ jif{el/ k7gkf7g u/]sf ;a}
PsfOdf kl/of]hgf / k|of]ufTds sfo{df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] hDdf cª\s lgsfn]/ ;j} kl/of]hgf
sfo{⁄k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/ cf};t lgsfNg' k5{ . olb s'g} PsfOdf kl/of]hgf ÷k|of]ufTds sfo{
b'j} ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;f] Joxf]/f v'nfP/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s kl/of]hgf sfo{÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu
?la|S;÷r]sln:6÷>]0fLdfkg cflb ;fwg ljsf; u/L d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . k|To]s kl/of]hgf÷k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDglnlvt ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

43
-s_ kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg -?la|S;_ M !* cª\sef/ -tn plNnlvt ?la|S;sf] cfwf/df !* df
d"Nofª\sg u/L #^ df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{_
k|To]s kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ?la|S; k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M
cfwf/ ;"rs hDdf cª\s k|fKtf+s
kl/of]hgf ⁄ kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{ ;kmf, ;ª\ul7t / a'em\g ;xh ePsf] / ;a} cfjZos $
k|of]ufTds 9fFrf jf k|lj|mof k"/f u/]sf]
sfo{ tof/L kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clwsf+z sfo{ ;kmf, ;ª\ul7t / a'em\g ;xh #
ePsf] / ;a} cfjZos 9fFrf jf k|lj|mof k"/f u/]sf]
kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] s]xL sfo{ dfq ;kmf, ;ª\ul7t ePsf] / s]xL @
efudfq a'em\g ;xh ePsf] / s]xL dfq cfjZos 9fFrf jf k|lj|mof k"/f u/]sf]
kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{ ;kmf, ;ª\ul7t / a'em\g ;xh gePsf] / clwsf+z !
cfjZos 9fFrf jf k|lj|mof k"/f gu/]sf]
l;h{glzntf kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{df w]/} l;h{glzntf, ;f]r / ;dosf] k|of]u ePsf] $
kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{df s]xL l;h{glzntf, ;f]r / ;dosf] k|of]u ePsf] #
kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{df yf]/} l;h{glzntf, ;f]r / ;dosf] k|of]u ePsf] @
kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{df Psbd} yf]/} l;h{glzntf, ;f]r / ;dosf] k|of]u !
ePsf]
ljifoj:t'sf] ljifoj:t' :ki6 / pko'St /xL pRr l;sfO :t/ k|bz{g u/]df $
k|:t'lt clwsf+z ljifoj:t' :ki6 / pko'St /xL dWod l;sfO :t/ k|bz{g u/]df #
s]xL ljifoj:t' dfq :ki6 / pko'St /xL / ljBfyL{sf] ;fdfGo l;sfO{ :t/ k|bz{g @
u/]df
s'g} klg ljifoj:t' :ki6, pko'St gePsf] / ljBfyL{sf] sdhf]/ l;sfO :t/ k|bz{g !
u/]df
;xsfo{ , kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{ tof/ kfbf{ ;d"xdf jf JolStut ¿kdf pRr / @
lhDd]jf/L lgodlt ¿kdf ;lj|mo /xL tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;dodf k"/f u/]df
;lj|motf /
;do kfngf kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{ tof/ kfbf{ ;d"xdf jf JolStut?kdf w]/} h:ff] sfo{df !=%
lgoldt ;lqmotf k|bz{g u/L tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;dodf k"/f u/]df
kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{ tof/ kfbf{ ;d"xdf jf JolStut?kdf slxn]sflx dfq !
;lqmotf k|bz{g u/]sf] / tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L] ;doeGbf s]lx l9nf k"/f u/]df
kl/of]hgf⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{ tof/ kfbf{ ;d"xdf jf JolStut?kdf ;lqmo g/x]sf] / )=%
tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L] ;d]t k"/f u/]df
sIffdf lzIfs / cGo ljBfyL{ dfem pko'St :j/ / cfFvfsf] ;Dks{ - Eye contact_ @
k|:t'tLs/0f sfod /fvL tfls{s k|:t'tLs/0f u/]df
slxn]sfxLF dfq lzIfs / cGo ljBfyL{ dfem pko'St :j/ / cfFvfsf] ;Dks{ !=%
- Eye contact_ sfod /fvL clwsf+z k|:t'tLs/0f tfls{s ?kdf u/]df
lzIfs / cGo ljBfyL{ dfem ;fgf] :j/ / cfSsn em'Ssn dfq cfFvfsf] ;Dks{ !
- Eye contact_ sfod u/L ;fdfGo tfls{s k|:t'tLs/0f u/]df
lzIfs / cGo ljBfyL{ dfem ;f/} ;fgf] :j/df k|:t'tLs/0f u/]sf] / cfFvfsf] ;Dks{ )=%
- Eye contact_ sfod g/xg'sf ;fy} tfls{s k|:t'tLs/0f Psbd sdhf]/ /x]df
clen]vLs/0f j|mda4 / ;xL tl/sfn] lgoldt clen]v /fv]df @
clen]v /fv]sf] t/ k|lj|mofdf sdhf]/L /x]sf] !=%
clen]v lgoldt /fVg] gul/Psf] / k|lj|mofdf w]/} sdhf]/L /x]sf] !
clen]v /fVg] k|of; dfq u/]df )=%

