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Lj1Fg Tyf K - LJLW: Lzifs LGB) ) (LZSF

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45 views397 pages

Lj1Fg Tyf K - LJLW: Lzifs LGB) ) (LZSF

Uploaded by

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lzIfs lgb]]{lzsf

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw

sIff (

-of] lzIfs lgb]{lzsf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf ljifout l;sfO pknlAw k"/f ug{ tyf kf7\ok':tssf
lj|mofsnfksf] ;xhLs/0fdf lzIfsnfO{ dbt k'uf];\ eGg] x]t'n] ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . o;nfO{ cem /fd|f]
agfpg k|of]ustf{sf ;'emfj eP s]Gb|sf] ;dGjo tyf ;Dkfbg zfvfdf pknAw u/fpg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 . _

klxnf] ;+:s/0f M lj= ;+= @)*)

d'b|s M
xfd|f] egfO
lzIf0f Pp6f snf xf] . kf7\oj|md lzIf0f l;sfOsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . kf7\ok':ts ljBfyL{df ck]lIft bIftf
ljsf; ug]{ Ps d'Vo ;fwg xf] . oxL kf7\ok':tssf] ;kmn / cy{k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu lzIfsnfO{
;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;fdu|L lzIfs lgb]{lzsf xf] . o; kIfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ljBfno
lzIffnfO{ Jofjxfl/s, ;do;fk]If / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] p2]Zon] kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf
kl/dfh{g sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIffn] afnaflnsfdf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo
cjwf/0ff / l;k Pjd\ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] ljsf;sf ;fy} JolStut :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL afgLsf]
ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{'k5{ . cfwf/e"t lzIffsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx¿n] k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs
jftfj/0fk|lt ;r]t eO{ cg'zf;g, ;bfrf/ / :jfanDag h:tf ;fdflhs Pjd\ rfl/lqs u'0fsf] ljsf;
ug'{k5{ . o;n] lj1fg, jftfj/0f / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] ljsf; u/fO{ snf tyf
;f}Gbo{k|lt cle?lr hufpg'k5{ . zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tL, :jf:Yos/ afgL Pjd\ l;h{gfTdstfsf] ljsf; tyf
hfthflt, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt, If]qk|lt ;Ddfg / ;defjsf] ljsf; klg cfwf/e"t lzIffsf ck]lIft kIf x'g\
. b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vf]hL ug'{ klg
cfwf/e"t txsf] lzIffsf cfjZos kIf x'g\ . oL ;a} kIfsf] ;xh k|flKtsf nflu lzIf0f ug{ lzIfsnfO{
plrt lgb]{zg lbg] sfo{ lzIfs lgb]{lzsfn] ug]{ ePsfn ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;
lgb]{lzsfsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
o; lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg >L hok|sfznfn >Ljf:tj, >L hgs/fh kGt, >L xl/k|;fb
/]UdL, >L o'j/fh clwsf/L / >L njb]j e6\6af6 ePsf] xf] . lgb]{lzsfnfO{{ o; ¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df
s]Gb|sf dxflgb]{zs >L j}s'07k|;fb cof{n, k|f=8f=s[i0feSt dxh{g, 8f= sdnk|;fb cfrfo{, >L k|ldnf
avtL, >L pdfgfy nD;fn, >L s]z/axfb'/ v'nfn, >L x]/Da/fh sF8]n, >L ldgf >]i7, >L z}n]zs'df/
k|wfgsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsfsf] efiff ;Dkfbg >L lrgfs'df/L lg/f}nfaf6 ePsf] xf] . o;
lgb]{lzsfsf] clGtdLs/0f,snf ;Dkfbg / 5kfOsf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u USAID Clean air, FHI 360
af6 k|fKt ePsf] xf] . o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ljsf; tyf ;Dkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}k|lt kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
wGojfb k|s6 ub{5 .
lzIfs lgb]{lzsf lzIfsnfO{ sfo{ut k|lzIf0f lbg] / l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofdf gjLg k|ljlw;Fu ;w}F
;lj|mo /fVg] k"/s ;fdu|L xf] . o;df kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':tsdf lgb]{z ul/Psf l;sfO ;Ifstf, l;sfO
pknlAw, ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f tyf l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf lzIfsn] ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlw / tl/sf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 l;sfO afns]lGb|t, l;sfOs]lGb|t, cg'ejs]lGb|t, p2]Zod"ns, k|of]ud'vL /
lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o;df lbOPsf lj|mofsnfknfO{ lzIfsn] cfwf/sf ¿kdf
pkof]u u/L pTkfbgd"ns lj|mofsnfksf dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{sf] 1fg, l;k / wf/0fsf] ljsf; u/fO{ l;s]sf
ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|of]lus agfpg ;Sg] 5g\ eGg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf lzIfsnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;xof]u k'¥ofcf];\ eGg] x]t'n] o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ljsf;
ul/Psf] 5 . sIffdf ;a} k|sf/sf Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ j}olSts ¿kd} cfsng ug{
;xh xf]; eGg] Wo]o o; lgb]{lzsfsf] /x]sf] 5 . l;sfO / ljBfyL{sf] hLjGt cg'ejlar tfbfTDo sfod ub}{
o;sf] ;xh k|of]u ug{ lzIfsn] ;xhstf{, pTk|]/s, k|jw{s / vf]hstf{sf ¿kdf e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff o;
lgb]{lzsfn] u/]sf]] 5 . o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ c´ kl/is[t kfg{sf nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs, a'l4hLjL
Pjd\ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf] ;d]t ljz]if e"ldsf /xg] x'Fbf ;Da4 ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;'´fjsf nflu kf7\oj|md
ljsf; s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|
3
ljifo;"rL
ljifoj:t' k[i7;ª\Vof

PsfO ! j}1flgs cWoog .............................................................................................................................. 3

PsfO @ M ;hLjsf] juL{s/0f .......................................................................................................................... 25
PsfO # Rofp ......................................................................................................................................... 49
PsfO $ j|md ljsf; ................................................................................................................................... 66
PsfO % zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf / hLjg k|lj|mof........................................................................................................85
PsfO ^ k|s[lt / jftfj/0f........................................................................................................................ 119
PsfO & an / rfn................................................................................................................................ 135
PsfO * ;/n oGq .................................................................................................................................. 161

PsfO ( ऊर्जा .......................................................................................................................................174

PsfO !) t/ª\u ....................................................................................................................................190
PsfO !! ljB't\ ..................................................................................................................................... 221
PsfO !@ a|Xdf08 ................................................................................................................................. 249
PsfO !# ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw .............................................................................................................264
PsfO !$ k/df0f' ;+/rgf / /f;folgs aG8 .................................................................................................. 290
PsfO !% /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof.................................................................................................................... 318
PsfO !^ UofF;...................................................................................................................................... 329
PsfO !& wft' / cwft' ............................................................................................................................ 351
PsfO !* sfa{g / o;sf of}lusx¿ .............................................................................................................366
PsfO !( s[lif If]qdf k|of]u x'g] kbfy{x¿ ........................................................................................................ 379
lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf
sIff ( df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifosf] kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjogsf nflu tof/ u/LPsf]
kf7\ok':tssf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u / kf7\oj|mddf pNn]v ul/Psf l;sfO pknlAw k"/f ug{
;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu kf7\o;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf of] lzIfs lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
kf7\oj|mddf pNn]lvt cg'dflgt 306fadf]lhd !^) 306f lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk
;~rfngsf nflu cg'dflgt 306f, l;sfO pknlAw k"/f ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L,
pSt ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk, d"Nofª\sgsf nflu tl/sf / ljleGg
;+1fgfTds txsf k|Zg /fv]/ of] lzIfs lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy;fy}
lzIfsnfO{ yk cWoogsf nflu ljifoj:t';d]t /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf] l;h{gfTds k|of]uaf6
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifodf ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP/ ljBfyL{sf] Go"gtd l;sfO
pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;xh x'g]df kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . lzIfs lgb]{lzsfsf]
k|of]u;DaGwdf Wofglbg' kg]{ s]xL kIf lgDg 5g\ M
— o; lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u kf7 of]hgfsf ¿kdf ug{ ;lsG5 . lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf
lj|mofsnfkafx]s cGo yk lj|mofsnfk cfjZos b]lvPdf ;f]xLcg';f/ b}lgs kf7 of]hgf agfpg
;lsg] 5 .
— o; lgb]{lzsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf lj|mofsnfk lzIf0f l;sfOsf j|mddf lj|mofsnfk 5gf]6 ubf{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] k|of]hgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . To;}n] o;df k|:t't ul/Psf lj|mofsnfk gd'gf jf
pbfx/0f dfq ePsfn] lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] kl/j]zcg'¿k lj|mofsnfk yk ug{ / kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsg]
5.
— o; lzIfs lgb]{lzsfdf kf7sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf sfo{3G6L cg'dflgt dfq x'g\ . lzIfsn] lzIf0f
l;sfOsf j|mddf o;nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg'x'g] 5 .
— k|To]s lbg l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf ljBfyL{ lj|mofsnfksf] cjnf]sg ub]{ ljBfyL{nfO lbOPsf]
lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ lgwf{l/t lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] cjnf]sg ug]{, k|of]u tyf k/LIf0f ug]{, zf]wvf]h
ug]{ h:tf l;k k|b{zg u/] gu/]sf] x]/]/ n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{sf] sfo{sf cfwf/df l;sfOsf nflu
d"Nofª\sg tyf cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg k|of]hg;d]tsf nflu k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf] clen]v
/fVg'xf];\ . yk ;xof]u rflxg] ljBfyL{sf] klxrfg u/L cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbFb} yk ;xof]u ug'{xf];\
h;sf nflu lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg ljlw (CAS) pkof]u ug'{xf];\ .
— ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs l;sfO n]vfhf]vfsf nflu cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlw @)*) df lbOPsf cfwf/
tyf ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
— k|To]s lbgsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] j|mddf l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk
;xof]u ug{ k|ltefjfg\\ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ tyf ;xof]ufTds / ;xsfo{ k4ltcg';f/ ;xhLs/0f
ug'{xf];\ .
— zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L jf ljz]if Ifdtf ePsf ljBfyL{sf nflu Go"gtd l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug{ pko'St
d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg ljsf; u/L l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— l;sfO ;xof]u cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{nufot ;a} ljBfyL{sf xsdf Go"gtd l;sfO pknlAw
xfl;n ePsf] ;'lglZrttf geP;Dd k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf (Scaffolding) lbg'xf];\ .
— cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlw @)*) df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ljBfyL{sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf
clen]vnfO{ k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] sfo{;~rlosf -Portfolio) df Jojl:yt u/L clen]vLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
— k|To]s PsfOsf] cGTodf lbOPsf cEof;sf k|ZgnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ tyf PsfO k/LIffdfkm{t ;du|
PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
1
— x/]s PsfOdf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg tyf lj|mofsnfknfO{ k|of]u, /rgfTds ;f]r, ;d:of ;dfwfg,
l;sfO tyf ;~rf/ l;knufot Jojxf/s'zn l;ksf] ljsf;df dbt k'Ug] kIfdf hf]8 lbg] u/L
ljsf; ug'{kg]{ 5 .
— kl/of]hgf sfo{ ljBfyL{ cfkmF}n] jf:tljs ;+;f/df u/]/ l;Sg] -learning by doing_ l;4fGtdf
cfwfl/t x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf kf7\oj|md tyf kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu
of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ . pSt of]hgfdf ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ lzIfssf] ;xof]u, cleefjssf]
;xof]u, ljBfyL{n] JolStut ¿kdf jf ;d"xdf ug'{kg]{ xf] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . o;sf cnfjf pSt
kl/of]hgf sfo{ slt ;dodf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ xf], sIffdf s'g lbg k|:t'tLs/0f ug'{kg]{ xf] / pSt
kl/of]hgf sfo{nfO cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg;Fu hf]8\g'kg]{ kIf;d]t ;d]6\g'xf];\ . tf ls kl/of]hgf sfo{
cy{k"0f{ eO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'Ug ;sf];\ .
— sIffdf lbOPsf sfo{df pTs[i6 ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]ssf nflu d]l/6 lr6 k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf u/L
jif{el/df h'g ljBfyL{n] ;a}eGbf a9L d]l/6 lr6 k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 p;nfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{
h:tf sfo{ u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf pTk|]l/t ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

2
PsfO ! j}1flgs cWoog (Scientific Study)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M &

!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)

o; PsfOdf ljBfyL{df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lsg k9\g] < lj1fgsf ljleGg zfvfsf If]q s] 5g\ < lj1fg
tyf k|ljlwsf] 1fgsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u s;/L ug]{ < lj1fg tyf k|ljlw ljifodf k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf
sfo{;Fu ;DaGwLt lj|mofsnfk ubf{ ;'/IffTds pkfo s] s] x'G5g\ < eGg] k|Zgdf s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 .
To:t} dfkg sfo{ ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fsf] Go"gtd gfk (Least count ) eGbf sdsf] kl/df0f To;
pks/0fn] dfkg ug{ ;Sb}g\ . ef}lts kl/df0fsf] dfkg ubf{ Ps k6s dfq gu/L k6s k6s u/]/ To;sf]
cf};t dfg lnOof] eg] dfq pSt glthf ljZj;gLo x'G5 eGg] ljifoj:t'df of] PsfO s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 .

@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)

-s_ j}1flgs cWoog / lj1fgsf If]qsf] kl/ro lbO{ oL If]qdf k];fut cj;/sf] vf]hL ug{
-v_ lj1fg tyf k|ljlwn] NofPsf pknlAw tyf r'gf}tLsf] ;dLIff ug{
-u_ lj1fgsf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ ;'/IffTds pkfo cjnDag ug{
-3_ dfkgdf j}1flgs ;ª\s]tg -scientific notation_, d]l6«s pk;u{ (Metric prefixes), Go"gtd
gfk -least count_ / cf};tsf] k|of]u ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)

j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_

=
!= j}1flgs cWoog  kl/ro !
(Scientific Study)  lj1fgsf If]qx¿ – hLj lj1fg –
ef}lts lj1fg – /;fog lj1fg – e"
tyf cGtl/If lj1fg – jftfj/0f
lj1fg
@= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw  lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qdf k];fut cj;/ !
(Science and  lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf pknlAw /
Technology) r'gf}tL
#= j}1flgs k|of]u  lj1fgsf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ !
(Scientific ckgfpg'kg]{ ;'/Iffsf pkfo
Experiments) / gfk  gfk
-Measurement)

3
$= j}1flgs ;ª\s]tg  kl/ro @
(Scientific  j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgdf JoSt ubf{ Wofg
Symbol) d]l6«s lbg'kg]{ s'/f
pk;u{x¿ (Metric  kl/ro
Prefixes)  k|rlnt d]l6«s pk;u{ -cy{ /
symbol): 6]/f -T_, luuf -G_, d]uf
-M_, lsnf] -k_, 8];L -d_, ;]G6L= -c_,
ldln -m_, dfOj|mf] -_, Gffgf] -n_, /
lksf] -p_
%= Go"gtd gfk -least  kl/ro !
count_  dxŒj / k|of]u
 cf};t gfksf] cfjZostf
^= k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !

gf]6 M l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ;Fu;Fu} x'g] 5 . l;sfO lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf l;sfO
ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g]u/L ljleGg lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng u/L Go"gtd l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf afah'b sltko ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . t;y{ tflnsfsf] clGtd a'Fbfsf
;Gbe{df PsfOut -s_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf -;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{_ ¿kdf
Go"gtd ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf lbg, l;sfO
lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L ;xeflutf u/fpg, k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk,
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]vLs/0f ug{ -v_ PsfOdf plNnlvt ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO
pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ b'j} sfo{ ug{sf nflu ! 306fsf] ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M j}1flgs cWoog
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)
— lj1fg / o;sf If]qsf] kl/ro lbg
— j}1flgs cWoogsf] kl/ro lbg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
j}1flgs l;sfOsf r/0f k|:t't ug]{ kfj/kf]OG6, sfuhsf kfgf, hnrj|m;DaGwL ˆnf]rf6{ jf >Job[Zo
;fdu|L, hLj lj1fg, ef}lts lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg tyf e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg h:tf lj1fgsf If]qsf]
cjwf/0ff JoSt ug]{ cjwf/0ff lrq (Concept map), sfutLsf 6'j|mf, pH scale, ln6d; k]k/
-lgnf]_ / hLj lj1fg, ef}lts lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg tyf e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg;DaGwL rlr{t
j}1flgsx¿sf] tl:a/ .

4
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

— ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] a'emfOdf lj1fg eg]sf] s] xf] < Ps ldg]6leq n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
— glhs}sf] ;fyL;Fu hf]8fdf a;]/ ! ldg]6leq sfkLdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
— k|To]s hf]8faf6 Ps hgfnfO{ gbf]xl/g] u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— o;sf cfwf/df k|fs[lts 36gfsf] r/0fa4 cWoog g} lj1fg xf] eg]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg]
lj|mofsnfk @ M j}1flgs cWoog (Scientific Study)

— dflysf] cjwf/0ff lrq k|bz{g u/L ;a} ljBfyL{sflardf cjwf/0ff lrqdf s] s] b]vfOPsf] 5 <
JofVof u/fO{ j}1flgs cWoogsf r/0fsf] :d/0f u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
— sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]s ;d"xdf a/fa/ ;ª\Vof kg]{ u/L ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofcg';f/ ;d"x
lgdf{0f ug{'xf];\ .
— k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ j}1flgs cWoogsf] r/0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{ k|bfg ug{'xf];\ / k|To]s ;d"xnfO{
To;sf j|md ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
— To;kl5 glhs}sf] ;d"x;Fu t'ngf u/L ;xL j|md agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
— k|bz{g af]8{df kf7\ok':tssf] lrq !=@ k|bz{g u/L 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

5
lj|mofsnfk %
lbOPsf] k|lj|mof cjnDag u/L k|To]s r/0fdf tnsf] tflnsf k"/f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— sfutLsf] bfgfsf] /; las/df /fv]/ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— o;;DaGwL ljBfyL{sf] wf/0ff ;ª\sng ug{'xf];\ .
— kfn}kfnf] ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ cg'dfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— ln6d; k]k/sf] ;fxfotfaf6 k/LIf0f u/L of] cDn jf Iff/ s] xf] < k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ /
lgisif{ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
l;=g= j}1flgs l;sfOsf r/0f k|of]udf ul/Psf lj|mofsnfk t'ngf
!= cjnf]sg / vf]hsf nflu k|Zg sfutLsf] /; cDnLo, Iff/Lo jf t6:y s:tf] k|s[ltsf]
lgdf{0f x'G5 <
@= kl/sNkgf lgdf{0f
#= k|of]uaf6 k/LIf0f
$= kl/0ffd / lgisif{
%= kl/sNkgf kl/If0f
^= l;¢fGt lgdf{0f

lj|mofsnfk ^
— kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= # / $ k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut ¿kdf cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf]; /
hnrj|m tyf sf]le8 EoflS;gsf] ljsf;df j}1flgs cWoogsf r/0f :ki6 ug{'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

6
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

— kf7\k':tssf] lj|mofsnfk g= !=! 3/df cEof; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

7
bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M lj1fg tyf k|ljlw (Science and Technology)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

— lj1fgsf If]qx¿, hLj lj1fg, ef}lts lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg, e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg / jftfj/0f
lj1fg cflbaf/] wf/0ff (Area of Science, Concept of Biology, Physics, Chemistry,
Geology and Astronomy and environmental science) sf] kl/ro lbg
— lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qdf k];fut cj;/, pknlAw / r'gf}tLsf] JofVof ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

ljleGg j}1flgssf kmf]6f], lj1fgsf k];fut ljleGg cj;/;DaGwL tflnsf, lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L, d]6fsf8{ / ;xL k|of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObf / k|ljlwsf] unt
k|of]uaf6 x'g] xfgL;DaGwL kf]:6/ jf lel8of] / cGo pknAw ljleGg ;fdu|L

lj|mofsnfk !
ljBfyL{nfO{ s, v, u / 3 u/L rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ;d"x …sÚ nfO{ hLj lj1fg, …vÚ nfO{ ef}lts
lj1fg, …uÚ nfO{ /;fog lj1fg / …3Ú nfO{ cGt/ljifos If]qsf af/]df kf7\ok':tssf] k[i7 $, % / ^
cWoog u/L ;fd'lxs 5nkmnsf] lgisif{sf cfwf/df oL ljifosf] 5f]6f] kl/ro tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— k|To]s ;d"xdf Ps hgfnfO{ ;d"x sfo{ k|:t't ug{ nufO{ afFsL ;d"xnfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg
nufpg]
— o;sf cfwf/df k|To]s If]qsf] kl/efiff / To;sf zfvfsf k];fut ;Defjgfsf af/]df ;ª\If]kdf
atfO lbg]

lj|mofsnfk @
-s_ hLj lj1fg, ef}lts lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg, e" tyf cGtl/If lj1fg / jftfj/0f lj1fg cflb;Fu
;DalGwt ljleGg j}1flgssf tn lbPsf kmf]6f]dWo] k|To]s 8]:ssf k|ltlglwnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f tfGg
nufpg] / pSt kmf]6f] lj1fgsf] s'g If]qsf j}1flgssf] xf] eGb} pgLx¿sf af/]df 8]:ssf ;fyL;Fu
5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-v_ cGTodf tL j}1flgssf af/]df cfk"mn] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ yk s'g} j}1flgssf af/]df
yfxf eP k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

8
hLj lj1fgsf lktf Pl/:6f]6n

/;fogzf:qsf lktf PG6f]Og n]ef]Oh/ ef}lts lj1fgsf lktf ;/ cfOhs Go'6g

lgisif{ M ef}lts lj1fg, /;fog lj1fg, hLj lj1fg tyf vuf]n lj1fg / cGo cGt/;DalGwt If]q 5g\ .
oL If]qdf cfwf/e"t ¿kdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ ljlzi6 j}1flgsnfO{ Tof] If]qsf] lktfsf ¿kdf
JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

9
lj|mofsnfk # lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qdf k];fut cj;/x¿ (Professional opportunities of
various fields of science)

— ljBfyL{sf] k"j{1fg k/LIf0f ug{sf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/ jf pgLx¿n] lrg]sf JolSt
s'g s'g k];fdf cfj¢ 5g\ ;f]Wg'xf];\ / af]8{df l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
— l6kf]6 ul/Psf k];fdWo] s'g s'g k];fsf nflu lj1fgsf] cWoog ug'k{ 5{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
— 5gf]6 ePsf k];fsf nflu lj1fgsf] s'g If]qsf] ljlzi6 cWoog ug'{k5{ k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
— k]h g= % sf] lj|mofsnfk 1.2 sf] tflnsf k|of]u u/L jf o:t} vfnsf] rf6{sf] k|of]u u/L jf
OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u/L lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qsf] cj;/sf af/]df atfpg'xf];\ / lj1fgsf ljleGg
If]qdf sfd ug]{ dflg;n] ug]{ sfo{sf] ljj/0f;lxt s'g ljifosf] cWoog ug]{ dflg; s'g If]qdf
k|j]z ug{ kfpF5 eGg] s'/fsf] lj:t[tLs/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

10
lgisif{ M lj1fgsf ljleGg If]q x'G5g\ / tL If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf cj;/ x'G5g\ .

ICH: sltko cj:yfdf cGhfgd} j}1flgs l;sfO eO/fv]sf] x'G5 . Hof]ltif zf:q klg nfdf] ;dosf]
cg'ejsf cfwf/df ljsl;t lj1fg xf] .

lj|mofsnfk # lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qsf] pknlAw / r'gf}tLx¿ (Achievements and Challenges of

various fields of science)

11
-c_ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= ^ sf] lj1fgsf ljleGg If]qsf] pknlAw;DaGwL tflnsf, cGtl/Ifdf afnL
pTkfbg ul/Psf] tYo, rfns/lxt /f]af]l6s sf/, Plnogsf] cl:tŒj, rGb|dfaf6 NofOPsf % cf]6f gd'gf,
v}/f] km'Rr] u|xdf xfjfsf] ult gflkPsf], (Wind speed on a brown dwarf measured), ljZjsf] k'/fgf] pNsf
kQf nfu]sf]], (World's oldest meteor crater found), dª\un u|x ld;g @)@) (Nasa's Mars 2020 mission),
rGb|dfdf kfgL (Water on moon), Knfl:6s vfg] ;'k/ OGhfOd Plastic-eating 'super-enzymes' cflb h:tf
lj1fgsf ;g\ @)@) sf pknlAw k|:t't ub}{ cGo jif{sf pknlAw klg ljBfyL{nfO{ vf]h ug{ nufpg'xf];\ jf
>Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] ;xfotfn] lzIfs cfkm}Fn] k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

xftv'6\6f efFlrbf jf dls{Fbf klxn] klxn] AofG8]hsf ;6\6f afF;sf ef6fsf] ;xof]un] sfd|f] afFWg] rng lyof]
. clxn] klg b'/b/fhdf of] k|rng sfod} 5 . sfd|fn] hf]gL{nfO{ rNg glbO ;xh} lgsf] x'g] uYof]{ .
-cf_ ljB't\ hlt pkof]uL 5 Tolt g} vt/fo'St klg 5 lsgsL ;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]u ul/Pg eg] o;n]
Hofg g} lng] s'/f cjut u/fpg] . o:t} cGo pbfx0f ljBfyL{;Fu ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ / cGTodf lj1fgsf
pknlwnfO{ ;xL ;b'kof]u u/] ;a}sf nflu kmfObfhgs x'G5 eg] b'?kof]u u/]sf] v08df vt/gfs x'g
;S5 eGg] lgisif{df k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

-O_ dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ M

12
— lx6 OlGhgsf cfljisf/snfO{ o;n] pT;h{g ug]{ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8n] eljiodf Unf]an jfld{ªdf
olt w]/} of]ubfg k'¥ofpnf eGg] x]Ssf lyof] xf]nf <
— -k]h g= ( sf] tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg j}1flgs cfljisf/n] NofPsf gs/fTds c;/;DaGwL ljleGg
lel8of] k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M hfkfgsf] km's'l;dfdf ljikmf]6 ePsf] cf0fljs e6\6Ln] u/fPsf] hgwgsf]
Iflt, r]gf]{ljndf ePsf] cf0fljs e6\6Lsf] ljikmf]6, ef/tsf] ef]kfndf ePsf] UofF; KnfG6 ljikmf]6 cflbsf]
lel8of] tyf kmf]6f] k|:t't u/L lj1fgsf r'gf}tLsf] cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .

13
r]gf]{ljn lj:kmf]6 ef]kfn UofF; lj:kmf]6

km's'l;df Go'lSno/ KnfG6 lj:kmf]6 olt Po/sf] ljdfg kf]v/fdf b'3{6gf

lgisif{ j}1flgs cfljisf/ kmfObfhgs dfq xf]Og, To;sf] unt k|of]un] xflgsf/s 5g\ / wghgsf] Iflt
klg ug{ ;S5g\ .

d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

14
— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf
sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ lj1fgsf s'g} b'O{ pknlAw atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ lj1fgsf] k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ j}1flgs cfljisf/sf s'g} $ r'gf}tL atfpg'xf];\ .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

ljBfnodf ;~rfng x'g] cltl/St lj|mofsnfk cGtu{t ælj1fg a/bfg ls clezfk <Æ zLif{sdf jfbljjfb
;~rfng ug'{xf];\ . pSt ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] k|:t'tLnfO{ cfGtl/s d'Nofª\sgdf ;dfj]z ug'{xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t' M j}1flgs k|of]u (Scientific Experiments) / gfk (Measurement)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

lj1fgsf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;'/Iffsf pkfo cjnDag ug{ / gfk;DaGwL cjwf/0ff JoSt
ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

k|of]uzfnfdf k|of]ufTds sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgL n]lvPsf tflnsf

15
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M k|of]uzfnfdf sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLx¿ (Precautions to be taken at

Laboratory)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f 6]:66\o'a xf]N8/ / 6]:66\o'a
:6\ofG8;Fu} Pp6f 6]:66\o'adf clnslt ;Nˆo'l/s cDn / ;f]l8od xfO8«f]S;fO8 /fvL pgLx¿sf] 6]:66\o'a

:6\ofG8df /flvlbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ x/]s ;d"xsf] ;Nˆo'l/s cDn ePsf] 6]:66\o'adf Ps yf]kf o'lge;{n OlG8s]6/ /flvlbg'xf];\ .

-O_ ljBfyL{nfO{ 6]:66\o'a xf]N8/sf ;xfotfn] Pp6f 6]:66\o'asf] /;fognfO{ csf]{ 6]:66\o'asf] /;fog;Fu
ld;fpg nfufpg'xf];\ clg pgLx¿n] cjnf]sg u/]sf] tYo sfkLdf l6Kg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ ca o; k|of]udf 6]:66\o';Fu xf]N8/ / :6\ofG8 glnPsf] eP / l;w} xftn] ;dfPsf] eP s] x'GYof] sNkgf
u/L atfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

-p_ 6]:66\o';Fu xf]N8/ glnPsf] eP xftdf Pl;8 kg{ uO{ xft kf]Ng ;SYof] . 6]:66\o'a :6\ofG8sf] k|of]u
gu/]sf eP 6]:66\o'a n8]/ /;fog Kff]lvGYof] / b'3{6gf x'g ;SYof] . b'3{6gfaf6 aFRgsf nflu
6]:66\o';Fu xf]N8/ / :6\ofG8 k|of]u ul/Psf] tYo atfpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @

— dflysf] k|of]u / cluNnf] 3G6Lsf] ljifoj:t';Fu hf]8\b} ljBfnosf] k|of]zfnfdf ljleGg j}1flgs
k|of]u ubf{ klg b'3{6gf x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] k|of]uzfnfdf cfjZos ;fjwfgL ckgfpg h?/L 5
eGg] cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg'xf];\ / k|of]uzfnfdf ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgL s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]w]/ af]8{df l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
— k]h g= & df lbOPsf] k|of]uzfnfdf sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLsf] ;"rL cWoog u/L k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
16
Rff}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t' M j}1flgs ;ª\s]tg (Scientific Notations)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes / Specific objective)
j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgdf JoSt ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ JoSt ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

j}1flgs ;ª\s]tg;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk !

— ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg k|Zgsf pQ/ cg'dfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt k|Zgsf] pQ/ af]8{df n]lvlbg'xf];\
.

-s_ k[YjLsf] cg'dflgt lk08 slt lsnf]u|fd 5 <

-v_ k[YjLaf6 ;"o{sf] cf};t b'/L slt ld6/ 5 <

-u_ g]kfnsf] k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{sf] s'n nDafO slt ld6/ 5 <

-3_ Ps lbgdf slt ;]s]G8 x'G5 <

-ª_ xfd|f] skfnsf] /f}Fsf] df]6fO slt ld6/ x'G5 <

-r_ kfgLsf] c0f'sf] ;fOh slt ld6/ x'G5 <

-5_ OnS6«f]gsf] ;fOh slt ld6/ 5 <

pQ/

j|m=;= Ef}lts kl/df0f Dfg

-s_ k[YjLsf] cg'dflgt lk08 5.9,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
-v_ k[YjLaf6 ;"o{sf] cf};t b'/L 150,000,000,000 m
-u_ g]kfnsf] k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf] s'n nDafO 1,028,000 m
-3_ Ps lbg a/fa/ 86,400 s

-ª_ xfd|f] skfnsf] /f}Fsf] ;/b/ df]6fO 0.000 080 m

-Rf_ kfgLsf] c0f'sf] ;fOh 0.000 000 000 28 m

17
-5_ OnS6«f]gsf] ;fOh 0.000 000 000 000 2 m

— ca o:tf kl/df0fnfO{ JoSt ug{ w]/} ufx|f] x'G5 To;sf/0f logLx¿nfO{ JoSt ug]{ ;lhnf] tl/sf
cfjZos 5 egL dx;'; u/fpg'xf];\ .
— j}1flgsn] o:tf w]/} 7'nf / clt ;fgf kl/df0fnfO{ JoSt ug]{ ;lhnf] :t/Ls[t ljlw to u/]sf]
tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . pSt ljlwdf w]/} 7'nf / ;fgf kl/df0fnfO{ 10 sf] 3ftfª\ssf ¿kdf
JoSt ul/g] tYo hgfpFb} af]8{df ePsf] tflnsfdf sf]nd ykL j}1flgs ;ª\s]tg
n]lvlbg'xf];\ . s'g} s'g} ljBfyL{df of] 1fg x'g ;S5 . To;}n] Ps k6s ;f]Wg'xf];\ / ldn] cj;/
lbg'xf];\ .

j|m=;= Ef}lts kl/df0f Dfg j}1flgs ;ª\s]tg

-s_ k[YjLsf] cg'dflgt lk08 5.9,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 5.91024 kg
-v_ k[YjLaf6 ;"o{sf] cf};t b'/L 150,000,000,000 m 1.51011 m
-u_ g]kfnsf] k"j{klZrd 1,028,000 m 1.02106 m
/fhdfu{sf] s'n nDafO
-3_ Ps lbg a/fa/ 86,400 s 8.64104 s

-ª_ xfd|f] skfnsf] /f}Fsf] ;/b/ 0.000 08 m 810-5 m

df]6fO
-r_ kfgLsf] c0f'sf] ;fOh 0.000 000 000 28 m 2.810-10 m
-5_ OnS6«f]gsf] ;fOh 0.000 000 000 000 2 m 210-13 m

— dflysf] tflnsf k"/f ePkl5 ljBfyL{nfO{ tflnsfsf] t];|f] sf]nddf ePsf dfgnfO{ cWoog ug{
nufP/ ltgLx¿df ;femf s'/f s] 5 < cyf{t\ s'g} klg ;ª\VofnfO{ j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgdf JoSt ubf{
s] s] lgod kfngf ug'{kbf]{ /x]5 < egL ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
— kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !) df lbOPcg';f/ k'0ff{ª\s, dlG6;f, 3ftfª\s / cfwf/ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgsf s]xL pbfx/0f o;k|sf/ 5g\ . s'g} ;ª\Vof = 5.9x1024
of] ;ª\Vofdf 5 u'0ffª\s (Coefficient), .9 dlG6;f- Mantissa_, 10 cfwf/ (base) / 24
3ftfª\s (indices) x'g\ .
— ca k]h g= !!df lbOPsf] j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgsf lgoddf ljBfyL{sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg'xf];\ .

18
— x/]s lgodsf nflu s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ lgod jfrg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt lgod dflysf]
tflnsfdf s;/L nfu' eof] JofVof ul/lbg'xf];\ .
— ca ljBfyL{nfO{ gofF ;ª\Vof lbP/, pbfx/0fsf nflu 2340000, 5000, 0.00052,
0.00000080, cflb lbP/ ;fd'lxs ¿kdf 5nkmn u/L tL ;ª\VofnfO{ j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgdf JoSt
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— To;kl5 s'g} Ps ;ª\Vofsf nflu s'g} Ps ;d"xnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k|:t'tstf{nfO{ pSt
;ª\s]tgdf lgod s;/L nfu' eP atfpg nfufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/] c¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ sd]G6 ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . of] r/0f c¿ ;ª\Vofsf nflu klg bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{ M j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgdf w]/} 7'nf 7'nf dfgnfO{ klg ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] u'0ffª\s, dlG6;f, cfwf/ /
3ftfª\s cflbsf ¿kdf JoSt ug{ ;lsG5 .

u[xsfo{

!= tnsf ;ª\VofnfO{ j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgdf JoSt ug'{xf];\ .

123000 300000000 0.00042 0.00000001

@= kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= !% sf] cEof; g= !

3 sf] ;xL pQ/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . ;fy} cGo
ljsNk lsg unt x'g\ sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .

19
kfFrf}F lbg (Fifth day)
ljifoj:t' M d]l6«s pk;u{x¿ (Scientific Notations and metric prefixes)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

d]l6«s pk;u{sf] kl/ro lbg tyf k|of]u ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

d]l6«s pk;u{ tyf ltgLx¿sf dfg n]lvPsf $ k|lt d]6fsf8{ tyf Pp6f rf6{, ljleGg gfksf]
¿kfGt/0fsf tflnsf cflb .

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk !M d]l6«s pk;u{ -Metric Prefixes)

— h;/L xfdL 7'nf ;ª\Vof hgfpg xhf/, nfv, ca{ h:tf zAb hgfpF5f}F To;}u/L j}1flgsn] klg
7'nf ;fgf kl/df0fnfO{ ;lhn} JoSt ug{ ljleGg pk;u{ k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] tYo atfpFb} ldln, ;]lG6,
lsnf], d]uf cflbsf] cy{ s] xf] egL ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ / d]l6«s pk;u{sf] kl/ro
lbg'xf];\ .
— tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] h:tf] d]l6«s pk;u{sf] Pp6f rf6{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ / o;;DaGwL JofVof
ub}{ o;sf] ¿kfGt/0faf/] hfgsf/L u/fpFb} cEof; klg u/fpg'xf];\ .

— d]l6«s pk;u{sf] rf6{ x6fpg'xf];\ / d]l6«s pk;u{ / ltgsf dfg n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{ ljt/0f
ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ k':ts gx]/L d]l6«s pk;u{ / ltgsf dfgsf d]6fsf8{ hf]8f ldnfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
— lsnf]ld6/, ;]lG6ld6/, ldlnld6/ cflb zAbdf zAbljGof; u/L pk;u{ / PsfO 5'6\ofP/ oL
zAbsf cy{ atfOlbg'xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lsnf]ld6/ Ö lsnf] -pk;u{_ ± ld6/ -PsfO_
lsnf]sf] cy{ 1000, t;y{, lsnf]ld6/Ö1000 ld6/
— sIffsfo{ M ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"x ;d"xdf lgDg sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

20
xfjfdf ePsf 2.5 micrometer eGbf sd ;fOhsf s0f
:jf:Yosf nflu clt xflgsf/s x'G5g\ . ljZj :jf:Yo
;ª\u7gn] xfjfsf] u'0f:t/ dfkg ubf{ xfjfdf 2.5
micrometer eGbf sd ;fOhsf s0fsf] dfqfnfO{ u'0f:t/
lgwf{/s dfg]sf] 5 . ca, 2.5 micrometer nfO{
bzdnjdf JoSt ug'{xf];\ . o;nfO{ j}1flgs ;ª\s]tgdf klg
JoSt ug'{xf];\ .

5}6f}F lbg (Sixth day)

ljifoj:t' M Go"gtd gfk -least count_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

Go"gtd gfksf] kl/ro lbg, Go"gtd gfksf] dxŒj JoSt ug{ / k|of]u ug{, cf}ift gfksf]
cfjZostf dxŒj / k|of]u JoSt ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
;]lG6ld6/ :s]n, d]hl/ª 6]k, :6kjfr, k|f]6\ofS6/, Pld6/, ef]N6ld6/, d]hl/ª l;lnG8/, 9'ª\uf jf u'Rrf,
ljleGg vfnsf d]6fsf8{ / cfjZostfcg';f/sf cGo :yfgLo ;fdu|L

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M Go"gtd gfksf] kl/ro / dxŒj (Introduction of least count and its
importance)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ # ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ km/s km/s gfksf Ps Pscf]6f sfuhsf 6'j|mf / Ps Pscf]6f :s]n lbg'xf];\ .

-O_ ;a} ;d"xnfO{ sfuhsf] 6'j|mfsf] nDafO, rf}8fO / df]6fO gfKg nufO{ tn lbOPsf] tflnsf eg{
nufpg'xf];\ .

nDafO s}lkmot

21
Rff}8fO
Dff]6fO

-O{) lbOPsf] :s]naf6 sfuhsf] 6'j|mfsf] nDafO / rf}8fO gfKg ;lsG5 t/ df]6fO gfKg ;lsFb}g . To;sf
nflu cGo ljlzi6 pks/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ eGg] tYo ljBfyL{nfO{ dx;'; u/fpg]

-p_ :s]nn] Ps ldlnld6/eGbf sdsf] kl/df0f gfKg ;lsFb}g cyf{t\ Ps ldlnld6/ of] :s]nn] gfKg
;lsg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] -Go"gtd_ kl/df0f xf] . o;nfO{ Go"gtd gfk elgG5 egL JofVof ub}{ gfksf
k|To]s pks/0fsf] Go"gtd gfk x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ . ;fy} of] dfg Pgfnu pks/0fsf
xsdf :s]nsf b'O{ cfk;L wsf{larsf] dfg xf] egL k|:6 klg kfg'{xf];\ .