44
 hDdf cª\sef/ !*
k|fKt cª\s #^

kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0fsf nflu lgDglnlvt kmf/fdsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M
kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fd -sIff $-%_
ljBfyL{sf] gfd M ljifo M sIff M /f]Ng+ M

PsfO kl/of]hgf÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{ -#^ c+s_ s}lkmot

hDdf k|of]ufTds ljBfyL{n] u/]sf k|fKt cª\s
sfo{sf] ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof
!=xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh
@=xfd|f dfgj d"No dfGotf
#=gful/s r]tgf
$=;fdflhs ;d:of, ljs[lt
/ ;dfwfg
%=xfd|f] ljut
^=xfd|f cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
&=xfd|f] k[YjL
hDdf
cf}ift

kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fd -sIff ^-*_

ljBfyL{sf] gfd M ljifo M sIff M /f]Ng+ M

PsfO kl/of]hgf sfo{ jf k|of]ufTds sfo{ -#^ cª\s_ s}lkmot

hDdf k|of]ufTds ljBfyL{n] u/]sf k|fKt
sfo{sf] ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof cª\s
!=xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh
@=xfd|f] dfgj d"No dfGotf
#=gful/s r]tgf
$=;fdflhs ;d:of, ljs[lt /
;dfwfg
%=xfd|f] ljut
^=xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
&=xfd|f] k[YjL
*=hg;ª\Vof / o;sf] Joj:yfkg
(=cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw, ;d;fdlos
36gf / ;"rgf k|ljlw
hDdf
cf};t

45
 cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fd -sIff $-*_
ljBfyL{sf] gfd M ljifo M sIff M /f]Ng+ M

#= q}dfl;s k/LIff
tLg dlxgfsf] k7gkf7gkZrft\ ;+1ffTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;a} tx / k|sf/sf k|Zgx¿ tof/ ug'{k5{ . h;sf nflu lzIfsn]
cfjZos ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ljsf; u/L k|of]udf Nofpg ;Sg] 5g\ .
q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf lnP/ To;nfO{ !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 .. bf];|f] q}dfl;s
k/LIff lnFbf ;'? PsfOb]lv k7gkf7g ePsf] PsfO;Ddsf ;a} PsfOaf6 k|Zg ;f]Wg'kg]{ 5 . q}dfl;s
k/LIff ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/sf nflu cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf lng'kg]{ 5 . q}dfl;s k/LIff
;~rfngsf nflu lzIfsn] cfjZos ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ljsf; u/L k|of]udf Nofpg ;Sg] 5g\ .

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIf

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|To]s q}dfl;s jf jflif{s ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg ubf{ tf]lsPsf] k"0ff{+sdf ug]{ .
h:tf] M ;xeflutfsf] $ cª\sef/, k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] nflu #^ cª\sef/ / q}dfl;ssf
nflu !) cª\sef/ .

!= ;xeflutfafktsf] c+sef/ Ö $sf nflu

-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlw;Ddsf] ;xeflutf afkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-v_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwsf] nflu ;xeflutfafkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
clen]vLs/0f ug]{

46
 -u_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwkZrft\sf] cjlwsf nflu ;xeflutfafkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg
u/L k|fKt cª\ssf] clen]vLs/0f ug]{
-3_ ;xeflutfafktsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ $ ePsf]n] dfly plNNflvt -s_, -v_ / -u_ df k|fKt
cª\snfO{ hf]8]/ # n] efu ubf{ jflif{s a9Ldf $ cª\sef/df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf]
;xeflutfafktsf] cª\s k|fKt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n]
;xeflutfafkt #=% cª\s, bf];|f] q}dfl;ssf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfafkt #=% cª\s / bf];|f]
q}dfl;skZrft\sf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfafkt # k|fKt u/]df jflif{s ¿kdf pSt ljBfyL{n]
#±@=%±#=%  (÷#  # cª\s k|fKt kfpF5g\ .
@= k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu
-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] nflu hDdf cª\sef/ #^ df g}
d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . o;sf nflu k|To]s PsfOdf u/fOPsf kl/of]hgf ⁄ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu
#^ cª\sef/df dfly plNnlvt ?la|S;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug]{
-c_ pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf sIff % df @ cf]6f PsfO k7gkf7g
ePsf] 5 eg]
@ cf]6} PsfOdf kl/of]hgf sfo{df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\sef/ hf]8\g] . Pp6f PsfOdf PseGbf j9L
kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fOPsf] 5 eg] b'j}sf] cª\s hf]8L cf};t cª\s lbg], h:t} M klxnf]b]lv bf];|f]
PsfO;Dd ljBfyL{n] k|of]ufTds sfo{df kfPsf] cª\s j|mdzM #@ / #$ 5 eg] cf};t cª\s 
^^÷@  ## eof] .
-cf_ PsfOdf hltcf]6f kl/of]hgf ÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{ lbOPsf] tL ;a}sf] cª\s hf]8L
cf};t cª\s lbg] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf PsfO @ df b'O{cf]6f kl/of]hgf ÷ k|of]ufTds
sfo{ u/fOPsf] 5 / cª\s j|mdzM @* / #@ eg] b'j}sf] cf};t cª\s #) lbg] .
-v_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwsf] kl/of]hgf÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg klg klxnf] q}dfl;s
d"Nofª\sg h:t} u/L ug]{
-u_ jflif{s ¿kdf kl/of]hgf÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f ubf{
klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] cf};t
cª\s /fVg] . h:t} M dfly lbOP cg';f/ ## cª\s
bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|fKt u/]sf] cf};t
cª\s -klxnf] q}dfl;sdf u/] h:t} u/L_ /fVg] . dfgf}+ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ #$ cª\s k|fKt eof] .
bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwkZrft\sf kl/of]hgf÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s
/fVg] . dfgf}+ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ #% cª\s k|fKt eof] . ca tLgcf}6} cjlwdf d"Nofª\sg ubf{
k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s hf]8]/ jflif{s ¿kdf kl/of]hgf÷ k|of]ufTds sfo{afktsf] cf};t cª\s
lgsfNg] h:t} M ##±#$±#%  !)@ ÷#  #$ cª\s k|fKt eof] .

47
#= q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu

;+1ffTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfkg ug{ q}dfl;s k/LIff / afx\o k/LIff sfod ul/Psf]
5 . q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu hDdf cª\sef/ !) ePsfn] klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff !)÷!)
cª\sef/ g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hlt a9L cª\sef/df k/LIff ;~rfng ul/of] cyf{t\ hlt w]/}
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6L k/LIff ;~rfng ul/of] Tolt a9L ljifout j}wtf x'g] ePsf]n] klxnf] q}dfl;s
k/LIffsf nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf k/LIff ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ /
bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf k/LIff ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df
¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ !) ePsf]n] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf kfPsf] cª\sef/nfO{
cfwf ug]{ / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf u/L hDdf !) cª\sef/df kfPsf] cª\s
/fVg], h:t} M klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n] @% kfPsf] lyof] / !) df
¿kfGt/0f ubf{ *=# eof] . To;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf pSt ljBfyL{n] $% cª\s
kfof] / !) df ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ ( cª\s k|fKt eof] . jflif{s ¿kdf q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\s lgsfNbf
k|To]s q}dfl;sdf kfPsf] cª\snfO{ cfwf cfwf u/]/ /fVg] jf b'j} q}dfl;s k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf]
cª\s hf]8]/ @ n] efu ug]{ . h:t} dfly lbOPsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf
ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtfª\s j|mdzM *=#±( eg] cf};t cª\s  !&=#÷@  *=^% eof] .