-pm_ d]hl/ª 6]k, 38L, k|f]6\ofS6/ cflb pks/0f lbP/ ltgLx¿sf Go"gtd gfk kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

-P_ s'g} klg gfk lnFbf To;sf] Go"gtd gfk;Ddsf] dfg pb\w[t ug{ clgjfo{ x'G5 egL atfpg'xf];\ / lgDg
k|sf/sf pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ M

pbfx/0fsf nflu sfuhsf] kfgfsf] nDafO

;fwf/0f :s]nn] gfKbf 30 cm 0 mm jf 30.0 cm n]Vg'k5{ lsgls o;sf] Go"gtd gfk 1 mm xf] .
t/ d]hl/ª 6]kn] gfKbf 30 cm n]Vg'k5{ lsgls o;sf] Go"gtd gfk 1 cm x'G5 . ;fwf/0f :s]nn] gfk]/
30 cm n]v]df unt x'G5 .

lgisif{ M gfk lnP/ dfg JoSt ubf{ gfKg k|of]u ul/Psf pks/0fsf] Go"gtd dfg;Dd pb\w[t ug}{k5{ .

lj|mofsnfk @ cf};t gfksf] cfjZostf / dxŒj (Need and importance of average in

measurement)

-c_ k]h g= !$ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufO{ cf};t gfksf] cfjZostf / o;sf] dxŒjsf af/]df
JofVof ub}{ j}1flgs cWoogdf ;fgf] ;fgf] kl/df0fsf] dfkgdf ;d:of x'g ;S5 To;}n] ;xL kl/df0f
k|fKt ug{ bf]xf]¥ofO{, t]x]¥ofO{ cyjf w]/} k6s dfkg u/L cf};t lgsfNbf ;xL dfkg k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]
s'/fsf] cjut u/fpg]

22
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

23
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)
!= d]hl/ª 6]ksf] k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] 3/sf] cfkm" ;'Tg] sf]7fsf] nDafO, rf}8fO / prfOsf] PSs'/]6 gfk
lng'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

@= Ps hgf ;fyLsf] ;xfotfn] cfˆgf] 3/sf] klxnf] tNnfaf6 s'g} Pp6f 9'ª\uf % k6s v;fpg'xf];\ / pSt
v;]sf] ;do :6kjfrsf ;xfotfn] Tof] ;do /]s8{ ug'{xf];\ / cGTodf To;sf] cf};t lgsfNg'xf];\ .

j|m=;= 9'ª\uf e'Od

F f v:g nfu]sf] ;do cf};t ;do
!= klxnf] k6s v;fNbf
@= bf];|f] k6s v;fNbf
#= t];|f] k6s v;fNbf
$= Rff}yf] k6s v;fNbf
%= kfFrf}F k6s v;fNbf

;ftf}F lbg (Seventh Day)

k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

 o; PsfOsf] cGTodf sG;]K6 Dofk agfP/ k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] PsfOsf] ;du|
l;sfOsf] k|ltljDag ug{ nufpg'xf];\ jf o:t} ;du| l;sfO emlNsg] cGo s'g} k|ltljDagsf ljlw,
tf}/tl/sf tyf /0fgLlt k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
 kl/of]hgf sfo{ l;sfO lj|mofsnfk;Fu} u/fO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s lbgsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] j|mddf l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu
yk ;xof]u ug]{, k|ltefjfg\\ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds
k4ltcg';f/ l;sfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ckfª\utfcg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ sDtLdf @) cf]6f ax'j}slNks k|Zg
-1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u /
pRr bIftf tx_ agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f
lbg'xf];\ .
 g]kfndf k/df0f' pmhf{ ;Defjgf;DaGwL k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

24
PsfO @ M ;hLjsf] juL{s/0f (Classification of Living Beings)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M )^
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOcGtu{t juL{s/0fsf] kl/ro, hLjsf] b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnL -binomial system of
nomenclature_, j+z -Genus_ / k|hflt -Species_, kfFr hut\\ k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff tyf dg]/f, k|f]l6:6f /
kmGhfO{{ hut\\sf ljz]iftf / pbfx/0f h:tf ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|of]ufTds ljlw, If]qe|d0f, cjnf]sg ljlw, k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw, 5nkmn ljlw
cflbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt, ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf, ;|f]t / ;dosf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fy}
u|flkm6L, ;f]Rg] hf]8L agfpg] / cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug]{, k/:k/ lzIf0f h:tf lj|mofsnfksf] k|of]u ul/Psf]
5 . l;sfO ;xhLs/0fs} cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ;fwg M cjnf]sg, ?la|S;, df}lvs
k|Zgf]Q/ tyf ljifout / j:t'ut k|Zgåf/f ljBfyL{n] xfl;n ug]{ l;sfO pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g] 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw ( learning outcomes)
-s_ hLjsf] låkbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnL -binomial system of nomenclature_ sf] kl/ro lbg / o;sf
cfwf/df hLjsf] j}1flgs gfd n]Vg
-v_ j+z -Genus_ / k|hflt -species_ nfO{ kl/eflift ug{
-u_ kfFr hut\\ k|0ffnLcg';f/ hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{
-3_ d]g]/f, k|f]l6:6f / kmGhfO{{ hut\\sf ljz]iftf j0f{g ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)
j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
=
!= ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] kl/ro  juL{s/0fsf] kl/ro !
 ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] kl/ro
 ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] dxŒj
@= j+z -Genus_ / k|hflt  j+z -Genus_ sf] kl/ro / pbfx/0f !
-Species_  k|hflt -Species_ sf] kl/ro / pbfx/0f
 ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf tx
#= hLjsf] b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f  hLjsf] b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnL !
k|0ffnL -Binomial system of nomenclature_
-binomial system of  kfFr hut\\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff
nomenclature_ kfFr hut\\
juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf]
cjwf/0ff
$= df]g]/f / k|f]l6:6f  kfFr hut\\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf cfwf/ !
 df]g]/f hut\\sf ljz]iftf / pbfx/0f
25
 k|f]l6:6f hut\sf ljz]iftf / pbfx/0f
%= kmGhfO{{  kmGhfO{{ hut\\sf ljz]iftf / pbfx/0f !
 tLg}cf]6f hut\\sf] t'ngfTds cWoog
^= k|ltljlDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !

gf]6 M l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ;Fu;Fu} x'g] 5 . l;sfO lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf l;sfO
ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g]u/L ljleGg lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng u/L Go"gtd l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf afah'b sltko ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . t;y{ tflnsfsf] clGtd a'Fbfsf]
;Gbe{df PsfOut -s_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg -;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{_ ¿kdf Go"gtd
ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf lbg, l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf
;xeflutf eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L ;xeflutf u/fpg, k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
d"Nof8\sg u/L clen]vLs/0f ug{ -v_ PsfOdf plNnlvt ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug]{ b'j} sfo{ ug{sf nflu ! 306fsf] ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] .

$= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] kl/ro

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

 juL{s/0fsf] kl/ro lbg
 ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] kl/ro lbg
 ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] dxŒj atfpg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
hgfj/ / jg:kltsf] gfd n]lvPsf zAbkQL
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

26
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h !& df lbOPsf lrq k|bz{g u/]/ lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]wL dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ s] oL hLjsf sf]ifdf s]xL leGgtf x'G5 xf]nf <

-cf_ kf]if0f k|lj|mofsf cfwf/df s'g s'g hLj ;dfg / s'g s'g km/s xf]nfg\ <
-O_ k|hgg k|lj|mofsf cfwf/df logLx¿lar s] leGgtf xf]nf <
-O{_ oL hLjnfO{ sd ljsl;taf6 a9L ljsl;tsf j|mddf s;/L ldnfpg ;lsG5 <

o;sf cfwf/df ;hLjsf] lardf /x]sf ;dfgtf / c;dfgtfaf/] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M juL{s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of classification)

-c_ :j]lR5s ¿kdf 10 hgf hlt ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 cfpg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ ltgLx¿nfO{ cUnf] / xf]rf] u/L b'O{ ;d"xdf ljeflht x'g nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ To;kl5 5fqf / 5fqsf] b'O{ ;d"x agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ ca skfnsf] nDafOsf cfwf/df nfdf] / 5f]6f] skfn ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf 5'6\l6g
nufpg'xf];\ .
-p_ To;kl5 z/L/sf] df]6fOsf cfwf/df df]6f] / b'Anf] u/L b'O{ ;d"xdf 5'6\l6g nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
j:t'sf] ;dfgtf / c;dfgtfsf cfwf/df ltgnfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ k|lj|mof g} juL{s/0f xf] .

27
lj|mofsnfk # M ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of classification of living beings)

d]?b08 gePsf hgfj/ xl/ts0f ePsf hLj

lrKnf] sTnf ePsf hgfj/ KjfFv ePsf hgfj/

l3;|]/ lxF8\g] hgfj/ aRrfnfO{ b'w r';fpg] hgfj/

Fig 2.1

-c_ k|bz{g kf6Ldf lrq g= @=! b]vfP h:t} afs; agfO{ To;leq ;hLjsf] Ps Pscf]6f nIf0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ;hLjsf] gfd n]lvPsf @% cf]6f zAbkQLnfO pN6f] kf/]/ 6]andf cf]5\ofP /fVg'xf];\ .
-O_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ $ b]lv ^ cf]6f ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ k|To]s ;d"xaf6 @.@ hgf ljBfyL{nfO cufl8 af]nfO{ !.! ;hLjnfO{ ;DalGwt afs;df 6fF:g cg'/f]w
ug'{xf];\ .
-p_ ;a}eGbf yf]/} uNtL ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ lah]tf 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ / cGTodf ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff
lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
;lhjsf] ;dfgtf / c;dfgtfsf cfwf/df ltgnfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ k|lj|mof g} ;hLjsf]
juL{s/0f xf] .

lj|mofsnfk $ juL{s/0fsf] dxŒj (Importance of classification)

lgDglnlvt a'Fbfsf af/]df hf]8fdf cWoog / 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ M

— hLjsf] juL{s/0fn] j|md ljsf;;DaGwL tYo kQf nufpg s;/L dbt u5{ <
— o;sf] dbtaf6 ;hLjsf af/]df 5f]6f] ;dodf g} cWoog s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
— o;n] ubf{ ;hLjsf] j}1flgs gfdfs/0f ug{ s;/L ;lhnf] x'G5 <
— o;n] ;hLjsf] k|fs[lts ;DaGwsf af/]df s;/L JofVof u5{ <
— o;n] ;hLjsf] cWoognfO{ s;/L ;lhnf] / j}1flgs agfpF5 .

s'g} b'O{ ;d"xsf Ps Ps hgf u/L hDdf b'O{ hgfsf] hLJfsf] juL{s/0f;DaGwL a'emfO{ k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

28
cfjZos ePdf /rgfTds k[i7kf]if0f lbO{ a'Fbf yKg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
;hLjsf] juL{s/0fn] ltgLx¿sf] cWoog sfo{nfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg], ltgLx¿sf] j}1flgs gfd n]Vg ;xof]u
ug]{ / j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0f lbg] sfo{ u5{ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ ;hLjsf] juL{s/0f gu/]sf] eP s] s:tf ck7\of/fx¿ cfpy], s'g} b'Ocf]6f a'Fbf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . 2
-O_ juL{s/0fsf] 1fgsf] k|of]u u/L] s;/L ;hLjsf] j}1flgs gfd n]lvG5 < 2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

tkfO{s
F f] j/k/ kfOg] hgfj/ / jg:kltnfO{ juL{s/0f u/L lgDg js{l;6 k"/f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
xl/ts0f ePsf Df]?b08 gePsf d]?b08 ePsf kfgLdf a:g] / kv]6f / xf8 kv]6f ePsf
km'Nsfaf6 ;f; ePsf t/ xf8
km]g]{ gePsf

29
bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M j+z -Genus_ / k|hflt -Species_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

— ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf tx atfpg

— j+z -Genus_ sf] kl/ro / pbfx/0f lbg tyf k|hflt -Species_ sf] kl/ro / pbfx/0f lbg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

tflnsf lrq -lrq @=@_

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ juL{s/0fsf] ;a}eGbf pkNnf] / ;a}eGbf tNnf] tx s] s] x'g\ <
-cf_ l:k;Lh eg]sf] s] xf] <
-O_ dfgj s'g l:k;Lhdf k5{ <
-O{_ afFb/ / dflg; b'j} 9f8 ePsf hgfj/ x'g\ . s] xfdL oL b'j}nfO{ Pp6} l:kl;hdf /fVg ;S5f}F <
o;af6 ljBfyL{df juL{s/0fsf txsf] l;sfOk|lt pT;'stf hufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M juL{s/0fsf
txx¿ (Hierarchy of
classification of living
beings)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv ^

;d"xdf ljeflht ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ k|bz{g af]8{sf] 5]pdf
lbPsf] h:t} lrq sf]/]/ k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ pSt tflnsf cEof; k'l:tsfdf ;fg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ lrqdf t];f]{ nx/df hgfj/sf] gfd / 7f8f] :tDedf hgfj/sf ljz]iftf
lbOPsf] 5 . o; lrqsf] k|of]u u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Fig 2.2 dflyNnf] nx/df
ePsf hgfj/dWo]sf tNnf] nx/df n]lvPsf] nIf0f;Fu d]n vfg]] hgfj/sf]
gfdnfO{ 5fg]/ n]Vb} hfg] lgb]{zg lbg'xf];\ . o; sfo{sf nflu % ldg]6sf] ;do ;Ldf tf]Sg'xf];\ .

30
-p_ pSt ;do ;Ldfleq sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ ;d"xdWo]sf] s'g} Pp6f ;d"xsf] Ps hgf ;b:onfO{ cufl8
af]nfP/ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf lbOPsf] tflnsf lrq k"/f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt sfo{af/] afFsL ;d"xsf
ljBfyL{;Fu ?h' u/fpg'xf];\ .
o; lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df /
;Fu} lbPsf] csf]{ lrq -lrq
@=#_ klg k|:t't u/L
Fig 2.3
juL{s/0fsf ;ft}cf]6f txsf]
kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . tL txnfO{
j|md};Fu ;Demgsf nflu Kids
Prefer Candy Over Fresh
Green Salad jf King
Philip Came For Good
Spaghetti h:tf mnemonics klg lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . cyf{t\ ( K= kingdom, P= phylum,

C= class, O= order, F= Family, G= genus and S= species)

lgisif{
;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf ;ft tx agfOPsf 5g\ . tL j|mdzM dflyNnf] txaf6 tNnf] tx;Dd lsª\u8d,
kmfOnd, Snf;, c8{/, km]ldnL, lhg;\ / :kLl;h x'g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M j+z / k|hfltsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of genus and species)

-c_ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h !* df lbOPsf] lrq /

tflnsf;DaGwL lj|mofsnfk u/fP/ j+z /
k|hfltsf] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ j+z / k|hfltsf] kl/efiff lbFb} tL b'js

} f
s]xL pbfx/0f klg lbg'xf];\ .

To;kl5 j+z / k|hfltlar T model df

t'ngf ug]{ lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .

T model eg]sf] z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf b'O{cf]6f dxn agfP/ To;df km/s n]vfpg] lj|mofsnfk xf] .

31
cyf{t\

Jf+z Kf|hflt
glhssf] ;DaGw ePsf] ;hLjsf] ;d"x xf] . cfk;df ;Gtfg hGdfpg ;lsg] hLjsf]
;d"x xf] .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— ljBfyL{sf] cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt lj|mofsnfk

ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf
nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ lhg; / l:kl;h eg]sf s] x'g\, k|To]ssf] Ps Pscf]6f pbfx/0f klg lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ lhg; / l:kl;hsf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . Animalia
-O_ afv|f, u8\of}nf, la/fnf], d';f], k/]jf, af3, s's'/ / 3f]8fdWo]sf s'g s'g Chordata
Mammalia
hgfj/nfO{ juL{s/0fsf] txsf] …cÚ tyf …cfÚ :yfgdf /fVg ;lsG5 < c Carnivora
Felidae
lgisif{ Fig 2.4 cf Felis
f catus

;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf b'O{ tx lhg; / l:kl;h x'g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L u'0f ldNg] k|hfltsf] ;d"xnfO{
lhGf; (Genus) elgG5 . juL{s/0f ubf{ o;nfO{ Family eGbf tn / :k]l;heGbf dfly /flvG5, h:t}M lhg;
Soflg; (Canis) cGtu{t s's'/, :ofn, Ajf;f] cflb h:tf hgfj/ k5{g\ . k|foM Ps} lsl;dsf ljz]iftf ePsf
;hLjsf] ;d"x h'g Pscfk;df k|hgg ug]{ Ifdtf /fV5g\ To;nfO{ l:kl;h elgG5 . juL{s/0f ubf{ o;nfO{
lhg;eGbf tn /flvG5, . of] Taxonomy sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfO xf] .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{

(Homework / project work)

— ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] tx b]lvg]

u/L sf8{af]8{df xfO/fsL{ df]8]n
tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— To; df]8]ndf 5]pdf lbOPsf] Fig 2.5
gd'gfdf h:t} ;hLjsf] lrq
g} 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
— tof/ ePsf] df]8]n k|bz{g af]8{df k|bz{g ub}{ s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

%= lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher):

32
lhg; jf j+z hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] txdf k|hflt :t/eGbf dflyNnf] >]0fL xf] . o;sf] ax'jrg genera xf] .
of] ;DalGwt k|hfltsf] ;d"x jf ;+of]hg xf] . o;df ;fdfGotM o:tf ;x;DalGwt k|hflt x'G5g\ h'g
;fdfGo k'vf{af6 ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . tf]/L (Brassica campestris), ;nud (Brassica rapa), /
km"nuf]eL (Brassica oleracea) Pp6} lhg; Brassica cGtu{t k5{g\ . o;}u/L pardus / tigris, l:kl;h
Felis lhg;cGtu{t k5{g\ . slxn]sfxLF Pp6f lhg;df Pp6f dfq k|hflt x'g ;S5 .

k|hflt ;dfg lsl;dsf hLjsf] o:tf] ;d"x xf] h;n] cfk;df ldn]/ k|fs[lts tj/n] k|hgg ug{ ;S5 .
k|hflt juL{s/0fsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ / cfwf/e"t PsfO xf] . k|hflt la:tf/} ;do laTb} hfFbf gofF
k|hfltdf kl/jt{g x'G5 To;}n] of] Ps ultzLn OsfO xf] . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ k|hflt Pscsf{;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf]
/ ;DalGwt 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf l;+x / af3 Pp6} j+z Panthera sf eP klg ltgLx¿sf] k|hflt km/s
km/s x'G5, tL x'g\ j|mdzM leo / tigris . o;}u/L cfn', eG6f / uf]ne]8f Pp6} lhg; Solanum df k5{g\
t/ ltgLx¿sf] k|hflt km/s km/s x'G5, tL x'g\ j|mdzM tubersum, melongena / lycopersicum .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t'
hLjsf] b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnL -binomial system of nomenclature_ tyf kfFr hut\\ juL{s/0f
k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

— hLjsf] låkbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnL -binomial system of nomenclature_ sf] kl/ro lbg / o;sf
cfwf/df hLjsf] j}1flgs gfd n]Vg
— kfFr hut\\ k|0ffnLcg';f/ hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

;hLjsf] j+z -!) cf]6f_ / k|hflt -!) cf]6f_ n]lvPsf ;d"x ;ª\Vofcg';f/ rf/b]lv 5 ;]6 zAbkQL

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ la/fnf]nfO{ xfd|} kl/j]zdf km/s km/s efiffdf s'g s'g gfdn] lrlgG5 <
-cf_ ;+;f/el/sf dflg;n] -j}1flgs_ la/fnf]nfO{ Pp6} gfdn] lrGg s] pkfo u/]sf 5g\ xf]nf <
-O_ ;hLjnfO{ s'g cfwf/df ljleGg hut\df ljeflht ul/Psf] xf]nf <

33
log} k|Zgsf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df cfPsf] lgisif{df s]xL s'/f ykL hLjsf] låkbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnL
(binomial system of nomenclature_ sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnLdf j+z / k|hfltsf] e"ldsf (Role of genus and species
in binomial system of nomenclature)

b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbFb} kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf lgDglnlvt tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L To;df
j+z / k|hfltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

Fig 2.6
lgisif{
b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnLdf lhg; / l:kl;hsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o; k|0ffnLdf klxnf lhg; / To;kl5
l:kl;h n]lvG5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M låkbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnLaf6 ;hLjsf] j}1flgs gfd n]vg (Writing of scientific
names of organisms using Binomial System of Nomenclature)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv ^ ;d"xdf ljeflht ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k'Ug] u/L !)/!) cf]6f ;hLjsf] j+z / k|hflt n]lvPsf 5'6\6f5'6\6} zAbkQL ;d"xsf]
;ª\Vofcg';f/sf] ;]6 tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

34
-O_ !)/!) cf]6f ;hLjsf] j+z / k|hflt n]lvPsf] Ps ;]6 k|To]s ;d"xnfO lbP/ j+z / k|hfltsf] hf]8f
ldnfpg] sfo{ u/fpg'xf];\ . o;af6 !) cf]6f ;hLjsf] j}1flgs gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ ;a} ;d"xn] sfd k"/f ug{ ;Sg] kof{Kt ;do lbg'xf];\ .

-p{_ ;a}eGbf klxnf / ;xL sfo{ ug]{ ;d"xnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufO{ To; ;d"xnfO{ lah]tf 3f]lift ug'{xf];\ .
afFsL ;d"xnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f;lxt k|f]T;fxg ug{'xf];\ .

lgisif{
b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnLdf klxnf lhg; / To;kl5 l:kl;h n]lvG5g\ . lhg;nfO{ capital letter af6 ;'?
ul/G5 eg] l:kl;hnfO{ small letter af6 ;'? ul/G5 . lhg; / l:kl;hnfO{ ls t 5'6\6f5'6\6} underline
ul/G5 jf itallic df n]lvG5 .

lj|mofsnfk $ M kfFr hut\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro (Introduction of five kingdoms system
of classification)

-c_ kf7\ok':tsdf /x]sf] lgDg lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ 5nkmn ljlwaf6 kfFr hut\ k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro / cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ o;} ;Gbe{df s] sf/0fn] ubf{ b'O{ hut\ k|0ffnLsf ;6\6f kfFr hut\ k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf
eof] eGg] s'/fnlgDglnlvt a'FbfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg'xf];\ / kfFr}cf]6f hut\sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

35
-cf_ lhg; / l:kl;hsf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ lgDglnlvt hut\sf Ps Pscf]6f ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ <
i) k|f]l6:6f ii) KnfG6L iii) df]g]/f iv) Plgd]lnof
-O{_ b'O{ hut\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnLeGbf kfFr hut\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnL s] sf/0fn] ubf{ a9L pko'St 5, j'mg}
b'O{cf]6f a'Fbf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

;hLjsf] juL{s/0fsf] tx a'em\g] u/L df]8]n tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / To; df]8]ndf ;hLjsf] lrq g} 6fF:g
nufpg'xf];\ .

%= lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher)

s]xL hgfj/ / jg:kltsf ;fdfGo / j}1flgs gfd

jg:kltsf] ;fdfGo gfd Scientific name hgfj/sf] ;fdfGo gfd Scientific name
:ofp (apple) Pyrus malus s's'/ (dog) Canis lupus
afF; (bamboo) Bamboosa aridinarifolia la/fnf] (cat) Falis catus
eG6f (brinjal) Solanum melongena e]8f (sheep) Ovis aries
s]/f (banana) Musa paradisicum cgf{ (wild buffalo) Bubalus bubalis
a/ (Banyan) Ficus benghalensis ufO{ (cow) Bos Taurus
sfutL (lemon) Citrus limonium xfQL (elephant) Elphus maximus
ds} (maize) Zea mays s[i0f;f/ (blackbuck) Antelope cervicapra
cfFk (mango) Mangifera indica 3l/ofnuf]xL (gharial) Gavialis gangeticus
Uffh/ (carrot) Daucus carota Dffp;'nL (wall lizard) Hemidactylus flaviviridis
wlgof (coriander) Coriandrum sativum uf]dg (cobra) Naja naja
sfj|mf] (cucumber) Cucumis sativus u}8f (rhinoceros) Rhinoceros unicornis
cDaf (guava) Psidium guava lrQn (spotted deer) Axis axis
cb'jf (ginger) Gingiber officinalis afx|l;F3f(swamp Rucervus duvaucelii
deer)
Kofh (onion) Allium cepa /t'jf (barking deer) Muntiacus muntjak
gLd (Neem) Ajadirachta indica s:t'/L d[u (musk Moschus moschiferus
deer)
;'Gtnf (orange) Citrus aurantium afv|f (goat) Capra aegagrus hircus

36
rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t'
kfFr hut\\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf cfwf/ M df]g]/f / k|f]l6:6f
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

df]g]/f, k|f]l6:6f / kmGhfO{{ hut\\sf] ljz]iftf j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

k|f]Sofl/cf]l6s / o'Sofl/cf]l6s sf]ifx¿sf] lrq jf df]8]n, tflnsf lrq, s]xL df]g/G; / k|f]l6:6;sf lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ s] xfd|f] cldaf / AofS6]l/ofsf z/L/df kfOg] sf]if Pp6} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ <
-cf_ juL{s/0fsf] kfFr hut\ k|0ffnLsf cfwf/ s] s] xf]nfg\ <
lj|mofsnfk @ kfFr hut\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf cfwf/x¿ (Basis of five kingdoms method of
classification)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv ^ ;d"xdf ljeflht ug'{xf];\ .

37
Fig 2.7

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPsf] h:t} cjwf/0ff lrq lbP/ To;df /x]sf] vfnL 7fpFdf cfwf/ / lsª\8d
eg]{ sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .

-O_ s'g} Pp6f ;d"xdf k]g Og b ld8n lj|mofsnfk Ps hgfnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{sf] k|:t'lt ug{ nufpg'xf];\
/ afFsL ;d"xnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ cGo ;d"xsf ;b:onfO{ kfn}kfnf] pSt sfo{sf] k[i7kf]if0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-p_ cGTodf kf7\ok':tssf] k]h @! df lbOPsf]

lgDglnlvt cjwf/0ff lrq cfwf/df ;hLjsf] kfFr
hutLo k|0ffnLsf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/af/] :ki6
wf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
kfFr hutLo k|0ffnLsf] juL{s/0fsf
cfwf/sf]ifsf] lsl;d, zf/Ll/s ;ª\u7g, sf]if
leQfsf] pkl:ylt / cg'kl:ylt tyf kf]if0f
ljlw x'g\ .

38
lj|mofsnfk # M df]g]/f hut\sf ljz]iftf (characteristics of Kingdom Monera)

— s]xL df]g]/fdf kg]{ hLj

(monerans) sf lrq k|bz{g
af]8{df k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ . o;
;d"xsf hgfj/sf] ljz]iftf lrGg
pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
— klxrfg ePsf ljz]iftfnfO{
sf8{af]8{ jf Go'hlk|G6df l6kf]6
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— tof/ ePsf l6kf]6dWo] s]xLnfO{
k|:t't ug{ nufO k[i7kf]if0f lbg nufpg'xf];\ .

-c_ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf lgDglnlvt a'Fbf lgisif{sf ¿kdf k|:t't ub} yk :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .

— df]g]/f ;d"xsf hLj k|f]Sofl/cf]l6s ;hLj x'g\ .

— logLx¿sf sf]ifdf lglZrt Go'lSno; (definite nucleus) x'Fb}g / h]g]l6s d6]l/onsf ¿kdf

l8clS;/fOjf] Go'lSns Pl;8 [Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)] x'G5 .

— logLx¿ k|lts"n cj:yfdf klg afFRg ;S5g\ .

— logLx¿ :jkf]lift (Autotrophic), k/hLjL (Parasite), :ofk|f]6«lkms (Saprotrophic)

jf l;DafofF]lF 6s (Symbiotic) x'G5g\ . l;DafofFF]l6s ;hLj k/:k/df cGt/;DalGwt

x'G5g\ / ;femf hLjg latfpF5g\ .

-cf_ s'g} Pp6f AofS6]l/odsf] lrq af]8{df lvRb} ;Fu;Fu} ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ klg lrq lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{sf] sfo{sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ub}{ cfjZostfcg';f/ /rgfTds k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{'xf];\ .

-O_ df]g]/f hut\sf cfls{AofS6]l/of, o'AofS6]l/of / ;fogf]AofS6]l/ofsf] kl/ro klg lbg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
df]g]/f ;d"xsf ;a} hLj k|f]Sofl/cf]l6s x'G5g\ .

39
lj|mofsnfk $ M k|f]l6:6f hut\sf] ljz]iftf
(Characteristics of Kingdom Protista)

— sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/

;d"xdf ljefhg ug{'xf];\ .
— k|f]l6:6f ;d"xdf kg]{ hLj (Protists) sf s]xL Fig 2.8

lrq k|bz{g af]8{df k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .

— k|To]s ;d"xdf o; ;d"xsf hgfj/sf ljz]iftf lrGg pTk|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .
— klxrfg ePsf ljz]iftfnfO{ Go'h lk|G6df l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— k|To]s ;d"xdf k]g Og b ld8n lj|mofsnfk u/fO{ Ps hgfnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— o;sf cfwf/df Ps sf]ifLo o'Sofl/of]l6s hLjsf ¿kdf o; ju{sf hgfj/ x'g\ eg]/ lgisif{
lgsfNg'xf];\ .
— To:t} pknAw eP Pssf]ifLo hgfj/sf] tof/L :nfO8 ;+o'St ;"Idbz{s oGqsf] k|of]]u u/L
cjnf]sg ug]{ Joj:yf ug{'xf];\ / b]lvPsf dxŒjk"0f{ a'Fbf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . o;sf]
k|ltljDag s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

o;sf ;fy;fy} kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf lgDglnlvt a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df o; hut\sf ljz]iftf /

pbfx/0faf6 lgisif{sf ¿kdf atfpFb} yk :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .

— o; hut\\df kg]{ hLj o'sfl/of]l6s x'G5g\ . logLx¿sf] sf]ifdf Go'lSno; x'G5 .

— o; hut\\df kg]{ k|foM hLj Pssf]ifLo x'G5g\ . sf]ifsf cjoj (cell organelles) nfO{ sf]if lemNnLn]

9fs]sf] x'G5 .

— logLx¿sf z/L/df gSsnL v'6\6f -pseudopodia_, l;lnof jf ˆnfh]nf x'G5 h:fsf] dbtn] lxF88'n

u5{g\ .

— s]xL Pssf]ifLo o'sfl/of]6; k/hLjL x'G5g\ . logLx¿n] cf>osf]if (host cell) af6 vfgf ;f];]/

lnG5g\ . Zooplankton x¿ k/kf]ifs x'G5g\ .

— logLx¿sf] k|hgg cd}y'lgs / d}y'lgs b'j} tl/sfaf6 x'G5 .

lgisif{
k|f]l6:6f hut\\df kg]{ hLjsf] z/L/ Pp6f sf]ifn] dfq ag]sf] x'G5 .

40
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf
sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf
ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ Pscf]6f pbfx/0f lbFb} b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . 2
-cf_ lhg; / l:kl;hsf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
2
-O_ lrqdf s]xL ;hLj b]vfOPsf 5g\ .
i) j'mg hLj ;d"x ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg afFRg] Ifdtf
P Q
/fV5 <
ii) hgfj/ P / hgfj/ Q s:tf] lsl;dsf sf]ifaf6 ag]sf Fig 2.9 x'G5g\ <
iii) h'g hut\cGtu{t hgfj/ Q k5{ To; hut\sf b'O{cf]6f ljz]iftf
n]Vg'xf];\ . 4
-O{_ lgDglnlvt hut\ j'mg cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ul/Psf 5g\ < 4
i) k|f]l6:6f ii) KnfG6L iii) df]g]/f iv) Plgd]lnof
-p_ ;DalGwt hut\ j'mg j'mg x'g\ < 4
i) sf]ifleQf eP klg xl/ts0f gePsf ;hLjsf] hut\
ii) Pssf]ifLo k|f]Sofl/cf]l6s sf]if ePsf ;hLjsf] hut\
iii) Pssf]ifLo o'Sofl/cf]l6s sf]if ePsf ;hLjsf] hut\
iv) sf]ifleQf / xl/ts0f gePsf ax'sf]ifLo ;hLjsf] hut\
-pm_ Pp6f AofS6]l/of / o'lUngfdf j'mg} b'Ocf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)
juL{s/0fsf kfFr hut\nfO{ a'emfpg x/]s hut\sf Ps Pscf]6f ;b:osf] lrq 6fF;]/ tyf k|To]s hut\sf
b'O{ b'O{cf]6f ljz]iftf plNnlvt gd'gf tof/ u/fpg'xf];\ .

%= lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher)

;hLjsf] kfFr hutLo juL{s/0f k|0ffnL

jg:klt / hgfj/sf] h}ljs juL{s/0f klxnf] k6s Pl/:6f]6nn] ;fwf/0f aflx/L agf]6sf]
(morphological ) cfwf/df k|:tfj u/]sf lyP . lnlgo;n] kl5 ;a} ;hLjsf] juL{s/0f u/] . ltgn]
hLjnfO{ b'O{ hut\df ljeflht u/] tL x'g\, Plantae / Animalia. To;kl5 ;g\ !(^( df lAx6]s/n]
41
juL{s/0fdf yk ;'wf/ u/L kfFr hut\df juL{s/0f u/], df]g]/f, k|f]l6:6f, kmGhfO{{, KnfG6L / Plgd]lnof . kfFr
hut\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf] d'Vo dfkb08 sf]lifsf ;+/rgf lyof] . zf/Ll/s ;ª\u7g, sf]ifleQfsf] pkl:ylt,
kf]if0f ljlw / kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] klg juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o; juL{s/0f k|0ffnLdf,
AofS6]l/of df]g]/f hut\df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
AofS6]l/of ljZjJofkL ¿kdf km}lnPsf 5g\ / ltgLx¿sf lardf d]6faf]lns ljljwtf;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
AofS6]l/ofsf] kf]if0fljlw c6f]6«f]lkms jf x]6]/f]6«f]lkms x'g ;S5 . lsª\u8d k|f]l6:6fdf j|mfO;f]kmfO6\;,
8fOgf]ˆn]h]n]6, o'Un]gfO8\;, :nfOd df]N8\; / k|f]6f]hf]cfG; h:tf ;a} Pssf]ifLo o's]l/of]6 ;dfj]z 5g\ .
ltgLx¿ cd}y'lgs / d}y'lgs b'j} tl/sfn] k|hgg u5{g\ . hut\ kmGhfO{{sf ;b:on] ;+/rgf / cfjf;df
7'nf] ljljwtf b]vfpF5g\ . w]/}h;f] kmGhfO{{ ;]k|f]kmfOl6s x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿n] cd}y'lgs / d}y'lgs b'j}
tl/sfn] k|hgg u5{g\ . Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes / Deuteromycetes o;
hut\sf rf/ ju{ x'g\ . hut\ KnfG6Ln]] ;a} o's]l/of]l6s Snf]/f]lkmno'St hLj ;dfj]z u5{ . n]p,
a|fof]kmfO6\;, 6]l/8f]kmfO6\;, lhDgf]:kd{\; / PlGhof]:kd{ h:tf ;d"x o;df ;dfj]z 5g\ . la?jfsf]
hLjgrj|mn] Uofld6f]kmfOl6s / :kf]/f]kmfOl6s j+zsf] kl/jt{g b]vfpF5 . x]6]/f]6«f]lkms o's]l/of]l6s,
ax'sf]lifo , sf]if leQf gePsf hLj lsª\u8d Plgd]lnofdf ;dfj]z 5g\ . oL hLjsf] kf]if0f xf]nf]hf]Os xf]
. ltgLx¿ k|foM d}y'lgs k|hgg u5{g\ . s]xL c;]n'n/ hLj h:t} efO/; / efO/f]O8sf] ;fy} nfOs]gnfO{
kfFr hut\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5}gg\ .
Characters Five kingdoms
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Cell wall Non-cellulosic Present in some Present Present with Absent

without cellulose
cellulose

Nuclear Absent Present Present Present Present

membrane
Body Unicellular Unicellular Multicellular/ Tissue/ organ Tissue/ organ
organization loose tissue

Mode of Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic heterotrophic

nutrition (chemosynthetic/ (photosynthetic)
(saprophytic/ (photosynthetic) (saprophytic/
photosynthetic) and
and heterotrophic parasitic) holozoic)
heterotrophic
(saprophytic/
parasitic)

42
kfFrf}F lbg (Fifth day)

ljifoj:t' M kmGhfO{{
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

kmGhfO{ hut\\sf ljz]iftf j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

s]xL kmGhfO{{sf lrq, Rofp

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ kmGhfO{{ tyf xl/of jg:kltdf ePsf Pp6f ;dfgtf / Pp6f c;dfgtf s] s] x'g\ <
-cf_ RofpnfO{ k|f]l6:6f hut\df lsg /flvPg, j'mg} b'O{cf]6f sf/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
o;sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOk|lt pT;flxt ug{'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ kmGhfO{{ hut\sf ljz]iftf (characteristics of
Kingdom Fungi)

-c_ s]xL kmGhfO{{sf lrq k|bz{g af]8{df k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .

-cf_ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf lgDglnlvt a'Fbfsf cfwf/df o; hut\sf

ljz]iftf / pbfx/0faf6 kmGhfO{ hut\sf ljz]iftf / pbfx/0f;Fu
kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ . Fig 2.10

 kmGhfO{{ hut\\cGtu{tsf hLj xl/ts0f gePsf Pssf]ifLo -lo:6_

tyf ax'sf]ifLo ;hLj -Rofp, 9';L_ k5{g\ .
 oL ;hLj Kf|foh;f] Saprotrophic x'G5g\ cyf{t\ logLx¿n] ;8]un]sf÷s'lxPsf h}ljs j:t'af6 vfgf
k|fKt u5{g\ .
 logLx¿sf] z/L/ yfNjfO8 (thalloid) x'G5 cyf{t\ logLx¿sf] h/f, kft, 8fF7 5'6\l6Psf x'Fb}gg\ .
 logLx¿sf] z/L/ dfO;]lnodaf6 ag]sf] x'G5 .
 logLx¿df cd}y'lgs / d}y'lgs b'j} tl/sfaf6 k|hgg x'G5 .
 logLx¿n] UnfOsf]h]gsf ¿kdf vfgfnfO{ ;~ro u5{g\ .

43
 Pssf]ifLo hLj lo:6 kmd]{G6];g k|lj|mofdf k|of]u ul/G5 . h:t} M cNsf]xn agfpg / a]s/L
pTkfbgdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
-O_ af]8d
{ f Rofpsf] lrq lvRb} ;Fu;Fu} ljBfyL{nfO{ klg lrq lvRg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{sf] sfdsf] lg/Gt/
cg'udg ub}{ cfjZostfcg';f/ /rgfTds k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{'xf];\ .

-O_ kmGhfO{{ hut\sf cGo pbfx/0f klg lbg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
kmGhfO{{ hut\\df kg]{ hLj Pssf]ifLo jf ax'sf]ifLo x'G5g\ / oL ;hLj Kf|foh;f] Saprotrophic x'G5g\
cyf{t\ logLx¿n] ;8]un]sf÷s'lxPsf h}ljs j:t'af6 vfgf k|fKt u5{g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # kf]if0f ljlwsf cfwf/df ljleGg lsl;dsf kmGhfO{{sf] kl/ro (Introduction of

different types of fungi based on mode of nutrition)

-c_ lel8of] jf jf:tljs nfOs]G;, Do's/ klS;lgof / 6\oflk|mgf

k|bz{g u/L ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
To;sf cfwf/df ltlgx¿n] kf]if0f s;/L k|fKt u5{g n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ . s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufO{ k[i7kf]if0f;lxt
l6Kk0fL ug{xf];\ .

-cf_ sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ rf/ jf

kfFr ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf lgDglnlvt Fig 2.11
ljz]iftfsf cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

 :ofk|f]6«f]lkms kmGhfO{{ (Saprotrophic fungi) M logLx¿n] d/]/ s'lxPsf h}ljs j:t'af6 cfˆgf] kf]if0f
k|fKt u5{g\, h:t}M Do's/, Rofp, k]lGfl;lnod -penicillium_ cflb .
 k/hLjL kmGhfO{{ (Parasitic fungi) n] cGo ;hLjsf] z/L/af6 kf]if0f k|fKt u5{g\, h:t} M klS;lgof -
puccinia_, 6\oflk|mgf -Taphrina_ cflb .
 l;DafofF]lF 6s kmGhfO{{ (Symbiotic fungi) c¿ hLj;Fu cGt/cfl>t ;DaGwdf afFR5g\ . o:tf]
;DaGwdf b'j} hLj Pscsf{af6 nfeflGjt x'G5g\ . h:t}, nfOs]g, o;df cNuL / kmGhfO{{
cGt/cfl>t ;DaGwdf afFR5g\ .
-O_ k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps hgfnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufO{ yk :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
lgisif{
kmGhfO{{nfO{ vfgf k|fKt ug]{ tl/sfsf cfwf/df :ofk|f]6«f]lkms, k/hLjL tyf l;DafofF]lF 6s u/L tLg
lsl;ddf afFl8Psf] 5 .

44
lj|mofsnfk # df]g]/f, k|f]l6:6f / kmGhfO{{ hut\sf] t'ngfTds cWoog

(Comparative study of Kingdoms Monera, Protista and Fungi)

-c_ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf lrqdf lbOP Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi
h:t} tLgcf]6f dxn agfpg'xf];\
.

-cf_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv ^ ;d"xdf

ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-O_ ;a}nfO{ ;d"xd} a;L tLg}cf]6f

hut\sf ljz]iftfaf/] 5nkmn u/L t'ngf ug{ ldNg] lsl;dsf a'Fbf l6kf]6 ug{sf nflu % ldg]6sf] ;do
lbg'xf];\ .