;fdflhs tyf dfgj d"No lzIff ljifosf] q}dfl;s ¿kdf glthf lgsfNbf -dflysf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df_

j|m=;= ljBfyL{sf] gfd ;xeflutf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{ q}dfl;s k/LIff hDdf k|fKt
-$_ -#^_ -!)_ k|fKtfª\s u|8]
! ljsf; /fgf # #$ *=^% $%=^% A±

bf];|f] q}dfl;s / jflif{ssf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]t o;} cfwf/df n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5 . u|]8 l;6
tof/ ug]{ tl/sf n]6/ u|]l8ª sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k'l:tsf @)&( df lbOPcg';f/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .

48
 :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf -sIff $—*_
kl/ro
:jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf ljifo hLjgf]kof]uL Pjd k|of]ufTds ljifo xf] . o;n] :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s
tyf l;h{gfTds snf;DaGwL 1fg, l;k / clej[lQsf] ljsf; u/fpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . o; ljifosf]
kf7\oj|mdn] ljifoj:t'sf] k|of]ufTds / Jojxfl/s kIf cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg / ;+1fgfTds kIfsf] cfjlws
d"Nofª\sgª\f/f n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . o; ljifosf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/fpg k|of]ufTds tyf
kl/of]hgfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / ;f]xLcg';f/sf] d"Nofªsg sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo l;sf?sf] Ifdtf / :t/ cg's"n lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg / k[i7kf]if0fsf dfWodaf6
l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug'{ / ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd agfpg' xf] .
l;sfOsf nflu tyf l;sfO :jod\sf] d"Nofª\sg (assessment for learning and assessment as
learning) sf ¿kdf o:tf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg lzIf0f l;sfO k|lj|mofsf] cleGg cª\u xf] . cfGtl/s
d"Nofª\sgsfcGtu{t :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifoj:t'sf nflu sIff lj|mofsnfk, kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;fd'bflos e|d0f,
k|of]]ufTds sfo{, df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/, kf7ut tyf PsfO k/LIff, q}dfl;s k/LIff cflb lj|mofsnfk u/fpg
;lsG5 . zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf;DaGwL ljifoj:t'sf nflu sIff lj|mofsnfk, k|of]]ufTds sfo{,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, l;h{gfTds sfo{, df}lvs k|Zgf]Q/, kf7ut tyf PsfOut k/LIff, q}dfl;s k/LIff, ;x tyf
cltl/St lj|mofsnfk -xflh/L hjfkm, d]nf, k|bz{gL, x:t tyf lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf, ufog tyf g[To / clego
k|ltof]lutf_ u/fO{ pSt sfo{x¿sf] cflwsfl/s d"Nofª\sg (Authentic assessment) sf ;fwg -?la|S;_
tyf cGo ;fwgx¿ ->]0fL dfkg :s]n, ?h';"rL, cleefjs k|ltlj|mofnufot_ åf/f ljBfyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf
pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljifoj:t'sf] k|To]s kf7, If]q jf PsfOsf] l;sfOkZrft\ plNnlvt ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ;f] If]q jf PsfOdf
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO :t/ klxrfg u/L l;sfO ;d:of ePsf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/sf nfuL yk k[i7kf]if0f
lbg'kb{5 . Go"gtd :t/sf] l;sfO :t/ xfl;n ePsf] ;'lglZrttf geP;Dd k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf 6]jf
(Scaffolding) k'¥ofpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] clen]vnfO{ k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] k|of]ufTds
k'l:tsf / sfo{;~rlosf -Portfolio) df Jojl:yt u/L clen]vLs/0f ug'{k5{ . o;sf ;fy} ljBfyL{n] tof/
u/]sf rf6{, df]8]n, sf]nfhnfO{ pko'St 7fpFdf /fVg] / ;+uLtsf sfo{x¿nfO{ /]s8{ u/L clen]vLs/0f ug{
;lsG5 .
:Jff:Yo, zf/Ll/s tyf l;h{gfTds snf kf7\oj|mddf cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu %) k|ltzt ef/ 5'6\ofOPsf]
5 . cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgcGtu{t lgDglnlvt cfwf/x¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 M

49
 cfwf/e"t tx sIff $– * sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/

j|m=;= d"Nofª\sgsf If]q d"Nofª\sgsf If]qsf] lj:t[tLs/0f cª\sef/ hDdf

cª\sef/
!= ;xeflutf pkl:ylt jf xflh/L @ $
l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf / ;lj|motf @
@= kl/of]hgf sfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] tof/L, ;Dkfbg / k|:t'tLs/0f $ *
-:jf:Yo_
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f $
k|of]ufTds sfo{ k|of]ufTds sfo{ -l;k k|bz{g :t/, ;do / lgodsf] !) !$
-zf/Ll/s_ kfngf, l;h{glzntf_
k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f $
k|of]ufTds / k|of]ufTds sfo{ -l;k k|bz{g :t/, lrq lgdf{0f, !) !$
kl/of]hgf sfo{ df]8]n lgdf{0f, lgodsf] kfngf, l;h{gzLntf_
-l;h{gfTds
snf
k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f $
#= q}dfl;s k/LIff tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf k7gkf7g ePsf ;a} PsfOaf6 !) !)
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf cfwf/df k|Zgkq tof/ u/L
k/LIff lng] / ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg]
hDdf %)

!= ;xeflutfsf] d"Nofª\sg

;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] xflh/L÷pkl:ylt / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf tyf

;lj|motfsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ . ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/cGtu{t xflh/L÷pkl:yltafkt @
cª\sef/ / l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf / ;lj|motfafkt @ cª\sef/df ?la|S;sf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg
ug'{kg]{ 5 . ;xeflutfafkt d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5

;xeflutf -pkl:ylt / l;sfOdf ;lj|motf / ;xeflutf_ M $ cª\sef/

j|m=;= cfwf/ ;"rs cª\s k|fKtfª\s

() k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L pkl:ylt ePdf @
*% k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ () k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt !=&%
ePdf
!= pkl:ylt *) k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ *% k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt !=%)
ePdf
&% k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf a9L t/ *) k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt !=))

50
 ePdf
@= l;sfOdf l;sfOdf lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGt/lj|mofdf @
;lj|motf / ;lj|motfk"j{s efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ lgaf{w / :jtGq ¿kdf
;xeflutf k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ :jod\n] k"/f u/]df
l;sfOdf w]/}h;f] lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGt/lj|mofdf !=%
sd ;lj|motfk"j{s efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ w]/}h;f] :jtGq
¿kdf k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf clwsf+z sfo{ k"/f u/]df
l;sfOdf sd lh1f;f /fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGt/lj|mofdf !
lgb]{zgcg';f/ efu lnPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq
k|:t't u/]df, lbOPsf sfo{ cfwf dfq k"/f u/]df
l;sfOdf lh1f;f g/fv]df, ;d"x 5nkmn / cGt/lj|mofdf ;lj|motf )=%
gb]vfPdf, cfkm\gf ljrf/ k|:t't ug{ ;fyL jf lzIfssf] ;xof]u
rflxPdf, c¿sf] ;xof]udf lbOPsf sfo{ k"/f u/]df
hDdf $

@= kl/of]hgf tyf k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg -#^ cª\sef/_

o; ljifosf l;sfO pknlAw ljBfyL{ :jod\n] k|of]ufTds tyf tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/]/} l;Sg] vfnsf 5g .
To;sf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;fd'bflos cWoog÷e|d0f÷vf]h, cjnf]sg, lrqf+sg, k|of]ufTds tyf k|bz{g
sfo{, gd'gf lgdf{0f tyf k|:t'lt -Psn tyf ;fd"lxs_, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf dfWodaf6 ljleGg l;kx¿ xfl;n
u/fpg'k5{ . ;a} PsfOaf6 kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fpg'kg]{
x'G5 . :jf:Yo v08sf k|To]s PsfOsf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu * cª\sdf d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 . To;}u/L
zf/Ll/s / l;h{gfTds snf v08sf] k|To]s PsfOsf] k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] nflu !$÷!$ cª\sdf
d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
q}dfl;s ¿kdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k7gkf7g ePsf PsfOdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt
u/]sf] x/]s k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{df k|fKt cª\s hf]8]/ cf};t lgsfNg'k5{ eg] jflif{s ¿kdf k|of]ufTds
/ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ jif{el/ k7gkf7g u/]sf ;a} PsfOdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{df
ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] hDdf cª\s lgsfn]/ cf};t lgsfNg' k5{ . olb s'g} PsfOdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ gePdf
kl/of]hgf sfo{af6 d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s kl/of]hgf sfo{ / k|of]ufTds sfo{sf]] nflu
?la|S;÷r]slni6÷>]0fLdfkg cflb ;fwg ljsf; u/L d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . k|To]s k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf
sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDglnlvt ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ -:jf:Yo_ sf] d"Nofª\sg -?la|S;_ M * cª\sef/

k|To]s kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ?la|S; k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M
k|To]s kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] ?la|S; k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