-O{_ To;kl5 k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps ;b:onfO{ To:tf ljz]iftf eGg nufpg'xf];\ / z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf n]Vb}
hfg'xf];\ .

-p_ ;a} ;d"xsf] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 k[i7kf]if0f;lxt lgisif{ lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
hut\ df]g]/f, k|f]l6:6f / kmGhfO{{sf sf]ifsf lsl;d, zf/Ll/s ;ª\u7g / kf]if0f ljlwdf ljljwtf x'G5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-O{_ tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNkdf uf]nf] 3]/f -)_ nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ 6\oflk|mgf s'g hut\\cGtu{t k5{ <
-c_ df]g]/f -cf_ k|f]l6:6f
-O_ kmGhfO{{ -O{_ KNffG6L
-v_ s'g sf/0fn] o'lUngfdf la?jfsf] ljz]iftf klg b]lvG5 <
-c_ xl/ts0f kfOg] x'gfn] -cf_ Pssf]ifLo x'gfn]
-O_ kfgLdf kfOg] x'gfn] -O{_ sf]/f{ h:tf] efu ePsf] x'gfn]
-ª_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)
lgDglnlvt lj|mofsnfk u/L cWoog ug]{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .
-c_ kfp/f]6L jf /f]6Lsf] ;fgf] 6'j|mf lng'xf];\ .
-cf_ pSt 6'j|mfnfO{ k|sfz gk'Ug] cf]l;nf] 7fpFdf /fVg'xf];\ .
-O_ b'O{ tLg lbgkl5 /f]6Ldf ePsf] kl/jt{g cjnf]sg ug{'xf];\ .
-O{ kfp/f]6L jf /f]6Ldf ePsf] ;]tf] skf; h:tf] agf]6nfO{ 9';L elGfG5 . pSt 9';LnfO{ ;"Idbz{s oGqdf
/fvL cjnf]sg ug{'xf];\ .
-p_ cjnf]sgkl5 ;kmf lrq agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ / o;sf] agfj6sf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
5}7f} lbg PsfOsf] clGtd lbg (Sixth day; the last day of the unit)

k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

46
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr
bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf] k|Zg
agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ . h:t} M
1. ;hLjsf] juL{s/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < 1
2. ;hLjsf] juL{s/0fn] ltgLx¿sf] cWoognfO{ s;/L ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 < 2
3. ;hLjsf] j}1flgs gfd s;/L n]lvG5 < 2
4. lhg; / l:kl;hsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ . k|To]ssf] Ps Pscf]6f pbfx/0f klg lbg'xf];\ .
1
5. lhg; / l:kl;hdf s] s] km/s 5g\ < 2
6. Pscf]6f pbfx/0f lbFb} b'O{kbLo gfdfs/0f k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . 2
7. lgDglnlvt hut\sf Ps Pscf]6f ljz]iftf / pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ < 4
i) k|f]l6:6f ii) KnfG6L
8. kfFr hut\ juL{s/0f k|0ffnL s] sf/0fn] ubf{ b'O hut\ k|0ffnLeGbf pko'St 5, j'mg} b'O{cf]6f a'Fbf
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . 2
9. lrqdf s]xL ;hLj b]vfOPsf 5g\ .
i) j'mg hLjaf6 xfdLnfO{ kmfObf 5 <
ii) hgfj/ P / hgfj/ Q s:tf]
lsl;dsf sf]ifaf6 ag]sf x'G5g\ <
P Q R
iii) h'g hut\cGtu{t hgfj/ Q k5{
To; hut\sf b'O{cf]6f ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ . 4
10. lgDglnlvt hut\ j'mg cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ul/Psf 5g\ < 4
i) k|f]l6:6f ii) KnfG6L iii) df]g]/f iv) Plgd]lnof
11. ;DalGwt hut\ j'mg j'mg x'g\ < 4
i) sf]ifleQf / xl/ts0f ePsf ;hLjsf] hut\
ii) Pssf]ifLo k|f]Sofl/cf]l6s sf]if ePsf ;hLjsf] hut\
iii) Pssf]ifLo o'Sofl/cf]l6s sf]if ePsf ;hLjsf] hut\
iv) sf]ifleQf / xl/ts0f gePsf ax'sf]ifLo ;hLjsf] hut\
12. Pp6f Rofp / o'lUngfdf j'mg} b'Ocf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ . 2
13. kf]if0f ljlwsf cfwf/df kmGhfO{{nfO{ slt ;d"xdf afl8Psf] 5 < 1
14. kmGhfO{{ / k|f]l6:6f hut\df t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . 2
15. tn s]xL ;hLjsf] gfd lbOPsf] 5 M 4

47
nfOs]G;, cldaf, efO/;, k]lgl;lnod, 9';L
i) j'mg hLj b'O6f ;hLjsf] ;+o'St ¿k xf] <
ii) oL dWo]sf :ofk|f]kmfOl6s kmGhfO{{sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .
iii) oL dWo]sf kf/f;fOl6s kmGhfO{{sf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .
iv) k]lgl;lnod;Fu ;DalGwt hut\sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . 4
16. tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNkdf uf]nf] 3]/f -)_ nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ ds} s'g hut\\cGtu{t k5{ <
-c_ df]g]/f -cf_ k|f]l6:6f
-O_ kmGhfO{{ -O{ KNffG6L
-v_ s'g sf/0fn] o'lUngfnfO{ hut\ k|f]l6:6fdf /flvPsf] 5 <
-c_ xl/ts0f kfOg] x'gfn] -cf_ Pssf]ifLo x'gfn]
-O_ kfgLdf kfOg] x'gfn] -O{_ sf]/f{ h:tf] efu ePsf] x'gfn]
-u_ Binomial System of Nomenclature sf k|jt{s sf] x'g\ <
-c_ Carolus Linnaeous -cf_ R. H. Whitaker
-O_ Chatton -O{ Robert Koch
-3_ sf]ifdf k|f]Sofl/cf]6\;nfO{ s'g hut\\df /flvPsf] 5 <
-c_ df]g]/f -cf_ k|f]l6:6f
-O_ kmGhfO{{ -O{_ KnfG6L
-ª_ tn lbOPsf dWo] k|f]sfl/of]l6s ;"Id hLjsf] pbfx/0f s'g xf] <
-c_ /fOhf]laod -cf_ kf/fd]l;od
-O_ 6\oflk|mgf -O{_ cldaf

48
PsfO # Rofp (Mushroom) cg'dflgt sfo{306f M )%
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOcGtu{t Rofpsf] agf]6, Rofpsf] hLjgrj|m, Rofpsf] dxŒj -cffly{s cfocfh{g, Rofp v]tL,
h}ljs k|ljlwåf/f RofphGo pTkfbg h:t}M ;'s'6L, crf/ cflb tyfdfgj :jf:Yosf nflu Rofpsf] k|of]u_ /
vfg of]Uo Rofp / ljiffn' Rofpsf] klxrfg h:tf ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg ljlwsf ;fy} k|bz{g ljlw, If]q e|d0f ljlw, ;f]wk'5 ljlw, k|Zgf]Q/
ljlw, tftf] d]r, Graffitti / >Job[Zo ljlw cflbsf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ Rofpsf] hLjgrj|m / dxŒj j0f{g ug{
-v_ vfg] Rofp / ljiffn' Rofpsf] klxrfg ug{
-u_ Rofp v]tL k|ljlw ;DaGwdf ;f]wvf]h ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)
j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
=
!= Rofpsf] agf]6  Rofpsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro !
 Rofpsf] agf]6 -lunsf] ;d]t_
@= Rofpsf] hLjgrj|m  Rofpsf] hLjgrj|m !
 Rofp v]tL
#= Rofpsf] dxŒj -cffly{s  Rofpsf] k|of]u !
cfocfh{g, Rofp v]tL, h}ljs  Dffgj :jf:Yosf nflu Rofpsf]
k|ljlwåf/f RofphGo pTkfbg h:t} dxŒj
M ;'s'6L, crf/ cflb tyfdfgj  Rofpsf] cfly{s dxŒj
:jf:Yosf nflu Rofpsf]
k|of]u_
$= vfg] Rofp / ljiffn' Rofpsf]  Rofpsf] e08f/0f / pkof]u !
klxrfg  vfg] Rofp / ljiffn' Rofp
%= k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !
$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)
klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t'
Rofpsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro tyf Rofpsf] agf]6 -lunsf] ;d]t_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

Rofpsf hLjgrj|m / dxŒj j0f{g ug{

49
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
Rofpsf] gfdfª\lst lrq, Rofp, Rofpsf] luN;sf] gfdfª\lst lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lbOPsf lrq 8fpgnf]8 u/L of];Fu ;DalGwt lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7sf]
k|f/De ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ Rofp s:tf] 7fpFdf pd|G5 <
-cf_ Rofp lsg xl/of] gePsf] xf]nf <
-O_ s] ;a} Rofp vfg of]Uo x'G5g\ <
-O{_Rofp v]tL lsg ul/G5 <
o;kl5 Rofpsf] ;fdfGo kl/ronfO{ k'gtf{huL u/fpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
Rofp Pp6f Pp6f o:tf] ;hLj xf] h;df xl/ts0f gx'g] ePsf] x'gfn] xl/of] x'Fb}g / cfˆgf] vfgfsf nflu
s'lx/x]sf] j:t'df lge{/ /xG5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ Rofpsf] agf]6 (Structure of Mushroom)

-c_ Rofpsf] gfdfª\lst lrq z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf sf]g'{xf];\ /

ljBfyL{nfO{ klg sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljBfyL{n] u/]sf sfo{sf] lgu/fgL klg ug'{xf];\ . lrq
;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] eP To;sf] ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfo cjnDag ug{
l;sfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ To;kl5 k|Zgf]Q/ / k|bz{g ljlwaf6 :6fOk / kfOn; tyf
ltgsf pkefu lrgfpg'xf];\ .
Fig 3.1
-O{_ To;kl5 kfOn;d'lg /x]sf] luN; klg lrGg nufpg'xf];\ .
-p_ ca Rofpsf] agf]6sf] 5f]6f] JofVof n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{af6 ul/Psf s]xL sfo{sf] k|:t'lt ug{
nufO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

50
-pm_ o;}u/L luN;df g} lahf0f'sf] lgdf{0f x'g] s'/f atfpg'xf];\ / Rofpsf] k|hggdf lahf0f'sf] e"ldsf klg
atfpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
Rofpsf d'Vo b'O{cf]6f efu x'G5g\ . dflysf] 5ftf agf]6 /rgfnfO{ kfOn; / 8fF7 h:tf] agf]6nfO{ :6fOk
elgG5 . kfOn;d'lg luN; /x]sf x'G5g\ h;df ag]sf lahf0f' plrt jftfj/0f kfPdf gofF Rofp agfpF5g\
.

lj|mofsnfk # Rofpsf] luN;sf] agf]6 (Structure of gills of

mushroom)
-c_ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf lrqdf b]vfP h:t} lrq agfO{ To;sf tLgcf]6f
tx (trama, subhymenium and hymenium) lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ To;kl5 xfOd]lgoddf /x]sf a]l;l8od / kf/fkmfOl;; tyf
ltgsf sfd atfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ a]l;l8oddf ag]sf] a]l;l8of]:kf]/ -Rofpsf] :kf]/_ df b'O{cf]6f
Go'lSno; x'g] s'/f klg atfpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ lrq;d]tsf] Quick write activity lgDgcg';f/ u/fpg'xf];\ .
— lglZrt ;do tf]s]/ ljBfyL{n] a'em]sf s'/f n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
— gd'gfsf]¿kdf s'g} b'O hgf ljBfyL{sf] sfo{ k|:t't ug{ nufO /rgfTds k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
Rofpsf] luN;sf] lgdf{0f sf]ifsf] tLgcf]6f txaf6 ePsf] x'G5 . ;a}eGbf aflx/L txnfO{ xfOd]lgod, larsf]
txnfO{ ;axfOd]lgod / ;a}eGbf leqL txnfO{ 6«fdf elgG5 . :kf]/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ a]l;l8of]:kf]/
xfOd]lgoddf kfOG5g\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ Rofp Pp6f :ofk|f]kmfOl6s la?jf xf] . o; egfOsf] k'li6 ug'{xf];\ . 2
-cf_ a]l;l8od / kf/fkmfOl;;df b'O{cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ . 2
-O_ a]l;l8od sxfF /x]sf] x'G5 <
-O{_ dfO;]lnodsf] sfd s] xf] <

51
-ª_ u[xsfo{ / kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work)

kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk #=! ug'{xf];\ .

bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t'
Rofpsf] hLjgrj|m tyf Rofpsf] v]tL

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

 Rofpsf hLjgrj|m / dxŒj j0f{g ug{

 Rofp v]tL k|ljlw ;DaGwdf ;f]wvf]h ug{ .
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
Rofpsf] hLjgrj|msf] gfdfª\lst lrq jf pknAw eP pSt hLjgrj|msf] gd'gf Rofp v]tL;DaGwL >Jo
b[Zo ;fdu|L

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

tn lbOPsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7sf] k|f/De ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ Pp6f a]l;l8oddf sltcf]6f a]l;l8cf]:kf]/ aG5g\ <
-cf_ Pp6f a]l;l8cf]:kf]/df sltcf]6f Go'lSno; x'G5g\ <
-O_ a]l;l8cf]:kf]/df ePsf] Go'lSno; ;'?df x]Knf]O8 / To;kl5 l8Knf]O8 clg km]l/ x]Knf]O8 s;/L aG5 <
oL k|Zgsf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df :kf]/ aGg] k|lj|mof / To;sf] k|s[lt cem} :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ Rofpsf] hLjgrj|m (Life cycle
of mushroom):
— kf7ok':tssf] df ePsf] lrq 3.4 sf]
k|bz{g u/L ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut
¿kdf o;sf] hLjgrj|msf] lrq lvRg
nufpg'xf];\ .
— o;sf] k|To]s cj:yfaf/] :ki6 JofVof
ug'{xf];\ .

52
— JofVofs} j|mddf Rofpsf] Pp6f Go'lSno; x'g] cj:yf / b'O6f Go'lSno; x'g] cj:yf sf/0f;lxt
:ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
— ljBfyL{nfO{{ ^.^ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljeflht u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Rofpsf] hLjgrj|msf af/]df
a'em]sf s'/fnfO{ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . -Quick write activity)
— s'g} b'O{ ;d"xsf Ps Ps hgf u/L hDdf b'O{ hgfnfO{ n]v]sf s'/fnfO{ k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
— To;kl5 u/fP/ Ps b'O{ hgfsf] sfo{ k|:t't ug{ nufO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
Rofpsf] a]l;l8oddf Pp6f wgfTds :6«]g -plus strain_ / Pp6f C0ffTds :6«]g (minus strain) u/L b'O{cf]6f
XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno; x'G5g\ . tL XofKnf]O8 Go'lSno; ;+of]hg eP/ Pp6f l8Knf]O8 Go'lSno; aG5 . pSt
Go'lSno; ldcf]l;; ljefhg eO{ rf/cf]6f x\ofKnf]O8 Go'lSno; aG5g\ . h;dWo] b'O{cf]6f wgfTds :6]«g /
b'O{cf]6f C0ffTds :6«]g x'G5g\ . a]l;l8of]:kf]/ kl/kSj ePkl5 :6]l/Udf6faf6 5'6\l6G5 . x/]s :kf]/cg's"n
cj:yfdf cª\s'/0f eP/ k|fylds dfO;]lnod aG5 . k|To]s k|fylds dfO;]lnodsf] sf]ifdf Pp6f Go'lSno;
x'G5 . leGbfleGb} :6]«gsf k|fylds dfO;]lnodsf] ;dfudaf6 låtLo dfO;]lnod aG5 h;df b'j} :6]«gaf6
cfPsf b'O{cf]6} Go'lSno; x'G5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ 8fOSofl/of]l6s dfO;]lnod elgG5 . låtLo dfO;]lnoddf
cg's"n tfkj|md / cfb|tf ePkl5 Rofp pd|G5 .

53
lj|mofsnfk # Rofp v]tL (Mushroom farming)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv ^ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf Rofp v]tL ug]{] tl/sfsf lgDglnlvt r/0f k9\g / o;af6
%.% cf]6f k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu !) ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ .
— gs'lxPsf] ;kmf k/fn ;ª\sNfg ug]{ / o;nfO{ 1 b]lv 2 OGr;Ddsf] dl;gf] 6'j|mf agfpg] k/fnsf]
dl;gf] 6'j|mfnfO{ kfgLdf /fvL sl/a 15 - 20 ldg]6 /fd|/L pdfNg]
— pdfn]sf] k/fnnfO{ /fd|/L ;'Vvf agfpg] / sl/a Ps lbgkl5 pSt ;'Vvf k/fnsf 6'j|mfnfO{
Knfl:6ssf y}nLdf ldnfP/ /fVg]
— k/fnsf] 6'j|mfnfO{ Knfl:6ssf] y}nLdf tx tx agfO{ /fVg] / k|To]s txdf Rofpsf] lap 5g]{
— Pp6f Knfl:6ssf] y}nLdf ;fwf/0ftof 5-6 tx agfpg] / k|To]s txsf] prfO 8-10 OGr agfpg]
— k/fnsf] 6'j|mfnfO{ /fd|/L xftn] vfb\g] / To;df 10-12 cf]6f hlt Kjfn agfpg]
— Knfl:6ssf] y}nLnfO{ ;ft lbg;Dd cWof/f] sf]7fdf /fVg]
— Knfl:6ssf] y}nLdf tLgrf/cf]6f Kjfn agfpg] / cfjZostfcg';f/ kfgL 5s{g] .
-O_ To;kl5 lgDg tl/sfaf6 tftf] d]r ljlw ;~rfng ug{'xf];\ .
— ;a} ;d"xdf uf]nf k|yf u/fP/ pQ/ lbg] k|To]s ;d"xaf6 kfn}kfnf] Ps hgfsf] 5gf]6 ug{'xf];\ .
— sIffsf] cufl8 Pp6f d]r /fv]/ To;df Ps hgfnfO{ a:g nufO{ Tof] ;d"x afx]ssf] csf]{
;d"xaf6 k|Zg ;f]Wg nufpg'xf];\ .
— o; k|lj|mofdf kfn}kfnf] ;a} ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf u/fpg'xf];\ .
— ;a}eGbf w]/} k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/ lbg] ;d"xnfO{ ljh]tf 3f]if0ff ug{'xf];\ .
-O{_ To;kl5 Rofp v]tLsf] 5f]6f] lel8of] lSnk k|bz{g ub}{ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . clt
5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg ljBfyL{nfO{ APPLE Technique k|of]u u/L ;f]w]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ yk
k[i7kf]if0f lbO{ Rofp v]tL ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ . ( A= ask the question in a whole
group, P= pause a moment, P = pick up a learner to answer. L= Listen the
answer carefully, E= Evaluate the answer by another learner)

54
lgisif{
 Rofpsf] v]tL ug{sf nflu k/fnnfO{ 1 b]lv 2 OGr;Ddsf] dl;gf] 6'j|mf agfP/ kfgLdf /fvL sl/a
15 - 20 ldg]6 /fd|/L pdfNg]
— pdfn]sf] k/fnnfO{ ;'Vvf agfpg] / k/fnsf 6'j|mfnfO{ Knfl:6ssf y}nLdf tx tx ldnfP/ /fVg] /
k|To]s txdf Rofpsf] lap 5g]{
— k/fnsf] 6'j|mfnfO{ /fd|/L xftn] vfb\g] / To;df 10-12 cf]6f hlt Kjfn agfpg] tyf tL y}nLnfO{
;ft lbg;Dd cWof/f] sf]7fdf /fVg] To;kl5 cfjZostfcg';f/ kfgL 5s{g] .

lj|mofsnfk $ Rofp v]tL :yn e|d0f (Mushroom farming field visit )

;Dej eP ljBfyL{nfO{ Rofp v]tL ug]{ 7fpFsf] ;d"x e|d0f u/fO{ ;f]wk'5 u/]/ Rofp v]tL k|ljlwaf/]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{] jftfj/0f ldnfpg'xf];\ . To; e|d0fsf] k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ u[xsfo{ lbg'xf];\ .

:ynut e|d0fdf lgDg kIfdf Wofg lbg'xf];\ .

e|d0f k"j{

— ljBfyL{nfO{ e|d0f :ynsf] hfgsf/L, ToxfF ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgL, ug{'kg]{ sfo{sf] :ki6 hfgsf/L lbFb}
ljsf; ul/Psf] js{l;6 pknAw u/fpg]
— cfjZostfcg';f/ ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L e|d0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|To]s ;d"xdf Ps hgf 6f]nL g]tfsf]
Joj:yf ug]{
— Rofp s[ifsnfO{ l/;f];{ k;{gsf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ug]{

e|d0fsf j|mddf

— lbOPsf] js{l;6 lgb]{zgadf]lhd k"/f ug{ nufpg]

e|d0f kZrft\

— k|ltj]bg n]vL k|:t't ug{ nufpg]

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ k|fylds / låtLo dfO;]lnoddf s'g} b'O{cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ . 2

-cf_ Rofpsf] luN;sf] leqL agf]6sf] lrq agfO{ o;sf ljleGg efusf] gfdfs/0f ug{'xf];\ . 3
-O_ Rofpsf] hLjgrj|mnfO{ lrqaf6 b]vfpg'xf];\ . 3

-O{_ Rofpsf] hLjgrj|msf] 5f]6f] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ . 3

55
-p_ lrqdf Rofpsf] luN;sf] ;]S;g b]vfOPsf] 5, lrqsf cfwf/df
lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ slt lsl;dsf sf]iftxn] luN;sf] leQf lgdf{0f u5{g\ < 1
-v_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf s / v lar s] km/s 5 < 1
-u_ Basidiospore aGg'clusf] cj:yf / ag]kl5sf] b'O{cf]6f
cj:yfsf] j0f{g ug{'xf];\ . 4
Fig 3.4

-ª_ u[xsfo{ (Home work)

ljBfyL{nfO{ Rofpsf] dxŒjaf/] cWoog u/L dxŒjk"0f{ a'FbfnfO{ cfufdL -ef]lnkN6_ sIffdf k|:t't ug]{ sfo{
lbg'xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t'
Rofpsf] dxŒj -cfocfh{g, Rofp v]tL, h}ljs k|ljlwåf/f RofphGo pTkfbg h:t} M ;'s'l6, crf/ cflb
tyfdfgj :jf:Yosf nflu Rofpsf] k|of]u_
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective):
Rofpsf] hLjgrj|m / dxŒj j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities):

Rofpsf] dxŒj;DaGwL >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (learning facilitation activities):

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming):

Rofpaf6 xfdLnfO{ x'g] kmfObf / gf]S;fgLaf/] ;d"xut 5nkmn u/L l6kf]6 tof/ u/L sIffdf Kf|:t't
nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu Rofpsf] dxŒj (Importance of mushroom for human
health)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv ^ ;d"xdf ljeflht ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ cluNnf] sIffsf] cGTodf lbOPsf] u[xsfo{sf cfwf/df Pp6f v08sf] k|:t'lt -k|f]l6g ;|f]tsf ¿kdf
Rofp, le6fldg ;|f]tsf ¿kdf Rofp, vlgh kbfy{sf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf Rofp / cf}ifwLsf ¿kdf Rofp_
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

56
-O_ k|To]s k|:t'ltkl5 cGo ;d"xsf] k[i7kf]if0f lnFb} cfjZos eP 5'6]sf a'bFfnfO{ yKg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ ;a} ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkl5 dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu Rofpsf] dxŒjnfO{ ;dli6ut ¿kdf JofVof u/L :ki6
kfg'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # Rofpsf] cfly{s dxŒj (Economic importance of mushroom):

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv ^ ;d"xdf ljeflht ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ lj|mofsnfk @ df h:t} klxn]sf] sIffsf] u[xsfo{sf] cfly{s dxŒj;Fu ;DalGwt v08
k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ;DalGwt k|:t'ltsf d'Vo d'Vo a'bFf rf6{ k]k/ jf Go'h lk|G6df l6kf]6 ;"rLa4 u/fO{
j|md};Fu leQfdf k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ o;kl5 gallery walk lgDg ljlwaf6 ug{'xf];\ .

— sIffsf]7fdf k|bz{g ul/Psf rf6{k]k/ jf Go'hlk|G6sf] kfn}kfnf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
-s_ dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu Rofpsf] dxŒj (Importance of mushroom in human health)

k|f]l6gsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf, le6fldgsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf, vlgh kbfy{sf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf tyf cf}ifwLsf ¿kdf
-v_ Rofpsf] cfly{s dxŒj (Economic importance of mushroom)

-u_ Osf]nf]lhsn dxŒj (Ecological importance)

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-cf_ Rofpsf] cf}ifwLo dxŒjsf] j0f{g ug{'xf];\ . 2

-O_ …dfgj :jf:Yo tyf cfocfh{gsf nflu Rofp dxŒjk"0f{ dflGfG5 .Ú ts{;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . 2
-O{_ …Rofpaf6 dfgjnfO{ kmfObf / gf]S;fg b'O6} 5 .Ú ts{;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . 2
-p_ Rofpn] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt agfpg s:tf] e"ldsf v]N5, JofVof ug'{xf];\ . 2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

57
tkfO{F{sf] j/k/ /x]sf Ps hgf Rofp s[ifssf] interview lnP/ To;sf cfwf/df Rofp v]tL ug{'clu /
Rofp v]tL ug{ yfn]kl5 cfPsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g dfly k|ltj]bg n]vL sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t'
 Rofpsf] e08f/0f / pkof]u
 vfg] Rofp / ljiffn' Rofp
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)
vfg] Rofp / ljzfn' Rofpsf] klxrfg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

vfg] / ljiffn' Rofpsf lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

tn lbOPsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7sf] k|f/De ug'{xf];\ .

-c_ Pp6f Rofp s[ifsn] pTkfbg u/]sf] Rofp ahf/sf] dfueGbf a9L ePdf pSt s[ifsn] cfˆgf
pTkfbgnfO{ gf]S;fg x'gaf6 hf]ufpgsf nflu s] s] pkfo ckgfpg ;S5 <

lj|mofsnfk @ Rofpsf] e08f/0f / pkof]u (Storage and use of mushroom)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv ^ ;d"xdf ljeflht ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ tL ;d"xnfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf lgDglnlvt a'Fbfsf] cWoog u/L Rofpsf] e08f/0f / pkof]uaf/]
Go'hlk|G6 jf sf8{af]8{df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
 Rofp ;kmf;Fu kvfNg]
 ;fgf ;fgf 6'j|mf kfg]{
 plDn/x]sf] kfgLdf 98\ofpg]
 RofpnfO{ v'nf 3fd jf cu]gf jf cfw'lgs cf]eg k|of]u u/L ;'sfpg]
 /fd|/L ;'s]kl5 xfjf gl5g]{ u/L Koflsª ug]{
 pSt Koflsª ul/Psf] RofpnfO{ pko'St 7fpFdf e08f/0f ug]{

-O_ To;kl5 k|To]s ;d"xn] cfkm"n] u/]sf sfo{ kfn}kfnf] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ :yfgfGt/0f u/L yKg ldNg] s'/f
yKg nufpg'xf];\ . o; lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ Graffitti elgG5 .

58
-O{_ s'g} Pp6f ;d"xsf] k|:t'ltkl5 k[i7kf]if0f lbFb} 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

59
lgisif{
Rofp Pp6f k|z:t dfqfdf kf}li6s tŒj ePsf] kbfy{ xf] . o;af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf kl/sf/ tof/ ug{
;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk # vfgof]Uo / ljiffn' Rofp (Edible and poisonous mushroom)

60
-c_ lbOPsf] lrq cGo pknAw ljiffn' Rofpsf lrq z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

Fig 3.5 CSource: JICA/Nepal

-cf_ o; kf]:6/n] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] s'/fsf af/]df 5nkmn rnfpg'xf];\ .

-O_ lrqdf b]lvPsf ljiffn' Rofp / vfg of]Uo Rofpdf km/s kQf nuffpg] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ kQf nufOPsf a'Fbf z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .

-p_ cGTodf cfjZos eP yk a'Fbf lbP/ kf7sf] cGTo ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{
laiffn' Rofpsf s]xL nIf0f  /ftf] sf08 jf kfOn; ePsf] Rofp tyf
 xNsf v}/f] /ªsf] Rofp tyf ;]tf] luN;
ls/f gnfu]sf] lrNnf] kfOn; ePsf] Rofp
(gills) ePsf] Rofp
 Rofpsf] kfOn; xNsf lyRbf kx]Fnf] /ª
 sf08df l/ª (valva) ePsf] Rofp tyf /ftf]
cfpg] Rofp cflb
/ª ePsf] Rofp
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

61
— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf
sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\
.
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ Rofpaf6 s] s:tf cGo pTkfbg agfpg ;lsG5, ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . 2
-cf_ Rofpsf] ;'s'6L s;/L agfOG5, j0f{g ug'{xf];\ . 2
-O_ laiffn' Rofpsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ . 2
-O{_ vfgof]Uo Rofp / laiffn' Rofpdf s'g} b'O{cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ . 2
-p_ hª\unL Rofp k|of]u ubf{ s] s:tf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ < 2
-pm_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

tkfO{F{sf] j/k/ /x]sf Rofp s[ifssf] interview sf cfwf/df Rofp v]tL ug{'clu / Rofp v]tL ug{
yfn]kl5 cfPsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdfly k|ltj]bg n]vL sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

%= lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher)

g]kfndf hª\unL vfg of]Uo Rofpsf k|hfltsf] s'/f ubf{ em08} ! ;o $& k|hflt e]l6G5g\ / xfn;Dd
sl/a !)) cf]6f ljiffn' k|hfltsf] /]s8{ 5 . ToxfF &# k|hflt 5g\ hals @) k|hfltnfO{ ;hfj6df k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . ljiffn'' RofpnfO{ vfB k|hfltsf ¿kdf unt klxrfgsf sf/0fn] ubf{ ;fdfGotM hª\unL
Rofp vfFbf Rofpsf] ljiffSttf x'G5 . ;+;f/el/ Rofpsf] ljiffSttfsf (%Ü eGbf a9L 36gf unt
klxrfgsf sf/0f x'G5g\ . ljiffn' Rofpn] ljZjsf 1ft Rofpsf] !Ü eGbf sd k|ltlglwTj ug]{ eP klg
xfdL t'ngfTds ¿kdf s]xL vt/gfs / slxn]sfxLF 3fts k|hfltsf] cl:tŒjnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ;Sb}gf}F .
g]kfndf lgoldt / Jojl:yt ljif /lh:6«L k|0ffnLsf] cefjsf sf/0f olsg tYofª\s pknAw 5}g . :yfgLo
/ /fli6«o ldl8ofsf cfwf/df x/]s jif{ bh{gf}F dflg;sf] d[To' x'G5Ù ;of}F c:ktfndf egf{ x'G5g\, hals
;of}F :yfgLo pkrf/df e/ k5{g\ . xtfxtsf] jf:tljs ;ª\Vof k|sflzt ;ª\VofeGbf w]/} x'g ;S5 lsgeg]
w]/}h;f] 36gf b'u{d If]qdf x'G5g\ h'g s'g} klg ldl8of se/]h aflx/ 5g\ . g]kfndf kfOg] s]xL ljiffn'
Rofpsf k|hfltsf] ;"rL tn lbOPsf] 5 .

62
List of poisonous Mushrooms of Nepal

1. Amanita alauda (Dhwase chyau) 32. Amanita vaginata (Tahar syamo)

2. Amanita avellaneosquamosa (Pahelo rato katlae salle 33. Boletus luridus (Chungping Syamo)
chyau) 34. Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Puju ur syamo)
3. Amanita castanopsis (Seto katlae chyau) 35. Coprinus atramentarius
4. Amanita ceciliae (Khairo Dhwase katlae chyau) 36. Coprinus disseminates (Kalo chyau)
5. Amanita echinocephala (Dalle seto katlae chyau) 37. Daldinia concentrica (Kale dalle chyau)
6. Amanita friabilis (Musa Khairo seto katlae chyau) 38. Echinoderma hystrix (Katlae chyau)
7. Amanita fritillaria (Kalo katlae chyau) 39. Gymnopilus junonius
8. Amanita gemmata (Pahelo seto katlae chyau) 40. Gyromitra infula (Khairo rikape chyau)
9. Amanita sinensis (Khiro kalo katlae chyau) 41. Gyromitra esculenta
10. Amanita spisacea (khairo rato katlae chyau) 42. Halvella crispa (Seto rikape chyau)
11. Amanita sculpta (Thulo kalo katlae chyau) 43. Hygrocybe pisttacina (Hariyo chiplae chyau)
12. Amanita vittadini (Seto katlae linge chyau) 44. Hygrocybe conica (Kalo chiplo chyau)
13. Amanita excelsa 45. Lactarius piperatus (Priko dudhe chyau)
14. Amanita longistriata (Khairo dharso bhut chyau) 46. Lepiota aspara
15. Amanita pantherina (Mem Syamo chituwa butte chyau) 47. Lepiota hystrix
16. Amanita virosa (Seto katlae bhut chyau) 48. Macrolepiota nemastoides
17. Amanita phalloides (mitru xatrika Bhut chyau) 49. Omphalotus olearius (Pahelo kathe chyau)
18. Amanita porphyria (mirtu xatrika) 50. Pholiota terrestris (Rato katlae chyau)
19. Amanita pseudoporphyria (Mirtu xatrika) 51. Panacloes semiovatus (Gobbre chyau)
20. Amanitia verna (Seto vut chyau) 52. Ramaria flava (Puju Syamo)
21. Amanita cokeri (Seto katlae aauthi chyau) 53. Ramaria formosa (Puju Syamo)
22. Amanita citrina (Kagate chyau) 54. Ramaria aurea (Pahelo boke chyau)
23. Amanita concentrica 55. Russula fragilis
24. Amanita constricta (Kharane katlae chyau) 56. Russula adusta (Khairo Haki chyau)
25. Amanita magniverrucata (Seto katlae beriyeko chyau) 57. Russula emetica (Rato chyau)
26. Amanita ovoidea 58. Russula nigricans (Handi chyau)
27. Amanita pilosella (Kalo katlae chyau) 59. Russula senecis
28. Amanita rubrovolvata (Rato katlae chyau) 60. Russula subnigricans (seto handi chyau)
29. Amanita volvata 61. Sehizophyllum commune (Mij chyau)
30. Amanita vaginata var punctata (Tahar syamo) 62. Tylopilus nigerrimus (Kalo xidre chyau)
31. Amanita fulva (Tahar syamo)

Source: https://aatiyekobaigyanik.wordpress.com/2021/03/31/list-of-poisonous-mushrooms-of-nepal/

kfFrfF} lbg, PsfOsf] clGtd lbg (Fifth day; the last day of the unit)

k|ltljlDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

63
 k|To]s lbgsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] j|mddf l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk
;xof]u ug]{, k|ltefjfg\ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds k4ltcg';f/
l;sfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ckfª\utfcg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr
bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf k|Zg
agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
!= RofpnfO{ d[tf]khLjL (saprotrophic) eGg'sf] sf/0f s'g xf] < 1
-s_ o;n] cfˆgf] vfgf cfkm}F agfpg ;Sb}g . -v_ o;n] ;8]un]sf s'lxPsf j:t'af6 vfgf k|fKt u5{ .
-u_ cfˆgf] vfgfsf nflu c¿df e/ k5{ . -3_ hLjsf] z/L/af6 vfgf ;f];]/ lnG5 .
@= xfOd]lgoddf ePsf] s'g sf]if km6f{On x'G5 < 1
-s_ a]l;l8od -v_ 6«fdf (Trama)
-u_ kf/fkmfOl;; -3_ xfOkmf
#= a]l;l8of]:kf]/ (Basidiospore) aGg] tx s'g xf] < 1
-s_ xfOd]lgod -v_ ;a xfOd]lgod
-u_ 6«fdf -3_ kf/fkmfOl;;
$= s'g Rofpaf6 SofG;/ /f]usf pkrf/sf nflu cf}ifwL agfOG5 <
-s_ /ftf] Rofp -v_ 8Nn] Rofp
-u_ sGg] Rofp -3_ uf]a|] Rofp 1
%= xfOd]lgoddf ePsf] :6]/fOn sf]ifnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ a]l;l8od -v_ 6«fdf (Trama)
-u_ kf/fkmfOl;; -3_ xfOkmf
^= a]l;l8of]:kf]/ (Basidiospore) sxfF aG5 <
-s_ xfOd]lgod -v_ ;a xfOd]lgod
-u_ 6«fdf -3_ kf/fkmfOl;;
&= sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ RofpnfO{ d[tf]khLjL elgG5 .
-v_ dflg;sf nflu Rofp kmfObfhgs / xflgsf/s b'j} x'G5g\ .
-u_ pRr /Strfk, dw'd]x, d'6' /f]u ePsf dflg;nfO{ Rofp ;]jgdf k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 .
-3_ hª\unL Rofp k|of]u ug{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ .
*= km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M

64
-s_ vfg] Rofp / laiffn' Rofp
-v_ k|fylds / låtLo dfO;]lnod
-u_ kf/fkmfOl;; (Paraphysis) / a]l;lo8d (Basidium)
(= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ Rofpdf kfOg] kf}li6s tŒjsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ Rofpsf] cf}ifwLo dxŒjsf] j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ …dfgj :jf:Yo tyf cfocfh{gsf nflu Rofp dxŒjk"0f{ dflGfG5 .Ú ts{;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ ;fwf/0f k|ljlwaf6 3/d} Rofpsf] v]tL s;/L ul/G5, 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
-ª_ RofphGo pTkfbgsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-r_ Rofpsf] ;'s'6L agfpg] ljlw j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ laiffn' Rofpsf ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-h_ Rofpsf] lrq agfO{ o;sf ljleGg efusf] gfds/0f ug{'xf];\ .
-em_ Rofpsf] hLjgrj|m lrq;lxt j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-`_ lrq cjnf]sg u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf efusf] gfd n]vL k|To]ssf] Ps
Pscf]6f sfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ aLhf0f' s'g efudf x'G5 <
-O_ lbOPsf EffunfO{ Fruiting body / Mycellium df
5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

-6_ lrqdf luN;sf] ;]S;g

b]vfOPsf] 5, lrqsf cfwf/df
lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf] pQ/
n]Vg'xf];\ M
-c_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf efusf]
gfd n]Vg'xf]; .
-cf_ …sÚ / …vÚ lar s] km/s 5
<
-O_ Basidiospore s;/L pTkfbg x'G5, j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .

65
PsfO $ j|md ljsf; (Evolution)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M )^
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{ k|df0fsf cfwf/df j|md ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff j0f{g ug{, n]dfs{ tyf
8fla{gsf] hLj ljsf;sf] l;4fGtsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{, Hugo de Vries sf] pTkl/jt{gsf] l;4fGtsf]
JofVof ug{ tyf j|md ljsf;df kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{gsf] dxŒj ;f]wvf]h ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ . o;
PsfOcGtu{t j|md ljsf;sf l;4fGt, j|md ljsf;sf k|df0f, kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{g h:tf ljifoj:t'
;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg / k|bz{g ljlwsf ;fy} mix and match, think, pair and share, T
and M models, cflbsf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ k|df0fsf cfwf/df j|md ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff j0f{g ug{
-v_ n]dfs{sf] hLj ljsf;sf] l;4fGtsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{
-u_ 8fla{gsf] hLj ljsf;sf] l;4fGtsf] cjwf/0ff JofVof ug{
-3_ Hugo de Vries sf] pTkl/jt{gsf] l;4fGtsf] JofVof ug{
-ª_ j|md ljsf;df kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{gsf] dxŒj ;f]wvf]h ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
!= j|md ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff  j|md ljsf;sf] kl/ro !
 j|md ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff

@= j|md ljsf;sf k|df0f  hLjfjz]ifaf6 k|fKt k|df0f !

-hLjfjz]if, t'ngfTds z/L/  t'ngfTds z/L/ /rgfaf6 k|fKt k|df0f
/rgf tyf cjz]iffª\u_
 cjz]iffª\uaf6 k|fKt k|df0f

#= b'O{ ju{ larsf hgfj/ tyf  b'O{ ju{ larsf hgfj/af6 k|fKt k|df0f !
e|"0f;DaGwL k|df0f,  e|"0faf6 k|fKt k|df0f
j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGt
 j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGt
-n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt_
-n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt / o;sf] cfnf]rgf_

$= j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGt  8fla{gsf] l;4fGt !

66
-8fla{gsf] l;4fGt_  8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf] cfnf]rgf
 n]dfs{ / 8fla{gsf l;4fGtsf] t'ngf

%= kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{g tyf  kl/j[lQ !

Hugo de Vries sf]  pTkl/jt{g
pTkl/jt{gsf] l;4fGt
 Hugo de Vries sf] pTkl/jt{gsf] l;4fGt
^ k|ltljlDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !

$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M j|md ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives):

-c_ j|md ljsf;sf] kl/ro lbg

-cf_ j|md ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff agfpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials): 3f]8fsf] ljsf; j|mdsf] lrq, j|md
ljsf;sf] tree diagram dfl:sª 6]k / z}Ifl0fs kf6L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lbOPsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
 k[YjLdf ;a}eGbf klxn] s'g ;hLjsf] pTklQ ePsf] lyof] xf]nf <
 s] xfd|f] jl/kl/ kfOg] ;hLj klxnfb]lv g} cl:tŒjdf lyP xf]nfg\ <
 lrqdf km/s km/s sfnv08df /x]sf
Pp6} k|hfltsf hgfj/sf] ljsf;j|md
b]vfOPsf] 5 . km/s km/s ;dodf
cl:tŒjdf /x]sf oL km/s km/s
lsl;dsf 3f]8fsf af/]df s;/L
Fig 4.1
yfxf kfOPsf] xf]nf <
 o;sf cfwf/df j|md ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff l;Sgsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO pTk|]l/t ug{'xf];\ .

67
lj|mofsnfk @ k[YjLdf hLjsf] pTklQ (Origin of life on the earth)

— ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{nfO{ 5-6 hgfsf] ;d"xdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljeflht ug'{xf];\ .

— k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f Pp6f Go'hlk|G6 / km/s km/s sn/sf] Pp6f Pp6f ;fOgk]g lbg'xf];\ .
— k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k[YjLdf hLjsf] pTklQ s;/L ePsf] lyof] xf]nf cg'dfg / 5nkmn ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt a'FbfnfO{ l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— k|To]s ;d"xn] l6kf]6 u/]sf Go'h lk|G6nfO{ j|md};Fu ;a} ;d"xdf k'Ug] / ;fd'lxs 5nkmnsf
cfwf/df aF'bf yk36 u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg] u/L Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ .
— ca j'mg} b'O{cf]6f ;d"xnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— To;kl5 k|:t'ltdf cfPsf a'Fbfsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIf atfpg'xf];\ .
Graffitee sf] o; lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df k[YjLdf k|fb'ef{j ePsf ;hLj lgs} ;/n agf]6 ePsf lyP
eGg] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ . cGTodf k[YjLdf ;hLjsf] pTklQ ePsf] af/] lbOPsf ljleGg kl/sNkgfsf af/]df
5f]6f] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
lgisif{ M
k[YjLdf ;'?df pTklQ ePsf ;hLj lgs} ;/n agf]6 ePsf lyP / ltg} ;/n agf]6 ePsf ;hLjaf6 g}
clxn]sf hl6n ;hLjsf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

lj|mofsnfk # ;hLjsf] j|md ljsf;sf]] cjwf/0ff (Concept of evolution of organisms):

-c_ b]vfOPsf] j[If lrqnfO{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf cfwf/df ;hLjsf] j|md ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
 o; lrqaf6 s] hfgsf/L kfOG5 <
 k[YjLsf ;a}eGbf klxnf pTkGg ePsf] hLjsf] agf]6 s:tf] lyof] xf]nf <
 xf8 ePsf / gePsf hgfj/df s'g klxnf ljsf; eof] xf]nf <
 s] cldafeGbf klg ;/n hLJfsf] pTklQ ePsf] lyof] xf]nf <
 olb olb lyof] eg] Tof] s:tf] lyof] xf]nf <
-O_ APPLE ljlw af6 k|Zgf]Q/af6 cfPsf a'FbfnfO{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf Fig 4.2

gbf]xl/g] u/L l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg'xf];\ / cGTodf k[i7kf]if0f lbFb} ;hLjsf] j|md
ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
j|md ljsf;sf j|mddf k|f]Sofl/of]6 AofS6]l/of h:tf hLjsf] pTklQ

68
eO{ To;kl5 of]eGbf a9L ljsl;t o'Sofl/cf]l6s sf]ifsf] pTklQ eof]
. ltgLx¿af6 Pssf]ifLo hLj tyf jg:kltsf] ljsf; eof] . To;kl5
cg's"n jtfj/0f ;Fu;Fu} ax'sf]ifLo hGt' tyf jg:kltsf] pTklQ tyf
ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 .
;hLjdf lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g x'g] j|md rln/xFbf ltgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s
agfj6 ;/naf6 hl6n x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 o;}nfO j|md ljsf; elgG5
.

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ ;hLjsf] j|md ljsf;sf]] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ k[YjLdf ;hLjsf] pTklQaf/] s] s:tf kl/sNkgf lbOPsf 5g\ < 1
-O_ dflg;sf] pTklQ ;a}eGbf kl5 eP klg p;n] klxnfsf ;hLjsf af/]df s;/L kQf nufp5 < 2
-O{_ klxnf] ;hLj kfgLdf pTkGg ePsf] dfGotfsf sf/0f :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

Pp6f rf6{ k]k/df j|md ljsf;sf] tree diagram sf] df]8]n agfpg'xf];\ .
%= lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher)

hLjx¿sf] pTklQaf/] kl/sNkgf

olb xfdLn] cfˆgf] jl/kl/ x]¥of}F eg], xfdL w]/} k|sf/sf af]6la?jf / hgfj/ b]V5f}F . ltgLx¿ ljleGg kIfdf
Pscsf{af6 leGg 5g\ . ha s;}n] jg:klt / hgfj/sf af/]df cWoog u5{ ta p;sf] dgdf k[YjLdf oL
hLjsf] pTklQ / ljsf;sf af/]df ljleGg k|Zg p7\5g\ h:t} M s;/L pTkGg eP < slxn] pTklQ eP <
s;/L ljsl;t x'G5g\ / hLjdf o:tf] ljljwtf s;/L cfp5 < hLjgsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] eGg] hjfkm
lbg w]/} ufx|f] 5 . hLjgsf] pTklQsf af/]df w]/} kl/sNkgf lbOPsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] s]xLsf] 5f]6f] j0f{g
tn lbOPsf] 5 .
A. Theory of special creation

69
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ hLjg cnf}lss zlSt jf eujfgåf/f ;[li6 ul/Psf] lyof] . pxfFn] ;a} jg:klt /
hgfj/ ;[li6 ug{'eof] h'g k[YjLdf ltgLx¿ cfh cjl:yt ¿kdf b]vfk¥of] . of] l;4fGt ljZjf;df
cfwfl/t 5 / s'g} j}1flgs k|df0f 5}g To;}n] o;nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5}g .
B. Theory of spontaneous generation
o; l;4fGtcg';f/ k[YjLdf lghL{j j:t'af6 hLjgsf] pTklQ ePsf] xf] . gfOn gbLsf] df6fn] 3fddf Gofgf]
x'Fbf Eofu'tf, 6f]8, ;k{ / uf]xL h:tf hLljt k|f0fL hGdfpg ;S5 eGg] ljZjf; lyof] . ef]g x]NdG6n]
dflg;sf] kl;gfn] leh]sf] h;L{ / ux'Fsf] rf]s/nfO{ @! lbg;Dd ;Fu} /fVbf d';f aGg ;Sg] atfP .
o; l;4fGtnfO{ k|mfG;]:sf] /]8L, :knfGhfgL / n'O; kfZr/n] cfˆgf ljleGg k|of]uåf/f c:jLsf/ u/]sf lyP
. xfdL dflyNnf sIffdf pgLx¿sf] k|of]usf af/]df cWoog ug]{ 5f}F .
C. Modern concept of origin of life
cfw'lgs cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(#) df cf]k]l/gn] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ klxnf] hLljt sf]lifsf
;fwf/0f tŒjaf6 pTkGg eof] . sfa{g, xfO8«f]hg, clS;hg, gfO6«f]hg cflb h:tf ;"Id c0f' k|f]l6g,
sfaf]{xfO8«]6, OGhfOd, Go"lSns Pl;8 cflb h:tf Dofj|mf] c0f' kl/jlt{t eP . To;kl5 ltgLx¿n]
PafofF]h
F ]g]l;; elgg] k|lj|mofåf/f klxnf] hLljt sf]lifsf pTkfbg u/] . Abiogenesis lghL{j kbfy{af6
hLljt j:t'sf] ljsf; x'g' g} xf] . afofF]h
F ]g]l;;åf/f ag]sf sf]lifsf j|mdzM h}ljs ljsf;sf] k|lj|mofaf6
jt{dfg cj:yfdf yk hl6n x'Fb} uP .
bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t'
j|md ljsf;sf k|df0f

-hLjfjz]if, t'ngfTds z/L/ /rgf tyf cjz]iffª\u_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 hLjfjz]ifaf6 k|fKt k|df0fsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg

 t'ngfTds z/L/ /rgfaf6 k|fKt k|df0faf/] j0f{g ug{
 cjz]iffª\uaf6 k|fKt k|df0faf/] j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

hLjfjz]if lgdf{0f k|lj|mof, xf]df]nf]u; cª\u, Pgfnf]u; cª\u / cjz]iffª\usf lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

70
lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ hLjfjz]if eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ s] r/fsf] kv]6f / dflg;sf] xftsf] agf]6df s]xL ;dfgtf 5 <
-O_ j|md ljsf; ePs} xf] eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/ s] xf] <
-O{_ hLjfjz]if s;/L aG5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ j|md ljsf;sf k|df0fsf] ;"rL agfpg (Enlist the evidences of evolution)

-c_ j|md ljsf;sf k|df0fsf] ;"rL n]lvPsf] rf6{ k]k/nfO{ k|bz{g af]8{df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ ltgdf /x]sf kb h:t} hLjfjz]if, ;wdL{ cª\u, Pgfnf]u; cª\u, cjz]iffª\u, la|h Plgdnsf]
5nkmnaf6 ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-O_ hLjfjz]if, ;hftLo cª\u, Pgfnf]u; cª\u, cjz]iffª\u, la|h Plgdn h:tf kbsf] kl/efiff n]Vg] u[xsfo{
lbP/ s]xLsf] k|:t'lt u/fpg'xf];\ / cfjZos ePdf oyf]lrt k[i7kf]if0f lbO{ ;'wfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
j|md ljsf;sf k|d'v k|df0f lgDglnlvt x'g M
-s_ hLjfjz]ifaf6 k|fKt k|df0f (Evidences from fossil)
-v_ t'ngfTds z/L/ /rgfaf6 k|fKt k|df0f (Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy)
 ;wdL{ cª\ux¿ (Homologous organs)
 cjz]iffª\uaf6 k|fKt k|df0f (Evidence from vestigial organ)
-u_ b'O{ ju{larsf hgfj/af6 k|fKt k|df0fx¿ (Evidences from bridge animals)
-3_ e|0" f;DaGwL k|df0f (Embryonic evidences)

lj|mofsnfk #
hLjfjz]ifaf6
k|fKt k|df0fsf]
cjwf/0ff
(Concept of
evidences from fossils)

— lrqsf] k|:t'tLj|f6 hLjfjz]if aGg] k|lj|mofsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

— ag]sf] kq] r6\6fgsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] kqdf ;fwf/0f agf]6 ePsf ;hLj h:t} clNusf]
hLjfjz]if kfOPsf] 5 eg] dflyNnf] kqdf :tgwf/Lsf] hLjfjz]if kfOPsf] 5 .
Fig 4.3

71
o;af6 s] olsg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ;hLjsf] ljsf; j|mdzM ;/naf6 hl6n ;+/rgfdf ePsf ;hLj ljsf;
ePsf] x'G5 . k|ToIf b]Vg ;lsg] ePsfn] ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn] hLjfjz]ifaf6 k|fKt k|df0fnfO{ w]/} dxŒj
lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ cfls{of]K6]l/S; tyf 3f]8fsf hLjfjz]ifsf lrq
k|:t't u/L ltgLx¿sf] cl:tŒj / j|md ljsf;sf
af/]df j0f{g ug'xf];\ .

-O_ ;DalGwt s]xL k|Zg ;f]w]/ j0f{g ul/Psf

;fdu|LAff/] :ki6 eP gePsf] olsg ug'{xf];\ .

-O{_ hLjfjz]if k/fk"j{ sfndf /x]sf ;hLjsf c+z

ePsf x'gfn] o;af6 k|fKt j|md ljsf;;DaGwL k|df0f Fig 4.4 cGo ;a} k|df0feGbf
alnof] /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .

lgisif{
w]/} jif{ klxn] d/]sf hGt' tyf jg:kltsf s'g} c+z, 5fk jf lrx\g kq] r6\6fgdf kfOG5 To;nfO{ hLjfjz]if
(Fossil) elgG5 . hLjfjz]ifsf af/]df cWoog ug]{ ljifonfO{ Paleontology elgG5 . hLjfjz]ifsf] cWoogaf6
nfvf}F jif{ clu cl:tŒjdf /x]sf ;hLjsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . To;}n] hLjfjz]ifn] j|md ljsf;
ePsf] s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft u5{ . hLjfjz]ifaf6 k|fKt k|df0fnfO{ j|md ljsf;sf] alnof] cfwf/ dflgG5 .

72
lj|mofsnfk $ z/L/sf] t'ngfTds cWoogaf6 k|fKt k|df0fsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of evidences from
comparative anatomy)

— ;wdL{ / Pgfnf]u; cª\usf] ;fdfGo kl/ro k|Zg pQ/ ljlwaf6 u/fpg'xf];\ .

— b]vfOPsf s]xL ;hftLo cª\usf
lrq k|:t't u/L ltgLx¿sf]
forelimbs df /x]sf humerus.
Radius, ulna, carpals,
metacarpals / phalanges Fig 4.5
h:tf xfF8 lrgfpg'xf];\ .
— o:tf pkl:yt cª\usf] j|md ljsf;;Fusf] ;DaGwsf af/]df j0f{g ug'xf];\ .

-O_ s]xL Pgfnf]u; cª\usf lrq k|:t't u/L

ltgsf forelimbs df aflx/L ;dfgtf /x]
klg leqL agf]6 c;dfg eP/ tL hgfj/
km/s km/s k'vf{af6 ljsl;t ePsf x'g Fig 4.6
eGg] ts{ lbg'xf];\ .
;hLjdf kfOg] To:tf cª\u Hf:fsf] pTklQ (Embryonic origin) km/s km/s x'G5 t/ Pp6} sfo{sf
nflu k|of]u ul/G5 eg] To:tf cª\unfO{ Pgfnf]u; cª\usf (Analogous organ) ¿kdf kl/eflift
ug'x{ f];\ .
ls/f, rd]/f / r/fsf kv]6f p8\gsf nflu k|of]u x'g] eP tfklg ls/fsf] kv]6f, r/f / rd]/fsf] kv]6feGbf
km/s leqL agfj6 ePsf x'G5g\ . o:tf cª\usf cfwf/df j|md ljsf; ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'g] s'/f j0f{g
ug'xf];\ .
lgisif{
;hLjdf kfOg] cª\u Hf;sf] pTklQ (Embryomic origin) Pp6} x'G5 t/ km/s km/s sfdsf nflu k|of]u

ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;wdL{ cª\u (Homologous organ) elgG5 . ;hLjdf kfOg] To:tf cª\u Hf:fsf] pTklQ

(Embryonic origin) km/s km/s x'G5 t/ Pp6} sfo{sf nflu k|o]fu ul/G5 eg] To:tf cª\unfO{ Pgfnf]u;

cª\u (Analogous organ) elgG5 . o:tf ;wdL{ / Pgfnf]u; cª\usf] cWoogaf6 k|fKt k|df0fn] j|md

ljsf;sf] k'li6 ug{ dbt k'¥ofpF5 .

73
lj|mofsnfk % cjz]ifª\uaf6 k|fKt k|df0fsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of evidences from vestigial
organs)

-c_ cjz]iffª\usf] ;fdfGo kl/ro k|Zg pQ/ ljlwaf6 u/fpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ dfgj z/L/df kfOg] s]xL k|d'v

cjz]iffª\usf lrq k|:t't u/L tL
cª\usf] pkl:yltn] ltgLx¿sf]
k'vf{sf af/]df ;lhn} cg'dfg ug{
;Sg] s'/f :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-O_ dfgj z/L/df kfOg] cjz]iffª\usf Fig 4.7

cfwf/df dfgjsf] j|md ljsf; afFb/ -

PK;_ h:tf hgfj/af6 ePsf] x'g'kg]{
tYo atfpFb} cjz]iffª\uaf6 klg j|md
ljsf;sf] k|df0f kfpg ;Sg] s'/f :ki6
kfg{'xf];\ .

lgisif{
cjz]iffª\usf cfwf/df of] eGg ;lsG5 ls dflg;sf k'vf{ cf]v/ h:tf kmnnfO{ bfFtn] k'm6fpg ;Sg],
k'R5/ ePsf, zfsfxf/L / sfgnfO{ xNnfpg ;Sg] lsl;dsf lyP . o;} cfwf/df dfgjsf] j|md ljsf;
PK; h:t} hgfj/af6 ePsf] s'/f ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 / o; tYon] klg j|md ljsf; ePsf] eGg]
s'/f k|dfl0ft u5{ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ cjz]iffª\usf]] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ j|md ljsf;sf k|df0fsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . 3
-O_ ;hftLo cª\u eg]sf s] x'g\ < 2
-O{_ dflg;sf] xft tyf r/f / rd]/fsf] kv]6fsf] leqL agf]6n] s;/L j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0f lbG5g\ < 2

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

Pp6f rf6{ k]k/df ;hftLo cª\u tyf dfgj z/L/sf cjz]iffª\usf] /ª\uLg lrq agfpg'xf];\ .

74
t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t'
b'O{ ju{larsf hgfj/ tyf e|"0f;DaGwL k|df0f

j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGt -n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 b'O{ ju{ larsf hgfj/af6 k|fKt k|df0faf/] j0f{g ug{

 e|"0faf6 k|fKt k|df0faf/] j0f{g ug{
 j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGtsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L /fVg
 n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt / o;sf cfnf]rgfaf/] j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

Kn]l6k;, ljleGg hgfj/sf e|"0fsf ljleGg cj:yf, n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ cfls{of]K6]l/S;df r/f / /]K6fOnsf s'g s'g nIf0f kfOG5 <
-cf_ Kn]l6k; r/f jf :tgwf/L s] xf] <
-O_ e|"0ffj:yf eg]sf] s] xf] <
lj|mofsnfk @ b'O{ ju{ larsf hgfj/af6 k|fKt j|md ljsf;sf k|df0f
(Evidence of evolution from bridge animals)
-c_ Kn]l6k;sf] lrqsf] k|bz{g u/L k|Zgf]Q/sf cfwf/df o;n]
el6{a|]6\;sf s'g s'g ju{sf ;femf nIf0f b]vfpF5 eGg]af/] :ki6 Fig 4.8
kfg'{xf];\ .

-cf_ o;}u/L cfls{of]K6]l/S; tyf k|f]6f]K6]/; (lung fish) df ePsf o:tf ;femf u'0faf/] klg j0f{g
ug{'xf];\ .

-O_ o;/L b'O{ ju{ larsf hgfj/n] tNnf] ju{ / dflyNnf] ju{nfO{ hf]8]/ klg j|md ljsf; x'g] s'/fnfO{
k|dfl0ft u5{g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .

lgisif{

75
k|f]6f]K6]/; (protopterus) sf] cWoogaf6 df5fsf] j|mlds ljsf; eP/ peor/sf] ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 .
oxfF Kn]l6Kf;, cfls{of]K6]l/; / k|f]6f]K6]/; Bridge animals sf pbfx/0f x'g\ h:fn] tNnf] ju{ / dflyNnf]
ju{nfO{ hf]8\5g\ . b'O{ ju{sf] cGt/;DaGwn] klg a9L ljsl;t hgfj/ sd ljsl;t hgfj/af6 g} ag]sf]
tYo k|dfl0ft x'G5 .

-c_ e|"0f / e|"0flj1fgsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ df5f, ;fnfdfG8/, s5'jf, s'v'/f / dflg;sf e|"0fsf

lrqsf]] k|:t'lt ub}{ tL ljleGg ;hLjsf] e|"0ffj:yfdf
ePsf] ;+/rgfdf ;dfgtfsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{
k|Zgf]Q/sf cfwf/df logL]x¿n] lbg] j|md ljsf;sf
k|df0faf/] k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ .

-O_ k|blz{t hgfj/sf] e|"0ffj:yfdf /x]sf] ;dfgtfn]

logLx¿sf] j|md ljsf; Pp6} k'vf{af6 ePsf] xf] eGg] Fig 4.9 tYosf cfwf/df e|"0fn]
klg j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0f lbG5

eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .

lgisif{

hgfj/sf] e|"0ffj:yfdf /x]sf] ;+/rgfsf] ;dfgtfn] logLx¿sf] j|md ljsf; Pp6} k'vf{af6 ePsf] xf] eGg]
tYosf cfwf/df e|"0fn] klg j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0f lbG5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .

76
lj|mofsnfk $ j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGt tyf n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt / o;sf cfnf]rgf (Theories of
evolution: Lamarkism and its drawbacks)

-c_ j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGtsf k|0f]tf [Jean Baptist Lamark (France), Alfred Russel Wallace,
Charles Darwin (Enlgand) / Hugo De Vries (Holland) sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbFb} ltgLx¿sf]
b]gaf/] klg rrf{ ug'{'xf];\ .
-O_ n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtnfO{ jftfj/0fsf] k|ToIf k|efj (Direct environmental effect), cª\usf] pkof]u /
cg'kof]u (Uses and disuses of organs) tyf
k|fKt u'0fsf] ;Gtfgdf k|;f/0f (Inheritance of
acquired characters) h:tf a'bFfsf cfwf/df
:ki6 ug'{xf];\ .

-O{_ lrqsf] k|:t'lt ub}{ n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtnfO{

lh/fkmsf] j|md ljsf;;Fu hf]8\g'xf];\ .

-p_ cGTodf n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtdf /x]sf sdL

sdhf]/LnfO{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg ljlwaf6 k|:6 ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
Fig 4.10
lgisif{
jftfjf/0fsf] k|ToIf k|efj (Direct environmental effect), cª\usf] pkof]u / cg'kof]u (Uses and
disuses of organs) tyf k|fKt u'0fsf] ;Gtfgdf k|;f/0f (Inheritance of acquired characters) n]dfs{sf
j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGt x'g\ . n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtsf k|d'v sdL sdhf]/L lgDglnlvt x'g\ M
!= n]dfs{n] atfPsf] h:t} ;hLjn] cfˆgf] OR5f / cfjZostfcg';f/ cª\usf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
@= n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;a} k|fKt u'0f ;Gtfgdf k|;f/0f x'g] elgP tfklg Jojxf/df o:tf] ePsf] kfOFb}g
.

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ la|h Plgdn eg]sf s] x'g\ < 1
-cf_ e"0fsf] cWoogn] s;/L j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0f lbG5 .
3
-O_ n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtn] j|md ljsf;sf d'Vo sf/ssf ¿kdf s;nfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 <
1

77
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

Pp6f rf6{ k]k/df j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0fsf ¿kdf e|"0fsf] /ª\uLg lrq agfpg'xf];\ .

Rff}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t'
j|md ljsf;;DaGwL l;4fGt -8fla{gsf] l;4fGt_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtaf/] j0f{g ug{

 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf cfnf]rgfsf a'Fbf atfpg
 n]dfs{ / 8fla{gsf l;4fGtsf] t'ngf ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf] cjwf/0ff lbg] lh/fkmsf lrq tyf n]dfs{ / 8fla{gsf l;4fGtsf] t'ngf b]vfpg]
lsl;dsf lh/fkmsf lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ ls/fn] olt a9L ;ª\Vofdf km'n Yff]/} cGt/fndf kfbf{ klg logLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof To;cg';f/ a9]sf] kfOFb}g,
lsg xf]nf <
-cf_ 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf] l;4fGt eGg'sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf <
lj|mofsnfk @ 8fla{gsf] l;4fGt (Darwinism)

-c_ 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf] ;fdfGo kl/roaf6 o; kf7sf] ;'?cft ug{'xf];\ .

-cf_ ljBfyL{nfO{ kfFr ;d"xdf afF8]/ x/]s ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPcg';f/sf kf7\o;fdu|L cWoog ug{ / ToxL
;d"xcGtu{tsf ;xkf7L;Fu 5nkmn ug{sf nflu !) ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ .
;d"x ! cTolws ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg Ifdtf
;d"x @ afFRgsf nflu ;ª\3if{
;d"x # kl/j[lQ / j+zh
;d"x $ k|fs[lts 5gf]6
;d"x % gofF k|hfltsf] pTklQ tyf 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf] cfnf]rgf

78
-O_ ;d"x !, @, #, $ / % nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d"xsf] a'emfOnfO{ tL ;d"xsf Ps Ps hgfnfO{ k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ tyf cem}
:ki6tfsf nflu cfjZos
k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
-O{_ cGTodf lrq k|bz{g u/L Fig 4.11 a b

8fla{gsf] l;4fGt / o;sf

sdL sdhf]/Laf/] :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
lgisif{
cTolws ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg Ifdtf, afFRgsf nflu ;ª\3if{, kl/j[lQ / j+zh, k|fs[lts 5gf]6 tyf gofF k|hfltsf]
pTklQ g} 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf k|d'v a'Fbf x'g\ . 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf k|d'v sdhf]/L lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
1. 8fla{gn] kl/j[lQaf6 hLjsf] pTklQ;DaGwL TfYonfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf j0f{g u/]sf 5}gg\ tyf s]xL ;hLjdf
dfq cg's"n kl/j[lQ x'g] clg c¿df k|lts"n kl/j[lQ lsg x'g] eGg] af/]df :ki6 JofVof u/]sf 5}gg\ .
3. k|fs[lts 5gf]6 gofF hfltsf] ljsf;sf] sf/s dfq xf] lsgeg] pTkl/jt{gaf6 klg hLjdf leGgtf cfpF5
h;sf] af/]df 8fla{gsf] l;4fGt df}g 5 .
4. k|fs[lts 5gf]6df olb pkof]uL u'0f dfq 5gf]6 ePsf] eP sfd gnfUg] u'0f 5gf]6 gx'g' kg]{ xf] t/ ePs}
kfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk # 8fla{gsf] l;4fGt tyf n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtsf] t'ngf (Comparision of Darwinism and
Lamarkism)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ 8fla{gsf] l;4fGt tyf

n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtdf ePsf Pp6f
;dfgtf / Pp6f c;dfgtf n]Vg] sfo{
lng'xf];\ .
-cf_ pSt sfo{nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ 5]pdf lbOPsf] lrq k|:t't u/L
8fla{gsf] l;4fGt tyf n]dfs{sf]
l;4fGtsf] t'ngfTds JofVof ug{

nufpg'xf];\ .
Fig 4.12

79
lgisif{
 n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt jftfj/0fsf] l;wf k|efjdf cfwfl/t 5 eg] 8fla{gsf] l;4fGt k|fs[lts 5gf]6df
cfwfl/t 5 .
 n]dfs{sf] l;4fGtn] cª\usf] pkof]u / cg'kof]udf hf]8 lbG5 eg]] 8fla{gsf] l;4fGt kl/j[lQdf hf]8
lbG5 .
 n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt ts{df cfwfl/t 5 eg] 8fla{gsf] l;4fGt k|df0fdf cfwfl/t 5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ Pp6} rp/df rl//x]sf ufO{, e}F;L / afv|f cl:tŒjsf nflu s:tf] ;ª\3if{sf pbfx/0f x'g\ <
1

-cf_ k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1

-O{_ n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt / 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtdf Pp6f ;dfgtf / Pp6f c;dfgtf n]Vg'xf];\ . 2

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

cfˆgf] j/k/ kfOg] k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf pbfx/0fsf] vf]hL u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

kfFrf}F lbg (Fifth day)

ljifoj:t'
kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{g tyf Hugo de Vries sf] pTkl/jt{gsf] l;4fGt
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 kl/j[lQsf] kl/efiff lbg

 pTkl/jt{gsf] kl/efiff lbg
 Hugo de Vries sf] pTkl/jt{gsf] l;4fGt atfpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{g b]vfpg] la?jf / hgfj/sf lrq

80
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! kl/j[lQsf] cjwf/0ff / lsl;d (Concept

and types of variation)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:t} jf o:t} cGo s'g}

hgfj/ / To;sf] aRrfsf] lrq b]vfpFb} klxnf ;dfgtf
clg c;dfgtfsf af/]df k|Zg ug'{xf];\ . o:t} k|Zg
pQ/sf] j|mdaf6 Pp6} hfltsf hLjdf klg c;dfgtf
x'g] s'/fsf af/]df ltgLx¿sf] cg'ej klg JoSt
u/fpg'xf];\ / o;/L km/skg x'g'nfO g} kl/j[lQ elgG5 eGg] s'/f
Fig 4.13
atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ o;kl5 kl/j[lQ x'g] sf/0fdfly k|sfz kfg'[{'xf];\ .
-O_ cGTodf kl/j[lQsf ljleGg lsl;d h:t}, somatogenic, blastogenic, continuous /
discontinuous variation sf] pbfx/0f;d]t kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
lglZrt k|hfltsf k|To]s ;b:olar x'g] km/skgfnfO{ kl/j[lQ (Variation) elgG5 . o:tf] kl/j[lQ
Somatogenic / bf];|f] Blastogenic u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] x''G5 .
lj|mofsnfk @ pTkl/jt{gsf] cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt (Concept
and
theor
y of
muta
tion)

-c_ Fig 4.14

ljBfyL{nfO{ lrqdf b]vfPsf] h:t} jf o:t} cGo s'g} hgfj/ jf la?jfsf] lrq b]vfpFb}
o:t} cGo s'g} ;fdfGoeGbf km/s nIf0f ePsf] JolSt, cGo hgfj/ jf la?jf b]v]sf] af/]df k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
o:t} k|Zgf]Q/sf] j|mdaf6 ljBfyL{sf] cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/fpg'xf];\ . o;/L cfdfa'afeGbf lgs} km/s u'0f
;Gtfgdf b]lvof] eg] To;nfO{ pTkl/jt{g elgG5 eGg] s'/f atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ o;kl5 pTkl/jt{g x'g] sf/0f / o;;DaGwL mutant, mutagen h:tf kbsf cy{ klg :ki6 kfg'{xf];\
.
-O_ o;kl5 pTkl/jt{gsf ljleGg lsl;d h:t}, neutral, positive or significant / negative or
harmful mutation sf] pbfx/0f;d]t kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

81
-O{_ cGTodf Hugo de-Vries sf] pTkl/jt{g;DaGwL] l;4fGt / o;sf sdhf]/ kIfdfly k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ .
lgisif{
j|mf]df]hf]ddf kl/jt{g x'g uO{ gofF u'0f ePsf] ;Gtlt ljsf; x'g'nfO{ pTkl/jt{Gf (Mutation) elgG5 .
pTkl/jt{g x'g] ;hLjnfO{ mutant / pTkl/jt{gsf] sf/s tŒjnfO{ mutagen elgG5 . pTkl/jt{gsf
ljleGg lsl;d 5g\, h:t} M neutral, positive or significant / negative or harmful . Xo'uf] l8 le|hsf]
pTkl/jt{g;DaGwL l;4fGtcg';f/,
1. gofF hfltsf] pTklQ pTkl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] klg x'G5 .
2. pTkl/jt{gdf PSsfl; gofF u'0f b]vf k5{g\ / t'?Gt} (functional) sfo{d"ns x'G5 .
3. ;a} pTkl/jt{g csf]{ j+zdf ;/]/ hfGf ;S5g\ .
4. pkof]uL kl/j[lQ ePsf hLj 5gf]6 x'G5g\ / cg'kof]uL kl/j[lQ ePsf hLj x/fP/ hfG5g\ .
5. kl/j[lQ w]/} ePdf gofF hfltsf] pTklQ x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk # j|md ljsf;df kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{gn] kf/]sf k|efjx¿ (Effects of variation and
mutation on evolution)
-c_ ljBfyL{lar j|md ljsf;df kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{gn] kf/]sf k|efjsf af/]df ;d"x ;d"xlar 5nkmn
u/fO{ To;sf] lgrf]8 lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cfcfˆgf] ;d"xn] lgsfn]sf] lgrf]8nfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ cGTodf k[i7kf]if0f;lxt kf7sf] cGTo ug'{xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ lg/Gt/ / clg/Gt/ kl/j[lQdf pbfx/0f;lxt b'O{cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ . 3

-cf_ pTkl/jt{gsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1

-O_ kl/j[lQ / pTkl/jt{gn] j|md ljsf;df s;/L dbt u5{g\, n]Vg'xf];\ . 3

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

cfˆgf] j/k/ kfOg] k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf pbfx/0fsf] vf]hL u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

5}7f} lbg, PsfOsf] clGtd lbg (Sixth day; the last day of the unit)

k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

82
 o; PsfOsf] cGTodf sG;]K6 Dofk agfP/ k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] PsfOsf] ;du|
l;sfOsf] k|ltljDag ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . jf o:t} ;du| l;sfO emlNsg] cGo s'g} k|ltljDagsf ljlw,
tf}/tl/sf tyf /0fgLlt k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
 kl/of]hgf sfo{ l;sfO lj|mofsnfk;Fu} u/fO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s lbgsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] j|mddf l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu
yk ;xof]u ug]{, k|ltefjfg\ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds
k4ltcg';f/ l;sfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ckfª\utf cg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u /
pRr bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf
k|Zg agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/df l7s lrx\g -√_ nufpg'xf];\ M
-c_ sfo{ljxLg eO{ nf]k cj:yfdf k'u]sf cª\unfO{ s] elgG5 < 1
-s_ cjz]iffª\u -v_ ;hftLo cª\u
-u_ Pgfnf]u; cª\u -3_ xf]df]nf]u; cª\u
-cf_ s'g a'Fbf n]dfs{sf] l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt 5 < 1

-s_ k|fs[lts 5gf]6 -v_ cTolws ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg Ifdtf

-u_ jftfj/0fsf] l;wf k|efj -3_ kl/j[lQ
-O_ s'g sygn] 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf] sdhf]/Lsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 < 1
-s_ ;a} kl/j[lQ ;hLjnfO{ pkof]uL x'Fb}gg\ . -v_ pkof]uL u'0f dfq ;Gtfgdf ;b}{gg\ .
-u_ k|of]u gx'g] cª\u klg] cl:tŒjdf /xG5g\ . -3_ pkof]uL kl/j[lQn] k|fs[lts 5gf]6 u5{ .
-O{_ k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf] l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs sf] x'g\ < 1
-s_ rfN;{ 8fla{g -v_ Nf]dfs{
-u_ x\o'uf] 8L le|h -3_ hf]g u|]u/ d]G8n
-p_ j+zf0f' ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g eO{ ;Gtltdf gofF u'0f b]lvg] k|lj|mofnfO{ s] elgG5 < 1
-s_ j|md ljsf; -v_ pTkl/jt{g
-u_ kl/j[lQ -3_ cjz]iffª\u

-pm_ pTkl/jt{gsf] l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs sf] x'g\ < 1

-s_ rfN;{ 8fla{g -v_ Nf]dfs{

-u_ x\o'uf] 8L le|h -3_ hf]g u|]u/ d]G8n
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ j|md ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] <

83
-v_ cjz]iffª\u s]nfO{ elgG5, o;n] j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0fnfO{ s;/L k'li6 u5{ <
-u_ hLjfjz]if s;/L aG5, j0f{g ug'{xf]; .
-3_ j|md ljsf;sf k|df0f s] s] x'g\, pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ n]dfs{sf] j|md ljsf;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ pTkl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf], j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ 8fla{gsf cg';f/ gofF hfltsf] pTklQ s;/L x'G5, j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-`_ j|md ljsf;sf nflu pTkl/jt{g] klg Pp6f yk sf/s tŒj dfq xf], :k:6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-6_ 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ afFRgsf nflu ;ª\3if{ / ;Ifd g} afFRg ;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] plrt pbfx/0faf6
k':6\ofOF ug{'xf];\ .
-7_ 8fla{gsf] l;4fGtsf] cfnf]rgf s;/L ul/Psf] 5, JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-8_ hLjfjz]ifn] s;/L j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0f lbG5 <
-9_ lbOPsf] lrq cWoog ug{'xf]; / lgDg k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-c_ lrqdf s] b]vfOPsf] 5 <
-cf_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf] j|md ljsf;sf] k|df0fn] s'g s'g ju{nfO{ hf]8\g vf]H5,
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ o; lrqn] j|md ljsf; ePsf] ;DaGwdf yk k|df0f s;/L lbG5 n]Vg'xf];\ .
-p_ oL lrqsf] t'ngf ls/fsf] kv]6f;Fu ubf{ o;nfO{ s'g k|df0fsf ¿kdf lbg'kg]{
x'G5 <

84
PsfO % zf/Ll/s ;+/rgf / hLjg k|lj|mof (Physiological Structure and Life Process)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M !^
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOcGtu{t dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnLcGtu{tsf ljleGg lsl;dsf gnLo'St / gnLljxLg u|lGysf
ljifoj:t' klg ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; PsfOdf hGt' / jg:klt xdf]{gsf] sfo{sf af/]df klg rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg / k|bz{g ljlwsf ;fy} mix and match, think, pair and share, T
and M models cflbsf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ tGt'sf] kl/ro;lxt jg:klt tGt' / hGt' tGt'sf k|sf/, kfOg] efu / sfo{ j0f{g ug{
-v_ dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnLsf efusf] agfj6 / sfo{ JofVof ug{
-u_ u|lGy k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbO{ gnLo'St / gnLljxLg u|lGysf] t'ngf ug{
-3_ dfgj xdf]{gsf] kl/ro;lxt sfo{ tyf c;/ j0f{g ug{
-ª_ jg:klt xdf]{gsf] kl/ro lbO{ j[lå xdf]{gsf] sfo{ / pkof]lutf j0f{g ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
!= tGt'  kl/ro !
 jg:klt tGt'
@= :yfoL tGt' -;/n tGt'_  k]/]GsfOdf !
 sf]n]GsfOdf
 :sn]/]gsfOdf
#= hl6n tGt' / ljlzi6 tGt'  hfOnd !
 ˆnf]od
 UnfG8'n/ tGt'
 n]lS6km]/; tGt'
$= hGt' tGt' -Olky]lnon tGt'_  k]ed]G6 Olky]lnod !
 3gfsf/ Olky]lnod
 :tDeL Olky]lnod

85
 UnfG8'n/ Olky]lnod
%= hGt' tGt' -df+zn tGt'_  sª\sfnk]zL tGt' !
 lrNnf] df+zn tGt'
 d'6'sf] df+zn tGt'
^= hGt' tGt' -;+of]hL tGt'_  g/d ;+of]hL tGt' – kmfOa|;, Pl8kf]h !
 s8f ;+of]hL tGt' – xf8, sfl6{n]h
 t/n ;+of]hL tGt' – /ut, lnDkm
 :gfo' sf]if
&= dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnL  kl/ro !
*= s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL  7'nf] dl:tis !
-dl:tis_  ;fgf] dl:tis
 d]8'nf cAnª\uf6f
(= s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL  ;'if'Dgf !
-;'if'Dgf / :gfo' /];f_  :gfo' /];f
!)= k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnL / j|m]lgon :gfo' /];f !
:jrflnt :gfo' k|0ffnL  :kfOgn :gfo' /];f
 l;Dkfy]l6s / kf/fl;Dkfy]l6s :gfo' /];f
!!= k|ltljlDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / d"Nofª\sg !
!@= dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnL  gnLo'St u|lGy !
 gnLljxLg u|lGy
!#= s]xL k|d'v dfgj u|lGy  lk6\o'6/L u|lGy !
 yfO/f]O8 u|lGy
 kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGy
!$= s]xL k|d'v dfgj u|lGy  Pl8«gn u|lGy !
 Kofª\lj|mofh
 uf]gf8\;
!%= jg:klt xdf]{g  kl/ro, pkof]u / c;/ !
!^= k|ltlalDjt l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / d"Nofª\sg !
$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

86
klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M tGt'

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ tGt'sf] kl/ro lbg

-cf_ jg:klt tGt'sf] cjwf/0ff / lsl;dsf] kl/ro lbg
-O_ d]l/:6d]l6s tGt' / o;sf lsl;dsf] klxrfg ug{ / t'ngf ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

jg:klt tGt'sf lsl;d a'lemg] rf6{, ljleGg lsl;dsf d]l/:6d]l6s tGt' b]vfpg] lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming):

kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf lgDglnlvt lrq k|blz{t u/L
To;df cfwfl/t tn lbOPsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg
u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ oL sf]if sxfF x'G5g\ <
-cf_ oL sf]ifdf s:tf] leGgtf b]Vg'x'G5 <
-O_ jg:klt / hGt'sf] z/L/df logLx¿sf] s:tf] e"ldsf
/x]sf] x'G5 <
-O{_ s] ;a} jg:klt sf]if / hGt' sf]if Ps} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ t <
-p_ jg:klt / hgfj/df kfOg] tGt' s;/L ag]sf x'G5g\ <

lj|mofsnfk @ jg:klt tGt'sf] kl/ro / lsl;d (introduction and types of plant tissue)