51
 cfwf/ ;"rs hDdf k|fKtf+s
cª\s
tf]lsPsf] k|lj|mof k"/f u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] / ck]lIft p2]Zo $
kl/of]hg sfo{ k|flKt ePdf, r/0fa4 ¿kdf lj|mofsnfksf] k|:t'tLs/0f u/]df / ;f]lwPsf]
;~rfng / ;a} k|Zgsf] ts{ lbg ;s]df
k|:t'tLs/0f tf]lsPsf] dWo] w]/}h;f] k|lj|mof k"/f u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] / #
ck]lIft p2]Zo w]/}h;f] k|flKt ePdf, w]/}h;f] r/0fx¿ ;d]6]/ lj|mofsnfksf]
k|:t'tLs/0f u/]sf] / w]/}h;f] k|Zgsf] ts{ lbg ;s]df
cf+lzs k|lj||mof k"/f u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/]df, cf+lzs ¿kdf @
lj|mofsnfksf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ k|of; u/]df / s]xL k|Zgsf] dfq ts{ lbg
;s]df
kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{ k|of; dfq u/]df, k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ k|of; dfq u/]df / !
ts{ gldn]df
;xL, ;kmf, tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / j|mda4 tl/sfn] clen]v /fv]df, tf]lsPsf] $
;dod} kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg u/]df
clen]vLs/0f ;xL, ;kmf, tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / j|mda4 tl/sfdWo] s'g} tLg cfwf/df #
/ ;do;Ldf clen]v /fv]df, tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf Ps lbg l9nf u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{
;DkGg u/]df
;xL, ;kmf, tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / j|mda4 tl/sf dWo] s'g} b'O{ cfwf/df @
clen]v /fv]df, tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf b'O{ lbg l9nf u/L kl/of]hgf sfo{
;DkGg u/]df
;xL, ;kmf, tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / j|mda4 tl/sfdWo] s'g} Ps cfwf/df clen]v !
/fv]df, tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf b'O{ lbgeGbf a9L ;do nufO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{
;DkGg u/]df
hDdf cª\sef/ !^

gf]6 M tf]lsPsf] k|lj|mof eGgfn] kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPcg';f/sf] lbOPsf] ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5, h:t} M
lrq agfpg], df]8]n agfpg], ;fd'bflo sfo{, If]q e|d0f u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{, cjnf]sg u/L k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug]{, ;f]wvf]h u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ cflb .

-v_ k|of]ufTds sfo{ -zf/Ll/s / l;h{gfTds snf_ sf] d"Nofª\sg -?la|S;_ M !$÷!$ cª\sef/

k|To]s k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] nflu lgDg ?la|S; k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

cfwf/ ;"rs hDdf k|fKtf+s

cª\s
l;k k|bz{g :t/ lh1f;' / lgw{Ss eO{ tf]lsPsf l;k JolStut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf $
-zf/Ll/s / clt pQd ?kdf j|mda4 tl/sfn] k|bz{g u/]df
tf]lsPsf l;k JolStut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf pQd tl/sfn] k|bz{g #

52
l;h{gfTds u/]df
snf_ tf]lsPsf l;k JolStut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;fdfGo tl/sfn] k|bz{g @
ug{ ;s]df
l;k k|bz{g ug]{ k|of; u/]df !
;do / tf]lsPsf lgod÷k|lj|mof tyf r/0fx¿ / ;dosf] x'ax' kfngf u/]df @
lgod÷k|lj|mofsf] tf]lsPsf lgod÷k|lj|mof / ;do clwsfz ¿kdf kfngf u/]df !=%
kfngf cf+lzs ¿kdf lgod÷k|lj|mof / ;do kfngf u/]df !
sd dfqfdf lgod÷k|lj|mof / ;do kfngf u/]df )=%
ljifoj:t'sf] lgw{Ss eO{ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy ;a} lh1f;fsf] ts{k"0f{ ¿kdf $
hfgsf/L ljifoj:t'sf] a'emfO cleJoSt u/]df
lgw{Ss eO{ hfgsf/L k|:t't u/]df / w]/}h;f] k|Zgsf] ts{ lbg #
;s]df
cfwfhlt k|Zgsf] ;xL k|ltlj|mof lbg ;s]df @
cf+lzs k|Zgsf] dfq ;xL k|ltlj|mof lbg ;s]df !
clen]v tf]lsPsf] lgb]{zgdf j|mda4 / ;xL tl/sfn] ;a} sfo{sf] clen]v $
/fv]df
tf]lsPsf] lgb]{zgdf w]/}h;f] sfo{sf] clen]v /fv]df #
cfwf hlt sfo{sf] clen]v /fv]df @
s]xL sfo{sf] dfq clen]v /fv]df / clen]v Jojl:Yft gePdf !
cª\sef/ !$
k|fKt hDdf cª\sef/ -Zf/Ll/s / l;s_ @*

k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0fsf nflu lgDglnlvt kmf/fdsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fd -sIff $-*_

ljBfyL{sf] gfd M ljifo M sIff M /f]Ng+ M

j|m=;= ljifoj:t'sf] If]q÷PsfO kl/of]hgf sfo{÷ ljBfyL{n] u/]sf k|fKtfª\s s}lkmot -sfo{
k|of]ufTds kl/of]hgf sfo{÷ ug{ g;s]df,
sfo{sf] ;ª\Vof k|of]ufTds cg'klZrt
sfo{sf] ;ª\Vof ePdf_
! dfgj z/L/
@ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo / dfgl;s
:jf:Yo
# kf]if0f / vfB ;'/Iff
$ /f]u, ;'/Iff / k|fylds pkrf/
% of}lgs tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo
^ zf/Ll/s s;/t -kL=6L=_ /
sjfh
& Pyn]l6S; / ;fxl;s

53
 lj|mofsnfk
* v]nx¿
( of]u
!) snfsf] kl/ro, /]vflrq / /ª
!! 5kfO, df6f]sf sfd, sf]nfh /
lgdf{0f
!@ ufog / jfbg
!# g[To / clego

#= q}dfl;s k/LIff

q}dfl;s k/LIffnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/sf nflu cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf ¿kdf lng'kg]{ 5 . q}dfl;s ¿kdf
k7gkf7gkZrft\ ;+1ffTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{sf] nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf
cfwf/df ;a} tx / k|sf/sf k|Zgx¿ tof/ u/L k/LIff lng'k5{ . klxnf] q}dfl;s / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff
%)÷%) k"0ff{ª\ssf] lng ;lsg] 5 t/ To;nfO{ !)÷!) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff
lnFbf ;'? PsfOb]lv k7gkf7g ePsf] PsfO;Ddsf ;a} PsfOaf6 k|Zg ;f]Wg'kg]{ 5 .

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIf

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|To]s q}dfl;s jf jflif{s ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg ubf{ tf]lsPsf] k"0ff{+sdf
ug'{k5{ . h:t} ;xeflutfsf] $ cª\sef/, k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] nflu #^ cª\sef/ / q}dfl;s
k/LIffsf] nflu !) cª\sef/ .

!= ;xeflutfafktsf] $ cª\sef/

-s_ klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlw;Ddsf] ;xeflutfafkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s clen]vLs/0f ug]{

-v_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwsf nflu ;xeflutfafkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\s clen]vLs/0f ug]{

-u_ bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwkZrft\sf] cjlwsf nflu ;xeflutfafkt $ cª\sef/df d"Nofª\sg u/L k|fKt cª\ssf]
clen]vLs/0f ug]{

-3_ ;xeflutfafktsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ $ ePsfn] dfly plNNflvt -s_, -v_ / -u_ df k|fKt cª\snfO{ hf]8]/
$ n] efu ubf{ jflif{s $ cª\sef/df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;xeflutfafktsf] cª\s k|fKt x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] q}dfl;sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n] ;xeflutfafkt #=) cª\s, bf];|f] q}dfl;ssf] cjlwdf
;xeflutfafkt #=% cª\s / bf];|f] q}dfl;skZrft\sf] cjlwdf ;xeflutfafkt #=) k|fKt u/]df jflif{s
¿kdf pSt ljBfyL{n] #=)+@=%+#=%  (÷#  # cª\s k|fKt u5{g\ .