-c_ jg:klt tGt'sf] ;fdfGo kl/roaf6 sIff ;'? ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ lbOPsf] rf6{sf] k|:t'tLj|f6 jg:klt
tGt'sf k|d'v lsl;d / ltgsf Ps
Pscf]6f ljz]iftf atfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ To;kl5 d]l/:6d]l6s tGt'sf
ljz]iftfnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ . Fig 5.1
-O{_ ca ;Fu} lbPsf] lrq k|:t't ub}{
d]l/:6d]l6s tGt'sf lsl;d Plksn d]l/:6]d, Nof6]/n d]l/:6]d tyf
OG6/Sofn/L d]l/:6]dsf] klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

87
-p_ To;kl5 k|:t'ltdf cfPsf a'Fbfsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
jg:kltsf] z/L/sf k|To]s efu p:t} cyjf km/s km/s jg:klt sf]ifsf] ;d"x ldnL ag]sf] x'G5 . pSt
sf]ifsf] ;d"xnfO{ jg:klt tGt' elgG5 . jg:klt tGt'nfO{ o;sf] k|s[lt, cfwf/df d]l/:6d]l6s tGt' /
:yfoL tGt' u/L b'O{ lsl;ddf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljefhg Ifdtf ePsf sf]ifaf6 ag]sf tGt'nfO{
d]l/:6d]l6s tGt' elgG5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] Fig 5.2 ;dodf
cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{
l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ tGt'sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ tGt'sf k|d'v sltcf]6f lsl;d 5g\ < 1
-O_ d]l/:6d]l6s tGt'sf ljleGg lsl;dsf] klxrfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < 2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

kf7\k':tsdf ePsf] lj|mofsnfknfO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf ¿kdf lbg'xf];\ u/fpg'xf];\ / Ps xKtfkl5

cjnf]sgsf] lgisif{sf af/]df 5f]6f] 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M :yfoL tGt' -;/n tGt'_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ ;/n :yfoL tGt' / ltgsf lsl;d h:t} M k]/]GsfOdf, sf]n]GsfOdf tyf :sn]/]gsfOdfsf] kl/ro lbg
-cf_ k]/]GsfOdf, sf]n]GsfOdf tyf :sn]/]gsfOdfnfO{ lrqaf6 b]vfpg
-O_ k]/]GsfOdf, sf]n]GsfOdf tyf :sn]/]gsfOdfsf] t'ngf ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
ljleGg lsl;dsf :yfoL tGt'sf lrq, la?jfsf] sf08, An]8, jfr Unf;, :ofk|mflgg, lUn;l/g, se/ l:nk
tyf ;"Idbz{s oGq
88
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)
lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)
lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ s'g tGt'df sf]if ljefhg ug]{ Ifdtf kfOFb}g <
-cf_ sf]if ljefhg ug{ g;Sg] tGt'df sf]ifsf] ;ª\Vof s;/L a9\5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ ;/n :yfoL tGt'sf] kl/ro / lsl;d (Introduction and types of simple
permanent tissue)

-c_ ;/n :yfoL tGt'sf] kl/efiffaf6 kf7sf] ;'?cft ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k]h %! df /x]sf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ jf 8fF7sf] leqL agf]6sf] :yfoL :nfO8sf] cjnf]sg
u/fO{ b]lvPsf]

;+/rgfsf] lrq lvFRg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ lrq k|:t't u/]/ k]/]gsfOdf, sf]n]gsfOdf / :Sn]/]gsfOdfsf ljz]iftf atfpFb} ltgLx¿sf] sfd klg
atfpg'xf];\ .

lgi
si fig. 5.4 Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

f{
:yfoL tGt'df kfOg] sf]ifdf ;fwf/0ftof sf]if ljefhg xF'b}g t/ klg ltgdf sf]ifsf] ;ª\Vof a9\5 lsgsL
ltgLx¿sf] d]l/li6d]l6s tGt' g} :yfoL tGt'df kl/jt{g x'G5 . la?jfdf kfOg] :yfoL tGt' ;/n tGt'
(Simple tissue), Hfl6n tGt' (Complex tissue) / ljlzi6 tGt' (Special tissue) u/L tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
;/n :yfoL tGt' Ps} k|sf/sf sf]if ldnL ag]sf x'G5g\ . logLx¿sf] agfj6 Psbd} ;/n x'G5 . o:tf tGt'n]
;'/Iff ug]{, ;xf/f lbg] tyf vfB kbfy{sf] lgdf{0f / e08f/0f ug]{ sfo{ u5{ . sf]ifsf] agfj6cg';f/ oL tGt'
k]/]gsfOdf, sf]n]gsfOdf / :Sn]/]gsfOdf u/L tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

89
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ :yfoL tGt'sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ :yfoL tGt'sf k|d'v sltcf]6f lsl;d 5g\ < 1
-O_ ;/n :yfoL tGt'sf ljleGg lsl;dsf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ . 2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

ljleGg lsl;dsf ;/n :yfoL tGt'sf lrq agfpg'xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)
ljifoj:t' M :yfoL tGt' -hl6n tGt' / ljlzi6 tGt'_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ hl6n / ljlzi6 :yfoL tGt' / ltgsf lsl;d h:t} M hfOnd, ˆnf]od, UnfG8'n/ tGt' / n]lS6km]/;
tGt'sf] kl/ro lbg
-cf_ hfOnd / ˆnf]odnfO{ lrqaf6 b]vfpg
-O_ hfOnd / ˆnf]odsf] t'ngf ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
hl6n :yfoL tGt' tyf ljlzi6 :yfoL tGt'sf lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ la?jfdf kl/jxg ug]{ sfo{ s'g tGt'n] u5{g\ <
-cf_ s] kl/jxgdf dbt ug]{ tGt' Pp6} lsl;dsf sf]ifaf6
ag]sf x'G5g\ <
-O_ /a/ KnfG6sf kftnfO{ r'8fpFbf lsg b'w h:tf] kbfy{ cfp5
<

90
lj|mofsnfk @ hl6n :yfoL tGt'sf] kl/ro / lsl;d ( Introduction and types of complex
permanent tissue)

-c_ hl6n :yfoL tGt'sf] kl/efiff ;f]w]/ tyf To; tGt'sf] ;/n :yfoL tGt';Fu t'ngf ug{ nufO{ kf7sf]
;'?cft ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ hl6n :yfoL tGt'sf] ljz]iftf atfpFb} o;sf b'O{ lsl;d klg atfpg'xf];\ . hfOnd / ˆnf]Pdsf] lrq
lbFb} oL b'O{ tGt'sf t'ngf ug]{ sIffsfo{ u/fpg'xf];\ .

-O_ ljBfyL{nfO{ tL tGt'sf] gfdfª\lst lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . Fig 5.4

lgisif{
hl6n tGt' ljleGg lsl;dsf hLljt tyf d[t sf]ifsf] ;d"x ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . oL tGt'
b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;/n tGt' ldn]/ ag]sf x'G5g\ . logLx¿sf] d'Vo sfo{ ;+jfxg ug]{ ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{
ef:s'n/ tGt' (Vascular tissue) klg elgG5 . hl6n tGt' hfOnd / ˆnf]od u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # ljlzi6 :yfoL tGt'sf] kl/ro / lsl;d ( Introduction and types of special
permanent tissue)

-c_ kmf]6f]sf] k|bz{g ub}{ ljlzi6 :yfoL tGt'sf] ljz]iftf

atfpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ lrqs} k|:t'lt ub}{ UnfG8'n/ tyf n]lS6km]/; tGt'sf

ljz]iftf / pbfx/0f 5nkmn ub}{ atfpg'xf];\ . Fig 5.5glandular tissue Lactiferous tissue

lgisif{
ljlzi6 tGt'df x'g] sf]ifn] lgisf;g tyf ;|fj ug]{ (secretion) sfo{ u5{g\ . oL tGt' b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\, tL
x'g\ M UofG8'n/ tGt' (Glandular tissue) / n]lS6km]/; tGt' (Lactiferous tissue).

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

91
-c_ ;/n :yfoL tGt' / hl6n :yfoL tGt'df km/s atfpg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ hfOnd / ˆnf]Pdsf s] s] sfo{ x'g\ < 2
-O_ la?jfdf ljlzi6 :yfoL tGt'n] s] sfd u5{g\ < 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

ljleGg lsl;dsf hl6n :yfoL tGt' / ljlzi6 :yfoL tGt'sf] la?jfsf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t' M hGt' tGt' -Olky]lnon tGt'_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ Olky]lnod / o;sf lsl;d h:t} k]ed]G6 Olky]lnod, 3gfsf/ Olky]lnod, :tDeL Olky]lnod,
UnfG8'n/ Olky]lnodsf] kl/ro lbg
-cf_ k]ed]G6 Olky]lnod, 3gfsf/ Olky]lnod, :tDeL Olky]lnod, UnfG8'n/ Olky]lnodnfO{ lrqaf6
b]vfpg
-O_ k]ed]G6 Olky]lnod, 3gfsf/ Olky]lnod, :tDeL Olky]lnod, UnfG8'n/ Olky]lnodsf] t'ngf ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
Olky]lnon tGt'sf ljleGg lsl;dsf :yfoL :nfO8 jf lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)
lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)
lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ hGt' tGt', jg:klt tGt'eGbf s] s] s'/fdf km/s xf]nfg\ <
-cf_ s] ;a} hGt' tGt'df sf]if ljefhg ug]{ Ifdtf kfOG5 xf]nf <
lj|mofsnfk @ Olky]lnon tGt'sf] kl/ro / lsl;d (Introduction and types of epithelial tissue)

-c_ hGt' tGt'sf] ;fdfGo kl/rokl5 hGt' / jg:klt tGt'df km/s n]Vg] sfo{ lbg'xf];\ . To;kl5 Ps b'O{
hgfsf] sfo{ k|:t'lt u/fO{ k[i7kf]if0f
lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ hGt' tGt'sf lsl;dnfO{ rf6{df k|:t't
u/L k|d'v lsl;dsf] Ps Pscf]6f nIf0f
atfpg'xf];\ . Fig 5.6

92
Fig 5.7 -O_ pknAw eP :yfoL :nfO8sf] cjnf]sg u/fP/ geP lrqsf] k|:t'lt ub}{
Olky]lnon tGt' tyf o;sf

lsl;d h:t} k]ed]G6 Olky]lnod, 3gfsf/ Olky]lnod, :tDeL Olky]lnod / UnfG8'n/ Olky]lnodsf
ljz]iftf tyf pbfx/0f 5nkmn ljlwaf6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . ;fy} ltgLx¿lar t'ngf ug]{ sfo{ u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ ljBfyL{nfO{ tL tGt'sf] gfdfª\lst lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
hgfj/sf] z/L/ jf o;sf cª\usf] ;a}eGbf aflx/L kqdf /x]sf sf]ifsf] ;d"xnfO{ Olky]lnon tGt' elgG5 .
Olky]lnon tGt' Ps} lsl;dsf sf]if jf ljleGg lsl;dsf sf]if ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . o; tGt'sf sf]if j];d]G6
d]Da|]gdf 6fFl;P/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . Olky]lnon tGt'n] d'Votof 9fSg] (covering),
;'/Iff ug]{ (protecting), ;|fj ug{] (secreting), lgisf;g ug{] (excreting), ;f]:g] (absorbing) h:tf sfo{ u5{
. sf]ifsf] k|s[lt / df]6fOsf cfwf/df Olky]lnod tGt'nfO{ ljleGg lsl;ddf afF8\g ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ M
k]ed]G6 Olky]lnod (Pavement epithelium), So'lasn Olky]lnod (Cubical epithelium), sf]nDg/ Olky]lnod
(Columnar epithelium) / UNofG8'n/ Olky]lnod (Glandular epithelium)

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\
.
-c_ hGt' tGt' sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ hGt' tGt'sf k|d'v slt lsl;d 5g\ < 1
-O_ Olky]lnon tGt'sf ljleGg lsl;dsf] klxrfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < 2
-O{_ lduf}{nf / ¥ofn u|lGysf gnLsf] leqL ;txdf x'g] tGt' s'g xf] < 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

OG6/g]6af6 ljleGg lsl;dsf Olky]lnon tGt'sf] :ki6 lrq vf]h ;ªsng u/L k|To]s lrqsf] ltgLx¿sf]
b'O{ b'O{cf]6f ljz]iftf / pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .

93
kfFrf}F lbg (Fifth day)
ljifoj:t' M hGt' tGt' -df+zn tGt'_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ df+zn tGt' o;sf lsl;d h:t} sª\sfnk]zL tGt', lrNnf] df+zn tGt' / d'6'sf] df+zn tGt'sf]
kl/ro lbg
-cf_ sª\sfnk]zL tGt', lrNnf] df+zn tGt' / d'6'sf] df+zn tGt'nfO{ lrqaf6 b]vfpg
-O_ sª\sfnk]zL tGt', lrNnf] df+zn tGt' / d'6'sf] df+zn tGt'sf] t'ngf ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
df+zn tGt'sf ljleGg lsl;dsf lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)
lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)
lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ xfd|f] z/L/df kfOg] s'g tGt' hLjg ko{Gt gyflssg sfd ul//xG5 <
-cf_ xfd|f] z/L/df df+zn tGt' gePsf] eP xfd|f] b}lgsLdf s] km/s kYof]{ xf]nf <
lj|mofsnfk @ df+zn tGt'sf] kl/ro / lsl;d (Introduction and types of muscular tissue)
-c_ df+zn tGt'sf k|d'v ljz]iftf atfpg'xf];\ . o;sf k|d'v lsl;dsf gfdaf6 kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ pknAw eP df+zn tGt'sf :yfoL :nfO8sf] cjnf]sg u/fP/
geP lrqsf] k|:t'lt ub}{ df+zn tGt' tyf o;sf lsl;d h:t}
sª\sfnk]zL tGt', lrNnf] df+zn tGt' / d'6'sf] df+zn tGt'
ljz]iftf tyf pbfx/0f 5nkmn ljlwaf6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ sª\sfnk]zL tGt' tyf lrNnf] df+zn tGt'lar t'ngf ug]{ sfo{
Fig 5.8
u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ ljBfyL{nfO{ tL tGt'sf] gfdfª\lst lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
hGt'sf] z/L/sf ljleGGf efudf v'Drg] / km'Sg] h:tf ult pTkGg ug]{] tGt'nfO{ df+zn tGt' elgG5 . of] tGt'
wfuf] h:tf] nfDrf] cfsf/sf] df+zn kmfOa/ sf]ifsf] ;d"xaf6 ag]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ z/L/df rfn
Nofpg' xf] . dfz+n tGt', sª\sfnk]zL tGt', lrNnf] df+zn tGt' / d'6'sf] df+zn tGt' u/L tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\
.

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

94
— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf] nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ df+zn tGt'sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ df+zn tGt'sf k|d'v sltcf]6f lsl;d 5g\ < 1
-O_ df+zn tGt'sf ljleGg lsl;dlar t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . 2
-O{_ sfl8{ofs df+zn tGt' s'g cª\udf kfOG5 < 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

sª\sfnk]zL tGt', lrNnf] df+zn tGt' tyf d'6'sf] df+zn tGt'sf] lrq;lxt ltgLx¿lar t'ngf u/]sf]
tflnsf agfpg'xf];\ .

5}6f}F lbg (Sixth day)

ljifoj:t' M hGt' tGt' -;+of]hL tGt'_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ ;+of]hL tGt' / o;sf lsl;d h:t} g/d ;+of]hL tGt', s8f ;+of]hL tGt', t/n ;+of]hL tGt' tyf
:gfo' sf]ifsf] kl/ro lbg
-cf_ g/d ;+of]hL tGt', s8f ;+of]hL tGt', t/n ;+of]hL tGt' tyf :gfo' sf]ifnfO{ lrqaf6 b]vfpg
-O_ g/d ;+of]hL tGt', s8f ;+of]hL tGt', t/n ;+of]hL tGt'sf] t'ngf ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
;+of]hL tGt'sf ljleGg lsl;dsf tflnsf / lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)
lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)
lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ xfd|f] z/L/df kfOg] s'g tGt' lgs} s8f, lgs} g/d / t/n cj:yfdf klg /x]sf] kfOG5 k|To]ssf
pbfx/0f klg atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ xfdLn] vfPsf vfg]s'/f kr]/ ;f];]kl5 xfd|f] z/L/sf] k|To]s sf]ifdf k'¥ofpg] sfd s;n] u5{ <
lj|mofsnfk @ ;+of]hL tGt'sf] kl/ro / lsl;d (Introduction and types of connective tissue)
-c_ ;+of]hL tGt'sf k|d'v ljz]iftf atfpg'xf];\ . tn lbOPsf] tflnsf

95
k|:t't u/L o;sf k|d'v lsl;dsf gfdaf6 kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ pknAw eP ;+of]hL tGt'sf :yfoL :nfO8sf] cjnf]sg u/fP/ geP lrqx¿sf] k|:t'lt ub}{ ;+of]hL tGt'
tyf o;sf lsl;d h:t} g/d ;+of]hL tGt', s8f ;+of]hL tGt' tyf t/n ;+of]hL tGt'sf ljz]iftf tyf
pbfx/0f 5nkmn ljlwaf6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ g/d ;+of]hL tGt' tyf s8f g/d ;+of]hL tGt'lar t'ngf ug]{ sfo{ u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]s lsl;dsf ;+of]hL tGt'sf] gfdfª\lst lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

Fig 5.9
lgisif{

Fig 5.10

Zf/L/df kfOg] ljleGg k|sf/sf tGt' tyf cª\unfO{ hf]8\g] tGt'nfO{ ;+of]hL tGt' elgG5 . o:tf tGt'sf] d'Vo
sfd z/L/nfO{ yfDg', sf]if / tGt'lar cGt/;DaGw sfod ug'{ xf] . oL tGt'df sf]ifsf lardf /x]sf]
cGt/sf]ifLo :yfg (Intercellular space) df 7f]; jf t/n kbfy{ el/Psf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ d]l6«S; (Matrix)
elgG5 . tGt'sf] :j¿ksf cfwf/df ;+of]hL tGt'nfO{ tLg k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk # :gfo' tGt'sf] kl/ro / lsl;d

(Introduction and types of nervous tissue)
— Pp6f :gfo' sf]ifsf] lrqsf] k|:t'lt ub}{
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
Fig 5.11
— :gfo'sf]ifsf] d'Vo efusf] kl/ro lbP/
ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
— OG6/g]6af6 :yfo' sf]ifsf] sfo{ljlwnfO{ Plgd]6]8 lel8of]af6 k|bz{g ub}{ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
— lrq k|bz{g ub}{ :gfo' tGt'sf k|d'v ljz]iftf k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwaf6 kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
hGt'sf] z/L/sf ljleGg cª\unfO{ lgb]{zg lbg], ;~rf/ ug]{ / ;+of]hg ug]{ tGt'nfO{ :gfo' tGt' elgG5 .
:gfo' tGt'sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfOnfO{ Go'/f]g elgG5 . :gfo' tGt' Go'/f]g (Neurons) ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . :gfo'
tGt'nfO{ Go'/f]lUnof gfds ;+of]hL tGt'n] hf]8]/ /fv]sf] x'G5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

96
— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ :gfo' sf]if / :gfo' tGt'sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . 2
-cf_ ;+of]hL tGt' / df+zn tGt'df d'Vo km/s s] 5 < 1
-O_ :gfo'sf]ifdf kfOg] 5f]6f / nfdf TofGb|f h:tf /rgfnfO{ s] elgG5 < 2
-O{_ :gfo' tGt' cGo tGt'eGbf s;/L km/s x'G5 < 2
-p_ s'g tGt'n] z/L/sf] 9fFrf lgdf{0f u5{ < 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

:yfgLo :t/df pknAw j:t'sf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf hgfj/ tGt'sf] gd'gf lrq agfpg'xf];\ /
sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
;ftf}F lbg (Seventh day)
k|ltljlDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning
enhancement and unit assessment)

97
-s_ hl6n tGt' -v_ ;+of]hL tGt'
-u_ :yfoL tGt' -3_ df]l/:6d]l6s tGt' 1
-O_ gl/jnsf] lap j/k/ x'g] s8f tx s'g tGt'sf] pbfx/0f xf] <
-s_ P/]gsfOdf -v_ k]/]gsfOdf
-u_ :Sn]/]gsfOdf -3_ sf]n]gsfOdf 1
-O{_ la?jfdf ef:s'n/ tGt'n] s] sfd u5{g\ <
-s_ la?jfnfO{ b/f] agfpg -v_ vfgf agfpg
-u_ kfgL / vfgfsf] ;~rf/ ug{ -3_ la?jfsf] df]6fO a9fpg 1
-p_ lduf}{nf / ¥ofn u|lGysf gnLsf] leqL ;txdf x'g] tGt' s'g xf] <
-s_ :Sjfd; lOlky]lnod -v_ UnofG8'n/ Olky]lnod
-u_ So'af]O8n lOlky]lnod -3_ sf]nDg/ lOlky]lnod 1
-pm_ sfl8{ofs df+zn tGt' s'g cª\udf kfOG5 <
-s_ cfdfzo -v_ lduf}{nf
-u_ d'6' -3_ Kofª\lj|mofh 1
-P_ s'g tGt'n] z/L/sf] 9fFrf lgdf{0f u5{ <
-s_ sl6{n]h -v_ xfF8
-u_ :gfo'sf]if -3_ 6]G8f]g
2= sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M 2x4

-s_ /utnfO{ t/n ;+of]hL tGt' elgG5 .

-v_ la?jfsf] 6'Kkf] sf6\bf prfO j[lå x'Fb}g .
-u_ nfn'kft]sf] kft r'8\bf ;]tf] kbfy{ cfpF5 .
-3_ hfOnd tGt'nfO{ hl6n :yfoL tGt' elgG5 .
3= km/s n]Vg'xf];\ M 2x4

-s_ df+zn tGt' / ;+of]hL tGt'

-v_ hfOnd / ˆnf]Pd
-u_ d]l/:6d]l6s tGt' / :yfoL tGt'
-3_ :Sn]/]GsfOdf / sf]n]GsfOdf
4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ hLjg k|lj|mof eg]sf] s] xf], pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ jg:klt tGt' / hGt' tGt'sf] juLs{/0fsf] pbfx/0f;lxt j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ d]l/:6d]l/s tGt'nfO{ lrq;lxt j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ :yfoL tGt' eg]sf] s] xf] < of] slt k|sf/sf] x'G5, 5f]6s/Ldf pbfx/0f;lxt j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
98
-ª_ :s]n}/GsfOdf, sf]n]GsfOdf / k]/]GsfOdfsf] ;kmf lrq agfO{ k|To]ssf sfo{sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ Olky]lnon tGt'sf sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
cf7f}F lbg (Eighth day)
ljifoj:t' M dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnL

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbg

-cf_ dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnLsf d'Vo cjojsf] klxrfg ug{{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] lrq / o;sf ljleGg cjojsf zAb tflnsf
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

æxfd|f] z/L/leq / aflx/sf jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g x'Fbf xfdLnfO{ s;/L yfxf x'G5 <Æ
eGg] k|Zg ;f]w]/ kf7k|lt pT;'stf hufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnL / o;sf cjojsf]] kl/ro
(Introduction of human nervous system and its
components)

-c_ 5nkmnaf6 z/L/ k|0ffnL tyf :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro

u/fpg'xf];\ . o; lrqaf6 dl:tis, ;'if'Dgf / ge{ lrgfpg'xf];\
.
-cf_ :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] lrq k|bz{g u/L o;sf ljleGg efu
lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ :gfo'k|0ffnLsf ljleGg efusf] gfd h:t} M s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL, Fig 5.12
k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnL tyf c6f]gf]lds :gfo' k|0ffnL lrgfpg
tn lbOPsf] h:t} zAb rf6{sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .

Fig 5.13

99
-O{_ tLg} lsl;dsf :gfo' k|0ffnLsf efu klg lrgfpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
To;}u/L z/L/leqsf cª\ular ;+of]hg ug{sf nflu dl:tis, ;'if'Dgf / :gfo' tGt' ldn]/ :gfo' k|0ffnL ag]sf]
x'G5 . dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnLdf /x]sf ljleGg efu / ltgLx¿sf sfo{sf cfwf/df :gfo' k|0ffnLnfO{ tLg efudf
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g\, s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL (Central nervous System), k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnL
(Peripheral nervous System) / c6f]gf]lds :gfo' k|0ffnL (Autonomic nervous System)

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ :gfo' k|0ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] < 1
-cf_ :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] PsfO s] xf] < 1
-O_ k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f s] s] ldn]/ ePsf] x'G5 < 2
-O{_ s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLsf d'Vo efu s] s] x'g\ . 2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

dfgj :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .

gjf}F lbg (Ninth day)
ljifoj:t' M s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL -dl:tis_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ dl:tissf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg

-cf_ 7'nf] dl:tis, ;fgf] dl:tis / d]8'nf cAnª\uf6fsf] kl/ro lbg
-O_ 7'nf] dl:tis, ;fgf] dl:tis / d]8'nf cAnª\uf6fnfO{ lrqaf6 b]vfpg

-O{_ 7'nf] dl:tis, ;fgf] dl:tis / d]8'nf cAnª\uf6fsf agf]6 / sfo{sf] j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] lrq, dl:tissf] lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .

100
-c_ :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] s]Gb| s]nfO{ eGg ;lsG5 / lsg <
-cf_ dl:tissf] aflx/L ;txdf vfN6fv'N6L (Convolution) af6 xfdLnfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL / o;sf cjojsf]] kl/ro (Introduction of central nervous
system and its components)

-c_ s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro;Fu} o;sf b'O{ cjoj dl:tis / ;'if'DgfnfO{
k'g{:d/0f u/fpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu 5]pdf lbPsf] h:t} s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLsf]
lrqsf] dbt lng'xf];\ . oL b'O{ efudf km/s n]Vg] sfo{ u/fpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] lrq k|bz{g o;sf ljleGg efu lrgfpg'xf];\ / o;

lrqnfO{ ;fg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ dl:tissf] lrq k|:t't u/L o;sf] cjl:ylt, aflx/L Fig 5.14
agf]6, o;sf ljleGg efu h:t} 7'nf] dl:tis, ;fgf]
dl:tis / d]8'nf cAnª\uf6fsf] klxrfg u/fpg'xf];\ .
;fy} d]lgGh]h / ;]/]a|f]:kfOgn ˆn'8 / ltgsf
sfo{nfO{ klg atfpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ dl:tissf] ;/n :ki6 lrq sf]/]/ To;df 7'nf] dl:tis,
;fgf] dl:tis / d]8'nf cAnª\uf6fsf] gfdfs/0f u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ klg ;Fu;Fu} lrq sf]g]{ cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ 7'nf] dl:tis, ;fgf] dl:tis / d]8'nf cAnª\uf6fsf agf]6 / ltgsf k|d'v sfo{af/] klg rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
lgisif{
Fig 5.15

dfgj z/L/sf] 6fpsf]b]lv k'R5/;Dd km}lnPsf] :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] efunfO{ s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL elgG5 . of]
dl:tis / ;'if'Dgf ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . 6fpsfsf] vKk/leq /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /
dflyNnf] v08 dl:tis xf] . o;n] z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ cª\usf] ;+of]hg / lgoGq0f u5{ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

101
-cf_ :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] PsfO s] xf] < 1
-O_ k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f s] s] ldn]/ ePsf] x'G5 < 2
-O{_ s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLsf d'Vo efu s] s] x'g\ . 2
-p_ d]lgGh]hsf] tLgcf]6f txsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

kf7\ok':tssf] lgDg lj|mofsnfknfO{ kl/of]hgf sfo{sf ¿kdf lbg'xf];\ .

b;f}F lbg (Tenth day)

ljifoj:t' M s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL -;'if'Dgf / :gfo' /];f_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ ;'if'Dgf / :gfo' /];fsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg

-cf_ ;'if'Dgf / :gfo' /];fsf] agf]6 / o;sf ljleGg efusf sfo{sf] j0f{g ug{
-O_ csfDo lj|mofsf] k|lj|mof j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

;'if'Dgfsf] lrq, :gfo'sf]ifsf] df]8]n jf lrq, csfDo lj|mofsf] lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk !
— ;a} ljBfyL{nfO cluNnf] sIffdf l;s]sf s'/f ;Dem]/ sfkLdf n]Vg nufpg]
— glhs}sf] ;fyL;Fu hf]8fdf a:g nufO{ hf]8fsf] 5nkmnsf] lGfisif{ sfkLdf n]Vg nufpg]
— s'g} b'O{ hf]8faf6 k|ltljDag ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ ;'if'Dgfsf] agf]6 / sfo{ (Introduction and
function of spinal cord)

-c_ ;'if'Dgfsf] cjl:ylt / To;sf] ;'/Iff

ug]{ xf8 ;d"xnfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ 5]pdf lbPsf] h:t} lrq lbP/

;'if'Dgfsf agf]6sf af/]df :ki6 wf/0ff

102
lbFb} To;sf k|d'v sfo{ klg atfpg'xf];\ .

-O_ o;sf] aflx/L ;tx ;]tf] / leqL efu v/fgL /ªsf] x'g'sf] sf/0f klg :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ . oxL j]nf csfDo
lj|mofsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro / o;sf] kmfObfaf/] klg rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

-O{_ csfDo lj|mofsf] pbfx/0f;d]t kl/efiff lbFb} o;af/] s]xL

ljBfyL{sf] cg'ej klg ;f6f;f6 ug'{xf]; . o;kl5 5]pdf Fig 5.16
h:t} lrq lbP/ csfDo lj|mof x'g] ljlw / l/ˆn]S;
cfs{sf] wf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
Fig 5.18
;'if'Dgf d]?b08sf] leqaf6 uPsf] Pp6f nfdf] h]nL h:tf] agf]6 ePsf] efu xf] . of] d]8'nf cAnª\uf6fsf]
k]mbaf6 ;'? eO{ 9f8sf] bf];|f] nDa/ el6{a|];Dd (Lumbar vertebrae) km}lnPsf] x'G5 . o;n]] z/L/sf ljleGg
efu / dl:tislar ;~rf/ ug'{sf ;fy} csfDo lj|mof (reflex action) sf] s]Gb|sf] sfo{ u5{ .
lj|mofsnfk # :gfo /];fsf]] agf]6 / sfo{
(Introduction and function of a nerve
fibre or nerve)

-c_ :gfo'sf]ifsf] agf]6sf af/]df tGt'cGtu{t Fig 5.17

cWoog u/L ;s]sf] x'gfn] o;sf] gfdfª\lst
lrq jf df]8]nsf] k|bz{g u/L To;nfO{ sf]g{
nufpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ k|Zgf]Q/af6 klxn] l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ k'g{:d/0f u/fO{ o;sf] ljleGg efu / ltgsf] sfdaf/] k'gtf{huL
u/fpg'xf];\ .

-O_ T rf6{sf] k|of]u u/L :gfo' sf]if / :gfo' /];fdf ePsf] km/s :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-O_ :gfo' /];fsf] lsl;d / ltgsf sfo{af/] atfpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{

103
Pkm/]G6 jf ;]G;/L :gfo' /];f (Afferent or sensory nerve) n] pQ]hgf (nerve impulse) nfO{ k|fks
(receptor) af6 dl:tis jf ;'if'Dgf;Dd n}hfg] sfo{ u5{ . Okm/]G6 jf df]6/ :gfo' /];f (Efferent or motor
nerve) n] va/ jf pQ]hgf (nerve impulse) nfO{ dl:tis jf ;'if'Dgfaf6 z/L/sf ljleGg efu;Dd k'¥ofpg]
sfo{ u5{ tyf OG6/ Go'/f]g (Inter neuron) n] ;]G;/L :gfo' /];f / df]6/ :gfo' /];fnfO{ hf]8\g] / ;]G;/L
:gfo' /];faf6 cfPsf] pQ]hgfnfO{ df]6/ :gfo' /];fdf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ u5{ .

104
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)
— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ ;'if'Dgf / dl:tisdf s'g} b'O{cf]6f km/s atfpg'xf];\ . 2
-cf_ :gfo' /];f eg]sf] s] xf] < 1
-O_ Uofª\ulncf]g eg]sf] s] xf] < 2
-O{_ :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] s'g efusf] aflx/L ;tx v/fgL /ªsf] x'G5 < 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

csfDo lj|mofsf] k|lj|mof a'emfpgsf nflu Pp6f lrqfTds rf6{ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
P3f/f}F lbg (Eleventh day)
ljifoj:t' M k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnL / :jrflnt :gfo' k|0ffnL

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnL / :jrflnt :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg

-cf_ j|m]lgon / :kfO/n :gfo' /];fdf km/s atfpg

-O_ l;Dkfy]l6s / kf/fl;Dkfy]l6s :gfo' /];fdf km/s atfpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

vf;} ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf gePsf]
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)
lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)
lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ xfdL l/;fpFbf jf 8/fpFbf xfd|f] heartbeat rate / pulse rate lsg a9\5 <
-cf_ o;/L a9]sf] heartbeat rate / pulse rate s;/L ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfp5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro / o;sf cjoj (Peripheral nervous system and
its components)

-c_ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tsaf6 k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnL eGg] kf7 kf7\ok':tssf] k]h ^& / ^* af6
JolStut ¿kdf k9\g nufpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ lzIfsn] o;sf cjojsf] ¿kdf j|m]lgon :gfo' /];f tyf :kfOgn :gfo' /];f kl/ro, ;ª\Vof, lsl;d
-;]G;/L, df]6/ jf ldl>t_, sfo{ / j|m]lgon :gfo' /];f tyf :kfOgn :gfo' /];fdf km/snfO{ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .

105
-O_ sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]s ;d"xdf sl/a a/fa/ ;ª\Vof kg]{ u/L b'O ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ of] kf7;Fu ;DalGwt slDtdf %.% cf]6f clt 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{
kfn}kfnf] b'Ocf]6f ;d"xsf lardf k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ cGTodf k[i7kf]if0f;lxt kf7sf] ;dfkg ug{'xf];\ .

lgisif{

s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnL / z/L/sf ljleGg efular ;~rf/ ug{] :gfo' k|0ffnLnfO{ k]l/km]/n :gfo' k|0ffnL elgG5
. of] :gfo' j|m]lgon :gfo' /];f tyf :kfOgn :gfo' /];faf6 ag]sf] x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk # c6f]glds :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro / o;sf cjoj (Autonomic nervous system and
its components)

-c_ sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L sf]7fdf cWof/f] kf/]/ k|To]s
;d"xsf] Ps hgf Psl5g cfFvf aGb ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5
6r{nfO6nfO cfFvf xF'b} dflylt/ hfg]u/L 6r{nfO6 afNg'xf];\ / cfFvfsf]
gfgLsf] ;fOh cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfFvfdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g cfof]
cg'ej ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ lbOPsf] lrq cjnf]sg ub}{ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfkm\gf] a'emfO sfkLdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ n]v]sf s'/f k|:t't ug{ nufO{ o; lrqsf]

JofVof;d]t c6f]gf]lds :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro
lbg'xf];\ .

-O{_ To;kl5 o;sf cjojsf ¿kdf l;Dkfy]l6s

tyf kf/fl;Dkfy]l6s c6f]glds :gfo' k|0ffnLsf]
kl/ro tyf cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{
z/L/nfO{ tof/ kfg]{ sfo{ tyf cfkt\sfnLg
cj:yf ;lsPkl5 zf/Ll/s cj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGo
agfpg] sfo{df ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .

-O{_ l;Dkfy]l6s tyf kf/fl;Dkfy]l6s c6f]glds :gfo' k|0ffnLdf km/s n]vfpg] sfo{ ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{

106
l;Dkfy]l6s :gfo' k|0ffnLn] z/L/sf] cfsl:ds ;ª\s6 cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu tof/ u5{ . o;n]
d'6' / kmf]S;f]sf] ultnfO{ a9fP/ a9L zlSt pTkfbg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . pSt zlStsf] k|of]uaf6 ;hLjn]
cfˆgf] ;'/Iff u5{ . Kof/fl;Dkfy]l6s :gfo' k|0ffnLn] l;Dkfy]l6s :gfo' k|0ffnLsf c;/ /f]Sg] sfo{ u5{ .
o;n] d'6'sf] w8\sg / /Strfk 36fpF5 . cfsl:ds ;ª\s6sf] cj:yf l;l4Pkl5 o;n] d'6' /
Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ultnfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf Nofp5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu z/L/nfO{ tof/ kfg]{ sfo{ s;/L x'G5, j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
2
-cf_s]Gb|Lo :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] s'g efuaf6 lg:s]sf ;a} :gfo' /];f ldl>t lsl;dsf x'G5g\ <
1
-O_ j|m]lgon :gfo' /];fsf] ;ª\Vof slt x'G5 < 1
-O{_ z/L/sf ljleGg efuaf6 dl:tis;Dd va/ nfg] :gfo' /];f s'g xf] < 1
afx|f}F lbg (Twelfth day)
ljifoj:t' M dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnL

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbg

-cf_ gnLo'St u|lGy / gnLljxLg u|lGysf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/efiff lbg

-O_ gnLo'St u|lGy / gnLljxLg u|lGysf] t'ngf ug{

-O{_ xdf]{gsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ UnfG8'n/ Olky]lnodn] s:tf cª\usf] tx lgdf{0f u5{g\ <
107
-cf_ o:tf cª\usf] ;d"xnfO{ s] elgG5 / logLx¿n] s] sfd u5{g\ <
lj|mofsnfk @ dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro / cjoj
(Introduction and components of human glandular
system)
-c_ dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnLsf] kl/ro lbP/ human endocrine
system sf] lrq lbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ To; lrqdf /x]sf gnLljxLg u|lGy jf endocrine glands

or ductless gland / ldl>t u|lGy jf heterocrine
glands or mixed glands nfO{ sf/0f ;d]t lrgfpg'xf];\ .

-O_ o;kl5 ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Pp6f Fig 5.20

Pp6f Go'h lk|G6 / Pp6f ;fOg k]g lbP/ lgDglnlvt ljifj:t' ;d]6]/ - j|md ;Vof, u|lGysf] gfd, lsl;d,
kfOg] :yfg, pTkfbg ug]{ /;_ tflnsLs/0f ug{ nufpg] .

lgisif{

xfd|f] z/L/df /x]sf ljleGg u|lGysf] ;d"xnfO{ u|lGy k|0ffnL elgG5 . u|lGy k|0ffnLaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ;|fjn]
kfrg, k|hgg, lgisf;g cflbdf ;xof]u u5{g\ . u|lGyn] pTkfbg ug{] ;|fjsf cfwf/df u|lGy gnLo'St
(Exocrine) / gnLljxLg (Endocrine) u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . KoflGj|mofh / uf]Gof8\; h:tf u|lGysf
s]xL s]xL /; /utdf ldl;O{ cfk\mgf] sfo{:yfgdf k'U5g\ eg] s]xL /; 5'6\6} gnL x'Fb} sfd ug]{ :yfgdf
hfG5g\ . o:tf u|lGy ldl>t u|lGy x'g\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ gnLo'St u|lGy / gnLljxLg u|lGysf kl/ro (Introduction ducted

glands and ductless glands)
-c_ c>' u|lGysf] lrq k|bz{g ub}{ gnLo'St u|lGy jf exocrine glands or ducted
gland sf] agf]6 / sfo{ atfpg'xf];\ . o; u|lGysf cGo pbfx/0f klg lbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ lk6\o'6/L u|lGysf] lrq k|bz{g ub}{ gnLljxLg u|lGy jf

endocrine glands or ductless gland sf] agf]6 / Fig 5.21
Fig 5.22
sfo{ atfpg'xf];\ . o;sf cGo pbfx/0f klg lbg'xf];\ .

-O_ o;kl5 xdf]{gsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ / o;sf sfdsf]

Fig 5.23
;"rL k|:t't u/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . Fig 5.22

108
-O{+_ Kofglj|mofhsf] lrq k|bz{g ub}{ ldl>t u|lGy jf heterocrine glands
or mixed gland sf] agf]6 / sfo{ atfpg'xf];\ . o;sf cGo
atfpg'xf];\ .