54
@= kl/of]hgf sfo{ -:jf:Yo_, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ -zf/Ll/s / l;s_ sf] d"Nofª\sg

-s_ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwdf j|mdzM k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] nflu k9fO ePsf
kf7 ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|To]s q}dfl;sdf cª\sef/ #^ g} x'g] u/L dfly plNnlvt ?la|S;sf
cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ / jflif{s ¿kdf clen]v /fVbf cf};t lgsfNg'k5{ .
-v_ pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] q}dfl;sdf sIff % df :jf:Yodf @ cf]6f PsfO k7gkf7g ePsf] 5 eg]
-c_ @ cf]6f PsfOsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\sef/ hf]8\g] / cf};t lgsfNg], h:t}M
klxnf] / bf];|f] PsfOdf ljBfyL{n] kl/of]hgf sfo{df kfPsf] cª\s j|mdz M %=)+&=) 5 eg]
cf};t cª\s  !@÷@  ^ x'G5 .
-cf_ To;}u/L klxnf] q}dfl;sdf zf/Ll/s v08df Pscf]6f PsfO k7gkf7g ePsf] 5 eg] ;f]
PsfOdf k|of]ufTds sfo{df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\sef/ lgsfNg], h:t} M PsfO ^ s;/t /
sjfhsf] k|bz{gdf ljBfyL{n] k|of]ufTds sfo{df kfPsf] cª\s !@=) 5 .
-O_ klxnf] q}dfl;sdf l;h{gfTds snf v08df Ps cf]6f PsfO k7gkf7g ePsf] 5 eg] ;f]
PsfOdf k|of]ufTds sfo{df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\sef/ lgsfNg], h:t} M PsfO !) snfsf]
kl/ro, /]vflrq / /ªsf] sfo{ k|bz{gdf ljBfyL{n] k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hg sfo{df kfPsf]
cª\s !#=) 5 .\
-O{_ ca klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{df ljBfyL{n] kfPsf] cª\s
^=)+!@=)+!#=)  #!=) x'G5 .
o;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwsf] k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-p_ jflif{s ¿kdf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] clen]vLs/0f ubf{ :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s lzIff /
l;h{gfTds snfcGtu{t 5'6\ofOPsf] ef/cg';f/ ;a} PsfOdf kfPsf] cª\s hf]8]/ hDdf
PsfOsf] ;ª\Vofn] efu ubf{ jif{el/df ljBfyL{n] k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{afkt kfPsf]
cª\s k|fKt x'G5 .

#= q}dfl;s k/LIff

kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ;+1ffTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfkg ug{ q}dfl;s k/LIff / afx\o k/LIff sfod
ul/Psf] 5 . hlt a9L cª\sef/df k/LIff ;~rfng ul/of] cyf{t\ hlt w]/} ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6L k/LIff
;~rfng ul/of] Tolt a9L ljifout j}wtf a9L x'g] ePsf]n] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf
k/LIff ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] nflu %) k"0ff{ª\sdf
k/LIff ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) cª\sef/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 .

q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] jflif{s cª\sef/ !) ePsfn] klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf kfPsf] cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf ug]{ /
bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf cª\sef/nfO{ cfwf u/L hDdf !) cª\sef/df kfPsf] cª\s /fVg] jf b'j} q}dfl;s
k/LIffdf kfPsf] cª\snfO{ hf]8]/ @ n] efu ug]{, h:t} M klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf s'g} ljBfyL{n]
$) kfPsf] lyof] / !) df ?kfGt/0f ubf{ * eof] . To;} u/L bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff %) k"0ff{ª\sdf pSt
ljBfyL{n] $% cª\s kfof] / !) df ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ ( cª\s k|fKt eof] . jflif{s ¿kdf q}dfl;s k/LIffsf] cª\s
lgsfNbf k|To]s q}dfl;sdf kfPsf] cª\snfO{ cfwf cfwf u/]/ /fVg] jf b'j} q}dfl;s k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] cª\s

55
 hf]8]/ @ n] efu ug]{, h:t}M dfly lbOPsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ klxnf] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt
u/]sf] k|fKtfª\s cfwf cfwf ubf{ $ / $=% u/L jflif{s !) c+s ef/df *=% eof] eg] b'j} hf]8]/ @ n] efu ubf{
* ® (  !&÷@  *=% x'G5 .

q}dfl;s ¿kdf glthf lgsfNbf -dflysf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df_

j|m=;= ljBfyL{sf] gfd ;xeflutf k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{ q}dfl;s k/LIff hDdf k|fKt
-$_ -#^_ -!)_ k|fKtfª\s u|8]
! lk|oG; s0f{ # #! *=% $@=% A
@

bf];|f] q}dfl;s / jflif{ssf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]t o;} cfwf/df n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5 . d"Nofª\sgsf
nflu u|]8 l;6 tof/ ug]{ tl/sf n]6/ u|]l8ª sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k'l:tsf, @)&( df lbOPcg';f/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .

56