-p_ gnLo'St u|lGy / gnLljxLg u|lGydf km/s n]Vg] sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .

lgisif{

gnLo'St u|lGyaf6 lg:sg] /; 5'6\6} gnL x'Fb} ;DalGwt :yfgdf k'Ug] u5{g\ . o; u|lGysf pbfx/0f kl;gf
u|lGy, ¥ofn u|lGy, c>' u|lGy cflb x'g\ . gnLljxLg u|lGyn] ;|fj ug]{ /; /utdf ldl;O{ /StgnL x'Fb} ljleGg
efudf k'¥ofpF5 . lk6\o'6/L u|lGy, yfO/f]O8 u|lGy, Kof/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGy, Pl8«gn u|lGy cflb gnLljxLg u|lGy
x'g\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)
— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ lrqdf dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnLsf] lrq lbOPsf] 5 . 4
-s_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf u / 3 u|lGysf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf] s'g u|lGy xf]Og <
-u_ tL dWo]sf] s'g u|lGy s]6Ldf dfq kfOG5 <
-3_ tL dWo]sf] ldl>t u|lGy xf] <
-cf_ s:tf] u|lGyn] OGhfOd agfp5 < 1
-O_ xdf]{gnfO{ lsg /f;folgs ;+jfbbftf elgG5 < 1
-O{_ Pp6f gnLo'St u|lGy / Pp6f gnLljxLg u|lGysf] pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ . 2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

109
t]xf| }F lbg (Thirteenth day)
ljifoj:t' M dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnL -lk6o'6/L u|lGy, yfO/f]O8 u|lGy / kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGy_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ lk6o'6/L u|lGy, yfO/f]O8 u|lGy / kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGysf] kl/ro lbg

-cf_ lk6o'6/L u|lGy, yfO/f]O8 u|lGy / kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGysf] kl/ro lbg :yfg, sfo{ tyf o;n] pTkfbg
ug]{ /;sf] dfqf 36L a9L x'Fbf zf/Ll/s ljsf;df kg]{ c;/ atfpg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
lk6o'6/L u|lGy, yfO/f]O8 u|lGy / kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGysf] leq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)
lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)
lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ ;a}eGbf ;fgf] t/ clt dxŒjk"0f{ u|lGy s'g xf] <
-cf_ oL sf]ifdf s:tf] leGgtf b]Vg'x'G5 <
-O_ s'g u|lGy csf]{ u|lGydfly /x]sf] x'G5, To;sf] sfd s] xf] <
-O{_ s'g u|lGynfO{ df:6/ u|lGy elgG5 / lsg <
lj|mofsnfk @ lk6o'6/L u|lGysf] kl/ro / sfo{ (Introduction and
function of pituitary gland)

-c_ lk6\o'6/L u|lGysf] lrq lbP/ To;sf] :yfg, To;n] ;|fj ug]{ xdf]{gsf]
gfd / ltgsf] sfdaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . Fig 5.24

-cf_ o;n] ptkfbg ug]{ /;sf] dfqfdf 36La9L ePdf z/L/sf] j[lådf b]lvg] c;/af/] klg rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

110
lgisif{

lk6\o'6/L u|lGy s]/fpsf] bfgf cfsf/sf, vKk/leq dl:tissf] tNnf] efudf /x]sf] x'G5 . d'VotM o;n]
pTk]|/s xdf]{g (stimulating hormone) / j[lå xdf]{g (growth hormone) pTkfbg u5{ .

lj|mofsnfk # yfO/f]O8 / kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGysf] kl/ro / sfo{ (Introduction and function of

thyroid and parathyroid glands)

-c_ yfO/f]O8 / kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGysf] lrq lbP/ ltgLx¿sf]

:yfg, ;|fj ug]{ xdf]{gsf] gfd / ltgsf sfdaf/] 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ logLx¿n] pTkfbg ug]{ /;sf] dfqfdf 36La9L ePdf

z/L/sf] j[lådf b]lvg] c;/af/] klg rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
Fig 5.26
lgisif{

yfO/f]O8 u|lGy 3fF6Ldf Zjf;gnLsf] bfofF / afofFF efudf km}lnP/ /x]sf] x'G5 . of] u|lGyn] tLg lsl;dsf
xdf{]g pTkfbg u5{, tL x'g\ M yfO/f]lS;g (T4), 6«fOcfof]8f] yfO/f]lgg (T3) / SoflN;6f]lgg . Kof/fyfO/f]O8
u|lGy yfO/f]O8 u|lGydfly /x]sf] x'G5 . logLx¿ rf/cf]6f x'G5g\ . logn] Kof/fydf{]g gfds xdf]{g pTkfbg
u5{g\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf] nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ yfO/fO8 u|lGy / lk6\o'6/L u|lGysf] sfo{df s] ;dfgtf 5 < 1
-cf_ kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGyn] pTkfbg ug]{ xdf]{gsf] sfd n]Vg'xf];\ < 1
-O_ unufF8 x'Fbf s'g u|lGysf] ;fOh a9\5 < 1
-O{_ gfOs] u|lGy s'g u|lGynfO{ elgG5 < 1

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

lk6\o'6/L yfO/f]O8 / kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGysf] lrq lbP/ ltgLx¿sf] t'ngfTds tflnsf lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .

111
rf}w|f}F lbg (Fourteenth day)
ljifoj:t' M dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnL -Pl8«gn u|lGy, Kofª\lj|mofh tyf uf]gf8\;_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ Pl8«gn u|lGy, Kofª\lj|mofh tyf uf]gf8\;sf] kl/ro lbg

-cf Pl8«gn u|lGy, Kofª\lj|mofh tyf uf]gf8\;sf]] :yfg, sfo{ tyf o;n] pTkfbg ug]{ /;sf] dfqf 36L a9L
x'Fbf zf/Ll/s ljsf;df kg]{ c;/ atfpg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
Pl8«gn u|lGy, Kofª\lj|mofh tyf uf]Gof8\;sf lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ Kofª\lj|mofhnfO{ lsg ldl>t u|lGy elgG5 <
-cf_ Kofª\lj|mofhn] pTkfbg ug]{ s'g /;df xdf]{g x'Fb}g <
-O_ uf]Gof8\ eg]sf] s] xf] <
lj|mofsnfk @ Kofª\lj|mofhsf] kl/ro / sfo{
(Introduction and function of
pancreas)

-c_ lrq lbP/ Kofª\lj|mofh, Pl8«gn u|lGy tyf

uf]Gof8\;sf :yfg lrgfpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ Kofª\lj|mofhn] pTkfbg ug]{ /;sf] gfd,

ltgdf kfOg] xdf]{g tyf ltgLx¿sf sfdaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
Fig 5.27
-O_ Kofª\lj|mofhn] pTkfbg ug]{ /;sf] dfqfdf 36La9L ePdf z/L/sf] j[lådf b]lvg]
c;/af/] klg rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{

Kofª\lj|mofh dflg;sf] z/L/sf] 7'nf u|lGydWo]sf] Ps xf] . of] u|lGy cfdfzo k5fl8k6\l6 8\o'8]gdsf] n'kdf
/x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] Kofª\lj|mofl6s /; / xdf{]g b'j} pTkfbg ug{] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ldl>t u|lGy elgG5 .
Kofª\lj|mofhn] Un'sfug / OG;'lng xdf]{gsf] pTkfbg u5{g\ . OG;'lngn] /utdf Un'sf]hsf] dfqf lgoGq0f u5{
eg] Un'sfugn] /utdf Un'sf]hsf] dfqf a9fpF5 .

112
lj|mofsnfk # Pl8«gn u|lGysf] kl/ro / sfo{ (Introduction and function of adrenal gland)

-c_ Pl8«gn u|lGyn] ;|fj ug]{ /; / ltgdf kfOg] xdf]{gsf] gfd /

ltgsf] sfdaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ logLx¿n] pTkfbg ug]{ /;sf] dfqfdf 36La9L ePdf z/L/sf]

j[lådf b]lvg] c;/af/] klg rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{

Pl8«gn u|lGy k|To]s lduf}{nfsf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps Pscf]6f x'G5g\ . Pl8«gn u|lGyn] Pl8«glng xdf{]g /
sl6{;g xdf{]g pTkfbg u5{ . Pl8«glng xdf{]gn] cfsl:ds vt/f cj:yfdf ;fdgf ug{] agfpF5 . sl6{;g
pkfkrog ug]{ sfd klg u5{ . o;n] PG8«f]h]g xdf]{gsf] pTkfbg klg u5{ h'g Pp6f k'?if ;]S; xdf]{g xf] .

lj|mofsnfk $ uf]Gof8\;sf] kl/ro / sfo{ (Introduction and function of gonads)

-c_ uf]Gof8\;sf] kl/ro lbFb} o;cGtu{t kg]{ u|lGysf] gfd / ltgn] ;|fj ug]{ /;af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ oL u|lGyn]] pTkfbg ug]{ /;df kfOg] xdf]{gsf] gfd / ltgsf] sfd atfpg'xf];\ .

-O_ oL u|lGyaf6 lg:sg] xdf]{gsf] dfqf 36La9L ePdf z/L/sf] j[lådf b]lvg] c;/af/] klg rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{

k'?ifdf x'g] c08sf]if (testis) / dlxnfdf x'g] c08fzo (ovary) nfO{ uf]gf8\; elgG5 . k'?ifsf] :j|mf]6d
(Scrotum) df b'O{lt/ /x]sf b'O{cf]6f c08sf]ifn] jLo{ pTkfbg ug'{sf ;fy} 6]:6f]:6]/f]g (Testosterone) gfds
xdf]{g pTkfbg u5{g\ . dlxnfsf] tNnf] k]6sf] b'j}lt/ l8DaaflxgL gnL;Fu} /x]sf b'O{cf]6f c08fsf/
c08fzon] c08f pTkfbg ug{'sf ;fy} O:6«f]h]g / k|f]h]:6]/f]g gfds ;]S; xdf{]g pTkfbg u5{g\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— +1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ s'g u|lGynfO{ lsg Odh]{G;L u|lGysf] gfdaf6 lrlgG5, lsg < 2
-cf_ Kofª\lj|mofhn] pTkfbg ug]{ s'g /; /utdf ldl;P/ z/L/e/L k|;fl/t x'G5 < 1
-O_ s'g xdf]{gsf] sdLn] k'?ifdf gk'+;stf x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 < 1

113
-O{_ /utdf lrgLsf] dfqf lgoGq0f ug]{ xdf]{g s'g xf] < 1
-p_ :qLTjsf] ljsf; tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ xdf]{g s'g xf] < 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

Pp6f rf6{ k]k/df dfgj u|lGy k|0ffnLsf] /ª\uLg lrq agfP/ tn lbPsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ k"/f ug'{xf];\
.
j|m= ;= u|lGysf] gfd z/L/df ;|fj ug]{ /; xdf{]g sfd
:yfg
! lk6\o'6/L u|lGy

@ yfO/f]O8 u|lGy

# kf/fyfO/f]O8 u|lGy
$ Kofª\lj|mofh

% Pl8«gn u|lGy

^ uf]Gof8\;

kGw|f}F lbg (Fifteenth day)

ljifoj:t' M jg:klt xdf]{gx¿

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ jg:klt xdf]{gsf] kl/ro lbg

-cf_ jg:klt xdf]{gsf k|of]u tyf c;/ atfpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials) -;fdu|L 5'6]sf]_

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

114
lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ s] jg:kltdf x'g] ljleGg hLjg k|lj|mof ;~rfng ug{sf nflu hgfj/df h:t} xdf]{g pTkfbg x'G5g\
xf]nf t <
-cf_ s] s[lqd tl/sfn] jg:klt xdf]{gsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
-O_ s[lqd xdf]{gsf] k|of]un] kmnk"mn / t/sf/L v]tLsf] ljsf;df s:tf] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ jg:klt xdf]{gsf] kl/ro / lsl;d (Introduction and types of plant hormone)

-c_ jg:klt xdf]{gsf] kl/ro / cfjZostfaf/] k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .

-cf_ jg:klt xdf]{gsf] b'O{ k|d'v lsl;d (growth promotor / growth inhibitor) tyf ltgLx¿sf]
sfdaf/] 5nkmn ljlwaf6 hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ Ethylene nfO{ growth promotor / growth inhibitor b'j} ¿kdf kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{

la?jfdf klg hgfj/df h:t} UnfG8'n/ tGt' x'G5g\ h;n] xdf]{g ;|fj u5{g\ . xdf]{gsf ;xfotfn] Pp6f
sf]ifaf6 csf]{ sf]ifdf ;~rf/ u5{g\ . jg:kltnfO{ ljz]if ;dodf, ljz]if efudf, ljz]if lsl;dsf] xdf]{gsf]
cfjZostf k5{ .
lj|mofsnfk # jg:klt xdf]{gsf] sfo{ / k|of]u (Function and uses of phytohormones)

-c_ ljleGg lsl;dsf jg:klt xdf]{gsf] k|d'v sfd growth promotor/growth inhibitor
atfpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ jg:klt xdf]{gsf] gfd, lsl;d / sfd :ki6 x'g]u/L tflnsf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

-O_ jg:klt xdf]{gsf] k|of]u ljlwaf/] atfpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{

j[lå xdf]{gsf] d'Vo sfo{ la?jfsf] j[lå ljsf; ug'{ xf] . ;fdfGotM j[lå xdf]{g la?jfsf] j[lå If]q h:t} M 8fF7
/ h/fsf 6'Kkfdf pTkfbg x'G5g\ . clShg xdf]{g 8fF7sf] 6'Kkfdf pTkfbg x'G5 . o;n] la?jfsf] 8fF7sf]
6'KkfnfO{ k|sfzlt/ j[lå x'g ;xof]u u5{ . ;fO6f]sfOlgg xdf]{g h/fsf] 6'Kkf], OlDa|of] / kmndf k|z:t
dfqfdf kfOG5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

115
— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ jg:klt xdf]{g s] s]sf nflu k|of]u x'G5g\ < 2

-cf_ jg:kltsf] j[lå /f]Sg] xdf]{gsf] gfd atfpg'

-O_ s'g xdf]{gn] jg:kltsf] j[lå a9fpg] / /f]Sg] b'j} sfd u5{ < 2
-O{_ kmn kfSg] / k'/fgf kft Efmg]{ lj|mof s'g xdf]{g;Fu ;DalGwt 5 < 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

jg:klt xdf]{gsf] k|of]u / dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ o;sf] c;/af/] lel8of] cjnf]sg k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L
sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

%= lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher)

;f]x|f} lbg (Sixteenth day)

116
k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning
enhancement and unit assessment)

 o; PsfOsf] cGTodf sG;]K6 Dofk agfP/ k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] PsfOsf] ;du|
l;sfOsf] k|ltljDag ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . jf o:t} ;du| l;sfO emlNsg] cGo s'g} k|ltljDagsf ljlw,
tf}/tl/sf tyf /0fgLlt k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .
 kl/of]hgf sfo{ l;sfO lj|mofsnfk;Fu} u/fO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s lbgsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] j|mddf l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu
yk ;xof]u ug]{, k|ltefjfg\ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds
k4ltcg';f/ l;sfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ckfª\utf cg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u /
pRr bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf]
k|Zg agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
!= ;xL ljsNkdf 3]/f nufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ d]lgGh]hsf] -aflx/L txaf6 leqL tx_ tnsf dWo] s'g j|md ;xL xf] < 1
-s_ kfoDof6/, P/fSgf]O8Dof6/ / 8'/fDof6/ -v_ P/fsgf]O8Dof6/, kfoDof6/ / 8'/fDof6/
-u_ P/fSgf]O8, 8'/fDof6/ / kfoDof6/ -3_ 8'/fDof6/, P/fSgf]O8Dof6/ / kfoDof6/
-cf_ :gfo' k|0ffnLsf] s'g efusf] aflx/L ;tx v/fgL /ªsf] x'G5 <
-s_ ;'if'Dgf -v_ 7'nf] dl:tis
-u_ ;fgf] dl:tis -3_ d]lgGh]h 1
-O_ z/L/sf ljleGg efuaf6 dl:tis;Dd va/ nfg] :gfo' /];f s'g xf] <
-s_ df]6/ :gfo' -v_ ;]G;/L :gfo'
-u_ UofªlUnof -3_ df]6/ / ;]G;/L b'j} 1
-O{_ d'Vo u|lGy s'g u|lGynfO{ elgG5 <
-s_ yfO/f]O8 u|lGy -v_ KoflGj|mofh
-u_ lk6\o'6/L u|lGy -3{_ Pl8«gn u|lGy 1
-p_ kmn kfSg] / k'/fgf kft Efmg]{ lj|mof s'g xdf]{g;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
-s_ OyfOlng -v_ :ffO6f]sfOlgg
-u_ lha|lng -O{_ clShg 1
-pm_ /utdf lrgLsf] dfqf lgoGq0f ug]{ xdf]{g s'g xf] <
-s_ yfO/f]lS;g -v_ OG;'lng
-u_ kf/fydf]{g -3{_ O:6«f]hg 1

117
-P_ :qLTjsf] ljsf; tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ xdf]{g s'g xf] < 1
-s_ k|]fh]:6]/f]g -v_ yfO/f]lS;g
-u_ 6]:6f]:6]/f]g -3_ Pl8«gflng
-P]_ k'?ifTjsf] ljsf; tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ xdf]{g s'g xf] < 1
-s_ k|]fh]:6]/f]g -v_ yfO/f]lS;g
-u_ 6]:6f]:6]/f]g -3_ O:6«f]hg
2= sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M 2x5
-s_ Koflª\j|mofhnfO{ ldl>t u|lGy elgG5 .
-v_ ;fgf] dl:tisdf rf]6 nfu]df z/L/ c:fGt'lnt x'G5 .
-u_ ;'if'DgfnfO{ csfDo lj|mofsf] s]Gb| elgG5 .
-3_ Un'sfuf]g / OG;'lngn] Pscsf{ lj?4 sfo{ u5{g\ .
-ª_ OGhfOdnfO{ h}ljs pTk|]/s elgG5 .
3= km/s n]Vg'xf];\ M 2x6
-s_ gnLo'St / gnLljxLg u|lGy
-v_ ;fO6f]sfOlgg / clShg
-u_ kf/fyfO/f]O8 / yfO/f]O8 u|lGy
-3_ j|]mlgon / :kfOgn :gfo'
-ª_ ;]G;/L / df]6/ :gfo'
-r_ ;]/]a|d / ;]/]a]nd
-5_ l;Dkfy]l6s / kf/fl;Dkfy]l6s :gfo' k|0fnL
4= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ Go'/f]g eg]sf] s] xf], o;sf] ;kmf lrq agfO{ ljleGg efusf] gfds/0f ug'{xf];\ / k|To]s
efusf] sfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ csfDo lj|mofsf] pbfx/0f;lxt j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ lbOPsf] lrq cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-c_ lrqdf cª\lst efusf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ s, v / u efusf sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ u efudf rf]6k6s nfu]df s] x'G5 <
-3_ u|lGy eg]sf] s] xf], o;sf k|sf/nfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt rf6{df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
- ª _ jg:klt xdf]{g s'g s'g x'g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ dfgj z/L/df kfOg] ljleGg gnLljxLg u|lGy b]lvg] lrq sf]g{'xf];\ .
-5_ lk6\o'6/L u|lGysf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .

118
-h _ jg:klt xdf{]gsf] ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
-em_ jg:klt xdf]{gsf] pkof]lutf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-~f_ Kofª\lj|mofhsf] lrq;lxt j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .

PsfO ^ k|s[lt / jftfj/0f (Nature and Environment)

cg'dflgt sfo{306f M )^
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOcGtu{t kfl/l:ylts k4lt, vfB hfn, vfB >[ª\vnf tyf hLjlar cGt/lj|mof h:tf ljifoj:t'
klg ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg / k|bz{g ljlwsf ;fy} ljleGg Collaborative methods of
teaching h:t} mix and match, think, pair and share, T and M models cflbsf] ;fy} >Job[Zo
;fdu|Lsf] klg k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ hnLo / :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf h}ljs / ch}ljs cjojsf] cGt/;DaGw JofVof ug{
-v_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf vfBrj|m (Food chain) / vfBhfn (food web) sf] kl/ro lbFb} hLjsf]
cGt/;DaGw b]vfpg
-u_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf hLjlarsf] cGt/lj|mofsf k|sf/ j0f{g ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
!= Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf]  Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] cjwf/0ff !
cjwf/0ff  Kfl/l:ylts lj1fg
@= Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf  ch}ljs cjoj -xfjf, ;f}o{ pmhf{, kfgL, !
cjojx¿ df6f]_

119
 h}ljs cjoj -pTkfbs, pkef]Stf /
laR5]bs_

#= Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf k|sf/  vfB >[ª\vnf / vfB hfn !

 Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf k|sf/
 :ynLo Kfl/l:ylts k4lt
$= hnLo Kfl/l:ylts k4lt  hnLo Kfl/l:ylts k4lt !
%= hLjlarsf] cGt/lj|mof  kf/:kl/stf !
 sdG;lnHd
 k/hLljtf
 k|lt:kwf{
 l;sf/
^ k|ltljlDa l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !

$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] cjwf/0ff

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

-c_ Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] kl/ro lbg

-cf_ Kfl/l:yltsLsf] kl/ro lbg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
kf7\ok':tssf] k]h *) / *! Dff ePsf lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

k]h *) df lbOPsf] lrqsf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf
a9fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ lrqdf s'g s'g ;d'bfosf ;hLj

b]vfOPsf 5g\ <

120
-cf_ oL b'j} ;d'bfodf h}ljs ljljwtfdf c;/ kfg]{ h}ljs cjoj s] s] 5g\ <
-O_ oL b'j} ;d'bfodf h}ljs ljljwtfdf c;/ kfg]{ ch}ljs cjoj s] s] 5g\ <
-O{_ lrqdf h}ljs / ch}ljs cjojlar s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 < Fig 6.1

lj|mofsnfk @ kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] kl/ro (Introduction of Ecosystem)

-c_ lgDglnlvt lrqsf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgaf6 cfPsf pQ/af6 k|fKt lgisif{sf cfwf/df kfl/l:ylts
k4ltsf] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ glhs} pknAw hnLo jf :ynLo ;d'bfosf] e|d0f u/fO{ ToxfF /x]sf ;hLj / lghL{jlar sfod
cGt/;DaGwsf cfwf/df kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf]
cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
-O_ ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg
n]Vg nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ cGTodf 5]pdf lbOPsf] lrq k|bz{g u/L yk k|:6

kfg'{xf];\ .
Fig 6.2
lgisif{

jftfj/0fdf ePsf ;hLj / ef}lts jftfj/0flarsf] lg/Gt/ tyf :yfoL ¿kdf rln/xg] cGt/;DaGwnfO{
kfl/l:ylts k4lt (Ecosystem) elgG5 .

121
lj|mofsnfk # kfl/l:ylts lj1fgsf] kl/ro (Introduction of Ecology)

-c_ kfl/l:yltsLnfO{ kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] cWoog ug]{ hLj lj1fgsf] zfvfsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
-cf_ kfl/l:yltsLnfO{ ;hLj / jftfj/0fsf] larsf] cGt/;DaGwaf/] cWoog ug]{ hLj lj1fgsf] zfvf xf]
eGg] wf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
-O_ kfl/l:yltsL / kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] dxŒjaf/] k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ .
lgisif{

kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf af/]df cWoog ug]{] lj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ kfl/l:yltsL (Ecology) elgG5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf] ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDglnlvt k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\
.
-c_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf]] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ . 1
-cf_ kfl/l:yltsL / kfl/l:ylts k4ltlar s] km/s 5 < 1
-O_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf d'Vo cjoj s] s] x'g\ < 2
-O{_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] cjwf/0ff ;j{k|yd s;n] lbPsf lyP < 2

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

Pp6f rf6{k]k/df kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf fig 6.1 / fig 6.2 sf] /ª\uLg lrq agfpg] cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .
bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t'
Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf cjoj

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 xfjf, ;f}o{ pmhf{, kfgL, df6f] h:tf ch}ljs cjojsf] kl/ro / j'mg} ;d'bfodf ltgLx¿sf] dfqf 36\bf
a9\bf To; ;d'bfosf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf kg]{ c;/ atfpg

122
 pTkfbs, pkef]Stf / laR5]bs h:tf h}ljs cjojsf] kl/ro / j'mg} ;d'bfodf ltgLx¿sf] dfqf 36\bf
a9\bf To; ;d'bfosf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf kg]{ c;/ atfpg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

pTkfbs, pkef]Stf / laR5]bs a'lemg] lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ kf7k|ltsf] rfF;f] a9fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ la?jfn] xfjfaf6 s] s] k|fKt u5{g\ <
-cf_ cTolws kfgLn] / sd kfgLn] s'g} 7fpFsf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltnfO{ s;/L k|efljt u5{g\ <
-O_ u'kmfdf ;hLjsf] ;ª\Vof sd x'g] sf/0f s] xf]nf <
-O{_ k|Zgsf] cfPsf pQ/af6 k|fKt lgisif{sf cfwf/df kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] ch}ljs cjojsf] cjwf/0ff
lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{

;a} lsl;dsf kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf ch}ljs / h}ljs u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf tŒj x'G5g\ . kfl/l:Ylts k4ltdf
k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] lghL{jnfO{ ch}ljs cjoj elgG5 . ch}ljs tŒjcGtu{t xfjf, ;f}o{ pmhf{, tfkj|md,
df6f], kfgL, cfb|tf cflb k5{g\ . kfl/l:Ylts k4ltdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] hLjnfO{ h}ljs cjoj elgG5 .
h}ljs cjojcGtu{t ljleGg hgfj/ / jg:klt k5{g\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ ch}ljs cjoj -xfjf, ;f}o{ pmhf{, kfgL / df6fsf] kl/ro / kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf e"ldsf_
(Abiotic Factors- Inroduction and role of air, solar energy, water and soil in ecosystem)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/cf]6f ;d"xdf af8\g'xf];\ .

-cf_ klxnf] ;d"xnfO{ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf xfjf, bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ ;f}o{ pmhf{, t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ kfgL] / rf}yf}
;d"xnfO{ df6fsf] e"ldsfsf af/]df k9]/ 5nkmn ug{ !) ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ .
-O_ To;kl5 uf]nf k|yfaf6 k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps hgfnfO{ csf]{ ;d"xdf k7fO{ cfk"mn] l;s]sf s'/f
l;sfpgsf nflu k7fpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu % ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ .
-O{_ To;kl5 uf]nf k|yfaf6} k|To]s ;d"xsf] Ps Ps hgfnfO{ # ldg]6df cfk"mn] l;s]sf s'/f k|:t't ug{sf
nflu cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu !@ ldg]6sf] ;do 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-p_ cGTodf sdL sdhf]/L ePsf 7fpFdf k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{

jfo'd08ndf ljleGg lsl;dsf UofF; h:t} M gfO6«f]hg, clS;hg, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, kfgLsf] afkm cflb
/x]sf x'G5g\ . xl/of jg:kltn] vfgf agfpFbf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 lnG5g\ / clS;hg UoFf;
kmfN5g\ . dflg;nufot jg:klt tyf cGo hLjhGt'n] Zjf; lnFbf clS;hg UofF; lnG5g\ / sfa{g
123
8fOcS;fO8 kmfN5g\ . ;"o{af6 cfpg] tfkn] hnrj|m sfod ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
af]6la?jfdf x'g] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lj|mofsf nflu kfgL dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . To:t} u/L hGt' tyf jg:kltsf]
z/L/ lgdf{0fdf kfgLsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ch}ljs tŒjdWo] df6f] klg dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj xf] . df6fdf
vlgh tŒj, k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{, hLjf0f' tyf /f;folgs tŒj h:t} M gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/;, kf]6fl;od cflb
x'G5g\ h'g af]6la?jfsf nflu cfjZos x'G5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # h}ljs cjojx¿ – pTkfbs, pkef]Stf / laR5]bssf] kl/ro / kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf e"ldsf
(Biotic Factors- Inroduction and role of producers, consumers and decomposers in
ecosystem)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ tLgcf]6f ;d"xdf af8\g'xf];\ .

-cf_ klxnf] ;d"xnfO{ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf pTkfbs / pkef]Stf, bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ k|yd / bf];|f] pkef]Stf,
t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ t];|f] pkef]Stf / laR5]bssf] e"ldsfsf af/]df k9]/ 5nkmn ug{ * ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\
.
-O_ To;kl5 uf]nf k|yfaf6 k|To]s ;d"xaf6 Ps Ps hgfnfO{ csf]{ ;d"xdf k7fO{ cfk"mn] l;s]sf s'/f
l;sfpgsf nflu k7fpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu % ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ . o;/L k|:t'lt ubf{ pknAw hgfj/
/ jg:kltsf lrq k|of]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ To;kl5 uf]nf k|yfaf6} k|To]s ;d"xsf Ps Ps hgfnfO{ a9Ldf $ ldg]6df cfk"mn] l;s]sf s'/f k|:t't
ug{sf nflu cufl8 af]nfpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu a9Ldf !@ ldg]6sf] ;do 5'6\ofg'xf];\ .
-p_ cGTodf sdL sdhf]/L ePsf] 7fpFdf k[i7kf]if0f lbFb} kf7sf] ;dfkg ug'{xf];\ .
lgisif{

hLj ;d'bfon] pTkfbs (producer) pkef]Stf (consumer) / ljR5]bs (decomposer) h:Tff kIfnfO{ ;d]6\5
. xl/ts0fo'St Pssf]ifLo, ax'sf]ifLo tyf af]6la?jf h:fn] cfˆgf] vfgf cfkm}F tof/ u5{g\ To;nfO{
pTkfbs elgG5 . ;fogf]AofS6]l/of, 8fOP6d cflb kmfO6f]Knfª\6gsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . hLjsf] ;d'bfodf
cfˆgf] vfgfsf nflu pTkfbsdf e/ kg]{ hLjnfO{ pkef]Stf elgG5 . vfgfsf nflu jg:kltdf dfq e/
kg]{ ;hLjnfO{ k|fylds pkef]Stf elgG5 . oL ;hLj zfsfxf/L x'G5g\ . cfˆgf] vfgfsf nflu k|fylds
pkef]Stfdf e/ kg]{ ;hLjnfO{ låtLo pkef]Stf elgG5 . låtLo pkef]StnfO{ vfP/ afFRg] ;hLjnfO{ t[tLo
pkef]Stf elgG5 . ljR5]bs (decomposer) n] d/]sf hLjsf] z/L/nfO{ s'xfpg], unfpg] sfo{ u5{g\ / ;/n
c0f'df kl/0ft u/L df6fdf ldnfpF5g\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf cjojnfO{ sltcf]6f k|d'v ;d"xdf af8\g ;lsG5 < 1
-cf_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf kfgLsf] s] e"ldsf x'G5, j0f{g ug'{xf];\ . 3
-O_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf s:tf ;hLjn] pTkfbssf] e"ldsf v]N5g\ < 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

124
tkfO{F{sf] 3/ j/k/ kfOg] hgfj/ / jg:kltsf] ;"rL agfO{ ltgLx¿nfO{ pTkfbs, k|yd pkef]Stf, bf];|f]
pkef]Stf, t];|f] pkef]Stfdf 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ To; :yfgsf] jftfj/0fdf ePsf ch}ljs
cjojdf ePsf k|b"if0fn] s;/L k|efljt u5{, k|ltj]bg n]v]/ a'emfpg'xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t'
Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf k|sf/

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 vfB >[ª\vnf / vfB hfnsf] kl/ro lbO{ ltgLx¿lar t'ngf ug{

 Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf k|sf/ atfpg / pbfx/0f lbg
 :ynLo Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf cjoj / ltgLx¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGwaf/] j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

vfB >[ª\vnf, vfB hfn tyf rp/sf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lbOPsf] lrq;Fu ;DalGwt lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/

dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ kf7k|ltsf] rfF;f] a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ la?jfaf6 zlSt / vfB kbfy{sf] kl/jxg stflt/
x'G5 <
-cf_ o;df zlSt / vfB kbfy{sf] d'Vo ;|f]t s] xf] <
Fig 6.3
-O_ o; pbfx/0fdf vfB kbfy{sf] Pslblzo jf ax'lblzo s:tf] k|jfx b]vfOPsf] 5 <
-O{_ olb Pp6f PSjfl/oddf n]p, kfgL ls/f, ;k{, ;fgf df5f / 7'nf df5f ePsf] eP o; lrqdf b]vfOPsf]
lrnsf] txdf PSjfl/odsf] j'mg ;hLj k5{ <
lj|mofsnfk @ vfB >[ª\vnf / vfB hfnsf] kl/ro (Introduction of food chain and food web)

125
=c_ lbOPsf lrq cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ k|Zgf]Q/sf cfwf/df ltgLx¿sf] vfB txsf] klxrfg / k|jfx
lbzfsf] klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

Fig 6.4
-cf_ k|fKt pQ/sf] cfwf/df vfB >[ª\vnfsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ / vfB >[ª\vnfO{{ vfB hfnsf] PsfOsf
¿kdf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ 5]pdf lbOPsf] lrqsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ k|Zgf]Q/sf cfwf/df ToxfF /x]sf vfB >[ª\vnfsf] ;ª\Vof
kQf nufpg] sfo{ lbg'xf];\ .
-O{_ vfB hfnnfO{ w]/} vfB >[ª\vnfsf] ;d"xsf ¿kdf lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-p_ tn lbOPsf] h:t} M tflnsf lbP/ vfBhfn / vfB >[ª\vnfdf km/s
Fig 6.5
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
vfB >[ª\vnf cfwf/ vfB hfn
;/n jf hl6n
vfB kbfy{ / zlStsf] Pslblzo jf ax'lblzo k|jfx
Pscsf{sf] PsfO jf ;d"x
lgisif{

c¿nfO{ vfg] / c¿åf/f cfkm" vfOg], pTkfbsb]lv dflyNnf] bhf{sf]

pkef]Stf;Dd Pp6} lbzfdf zlSt :yfgfGt/0f x'g] k|lj|mofnfO{ vfB
z[ª\vnf elgG5 . w]/} vfB z[ª\vnf ldn]/ cfk;df h]lnFb} hfFbf Pp6f
hl6n ;~hfn aG5 h;nfO{ vfBhfn elgG5 .

126
lj|mofsnfk # :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] kl/ro
(Introduction of land ecosystem)

-c_ 5]psf] tflnsf k|:t't u/L kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf]

kl/ro / ltgLx¿sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ Pp6f :ynLo ;d'bfosf hgfj/ / Fig 6.6

jg:kltlarsf] vfBtxsf] cGt/;DaGw a'emfpg]

lsl;dsf] lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ To; ;d'bfodf /x]sf ch}ljs / h}ljs
cjojaf/] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] j0f{g
ug'{xf];\ . Fig 6.7
lgisif{

hldgdf ePsf ch}ljs tyf h}ljs tŒjlarsf] cGt/;DaGwaf6 ag]sf] k4ltnfO{ :ynLo kfl/l:ylts
k4lt elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltcGtu{t rp/sf] kfl/l:ylts k4lt, hª\unsf] kfl/l:ylts
k4lt, d?e"ldsf] kfl/l:ylts k4lt cflb k5{g\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ hnLo / :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M

-c_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf ljR5]bs dfq gx'g] xf] eg] of] k4lt vnalnG5 . 2
-cf_ rp/sf] Osf]l;:6ddf klxnf] pkef]Stf ls/f km6\ofª\u|fsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws a9\g hFfbf pSt
Osf]l;:6d c;Gt'lnt x'G5 . 2
-O_ k|foh;f] kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf pkef]Stfsf] ;ª\VofeGbf pTkfbssf] ;ª\Vof a9L x'G5 . 2
-O{_ Pp6f Osf]l;:6ddf x'g] pTkfbs, pkef]Stf, ljR5]bs / jftfj/0flar ;Gt'lnt rj|m rln/x]sf] x'G5 .
…oLdWo] s'g} cjojlarsf] ;Gt'ng vNalnPdf Osf]l;:6d lau|G5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{ sf/0f;lxt k'li6 ug{'xf];\
.3
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

Pp6f rf6{ k]k/df :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] /ª\uLg lrq agfpg'xf];\ .

Rff}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

127
ljifoj:t'
hnLo kfl/l:ylts k4lt

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 hnLo Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] kl/efiff / pbfx/0f lbg

 hnLo Kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf cjoj / ltgLx¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGwaf/] j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

Kff]v/Lsf] kl/l:ylts k4ltsf] lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ hnLo kl/l:ylts k4ltdf laR5]bssf] e"ldsf s'g ;hLjn] u5+{ <
-cf_ kf]v/Ldf kfgL ls/fsf] kfl/l:ylts e"ldsf s] x'G5 <
-O_ olb s'g} kf]v/Ldf /x]sf df5fsf] ;ª\Vof lgs} a9L x'g uPdf To; kf]v/Lsf] kl/l:ylts k4ltdf s:tf]
c;/ k5{ <
lj|mofsnfk @ hnLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] kl/ro
(Introduction of land ecosystem)
-c_ 5nkmn ljlwaf6 hnLo kl/l:ylts k4ltsf] kl/ro
lbO{ To;sf ;se/ w]/} pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ hnLo ;d'bfosf hgfj/ / jg:kltlarsf]
vfBtxsf] cGt/;DaGw a'emfpg] lsl;dsf] lrq k|bz{g
Fig 6.8
ug'{xf];\ . ToxfF b]lvPsf hgfj/ / jg:kltsf] To; ;d'bfodf /x]sf] e"ldsfaf/] k|Zgf]Q/ u/L
:ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-O_ To; ;d'bfodf /x]sf ch}ljs / h}ljs cjojsf] e"ldsf / ltgLx¿af/] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ hnLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltsf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .

-p_ hnLo / :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf t'ngf u/fpg'xf];\ / s'g} b'O{ hgf ljBfyL{sf] sfo{sf] k|:t'lt
u/fpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{

kfgLdf ePsf ch}ljs tyf h}ljs tŒjlarsf] cGt/;DaGwaf6 ag]sf] k4ltnfO{ :ynLo kfl/l:ylts

128
k4lt elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] kfl/l:ylts k4ltcGtu{t kf]v/Lsf] kfl/l:ylts k4lt, gbLsf] kfl/l:ylts
k4lt, tfnsf] kfl/l:ylts k4lt cflb k5{g\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ kf]v/Lsf] Osf]l;:6ddf Eofu'tfsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws a9]/ uof] eg] o;n] pSt k4ltdf s:tf] c;/
k'¥ofpnf, JofVof ug'{xf];\ . 3
-cf_ kf]v/Ldf x'g] vfB z[ª\vnfsf] lrq agfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ . 3

-O_ kf]v/Lsf] Osf]l;:6ddf ;fgf df5f / 7'nf df5fsf] e"ldsf s] s] x'G5, j0f{g ug'{xf];\ . 2

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

cfˆgf] j/k/ ePsf kf]v/L/tfnsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/L To;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

kfFrf}F lbg (Fifth day)

ljifoj:t'
hLjlarsf] cGt/lj|mof

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 kf/:kl/stfsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg

 sdG;lnHdsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg
 k/hLljttfsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg
 k|lt:kwf{sf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg
 l;sf/sf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

hLjlarsf] cGt/lj|mof b]vfpg] lrqx¿

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lbOPsf] lrq k|:t't u/L To;sf] ;fdfGo

kl/ro lbO{ lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/
dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ hLjlarsf] s:tf] cGt/lj|mof x'Fbf b'j}
kIfnfO{ a]kmfObf x'G5 <
Fig 6.9

129
-cf_ hLjlarsf] s:tf] cGt/lj|mof x'Fbf b'j} kIfnfO{ kmfObf x'G5 <
-O_ hLjlarsf] s:tf] cGt/lj|mof x'Fbf Pp6f kIfnfO{ kmfObf x'G5 eg] csf]{ kIfnfO{ a]kmfObf x'G5 <
-O{_ hLjlarsf] s:tf] cGt/lj|mof x'Fbf Pp6f kIfnfO{ kmfObf x'G5 csf]{ kIfnfO{ s'g} c;/ x'Fb}g .

lj|mofsnfk @ v]n ljlwaf6 hLjlarsf] cGtlj|mofsf] klxrfg

 kf/:kl/stf, sdG;lnHd, k/hLljttf, k|lt:kwf{, l;sf/;DaGwL tLg tLgcf]6f lrqnfO{ km/s km/s
j|mdcg';f/ /fv]/ kfj/kf]OG6 :nfO8af6 b]vfpg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ lrqsf] j|md n]Vg nufO{ hLjx¿lardf x'g] kfFrcf]6f cGt/lj|mofsf] klxrfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . h'g ljBfyL{n] ;j{k|yd ;a} lrqsf] klxrfg ug{ ;S5 pSt ljBfyL{nfO{ la+uf] eGg
nufpg'xf];\ . TfTkZrft\ cGo ljBfyL{nfO{ klg j|mdzM la+uf] eGg] ljBfyL{sf] gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
;'?df la+uf] eGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ hgfj/larsf] cGt/lj|mofsf] gfdfs/0f ldn] gldn]sf] sf/0f;lxt
olsg ug'{xf];\ . olb ;'?df la+uf] eGg] ljBfyL{n] s'g} lrq / hgfj/larsf] cGt/lj|mofsf] gfdfs/0f
gldn]df bf];|f] la+uf] eGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . Pjd\ j|mdn] k|To]s cGt/lj|mofsf]
gfd, sf/0flardf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # kf/:kl/stf / sdG;lnHdsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of
symbiosis and comensalism)

-c_ hLjlarsf]] cGt/lj|mofsf] ;fdfGo

kl/ro lbP/ 5]pdf lbOPsf lrq
k|bz{g u/L tL b'O{ lrqlarsf]
cGt/lj|mofdf km/s kQf nufpg
5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ klxnf] lrqdf b]lvPsf] cGt/lj|mofdf r/f jf km"n s;nfO{ kmfObf jf a]kmfObf
5 < Totflt/ ljBfyL{sf] Wofg slGb|t Fig 6.11 u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O_ bf];|f] lrqdf b]lvPsf] cGt/lj|mofdf ufO{ jf as'Nnf s;nfO{ kmfObf jf a]kmfObf 5
< To;sf] pQ/ kfpg] k|of; u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ To;kl5 kf/:kl/stf / sdG;lnHdsf] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{

;hLjlar nfdf] ;do;Dd /lx/xg] ;DaGw h:fdf b'j} ;hLj k/:k/df nfeflGjt x'G5g\ eg] To;nfO{
kf/:kfl/stf (symbiosis) elgG5 . o:tf] cGt/;DaG3 h:fdf cfl>t ;hLj a9L nfeflGjt x'G5 eg]
cf>o lbg]nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpFb}g To; lsl;dsf] cGt/lj|mofnfO{ Commensalism elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk $ k/hLljttf, k|lt:kwf{ / l;sf/sf]] cjwf/0ff (Concept of parasitism, comptetion

and predation)

130
1 3 4
2
-c_ 5]pdf lbOPsf lrq k|bz{g u/L tL lrqlarsf] cGt/lj|mofdf km/s kQf nufpg 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ klxnf] lrqdf b]lvPsf] cGt/lj|mofdf s] b'j} kIfnfO{ kmfObf 5 < Totflt/ ljBfyL{sf] Wofg slGb|t
u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O_ bf];|f] / t];|f] lrqdf s] s] ;dfgtf / s] s] c;dfgtf 5g\ < To;sf] pQ/
Fig 6.12 kfpg] k|of; u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ t];|f] lrqdf kLl8t kIf s'g xf] < h:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ kfpg] k|of; u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O_ To;kl5 log} lrq / pQ/sf cfwf/df k/hLljttf, k|lt:kwf{ / l;sf/sf] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{

o:tf] h}ljs cGt/lj|mof h:fdf cfl>t hLjn] cf>o lbg] hLjsf] z/L/af6 vfgf ;f];]/ lnG5 . o;
lsl;dsf] cGt/;DaGwdf Pp6f ;hLj nfeflGjt x'G5 eg] csf]{nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 . ;hLjn] Pp6}
;|f]t -vfg, a:g / k|hgg_ sf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . cGo hgfj/nfO{ df/]/ vfg]
k|lj|mofnfO{ l;sf/ ug'{ elgG5 .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)
-c_ k|To]ssf] b'O{ b'O{cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ . 4

-s_ kf/:kfl/stf / sdG;lnHd -v_ k/hLljttf / kf/:kl/stf

-cf_ hLjlar x'g] k|lt:kwf{Tds cGt/lj|mofsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .

-O_ lbOPsf pbfx/0f s'g s'g k|sf/sf Osf]nf]lhsn cGt/lj|mof xf], 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . 1x3
-s_ df}/L, ed/fn] km"nsf] /; vfg'
-v_ dfs'/fn] ?vdf hfnf] agfpg'
-u+_ p8';, plkofF, nfdv'6\6] h:tf ls/fn] hgfj/sf] /ut r';]/ vfg'
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)
cfkm"n] cWoog u/]sf ;a} lsl;dsf hLjlarsf] cGt/lj|mof emlNsg] u/L rf6{ k]k/df lrq agfpg'xf];\ .

5}6f}F lbg; PsfOsf] clGtd lbg (Sixth day; the last day of the unit)

131
k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning
enhancement and unit assessment)

-s_ k|yd pkef]Stf -v_ bf];|f] pkef]Stf

-u_ t];|f] pkef]Stf -3_ pRr pkef]Stf
-O_ lbOPsf dWo] s'g hLj ljR5]bs xf] < 1
-s_ n]p -v_ ls/f
-u_ Rofp -3_ ‰ofp
-O{_ ;hLjdf kf]if0f pknAw x'g] k|lj|mofdf pTkfbs / pkef]Stflar cfxf/sf ¿kdf s] aG5 < 1
-s_ vfB hfn -v_ vfB z[ª\vnf
-u_ Osf]l;:6d -3_ ;d'bfo
-p_ k|fylds kf]if0f tx s'g xf] < 1

132
-s_ xl/of af]6la?jf -v_ ls/f km6\ofªu|f
-u_ Eofu'tf -3_ ;k{
-pm_ tn lbPsf] j'mg syg ;To xf] < 1
-s_ kfgL Pp6f h}ljs cjoj xf] .
-v_ df6fn] la?jfnfO{ CO2 pknAw u/fp5 .
-u_ ;a} ;hLjsf] vfgfsf] ;|f]t xl/of la?jf x'g\ .
-3_ Rofp pTkfbssf] pbfx/0f xf] .
-P_ tn lbPsf] j'mg syg ;To xf] < 1
-s_ laR5\]bsn] df6faf6 lnPsf tŒjnfO{ df6fd} kms{g dbt u5{g\ .
-v_ bf];|f] pkef]Stfn] kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf t];|f] pkef]StfnfO{ vfG5g\ .
-u_ hgfj/nfO{ vfg] ;a} hgfj/ pRr pkef]Stf x''g\ .
-3_ ;d'b|sf] a9L ulx/fOdf yf]/} la?jf kfOg'sf] sf/0f ToxfF xfjf geP/ xf] .
@= sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf ljR5]bs dfq gx'g] xf] eg] of] k4lt vnalnG5 .
-v_ rp/sf] Osf]l;:6ddf klxnf] pkef]Stf ls/f km6\ofª\u|fsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws a9\g hFfbf
pSt Osf]l;:6d c;Gt'lnt x'G5 .
-u_ k|foh;f] vfBz[ª\vnfdf pkef]Stfsf] ;ª\VofeGbf pTkfbssf] ;ª\Vof a9L x'G5 .
-3_ kf/:kl/stfdf b'j} ;hLj nfeflGjt x'G5 .
-ª_ kfl/l:ylts k4lt ;Gt'lnt ePsf 7fpFdf jftfj/0f :j:ys/ x'G5 .
#= km/s n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ pTkfbs / ljR5]bs
-v_ rp/sf] kfl/l:ylts k4lt / kf]v/Lsf] kfl/l:ylts k4lt
-u_ vfB z[ª\vnf / vfB hfn
-3_ h}ljs / ch}ljs cjoj
-ª_ kf/:kfl/stf / sdG;lnHd
-r_ k/hLljttf / kf/:kl/stf
$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf x'g] ch}ljs tŒjsf] ;"rL agfO{ k|To]ssf] 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf ljR5]bsn] v]Ng] e"ldsf JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ rp/sf] Osf]l;:6dsf] ;kmf lrq agfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ kf]v/Lsf] Osf]l;:6ddf Eofu'tfsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws a9]/ uof] eg] o;n] pSt k4ltdf s:tf] c;/
k'¥ofpnf, JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

133
-ª_ v]tdf sfd ug]{ Ps ls;fgn] d';fn] wfg vfof] egL eP hlt ;a} d';f df/] . t/ pgsf] v]tdf wfg
pTkfbg ;fx}| Go"g ePsf] kfP . wfgsf] pTkfbgdf lsg sdL ePsf] xf]nf, cfˆgf] ts{;lxt k'li6 ug{'xf];\
.
-r_ kf]v/Ldf x'g] vfB z[ª\vnfsf] lrq agfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ Pp6f Osf]l;:6ddf x'g] pTkfbs, pkef]Stf, ljR5]bs / jftfj/0flar ;Gt'lnt rj|m rln/x]sf] x'G5 .
oLdWo] s'g} cjojlarsf] ;Gt'ng vNalnPdf Osf]l;:6d lau|G5, o; egfOnfO{ sf/0f;lxt k'li6
ug{'xf];\ .

134
PsfO & an / rfn (Force and Motion)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M !!
!= PsfO kl/ro
o; PsfOaf6 ljBfyL{df b'/L, :yfgfGt/0f, j]u / ult, cf};t ult / k|j]usf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; x'G5 .
plgx¿df l;wf /]vLo rfnsf ;dLs/0f k|dfl0ft ug]{ / tL ;"q k|of]u u/L ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{
l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 . o;df :yfgfGt/0f / ;dosf] u|fkm tyf j]u / ;do u|fkm lvRg] / e'msfjsf] lx;fa
u/L j|mdzM j]u tyf k|j]u kQf nufpg ;S5g\ . ljBfyL{n] b}lgs hLjgsf pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L Ogl;{of
kl/eflift ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] b}lgs hLjgdf Go'6gsf rfn;DaGwL lgod tyf tL lgod nfu' x'g]
cj:yf pNn]v ug{ ;S5g\ . ljBfyL{n] j:t'df pTkGg x'g] k|j]usf] pSt j:t'sf] lk08 tyf To;df nfu]sf]
an larsf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df an lx;fa ug]{ ;"q k|dfl0ft u5{g\ . j:t'df nfUg] kl/0ffTds ann] j:t'sf]
cfsf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ tYosf cfwf/df Onfl:6l;6L / Knfl:6l;6L u'0f k|bz{g u/L To:tf u'0f ePsf j:t'sf
pbfx/0f Pjd\ pkof]lutf pNn]v u5{g\ . kf7\oj:t'sf] ;'?cftdf u/Lg] dl:tis dGygn] ljBfyL{df pT;'stf
l;h{gf x'g] ePsfn] plgx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'df s]lGb|t u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ;xsfo{ ljlw,
k|of]ufTds ljlw, hf]8L k9fO, 5nkmn, vf]h ljlw, gd'gf lgdf{0f cflbn] ljBfyL{df ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf;
x'G5 . sIffleq ;do Joj:yfkgsf nflu lzIfsn] JofVofg ljlw, k|bz{g ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b}lgs
kf7cg';f/sf d"Nofª\sg tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/ x'G5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ l;wf /]vLo rfn;DaGwL ;dLs/0f k|dfl0ft ug{ / ;DalGwt ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
-v_ ;dfg / c;dfg ult tyf k|j]unfO{ u|fkmdf k|:t't ug{ / ;f]sf] JofVof ug{
-u_ Go'6gsf rfn;DaGwL lgod atfpg, k|bz{g ug{ / b}lgs hLjgdf pkof]usf] vf]hL ug{
-3_ Onfl:6l;6L / Knfl:6l;6Lsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
! l;wf/]vLo rfnsf  cf};t ult / cf};t j]u #
;dLs/0f  k|j]u
2
 l;wf /]vLo rfnsf ;dLs/0f v = u + at , v =

u2 + 2as /
@ l;wf/]vLo rfnsf u|fkm  :yfgfGt/0f–;dosf] u|fkm @
 ult—;dosf] u|fkm
 ult / k|j]u;DaGwL ul0ftLo ;d:of
# rfn;DaGwL Go'6gsf  Ogl;{of $
lgod  rfn;DaGwL Go'6gsf] klxnf] lgod / b}lgs

135
hLjgdf pkof]usf pbfx/0f
 rfn;DaGwL Go'6gsf] bf];|f] lgod / o;;DaGwL
ul0ftLo ;d:of
 rfn;DaGwL Go'6gsf] t];|f] lgod / b}lgs
pkof]usf pbfx/0f
 lj|mof / k|ltlj|mofsf hf]8L
$ Onfl:6l;6L / Knfl:6l;6L  kl/ro !
 pkof]lutf
% k'g/fj[lQ, PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !

$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk

klxnf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M cf};t j]u / ult
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 b'/L, :yfgfGt/0f, j]u / ultsf] cjwf/0ff / pbfx/0fsf] k'g/fj[lQ u/fpg]
 cf};t ult / k|j]usf] kl/efiff lbg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L, d]hl/ª 6]k, kmn]s, u'Rrf jf ;fgf] es'G8f]
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M syf jfrg
 sIffsf] s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf g= (& df /x]sf] af6'nLsf] a; ofqf syf jfrg
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 syf jfrgkZrft\ lgDg k|Zg ;f]wL ltgsf] pQ/sf nflu cfjZos ;ª\s]t -hints_ lbFb} ;du|
kf7sf ljifoj:t'af/] pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
– a; rfnsn] OlGhg :6f6{ u/]kl5 dfq lsg a;df rfn pTkGg eof] <
– s] l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] a;df an gnfu];Dd l:y/ cj:yfdf /xG5 eg]/ eGg ;lsG5 <
– s] a;sf] lk08 / ultdf x'g] kl/jt{g b/sf cfwf/df OlGhgn] nufpg] an lx;fa ug{ ;lsG5
<
– l;wf af6fdf u'l8/x]sf] a; 3'lDtdf k'Ubf :6]l/ª lAXnn] sfd ug{ 5f]8]df a; stflt/ u'8\5,
s] a;sf] lbzf cfk}mF df]l8G5 <
– s] nfu]sf] ;do / a;n] kf/ u/]sf] b'/LnfO{ j|mdzM x–cIf / y–cIfdf /fv]/ u|fkm sf]g{
;lsG5, u|fkmdf sf]/]sf] /]vf s:tf] aG5 xf]nf <
 syfn] ;du| kf7df /x]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ s;/L ;d]6]sf] 5 egL hfgsf/L u/fpg ;xhstf{sf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
 sDKo'6/÷Nofk6ksf] l:jmgnfO{ k|f]h]S6/åf/f l:j|mgdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

136
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf (* sf] k|Zg -s_ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u/L lrq 7.1 df
b]vfOPsf] gS;f x]g{ OG6/g]6 a|fph/ vf]Ng'xf];\ .
 ;r{ af/df maps.google.com 6fOk ug'{xf];\ . ljG8f]df gS;f b]lvG5 .
 b'/L gfKg' kg]{ :yfgdf s;{/ /fvL bfofF lSns ug'{xf];\ .
 tn lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} kk pk l:j|mg b]lvG5 . measure distance df lSns u/L ;'?sf]
:yfgaf6 clGtd :yfg;Ddsf] b'/L to ubf{ x'g] :yfgfGt/0fsf] ;fnfvfnf dfg yfxf kfpg ;'?sf]
laGb' / clGtd laGb'df lSns ug'{xf];\ . lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} l:j|mgsf] tNnf] efudf :yfgfGt/0f
dfg cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk #M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f -hf]8f 5fGg] sfo{ _

 5'6\6f5'6\6} d]6fsf8{df tn pNn]v ePsf ef}lts kl/df0f / ltgsf kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\ .
b'/L, :yfgfGt/0f, ult, j]u, ;dfg ult, c;dfg ult, k|j]u / ultx|f;
 ef}lts kl/df0fsf] Pp6f ;d"x / kl/efiffsf] csf]{ ;d"x agfP/ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
 sIffdf b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf af]nfP/ Pp6fnfO{ ef}lts kl/df0f / csf]{nfO{ ;DalGwt kl/efiff
5fGg nufpg'xf];\ . ;xL 5gf]6nfO{ X\jfO6 af]8{df 6fF:gsf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $M lrq cWoog
-c_ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf (* df /x]sf] lrq 7.4 sf] cWoog u/L ofqfsf j|mddf a;sf] :yfgfGt/0f,
j]u / ult pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xhstf{{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ sIffsf] larlt/ pleP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf (( df /x]sf] lrq 7.5 sf] cWoog u/L
;Gbe{ laGb'sf cfwf/df wgfTds ult / C0ffTds ult pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;xhstf{{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %M cf};t j]u / cf};t ult dfkg
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf (* df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.1 df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ljBfyL{nfO{ cf};t j]u /
cf};t ult dfkgdf ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^M j:t'df x'g] ult kl/jt{gsf] cjnf]sg

137
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf (( df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.2 df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ljBfyL{nfO{ ult
kl/jt{gsf] cjnf]sgdf ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

p2]Zo
j:t'df x'g] ult kl/jt{gsf] cjnf]sg ug'{
cfjZos ;fdu|L
Pp6f ;dtn ;tx ePsf] sl/a 3 m nfdf] sf7sf] kmn]s, s]xL lstfa, u'Rrf jf ;fgf] es'G8f], :6k jfr,
rs jf k]lG;n
ljlw
 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} sf7sf] kmn]snfO{ Psflt/af6 lstfasf] cf8 nufO{ /fVg'xf];\ .
 kmn]ssf] dflyNnf] 5]paf6 u'Rrf jf es'G8f] u'8fpg'xf];\ .
 es'G8f] u'l8/xFbf Pp6f ljBfyL{nfO{ :6k jfrsf] ;xfotfn] k|To]s 1 ;]s]G8sf] hgfp ug{ nufpg'xf];\ /
csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ kmn]sdf u'8\b} u/]sf] j:t' k'u]sf] :yfgdf lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ .
 u'Rrf jf es'G8fsf] rfn cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
5nkmn / lgisif{ M u'Rrf jf es'G8fsf] ult s:tf] /x\of], 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
– ljBfyL{nfO{ c;dfg rfn cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt rfndf j:t'sf] ult Psgf;n] kl/jt{g
eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L j:t'sf] ult kl/jt{gsf] b/ k|j]u xf] elg kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk & M 5nkmn
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)) df lbOPsf] 5nkmnsf] k|ZgcGtu{tsf] lx;fa ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . s'g cj:yfdf cf};t ult lgsfNg] tn pNn]v ePsf ;"qsf]
k|of]uaf6 lx;fa ubf{ Pp6} dfg cfpF5 <

lgisif{ M dflysf ;"q ;dfg k|j]u ePsf] cj:yfdf nfu' x'G5g\ . t;y{
l;wf/]vLo rfn;DaGwL lx;fa ubf{ j:t'sf] k|j]u ;dfg dfg]/ lx;fa ul/g]
tYo k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg M l;sfO d'Nofª\sgsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ tn pNn]v ePsf k|Zg
;f]Wg ;lsG5 .
-c_ j]u eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ cf};t ult / cf};t j]ular leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ k|j]u kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ s'g} j:t'nfO{ prfOaf6 5f]8\bf 3 s sf nflu k[YjLsf] ;txlt/ ;dfg k|j]un] v:bf pSt j:t'sf]
cf};t ult lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{
-c_ k|j]uo'St rfn eg]sf] s] xf], pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .

138
-cf_ ultx|f; eg]sf] s] xf], of] s:tf] cj:yfdf x'G5 < Pp6f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
;/n /]vLo ;dLs/0f ;dfg k|j]u ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq nfu' x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cf};t ult lx;fa ug{
;'?sf] ult / clGtd ultsf] of]ukmnnfO{ b'O{n] efu ul/G5 .

bf];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M l;wf /]vLo rfnsf ;dLs/0f
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 l;wf /]vLo rfnsf ;dLs/0f v = u + at / v2 = u2 + 2as k|dfl0ft ug]{
 l;wf /]vLo rfnsf ;dLs/0f v = u + at / v2 = u2 + 2as k|of]u u/L ul0ftLo ;d:of xn ug]{]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|LM d]6fsf8{, sf8{af]8,{ u'Rrf, k\mNofs,
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk !M Pgfnf]hL
 sf7sf] 2 ld6/ hlt nfdf] k\mNofs le/fnf] kf/L /fVg'xf];\ . pSt ;txdf b'O{cf]6f /]vf sf]g'{xf];\ .
 Pp6f u'RrfnfO{ pSt ;txdf /fvL tnlt/ ws]Ng'xf];\ .
 b'O{ /]vfdWo] ;'?sf] /]vfdf k'Ubfsf] ultnfO{ u / tNnf] /]vfdf k'Ubf u'Rrfsf] ultnfO{ v
eGg'xf];\ .
 b'O{ /]vf lardf pTkGg k|j]unfO{ a eGg'xf];\ .
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)! df lbOPsf] k|j]usf] kl/efiffsf] k|of]u u/L u'Rrfsf] clGtd ult lx;fa
ug]{ ;"q v = u+ at k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @M j|md ldnfg -d]6fsf8{ ldnfg_
lj|mofsnfk ! df k|dfl0ft u/]sf ;dLs/0fsf ljleGg r/0fnfO{ d]6fsf8{df n]v]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ lbg'xf];\ .
tL d]6fsf8{nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xdf lbO{ ;xL j|mddf ldnfP/ X\jfO6 af]8{df 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M k|dfl0ft ug]{
ljBfyL{nfO{ v = u+ at k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
pbfx/0f 7.1 df lbOPsf] ;d:of h:t} s'g} ;d:of k|:t't u/L v = u + at ;dLs/0f nfu' x'g] ul0ftLo
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf] cj:ydf ;xhstf{{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %M j|md ldnfg -d]6fsf8{ ldnfg_
 kfgf !)@ df lbOPsf] l;wf /]vLo rfnsf nflu ;'?sf] ult -u_, clGtd ult -v_, k|j]u -a_ /
:yfgfGt/0f -s_ ;DaGwL ;dLs/0f k|dfl0ft ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg r/0fnfO{ d]6fsf8{df
n]Vg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ d]6fsf8{ ;xL j|mddf ldnfP/ X\jfO6 af]8{df 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{n] j|md ldnfpFbf k|To]s r/0fdf pSt j|mdsf] sf/0f klg JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cjZos
k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^M k|dfl0ft ug]{
ljBfyL{nfO{ v2 = u2 + 2as k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

139
lj|mofsnfk & M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
kf7\ok':tssf] pbfx/0f 7.1 df lbOPsf] ;d:of h:t} s'g} ;d:of k|:t't u/L v = u + at ;dLs/0f
nfu' x'g] ul0ftLo ;df:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xhstf{{sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ult ;dLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ v2 = u2 + 2as k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ l:y/ cj:yfaf6 wfjgdfu{df blIf0f lbzftk{m u'8\g ;'? u/]sf] xjfO{hxfhdf 1.5 m/s2 sf] ;dfg k|j]u
pTkGg eof] / 30 s kl5 hldgaf6 p8\of] . xjfO{hxfh wfjgdfu{df u'8\bf ;'?sf] :yfgaf6 clGtd
:yfg;Ddsf] :yfgfGt/0f / l7s hldgaf6 p8\g' k"j{sf] ult lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{
-c_ l:y/ cj:yfaf6 rNg ;'? u/]sf] uf8Lsf] ult !) ;]s]G8kl5 #) ld6/ k|lt ;]s]G8 eof] eg] pSt
uf8Lsf] k|j]u slt x'G5 <
-cf_ $) ld6/ k|lt ;s]G8sf] ultdf u'l8/xsf] a;df a]|s nufpFbf % ;s]G8kl5 ult 36]/ !) ld6/ k|lt
;]s]G8 eof] eg] pSt a;sf] ult x|f; slt x'G5 <
-O_ Pp6f a; 36 km/hr sf] ultn] u'l8/x]sf] 5 . sl/a @) ld6/ cufl8 ;8sdf s]6fnfO{ b]v]/ 8«fOe/n]
a|]s nufpFbf a; !) ld6/ k/ uO{ /f]lsP5 . To; a;sf] ult x|f; slt x'G5, a; /f]lsg nfu]sf] ;do
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M l;wf /]vLo rfnsf ;dLs/0f
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 l;wf /]vLo rfnsf ;dLs/0f k|dfl0ft ug]{
 l;wf /]vLo rfnsf ;dLs/0f k|of]u u/L ul0ftLo ;d:of xn ug]{]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
9'ª\uf, d]6fsf8{
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk !M Pgfnf]hL
 Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO prfOaf6 9'ª\uf v;fNg nufpg'xf];\ .
 v;fNbfsf] ult -u_, prfO -h = s_, k|j]u -a = g_, / 9'ª\uf e'Od
F f k'Ug nfu]sf] ;do -t_ dfGg'xf];\ .
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)@ df cf};t ultsf] kl/efiffsf] k|of]u u/L 9'ªu\ fsf] prfO lx;fa ug]{ ;"q
k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @M j|md ldnfg
 kfgf !)@ df lbOPsf] l;wf /]vLo rfnsf nflu ;'?sf] ult -u_, ;do -t_, k|j]u -a_ / :yfgfGt/0f
-s_ ;DaGwL ;dLs/0f k|dfl0ft ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg r/0fnfO{ d]6fsf8{df n]Vg'xf];\ .

140
 d]6fsf8{ ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xdf lbg'xf];\ / ltgnfO{ ;xL j|mddf ldnfP/ X\jfO6 af]8{df 6fF:g
nufpg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{n] j|md ldnfpFbf k|To]s r/0fdf pSt j|mdsf] sf/0f klg JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M k|dfl0ft ug]{
ljBfyL{nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
pbfx/0f 7.2 df lbOPsf] ;d:of h:t} s'g} ;d:of k|:t't u/L v2 = u2 + 2as tyf
;dLs/0f nfu' x'g] ul0ftLo ;df:of ;dfwfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf
;xhstf{{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
Pp6f /]n 45 km /hr sf] ultn] u'l8/x]sf] 5 . 8«fOe/n] a|]s nufpFbf /]n 6 ;]s]G8kl5 /f]lsof] eg]
/]nsf] ultx|f; / l:y/ cj:yfdf cfpg'clu /]nn] kf/ u/]sf] b'/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{
/f]xgn] Pp6f k'nsf] dflyaf6 gbLsf] kfgLdf 9'ª\uf v;fn] / ;'/hn] tn gbLsf] 5]pdf a;L :6kjfrsf]
;xfotfn] 9'ª\ufnfO{ kfgLsf] ;tx;Dd cfOk'Ug nfu]sf] ;do 2 s kQf nufP . 9'ª\ufsf] v;fOdf x'g]
k|j]unfO{ 9.8 m/s2 dfgL kfgLsf] ;txaf6 k'nsf] prfO lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M :yfgfGt/0f ;do /]vflrq
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 :yfgfGt/0f / ;dosf] u|fkm lvRg]
 :yfgfGt/0f / ;dosf] u|fkmdf /]vfsf] em'sfjn] j]u b]vfpg] tYo k|dfl0ft ug{]
 :yfgfGt/0f / ;dosf] u|fkmsf] e'msfj t'ngf ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L M d]6fsf8{, u|fkm
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk !M dl:tis dGyg
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)@ df lbOPsf] ;'/h / /f]xgsf] b}f8sf] 36gfnfO{ k9]/ ;'gfpg'xf];\ . pSt
36gfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;f]lwPsf k|Zg ;f]wL ljBfyL{df ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .

141
k|Zgx¿
1. dflysf] :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkmdf b]vfOPsf] s'g /]vfn] /f]xgsf] rfn / s'g /]vfn] ljgosf] rfn
hgfpF5 <
2. ;'?df /f]xg ljgoeGbf slt b'/Ln] cufl8 /x]sf lyP <
3. bf}8sf j|mddf slt ;s]G8kl5 ljgon] /f]xgnfO{ lht]5g\ <
4. /]vf AB / CD dWo] s'g /]vfsf] e'sfj -le/fnf]kgf_ a9L 5 < /]vfx¿sf] e'msfj / ;DaGwLt
JolStsf] ultlar s:tf] ;DaGw x'G5 xf]nf <
lgisif{
s'g} j:t'sf] :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ y - cIfdf / ;DalGwt :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu nfu]sf] ;donfO{
x – cIfdf /fv]/ lvlrPsf] u|fkmnfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkm (s - t) elgG5 . pSt u|fkmdf /]vfsf]
e'msfjn] rfn cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] ult hgfpF5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf e'msfj a9L ePdf j:t'sf]
ult klg a9L x'G5 / e'msfj sd x'Fbf ult klg sd x'G5 . b'O{ /]vf sfl6Psf] :yfgdf j:t'sf] kf/
u/]sf] b'/L a/fa/ x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk @M u|fkm Knl6ª
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)% df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.3 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
p2]Zo M j:t'df x'g] ult kl/jt{gsf] cjnf]sg ug'{
cfjZos ;fdu|L M Pp6f ;dtn ;tx ePsf] sl/a 3 m nfdf] sf7sf] kmn]s, s]xL lstfa, u'Rrf jf
;fgf] es'G8f], :6k jfr, rs jf k]lG;n, ?n/ jf 6]k
ljlw
u'Rrf jf es'G8fn] k|To]s ;]s]G8df kf/ u/]sf] :yfgfGt/0f gfkL tnsf] tflnsfdf eg'{xf];\ .

tflnsfsf] tYofª\s u|fkmdf e/L :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkm sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M e"ldsf lgjf{x
 rp/df tLg hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 pleg nufpg'xf];\ .

142
 hldgdf Pp6f @) ld6/ hlt nfdf] d]hl/ª 6]k lj5\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ 6]ksf] Ps 5]pdf pEofpg'xf];\ . csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ :6kjfrdf ;do x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 Pp6f ljBfyL{nfO{ :6kjfr cg ug{ / csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ 6]ksf] 5]p 5]p lx8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
 :6kjfrsf] k|To]s @ ;s]G8 ;do hfgsf/L u/fpg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] ;do hgfj ubf{
lzIfsn] 6]kdf pNn]v ePsf] cª\s x]/L :yfgfGt/0f pNn]v ul/lbg'xf];\ .
 t];|f] ljBfyL{nfO{ dfly h:t} tflnsf agfP/ ;do / :yfgfGt/0f eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
– o;/L ljBfyL{ lxF8\bf ;'?sf] s]xL ;do Psgf;n] lxF8\g lgb]{zg lbg'xf];\ . s]xL k/ k'u]kl5
cl8g eGg'xf];\ . pSt ;dodf s]jn ;do dfq a9\5 t/ :yfgfGt/0f a9\b}g .
– To;kl5 klxn]sf] eGbf hf]8n] t/ Psgf;n] bu'g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
– s]xL k/ k'u]kl5 ljBfyL{nfO{ kmls{P/ Psgf;n] lxF8]/ ;'?sf] :yfgdf cfpg eGg'xf];\ .
– ljBfyL{ kms]{/ cfpg] j|mddf :yfgfGt/0f C0ffTds x'g] ePsfn] :yfgfGt/ 36\b} uPsf] b]lvG5
/ ;'?sf] :yfgdf k'Ubf :yfgfGt/0f z"Go x'G5 .
;do
:yfgfGt/0f
 tflnsfdf ;ª\sng u/]sf] tYofª\snfO{ u|fkmdf sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . k|fKt u|fkmsf] cWoog ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M oxfF lvr]sf] u|fkm tn b]vfOP h:t} aG5 .
– ;dfg ult– Psgf;n] e'msfj dflylt/ ePsf] v08 -v08 AB _
– l:y/ cj:yf– l;wf -v08 BC _
– ltj| ult– e'msfj a9L ePsf] -v08 CD _
– ljk/Lt lbzfdf ;dfg ult -v08 DE _

lj|mofsnfk #M e'msfj lx;fa

ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)% df lbOPsf] u|fkmsf] em'sfj lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

143
lj|mofsnfk $M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)% df lbOPsf] u|fkmsf cfwf/df ;f]lwPsf ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M clego
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)^ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfkcg';f/ clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk ^ M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8fdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)& df lbOPsf] ljleGg lsl;dsf :yfgfGt/0f ;do
u|fkm;DaGwL cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ . csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf /]vflrq sf]/]/ To;sf]
JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkm s] xf] <
-cf_ :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkmsf]sf] e'msfj / j:t'sf] ult ljrsf] ;DaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ lbOPsf] :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkmsf] cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zg xn ug'{xf];\ .

144
– ljleGg v08df b]vfOPsf] rfnsf] cj:yf 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
– s'g v08df j:t'sf] ult ;a}eGbf a9L 5, lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
– j:t'sf] C0ffTds ult lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{
/f]xgn] ev{F/} b'nfaf6 aflx/ lg:s]sf] d';fsf] rfnnfO{ cjnf]sg u/] .
pgn] d';fsf] b'nfnfO{ d"n laGb' -O_ dfGbf ;'?sf] b'O{ ;]s]G8df
Psgf;n] leQf;Fu} 6fFl;P/ d';f] b'nf]af6 @ ld6/ bfofF k'Uof] . PSsfl;
d';f] k]ml/ kms]{/ Ps ;]s]G8d} b'nflg/ k'Uof] t/ b'nfleq guO{ @
;]s]G8;Dd b'nfcufl8 cl8of] . To;kl5sf] @ ;]sG] 8df d';f] Psgf;n] ;b}{ b'nfsf] # ld6/ afofFF k'Uof] .
ToxfF k'Ug] lalQSs} d';fn] /f]xg cfPsf] rfn kfof] / # ;]s]G8df b'nfleq k:of] . d';fsf] rfnsf]
lj:yfkg ;do u|fkm lvRg'xf];\ . cfk"mn] lvr]sf] u|fkmdf d';f l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf], ;dfg ultn]
bfofF÷afofFF uPsf] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . lj:yfkg ;do /]vfsf] e'msfj cjnf]sg u/L d';fsf] ;a}eGbf tLj|
cf};t ult ePsf] v08 klg pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

kfFrf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ult ;do u|fkm
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ult / ;dosf] u|fkm lvRg]
 ult / ;dosf] u|fkmdf /]vfsf] em'sfjn] k|j]u b]vfpg] tYo k|dfl0ft ug{]
 ult / ;dosf] u|fkmsf] e'msfj t'ngf ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
ult ;do u|fkm
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
tnsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljBfyL{sf] ljifoj:t'k|ltsf] ?lr a9fpg'xf];\ M
-c_ s] ;do / ;DalGwt :yfgfGt/0f nfO{ u|fkmdf Kn6 u/] h:t} ;do / ult klg Kn6 u/L /]vflrq
k|bz{g ug{ ;lsG5 <
-cf_ s] :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkmdf h:t} /]vflrqsf] e'msfjsf] t'ngf u/L j:t'sf] rfnsf] cj:yfaf/]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 <

145
lj|mofsnfk @ M ult ;do u|fkm
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)& df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.5 df pNn]v eP h:t} ug{ nufP/ ult
;do u|fkm lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsfnfk # M e'msfj lx;fa

lj|mofsnfk ! df lvlrPsf u|fkmsf] e'msfj lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . glthfn] s]sf] dfg lbG5, lx;fa
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M ult ;do /]vfsf] e'msfjn] rfn cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] k|j]u hgfpF5 .
lj|mofsnfk $ M ult ;do u|fkmsf] cWoog
ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfk @ df lvr]sf] ult ;do u|fkmsf] cWoog u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOP h:t}
ljj/0f eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
s'g} j:t'sf] ultnfO{ y- cIfdf / ;DalGwt ;do ;donfO{ x- cIfdf /fv]/ lvlrPsf] u|fkmnfO{
ult ;do (v - t) u|fkm elgG5 .
– j:t' l:y/ /x]sf], ;dfg ultdf cufl8 a9]sf], /f]lsg vf]h]sf] h:tf hfgsf/L yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 .
– b'O{cf]6f ult ;do /]vfsf] e'msfjsf] t'ngf u/]/ ult
kl/jt{gsf] b/df /x]sf] leGgtfaf/] hfgsf/L kfpg
;lsG5 .

146
– x- cIf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] ult ;do /]vfn] ;do a9\bf klg j:t'sf] ult kl/jt{g gePsf]
cyf{t\ j:t' ;dfg ultn] ljgf k|j]u uO/x]sf] hgfpF5 .
– e'msfj;lxtsf] l;wf ult ;do /]vfn] rfn cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:t' ;dfg k|j]un] uO/x]sf]
hgfpF5 .
– olb :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkmdf jj|m /]vf ePdf rfn cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] ult c;dfg x'G5
.

lj|mofsnfk % M clego -Pgfnf]hL_

u|fkmdf b]vfOPsf] rfn k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8fdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\
.
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)* df lbOPsf ljleGg
lsl;dsf ult ;do u|fkm;DaGwL cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\
. csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf
/]vflrq sf]/]/ JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg

lbOPsf] u|fkm cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-c_ v08 AB / BC df j:t'sf] ultsf] lsl;d n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ v08 AB, BC / CD df j:t'sf] ult lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ s'g v08df j:t'sf] ult ;a}eGbf a9L x'G5 <
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ult ;do /]vf s] xf] <
-cf_ ult ;do /]vfsf] e'msfj / j:t'sf] k|j]ularsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ sf]nd / /f]df ePsf ljj/0f cWoog u/L ;DalGwt u|fkmaf6 rfn;DaGwL k|fKt x'g] hfgsf/L vfnL
sf]7fdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
u|fkm e'msfjsf] x-cIf ;Fu 8fPuf]gn dflylt/ 8fPuf]gn tnlt/ jj|m /]vf
dfg ;dfgfGt/
lj:yfkg– ult ============= ============= ============= =============
;do /]vf
ult ;do k|j]u ============ ============ ============ ============
/]vf
-ª_ u[xsfo{

147
5}6f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M Ogl;{of
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 pbfx/0f;lxt Ogl;{ofsf] kl/ro lbg]
 Ogl;{of / lk08sf] ;DaGw :ki6 kfg]{
 l:y/ Ogl;{ofsf pbfx/0f k|:t't ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
pl;g]sf] / gpl;g]sf] cG8f, p:t} b'O{cf]6f af]tn, 8f]/L, kfgL, l;Ssf, sfFrsf] lunf;, sf8{
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
Ogl;{of;Fu ;DalGwt b}lgs hLjgdf ef]u]sf pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ u'l8/x]sf] a;df PSsfl; a|]s nufpFbf tkfO{F{sf] z/L/df s:tf] c;/ k5{ <
-cf_ l:jr cg ug]{lalQs} kª\vf tLj|| ultdf lsg 3'Db}g <
lj|mofsnfk @ M 5nkmn
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)( df lbOPsf 36gfdf ;DalGwt tYo / sf/0f kQf nufpg 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ lkª v]Ng] j|mddf o;nfO{ dRrfpg / dRrfP/ 5f]8]sf] lkª l:y/ cj:yfdf cfpg s]xL ;do
nfU5 .
-cf_ l:jr cg ug]{ lalQs} ljB't\ kª\vf hf]8n] 3'Db}g / 3'ld/x]sf] kª\vfsf] l:jr ckm ug]{lalQs}
/f]lsFb}g .
lgisif{
j:t'n] c;Gt'lnt ansf] k|of]uaf6 o;sf] cj:yfdf ug{ vf]lhg] kl/jt{gsf] cj/f]w u5{ . l:y/
cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:t' l:y/ cj:yfd} /xg vf]H5 / rfn cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:t' ;dfg ultn] pxL lbzfdf
rfndf /xg vf]H5 . s'g} klg j:t'n] o;sf] cj:yfdf ug{ vf]lhg] kl/jt{gsf] cj/f]w u/L oyfl:yltdf
/lx/xg vf]Hg] u'0fnfO{ Ogl;{of elgG5 .

148
lj|mofsnfk # M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8fdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Pp6fnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !)( df lbOPsf cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf]
JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lqmosnfk $
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!) df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.7 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M lk08 / Ogl;{oflarsf] ;DaGw

ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!) df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.8 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
p2]Zo M j:t'df x'g] lk08 / Ogl;{oflarsf] ;DaGw k|bz{g ug'{
cfjZos ;fdu|L
p:t} b'O{cf]6f af]tn, 8f]/L, kfgL
ljlw
 Pp6f af]tndf kfgL eg'{xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ vfnL /fVg'xf];\ .
 b'j}nfO{ ;dfg nDafO ePsf] 8f]/Ln] cufl8 k5fl8 rNg ;Sg] u/L s'g} cf8df e'mG8\ofpg'xf];\ .
 ca e'mG8\ofOPsf af]tnnfO{ a/fa/ b'/L;Dd lj:yflkt u/L ;Fu} 5f]8\g'xf];\ / ltgLx¿sf]
rfnsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .

5nkmn / lgisif{ M s'g af]tn klxn] l:y/ cj:yfdf cfpF5, lsg xf]nf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
– sd lk08 ePsf] tyf a9L lk08 ePsf] b'j} j:t' oyfl:yltdf /xg vf]H5g\ . t;y{ ;a} j:t'df
Ogl;{of x'G5 . j:t'df x'g] Ogl;{of o;sf] lk08df lge{/ x'G5 .
– j:t'sf] lk08 a9\bf Ogl;{of klg a9\5 / lk08 36\bf Ogl;{of klg 36\5 .
lj|mofsnfk ^M l:y/ Ogl;{of k|bz{g
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!! df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.8 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
p2]Zo M j:t'df x'g] l:y/ Ogl;{ofsf] k|bz{g ug'{
cfjZos ;fdu|L
l;Ssf, sfFrsf] lunf;, sf8{

149
ljlw
 lrqdf h:t} lunf;sf] dfly sf8{ / To;sf] dfly l;Ssf /fVg'xf];\ .
 sf8{nfO{ PSsfl; tfGg'xf];\ / s] x'G5, cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
5nkmn / lgisif{ M l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] l;SsfnfO{ PSsfl; rfndf Nofpg vf]Hbf o;n] To;sf]
cj/f]w u5{ . sf8{ PSsfl; rfndf cfPsf] x'gfn] l;Ssf rNg gkfpFb} of] l;Ssfaf6 6f9f hfG5 . h;n]
ubf{ l;Ssf lunf;df v:5 . s'g} l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] j:t'sf] l:y/ cj:yfd} /lx/xg vf]Hg] u'0f l:y/
Ogl;{of xf] .
lj|mofsnfk & M 5nkmn
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!! lbOPsf] l:y/ Ogl;{ofsf yk pbfx/0faf/] 5nkmn u/L tflnsfdf cfjZos
ljj/0f eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 k|of]udf /x]sf] sfk]{6nfO{ e'mG8\ofP/ lxsf{pFbf o;df ePsf] w'nf] em5{ .
 ?vdf cfFk kmn]sf] cj:yfdf o;sf] xfFuf xNnfpFbf cfFk v:5g\ .
 Sof/d v]Nbf uf]6Lsf] rfªdf l:6fOs/n] hf]8n] lxsf{Pdf s]jn lkFwsf] uf]6L lg:sG5 / afFsL
rfFª g9nLsg a:5 .
 a; PSsfl; rfndf cfpFbf To;leq /x]sf ofq'sf] z/L/sf] dflyNnf] efu l:y/ cj:yfd} /xg
vf]H5 t/ a;sf] ;Dks{df /x]sf] z/L/sf] tNnf] efu eg] a;;Fu} rfndf cfpF5 . h;n] ubf{
ofq' k5fl8lt/ x'lQG5g\

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ Ogl;{of eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ xfd|f] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf l:y/ Ogl;{ofn] kfg{] k|efjsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ Ogl;{of eg]sf] s] xf], lbOPsf] lrq cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
a. PSsfl; em8\sf lbFbf 9'ª\ufeGbf tnlt/sf] wfufsf] efu dfq
r'Fl8g'sf] sf/0f s] xf], pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
b. s'g ef}lts kl/df0fsf cfwf/df j:t'sf] Ogl;{of gflkG5, pSt
ef}lts kl/df0f / Ogl;{oflarsf] ;DaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .

;ftf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M Ogl;{of / Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL klxnf] lgod
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 rfn Ogl;{ofsf pbfx/0f k|:t't ug]{

150
 l:y/ Ogl;{of / rfn Ogl;{oflar leGgtf 5'6\ofpg]
 pbfx/0f;lxt rfn;DaGwL Go'6gsf] klxnf] lgod k|bz{g ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
es'G8f], rfn Ogl;{ofsf c;/ b]vfpg] lrqx¿
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
tnsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljBfyL{df ljifoj:t'k|lt pT;'stf l;h{gf ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf] b'3{6gfsf] sf/0f JofVof ug'{xf];\ . o:t}
k|s[ltsf cGo b'3{6gf s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <
-cf_ bf}8sf] cGTodf wfjsnfO{ PSsfl; /f]Sgsf nflu s] s8f
8f]/L afFw]/ /fVg' pko'St x'G5 < lrqM u'8\b} u/]sf] ;fOsnsf] cufl8sf]
kfª\u|f Pp6f 7'nf] 9'ª\uf ;+u 7f]lsPsf]
lj|mofsnfk @ M 5nkmn
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!! df lbOPsf] rfn Ogl;{ofsf pbfx/0faf/] 5nkmn u/L tflnsfdf cfjZos
ljj/0f eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 rfnsn] u'l8/x]sf] ;fOsnsf] k]8ndf an gnufpFbf klg s]xL ;do;Dd u'l8/xG5 .
 u'l8/x]sf ;jf/L ;fwg h:t} a;df PSsfl; a|]s nufpFbf o;df ePsf ofq'sf] z/L/
cufl8lt/ x'lQG5 .
 8«fOe/n] 3'DtLdf a; PSsfl; df]8\bf ofq'sf] z/L/ a; df]8]sf] ljk/Lt lbzflt/
9lNsG5 .
 u'8\b} u/]sf] a;af6 embf{ ofq' e'OFdf k5fl/g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
 nª\u hDksf v]nf8Ln] nfdf] 5nfª nufpg s]xL b'/L bu'g]{ u5{g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf] l:y/ Ogl;{of / rfn Ogl;{of;DaGwL cg'R5]b k9\g
nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ ltgsf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!# df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .

151
lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!# df lbOPsf] Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL klxnf] lgodsf cg'R5]b
k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ ltgsf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M 5nkmn
 sIffdf Pp6f ljBfyL{nfO{ v'6\6fn] la:tf/} lxsf{P/ es'G8f] u'8fpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 u'8\b} u/]sf] an ;dfg ultn] gu'8L cln k/ uP/ lsg /f]lsPsf] egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
 o:t} cGo rfn / afx\o ansf] c;/af/] 5nkmn u/L tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cjnf]sg u/]sf] 36gf nfu]sf] afx\o an
rp/df u'8\b} u/]sf] an cln k/ uP/ /f]lsof] . hldgsf] ;tx;Fusf] 3if{0f an

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL klxnf] lgod n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL klxnf] lgodnfO{ Ogl;{ofsf] lgod klg elgG5 . o; egfOnfO{
pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ sIffdf pknAw s'g} Pp6f j:t'sf] k|of]u u/L Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL klxnf] lgod k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ l:y/ Ogl;{of / rfn Ogl;{oflar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .

cf7f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgod
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo

152
 j:t'df pTkGg x'g] k|j]usf] afXo kl/0ffTds an / lk08;Fusf] ;DaGw k|bz{g ug]{
 Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgoddf cfwfl/t ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
d]6fsf8{, 8foglds 6«nL jf v]nf}gf uf8L, SNofDk;lxtsf] Ps rSs] l3gL{, wfuf], tf}n em'G8\ofpg] cª\s'z,
50 g sf 10 cf]6f lk08 -slotted masses_, 38L, nueu 1 kg lk08 ePsf] an
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M 5nkmn
5nkmnsf] k|Zg M ;fOsnnfO{ l:y/
cj:yfaf6 rnfP/ ult kl/jt{g ub}{
rfF8f] rfF8f] u'8fpg'kg]{ cj:yfdf PSn}
rfns / rfnssf] k5fl8 csf]{ JolSt
a:bf k|j]udf s:tf] leGgtf cfpF5 <
;Dd k/]sf] Psgf;sf] af6fdf klxnf]
k6s ;fOsnsf] k]8ndf sd an nufP/ u'8fpFbf / bf];|f] k6s k]8ndf a9L an nufP/ u'8fpFbf
pTkGg x'g] k|j]udf s] leGgtf x'G5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M e"ldsf lgjf{x
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!$ df lbOPsf pbfx/0f k|bz{g ug{ ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgod k|bz{g

p2]Zo M Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgod k|bz{g ug'{
cfjZos ;fdu|L
8foglds 6«nL jf v]nf}gf uf8L, SNofDk;lxtsf] Ps rSs] l3gL{, wfuf], tf}n
em'G8\ofpg] cª\s'z, 50 g sf 10 cf]6f lk08 -slotted masses_, 38L
ljlw
 lrqdf b]vfP em} pks/0fnfO{ hf]8\g'xf];\ .
 l3gL{af6 Ps ld6/ k/ 6]a'ndf lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ .
 cª\s'zdf 50 g lk08 /fvL 6«nLnfO{ 6]a'nsf] lrx\g dfly /fVg'xf];\ .
 6«nLnfO{ u'8\g lbO{ 6]a'nsf] csf]{ 5]p;Dd k'Ug nfUg] ;do gfKg'xf];\ / tnsf] tflnsfdf eg'{xf];\ .
 cª\s'zdf csf]{ 50 g lk08 yKg'xf];\ / :6]k 4 bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ .

153
 j|mdzM cª\s'zdf lk08 yKb} :6]k 5 bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ .

tYofª\s ljZn]if0f / glthf M 6«nLdf /flvPsf] lk08 / k|j]usf] ;DaGwaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
5nkmn / lgisif{ M 6«nLsf] lk08 l:y/ /fvL tfGg] an kl/jt{g ubf{ 6«nLsf] k|j]u a9\b} uof] . To;}u/L tfGg]
an l:y/ /fvL 6«nLdf lk08 yKb} hfFbf k|j]u 36\b} uof] .
lj|mofsnfk $M 1 N an Pgfnf]hL
 Pp6f nueu 1 kg lk08 ePsf] an lng'xf];\ .
 annfO{ le/fnf] ;txdf x'lQb} hfg] u/L ws]Ng'xf];\ .
 andf pTkGg k|j]u 1 m/s2 dfGg nufpg'xf];\ / ljBfyL{nfO{ andf nfu]sf] an slt x'G5 ;f]Wg'xf];\
<
 oxfF 3if{0fsf] c;/ gu0o dfGbf 1 kg lk08 ePsf] annfO{ 1 m/s2 sf] k|j]un] u'8fpFbf nfu]sf] an
1 N x'g]af/] cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk % M ;"q k|dfl0ft ug]{
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!% df lbOPsf] Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgod k|dfl0ft ug{ cfjZos
r/0fnfO{ d]6fsf8{df n]Vg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ tL d]6fsf8{ b]vfpFb} k|To]s r/0faf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
 Ps k6s ;a} r/0fsf d]6fsf8{ X\jfO6 af]8{df 6fF;]/ F = ma k|dfl0ft ul/;s]kl5 ;a} d]6f sf8{
x6fpg'xf];\ .
 b'O{ hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 k7fP/ k'gM k|To]s r/0fsf af/]df JofVof ub}{ F = ma k|dfl0ft ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!^ df lbOPsf] pbfx/0f xn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgod pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ 1 N an kl/eflift ug{xf];\ .
-O_ F = ma k|dfl0ft u/L ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ 1000 kg lk08 ePsf] sf/ 60 km/hr sf] ultn] u'l8/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ 50 m sf] b'/Ldf lj>fddf
NofOof] eg] sf/ /f]Sg nufOPsf] an lgsfNg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
Pp6f 1500 kg lk08 ePsf] sf/ 72 km/h sf] ultn] u'l8/x]sf] lyof] . rfnsn] a|]ssf] k|of]u ubf{ 50 m
b'/L kf/ u/]kl5 To;sf] ult 10 km/h eof] . pSt cjlwdf sf/df nfu]sf] kl/0ffTds an lx;fa
ug'{xf];\ .
154
gjf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL t];|f] lgod
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 Go'6gsf] t];|f] lgodcg';f/ action / reaction hf]8Lsf] klxrfg ug]{
 rfn;DaGwL Go'6gsf] t];|f] lgodsf b}lgs pkof]u pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
es'G8f], l:k|ª Aofn]G;, a]n'g, :6«, wfuf], ;]nf]6]k, s}FrL
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk M
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
tnsf] k|Zg / lj|mofsnfk u/L ljBfyL{df pT;'stf l;h{gf ug'{xf];\ .
 s] lxF8\bf xfd|f] k}tnfn] hldgdf tnlt/ gbafOsg cufl8 a9\g ;S5f}F < ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps k6s
sf]l;; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
o;af6 lj|mof / k|ltlj|mof ljifoj:t'df k|j]z ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!& df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk #

 ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!& df b]vfOPsf lrq h:t} M Pp6f es'G8f] / xft -b'O{ km/s km/s
j:t'_ df a/fa/ t/ ljk/Lt an nfUbf pSt an dflylt/ hfg] tYo k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 csf]{ k6s Pp6} es'G8fdf b'O{ ljk/Lt lbzfaf6 a/fa/ / ljk/Lt an nfufpFbf kl/0ffTds an z"Go
x'g] / andf rfn pTkGg gx'g] tYo k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!* df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

155
ljBfyL{nfO{ 5nkmnaf6 b}lgs hLjg;Fu hf]l8Psf ljleGg pbfx/0fdf lj|mof / k|ltlj|mof JofVof ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!( df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.15 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
p2]Zo M Go'6gsf] t];|f] lgod k|bz{g ug{'
cfjZos ;fdu|L
a]n'g, :6«, wfuf], ;]nf]6]k, s}FrL
ljlw
 a]n'gsf] ;txdf :6«sf] 6'j|mf 6]kn] 6fF:g'xf];\ / :6«df wfuf] l5/fpg'xf];\ .
 lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L wfufsf b'O{cf]6} 5]pnfO{ s'g} cf8df afFWg'xf];\ .
 a]n'gdf xfjf eg'{xf];\ / o;sf] d'v xftn] RofKg'xf];\ .
 a]n'gsf] d'v PSsfl; 5f]8\g'xf];\ / a]n'gsf] rfn cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
5nkmn / lgisif{

156
Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL t];|f] lgodsf cfwf/df a]n'gsf] rfnsf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL t];|f] lgod nfu' x'g] s'g} @ cf]6f Jofjxfl/s hLjgsf pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ aGb'saf6 uf]nL xfGbf aGb's lsg k5fl8 ws]lnG5 .
-O_ lgDg cj:yfdf x'g] lj|mof / k|ltlj|mof n]Vg'xf];\ .
cGtl/Ifdf /s]6 k|If]k0f ubf{, aGb'sn] uf]nL xfGbf, 8'ª\uf lvofpFbf, xfjf e/]sf] a]n'gsf] tn kmsf{O
vf]n]/ 5f]8\bf, km'6annfO{ e'OFdf pkmfbf{
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL t];|f] lgoddf pNn]v ePadf]lhd lj|mof / k|ltlj|mof;DaGwL ljleGg pbfx/0f vf]hL
ug'{xf];\ .

b;f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M Onfl:6l;6L
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 Onfl:6l;6L / Knfl:6l;6L u'0f k|bz{g ug]{
 Onfl:6l;6L / Knfl:6l;6Lsf pkof]lutf pNn]v ug]{
 Onfl:6l;6L / Knfl:6l;6Llar leGgtf n]Vg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
/a/a]G8, O/]h/, d'5]sf] lk7f], l:k|ª
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ tkfO{F{n] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u ug]{ Onfl:6s j:t' s] s] x'g\ egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ /
ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr l;h{gf ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !!( df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 7.16 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

157
lj|mofsnfk #
 ljBfyL{nfO{ xftdf kfgL d'5]sf] lunf] df6f] / lk7f] lng nufpg'xf];\ .
 lunf] df6f] / lk7fnfO{ s'g} cfsf/ lbg eGg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g u'0fn] ubf{ tL b'j}nfO{ lglZrt cfsf/ lbg ;lsof] k|Zg ug'{xf];\ . o;sf cfwf/df
Knfl:6l;6Lsf kmfObf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M Knfl:6l;6Ln] ubf{ lgdf{0f ;fdu|L h:t} M df6f], l;d]G6, uf/f] cflbnfO{ cfsf/ lbg ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu df6fsf] Knfl:6l;6Ln] ubf{ OF6sf] cfsf/ lbg ;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk $
 Pp6f l:k|ª / dl;gf] /8 lng'xf];\ .
 l:k|ª lyr]/ 5f]8\bf s] x'G5 cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 /8sf] Ps 5]pdf xftn] alnof] u/L
;dft]/ t];f]{ kf/L ;dfpg'xf];\ / csf]{ 5]pdf s'g} ux|f}F j:t' e'mG8\ofpg'xf];\ . /8 afª\luG5 .
To;kl5 tf}n x6fOlbg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ l:k|ª / /8 b'j} jn x6]kl5 oyfl:yltdf /xg vf]h]sf] u'0f cf}+NofpFb} Onfl:6l;6Lsf]
kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ / Onfl:6l;6Lsf kmfObf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M Onfl:6l;6Ln] ubf{ ef/L nf]8 wfGg] 7'nf 7'nf k'n lgdf{0f ug{ ;Dej x'g], bafa wfGg] l:k|ª
agfOg] cflb hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !@) df lbOPsf cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf]
JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M 5nkmn
tnsf k|Zgaf/] sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
 s] an nufpFbf tlGsPsf] b]lvg] j:t' dfq Onfl:6s x'g\ <
 Onfl:6s j:t'sf u'0fsf cfwf/df /a/ / l:6ndWo] s'g a9L Onfl:6s x'G5 <
lgisif{ M an nufpFbf tGs]sf] b]lvg] /a/ dfq Onfl:6s geO{ an nufpFbf tGs]sf] gb]lvg] wft'sf] tf/
klg Onfl:6s x'G5g\ . h'g kbfy{n] aflx/af6 nufOPsf] ansf] a9L cj/f]w ug{ vf]H5 To:tf] j:t' a9L
Onfl:6s x'G5 .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ s'g} b'Oc { f]6f Knfl:6s j:t'sf pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ Onfl:6l;6L / Knfl:6l;6Llar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ sIffdf pknAw ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L Onfl:6l;6L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ kbfy{df x'g] Onfl:6l;6Ln] ef}lts lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ;Dej ePsf 5g\ . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
-s_ cfk\mgf] jl/kl/ pknAw ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L a]n'gaf6 rNg] v]nf}gf sf/ lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . pSt
sf/df km/s km/s Onfl:6l;6L ePsf a]n'g / ljleGg tf}nsf] k|of]uaf6 Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f]
lgod k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

158
-v_ :yfgLo ¿kdf pknAw ;fdu|L / /a/ a]G8sf] Onfl:6l;6Lsf] k|of]u u/L Pp6f v]nf}gf x]lnsf]K6/
lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .

P3f/f}F lbg
PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ ult ;do /]vfsf] e'msfjn] s]sf] dfg lbG5 <
-c_ j]u -cf_ ult -O_ k|j]u -O{_ :yfgfGt/0f
-v_ l:y/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] a; PSsfl; rfn cj:yfdf cfpFbf pSt a;leqsf ofq' k5fl8 x'lQG5g\ . s]sf
cfwf/df o;nfO{ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 <
-c_ Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL klxnf] lgod -cf_ Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgod
-O_ Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL t];|f] lgod -O_ rfn Ogl;{of
2
-u_ 2 m/s sf] k|j]un] u'8fpg 10 N an cfjZos kg]{ ansf] lk08 slt x'G5 <
-c_ 20 kg -cf_ 2 kg -O_ 5 kg -O{_ 0.2 kg
-3_ u'8\b} u/]sf] a;af6 cf]n{g' hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . o; egfOnfO{ s'g cfwf/df k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 <
-c_ l:y/ Ogl;{of -cf_ rfn Ogl;{of -O_ rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgod -O{_ rfn;DaGwL t];|f] lgod
-ª_ lj|mof / k|ltlj|mofsf ;Gbe{df s'g egfO ;xL x'G5 <
-c_ Psn] csf]{nfO{ /2 ug{ ;S5g\ .
-cf_ b'j} Pp6} j:t'df nfU5g\ .
-O_ a/fa/ t/ pxL lbzfdf nfU5g\ .
-O{_ b'O{ km/s km/s j:t'df nfU5g\ .
-r_ Onfl:6l;6Lsf] k|of]u s'g xf] <
-c_ df6fnfO{ cfsf/ lbP/ udnfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{
-cf_ kmnfdnfO{ lk6]/ kftf agfpg'
-O_ ldr]sf] lk7fnfO{ /f]6Lsf] cfsf/ lbg'
-O{_ Aof6ldG6gsf] ¥ofs]6n] ss{ xfGg'
-5_ ;8sdf ;dfg ultn] u'l8/x]sf dfnafxs 6«s / sf/df ;dfg an nufpg ;Sg] a|]ssf] k|of]u u/L
/f]lsPdf tnsf dWo] s'g egfO ;xL x'G5 <
-c_ 6«sn] kf/ ug]{ b'/L sf/n] kf/ ug]{ b'/LeGbf sd x'G5 .
-cf_ sf/n] kf/ ug]{ b'/L 6«sn] kf/ ug]{ b'/LeGbf sd x'G5 .
-O_ 6«sn] kf/ ug]{ b'/L / sf/n] kf/ ug]{ b'/L ;dfg x'G5 .
-O{_ 6«sn] kf/ ug]{ b'/L sf/n] kf/ ug]{ b'/L;Fu ;DalGwt x'Fb}g .
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ k|j]uo'St rfn eg]sf] s] xf], pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .

159
-u_ l:y/ cj:yfaf6 wfjg dfu{df blIf0f lbzftk{m u'8\g ;'? u/]sf] xjfO{hxfhdf 1.5 m/s2 sf] ;dfg
k|j]u pTkGg eof] / 30 s kl5 hldgaf6 p8\of] . xjfO{hxfh wfjgdfu{df u'8\bf ;'?sf] :yfgaf6
clGtd :yfg;Ddsf] :yfgfGt/0f / l7s hldgaf6 p8\g' k"j{sf] ult lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ :yfgfGt/0f ;do u|fkm s] xf] <
-ª_ ult ;do /]vfsf] e'msfj / j:t'sf] k|j]ularsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL klxnf] lgodnfO{ Ogl;{ofsf] lgod klg elgG5 . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ tkfO{F{sf] jl/kl/ pknAw ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L s;/L Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL bf];|f] lgod k|bz{g ug{
;lsG5 <
-h_ b}lgs hLjgdf Go'6gsf] rfn;DaGwL klxnf] lgod nfu' x'g] rf/cf]6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-em_ Pp6f l:y/ cj:yfaf6 u'8\g ;'? u/]sf] sf/ ;dfg k|j]un] u'8\b} hfFbf 10 s kl5 o;sf] ult 10 m/s
eof] . To;kl5 pSt sf/ 10 m/s sf] ;dfg ultn] 15 s u'8\of] . pSt sf/sf] rfnnfO{ ult ;do
u|fkmdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-`_ Pp6f 1000 kg lk08 ePsf] sf/ 36 km/h sf] ultn] u'l8/x]sf] lyof] . rfnsn] a|]ssf] k|of]u ubf{ 20 m
b'/L kf/ u/]kl5 To;sf] ult 10 km/h eof] . pSt cjlwdf sf/df nfu]sf] kl/0ffTds an lx;fa
ug'{xf];\ .

160
PsfO * ;/n oGq (Simple Machine)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M %
!= PsfO kl/ro
o; PsfOaf6 ljBfyL{n] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] 58\s] ;tx, l3gL{, km];f], k]r tyf kfªu|f / laF8nfO{
;/n oGqsf ¿kdf k|bz{g ug{ ;S5g\ . ljBfyL{n] tL pks/0fdf tf}n, an, tf}nn] kf/ ug]{ b'/L / ann]
kf/ ug]{ b'/L dfkg u/L ltgsf] oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf lx;fa ug{] l;k xfl;n u5{g\ .
;/n oGqsf] sfo{ Ifdtf, oflGqs kmfObf / ult cg'kftsf] ;DaGw ljZn]if0f ug]{ / ;DalGwt ul0ftLo
;d:of xn ug{ ;S5g\ . ljBfyL{df ljleGg oGq k|bz{g u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ ;/n / hl6n oGqsf ¿kdf
juL{s/0f ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 . o; PsfOdf ePsf kf7\oj:t'sf] ;'?cftdf ul/g] dl:tis dGygn]
ljBfyL{df pT;'stf l;h{gf x'g] / pgLx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'df s]lGb|t u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t clego,
;xsfo{ ljlw, k|of]ufTds ljlw, hf]8L k9fO, 5nkmn, vf]h ljlw, cflbn] ljBfyL{df ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf;
x'G5 . sIffleq ;do Joj:yfkgsf nflu lzIfsn] JofVofg ljlw, k|bz{g ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b}lgs
kf7cg';f/sf d"Nofª\sg tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/ x'G5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ 58\s] ;tx, l3gL{ tyf kfªu|f / laF8sf] oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf cjwf/0ff
:ki6 kfg{
-v_ 58\s] ;tx, l3gL{ tyf kfª\u|f / laF8sf] oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf;DaGwL
ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
-u_ hl6n oGqsf] kl/ro lbg
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
! ;/n oGq  kl/ro -l3gL{, 58\s] ;tx, km];f], k]r tyf !
kfªu|f / laF8_
 oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf
@ l3gL{  l3gL{sf] oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ !
Ifdtf
# 58\s] ;tx  5ª\s] ;txsf] oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / !
sfo{ Ifdtf
$ kfª\u|f / laF8, hl6n oGq  kfª\u|f / laF8sf] oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / !
sfo{ Ifdtf, hl6n oGqsf] kl/ro
% k'g/fj[lQ, PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !
$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
klxnf] lbg
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ;/n oGq;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL - oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf_ kl/eflift ug{
;Sg]
 pQf]ns;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL - oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf_ sf] lx;fa cjnf]sg
u/L cfpg] dfgsf] JofVof ug{ ;Sg]
161
 l3gL{, kfª\u|f / laF8, 58\s] ;tx, k]r / k]m;f]nfO{ ;/n oGqsf ¿kdf klxrfg u/L ltgsf] klg
lglZrt oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf x'g] tYo pNn]v ug{ ;Sg]
-v_ l;sfO ;fdu|L
-c_ an, anb'/L, tf}n / tf}nb'/L k|bz{g ug{ ;lsg] pQf]ns, l3gL{, kfª\u|f / laF8, 58\s] ;tx, k]r /
k]m;f]sf] gd'gf
-cf_ an, nf]8, anb'/L / tf}nb'/L gfdfª\lst pQf]nssf] k|of]u b]vfpg] lrq sf]l/Psf] sf8{af]8{ jf >Jo
b[Zo ;fdu|L
-O_ an, nf]8, anb'/L / tf}nb'/L gfdfª\lst Psn rn l3gL{sf] k|of]u b]vfpg] lrq sf]l/Psf] sf8{af]8{
jf >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;hxLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
 o; PsfOdf k|j]z k"j{ ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] b}lgs lj|mofsnfk ug{ k|of]u x'g] ;/n oGqsf] ;"rL
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 tL pks/0fnfO{ ;/n oGqsf] k|sf/cg';f/ 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ . o;af6 ljBfyL{df ;/n oGq
af/]sf] 1fgsf] cj:yf hfgsf/L x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk @
 ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf 127 df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 8.1 cGtu{tsf] tflnsf eg{
nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M l;sfO k'g/fj[lQsf nflu sf8{af]8{ jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

 sIffdf an, nf]8, anb'/L / tf}nb'/L gfdfª\lst pQf]nssf] k|of]u b]vfpg] lrq sf]l/Psf] sf8{af]8{
jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 pSt pQf]ns;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL -oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf _ sf] lx;fasf
nflu k|of]u x'g] ;"q pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ klg To:t} lrq sf]/L gfdfª\sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{
Ifdtf kl/eflift ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{
Ifdtfaf/] ljBfyL{sf] 1fgsf] cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 .
o;sf cfwf/df nf]8 / Okmf]6{sf] cg'kft oflGqs kmfObf, jnb'/L / nf]8b'/Lsf] cg'kft ult cg'kft
tyf oflGqs kmfObf / ultcg'kftsf] cg'kftsf] k|ltzt sfo{ Ifdtf xf] eg]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg] .
lj|mofsnfk $M pQf]ns;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnLsf] lx;fa

162
 sIffdf b'O{ hfg ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] lrq 8.2 df b]vfOP h:t} pQf]nssf b'O{k6\l6 km/s
km/s nf]8 /fvL 7'nf] nf]8nfO{ ;fgf] nf]8n] prfNg nufpg'xf];\ .
 o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 nf]8, an, nf]8b'/L, anb'/L cflb l6kf]6 u/L oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft,
pTkflbt sfo{, nfut sfo{ tyf sfo{ Ifdtf lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos ;"q pNn]v u/L
;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lx;faaf6 lgDg glthf pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 aneGbf slt u'0ff a9L tf}n prflnPsf] 5 < o; lsl;dsf] hfgsf/L oflGqs kmfObf, ult
cg'kft / sfo{ IfdtfdWo] s'g cg'kftaf6 k|fKt x'G5 <
 tf}nb'/LeGbf slt u'0ff a9L anb'/L /x]sf] 5 < oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ IfdtfdWo]
s'g cg'kftaf6 o; lsl;dsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 <
 tkfO{F{n] ;/n oGqdf ug'e { Psf] sfo{ -nfut sfo{_ / ;/n oGqaf6 k|fKt sfo{ -pTkflbt sfo{_
larsf] ;DaGw s'g cg'kftn] lbG5 < s] nfut sfo{ k"0f{ ¿kn] pTkflbt sfo{df ¿kfGt/0f
ePsf] 5 <
o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 ljBfyL{df k|of]u l;k ljsf; x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk $
d]6fsf8{df tn pNn]v ePsf r/0f n]Vg'xf];\ / tL d]6fsf8{ sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 pTkflbt sfo{ = nf]8n] ug]{ sfo{ = nf]8 x nf]8 b'/L
 nfut sfo{ = Okmf]{6n] ug]{ sfo{ = Okmf]{6 × Okmf]6{ b'/L


sIffdf b'O{ hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ tL d]6fsf8{nfO{ j|md ldnfpFb} XjfO6 af]8{df 6fF:g nufO{ sfo{ Ifdtf
lx;fa ug]{ ;"q k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L j|md ldnfpg'sf] sf/0f klg JofVof ug{ nufg'xf];\ .
cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %
7f]; gd'gf k|bz{g
 Psn rn l3gL{df nf]8 p7fPsf], kfª\u|f / laF8df 8f]/L a]/]/ nf]8 prfn]sf], 58\s] ;txdf nf]8
prfOlt/ tfg]sf], k]m;f]n] s'g} j:t' lr/]sf] / :j|mnfO{ 3'dfP/ ;txdf u8]sf] b]vfpg ldNg] 7f];
gd'gf ;fdu|L sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{n] ug'{kg]{ M k|ltlglw ¿kdf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfP/ tL gd'gfnfO{ rnfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
lzIfsn] ug'{kg]{ M ljBfyL{n] gd'gf ;/n oGq rnfpFbf an, anb'/L, tf}n / tf}nb'/L k|bz{g ug'{kg]{
lj|mofsnfk ^

163
 an, nf]8, anb'/L / tf}nb'/L gfdfª\lst Psn rn l3gL{sf] k|of]u b]vfpg] lrq sf]l/Psf] sf8{af]8{
jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 l3gL{sf] oflGqs kmfObf / ultcg'kft s;/L lx;fa ug{ ;lsG5, ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
– l3gL{sf] 8f]/Ldf nufOPsf] ann] pSt l3gL{df e'mG8\ofOPsf] 1.5 u'0ff a9L tf}n prfNbf
l3gL{sf] oflGqs kmfObf slt x'G5 <
– an nufpg] 8f]/L 2 ld6/ ;bf{ nf]8 1 ld6/dfly prflnPdf l3gL{sf] ult cg'kft slt x'G5 <
 ljBfyL{n] lbg] pQ/ ;xL /x] g/x]sf] cfwf/df cfjZos lx;fa u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ;/n oGqsf] oflGqs kmfObf kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ s] pQf]ns h:t} cGo ;/n oGqsf nflu klg oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtf lx;fa ug{
;lsG5 <
-O_ 3 ld6/ nfdf] 58\s] ;tx e/L an nufP/ j:t'nfO{ 1.5 ld6/ prfOdf k'¥ofpFbf ult cg'kft slt
x'G5 <
-O{_ tkfO{F{nfO{ lbOPsf b'O{cf]6f ;/n oGqdWo] Pp6fsf] sfo{ Ifdtf 80 % / csf]{sf] sfo{ Ifdtf 70 % 5
eg] s'gsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'St x'G5, ts{;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{
;a} ;/n oGqdf oflGqs kmfObf lx;fa ug]{ ;"q Pp6} x'G5 . s] ult cg'kft lx;fa ug{ klg Pp6}
;fFemf ;"q k|of]u ul/G5, pbfx/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
;Fu}sf] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} pQf]nsdf ult cg'kft eg]sf] ansf] x :yfgGt/0f x'g] ult / nf]8sf] y
:yfgfGt/0f x'g] ultsf] cg'kft xf] .
cyf{t\, olb an tyf nf]8sf] :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu 't' ;do nfU5 eg]
⁄
x'G5 .
⁄

xfdLn] ult cg'kft lx;fa ubf{ ;/ntfsf nflu kmnj|mdaf6 an;Ddsf] b'/L / kmnj|mdaf6 nf]8;Ddsf]
b'/Lsf] cg'kftnfO{ ult cg'kftsf ¿kdf lnG5f}F . kmnj|mdsf] bfofF / afofFFsf b'O{cf]6f ;d¿k lqe'hsf
nflu ;Fut e'hfsf] cg'kftsf ¿kdf x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ ult cg'kftsf] dfgdf s'g}
kl/jt{g cfpFb}g .

bf];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M l3gL{

164
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 l3gL{df tf}n, an, tf}nn] kf/ ug]{ / ann] kf/ ug]{ b'/L dfkg ug{]
 l3gL{sf] oflGqs kmfObf / ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtfsf] lx;fa ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
l3gL{ -Psn crn l3gL{, Psn rn l3gL{, Ans PG8 6]sn_
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
tnsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljBfyL{lglxt l3gL{{;DaGwL k"j{1fg k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ l3gL{{sf] k|of]u s'g s'g sfo{sf nflu ul/G5 <
-cf_ l3gL{{n] xfd|f] b}lgs sfo{nfO{ s;/L ;xh agfpF5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M gd'gf k|bz{g
 sIffdf Psn rn l3gL{n] emG8f]Qng u/]sf] gd'gf k|b{g ug'{xf];\ .
 o;df Psn rn l3gL{n] s;/L sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfPsf] 5, k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
l3gL{sf] k|of]u gu/L emG8f]Qf]ng ubf{ 8f]/Ldf nufOPsf] ansf] lbzf dflylt/ x'G5 t/ l3gL{sf] k|of]u
ubf{ an tnlt/ nufOG5 . oxfF l3gL{n] ansf] lbzf kl/jt{g u/]/ sfdnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpF5 .
lj|mofsnfk #
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !@( df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

5nkmn tyf lgisif{ M tYofª\ssf cfwf/df lx;fa ug'{xf];\ / ;f]lwPsf k|Zg xn ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ klxnf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] l3gL{ / bf];|f] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] l3gL{df s] leGgtf 5 <
-cf_ Okmf]6{ b'/L / nf]8 b'/Lsf] cg'kft / l3gL{sf] ;ª\Voflar s] ;DaGw 5 <
-O_ s'g l3gL{ ;d"xdf nf]8 / Okmf]6{sf] cg'kft ;a}eGbf sd / s'gdf ;a}eGbf a9L 5 <
-O{_ o:tf l3gL{ s'g s'g 7fpFdf k|of]u u/]sf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 <
lj|mofsnfk $ M lrq cWoog
ljBfyL{nfO{ lrq cWoo u/L Psn rn l3gL{df anb'/L / tf}nb'/Llarsf] ;DaGw kQf nufpg eGg'xf];\ .

165
lgisif{ M Ps rSs] crn l3gL{df nf]8n] kf/ ug]{ b'/L / Okmf]6{n] kf/ ug]{ b'/L a/fa/ x'g] ePsfn] ult
cg'kft 1 x'G5 . o;df eg] 8f]/Lsf] Ps v08n] dfq nf]8 yfd]sf] x'G5 .
t;y{ ult cg'kft (VR) = nf]8nfO{ yfDg k|of]u ul/g] 8f]/Lsf] v08sf] ;ª\Vof x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 pSt ;d"xdf Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !#) df lbOPsf ult cg'kft / oflGqs
kmfObf;DaGwL cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk ^ M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg

lrqdf b]vfOPsf] l3gL{{ k|0ffnLåf/f 60 N ansf] k|of]u u/L 150 N nf]8 prfNbf x'g] oflGqs kmfObf / sfo{
Ifdtf lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ l3gL{ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ Ps kfª\u|] crn l3gL{ / Ps kfª\u|] rn l3gL{lar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ l3gL{df ult cg'kft s;/L gflkG5 <
-O{_ kfFrcf]6f l3gL{ ePsf] l3gL{{sf] k|of]uaf6 nf]8 prfNbf sfo{ Ifdtf 75 % x'g] l3gL{
k|0ffnLsf] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{
b}lgs hLjgdf s] s] sfdsf nflu l3gL{sf] k|of]u ul/G5 <
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
hlt a9L 8f]/L v08 k|of]u ul/of] Tolt g} anb'/L a9\5 / an j[lå x'G5 t/ o;n] nf]8 prfNg nfUg] ;do
a9fpF5 .

t];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M 58\s] ;tx
-s_ l;sfO pknlJw
 58\s] ;txdf tf}n, an, tf}nn] kf/ ug]{ / ann] kf/ ug]{ b'/L dfkg ug]{
 58\s] ;tx -k]r, k]m;f]_ sf] oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtfsf] lx;fa ug{]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
l:k|ª Aofn]G;, tf}n, wfuf], 58\s] ;tx, k]r, k]m;f], kfgLdf d'5]sf] df6f]
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
lgDg k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljBfyL{df ljifoj:t'k|lt pT;'stf l;h{gf u/fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ 7f8f] e¥ofª / s]xL 58\s] e¥ofªdWo] s'gdf r9\bf a9L an nufpg'k5{, pSt cg'ejsf] sf/0f s]
xf] <
-cf_ kxf8sf] af6fdf 3'DtL agfOPsf] x'G5 lsg <

166
lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !#! df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

o;af6 s'g cj:yfdf sfo{ Ifdtfsf] dfg ;a}eGbf w]/} x'G5, kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M 5nkmn
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zg
 6«saf6 ;fdfg /fVbf -nf]8 ubf{_ / emfbf{ -cgnf]8 ubf{_ t];f]{ kmn]s lsg k|of]u ul/G5 <
 Psbd} 7f8f] vfnsf] -e'msfj sd ePsf]_ e¥ofª / e'msfj a9L ePsf]_ e¥ofªdWo] s'gdf plSng
;lhnf] x'G5, lsg <
 kxf8sf] 3'dfp/f] af6fsf] kmfObf s] xf] <
lj|mofsnfk $M gd'gf k|bz{g
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} Pp6f sf8{af]8{df 58\s] ;txdf anb'/L / tf}nb'/L b]vfpg] lrq sf]g{'xf];\ . pSt
lrqsf cfwf/df ult cg'kftsf] ;"q n]vL sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ klg sfkL lstfa cflbsf]
k|of]u u/L 58\s] ;txsf] gd'gf k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}nfO{ cfcfk\mgf] 58\s] ;txsf] ult cg'kft
lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %
 Pp6f l:k|ª Aofn]G;, 58\s] ;tx / tf}n lng'xf];\ .

167
 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} 58\s] ;txnfO{ ljleGg sf]0fdf le/fnf] kf/L /fVg'xf];\ .
 s'g cj:yfdf tf}nnfO{ dflylt/ tfGg nfUg] an ;a}eGbf a9L x'G5 <
lgisif{ M 58\s] ;txsf] sf]0f a9\bf o;sf] nDafO cyf{t\ o;sf] anb'/L 36\5 / an j[låsf] dfqf 36\5 .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf afF8\g'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !#@ df lbOPsf 58\s] ;tx af/]sf cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ /
csf]n { fO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk & M 5nkmn
k|Zg M e'Q] aGr/fn] sf7 lrg{ ufx|f] x'G5 t/ wfl/nfn] yf]/} an k|of]u u/L sf7 lrg{ ;lsG5, lsg <
lj|mofsnfk * M gd'gf k|b{zg
 Pp6f aGr/fsf] gd'gf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . pSt aGr/fnfO{ kfgL d'5]sf]
lunf] df6fdf s]xL u8\g] u/L lxsfp{g nufpg'xf];\ .
 o;/L lxsf{pFbf anb'/L / tf}nb'/L 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M aGr/fsf] b'j}lt/sf 58\s] efudf 3if{0f x'g] ePsfn] o;sf]
wf/sf] rf}8fOn] anb'/LnfO{ hgfpF5 . To:t} hlt ulx/fOdf wf/ u9\5
pSt b'/Ln] anb'/LnfO{ hfgfpF5 .
k]m;f] k"0f{ ¿kn] j:t'leq u8]sf] cj:yfdf,
km];f]sf] rf}8fO Ö tf}nb'/L / km];f]sf] nDafO Ö anb'/L x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk ( M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !## df lbOPsf] k]m;f];DaGwL lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk !) M k]r k|bz{g

:j|m' 8«fOe/n] 3'dfP/ Pp6f KnfOp8df k]rsfF6Lsf y]|8 sf7leq u9\b} uPsf] k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ . k]rnfO{ Ps kmGsf k"/f 3'dfpFbf lkr a/fa/sf] b'/L leq u9\g] tYo k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .
lgisif{
anb'/L Ö k]rdf an nufOPsf] j[Qfsf/ kysf] kl/lw Ö 2πR
tf}nb'/L Ö j:t'leq ;g{] lkr a/fa/sf] b'/L Ö P

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ 58\s] ;tx eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ k]r / k]m;f] 58\s] ;txsf ¿kfGtl/t ;/n oGq x'g . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ s] 58\s] ;txsf] nDafO a9\bf To;sf] oflGqs kmfObf klg a9\5, lrq;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-O{_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf b'O{cf]6f 58\s] ;txdWo] s'gsf] sfo{ Ifdtf a9L x'G5 <

168
rf}yf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M kfª\u|f / laF8
-s_ l;sfO pknlJw
 kfª\u|f / laF8df tf}n, an, tf}nn] kf/ ug]{ / ann] kf/ ug]{ b'/L dfkg ug]{
 58\s] ;tx -k]r, k]m;f]_ sf] oflGqs kmfObf, ult cg'kft / sfo{ Ifdtfsf] lx;fa ug{]
 hl6n ;/n oGqsf] kl/ro lbg] / b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] hl6n ;/n oGqsf pbfx/0f k|:t't
ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
l:k|ª Aofn]G;, tf}n, wfuf], 58\s] ;tx, k]r, k]m;f], kfgLdf d'5]sf] df6f]
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
 sIffdf 9f]sfsf] 8f]/ gj jf XofG8n jf cGo kfª\u|f / laF8 k|bz{g ub}{ ltgdf /x]sf b'O{cf]6f a]ngf
lrGg nufpg'xf];\ .
 s] pSt ;/n oGq k|of]u ubf{ b'j} a]ngf ;Fu} 3'D5g\, k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
o;af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ kfª\uf / laF8af/] kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
Pp6f kfª\u|f / laF8sf] df]8]n lng'xf];\ . o;sf] kl/lwdf df]6f] wfuf] a]g{'xf];\ . laF8df tf}nnfO{ em'G8\ofP/
kfª\u|fdf ePsf] 8f]/Laf6 Okmf]{6 nufpg'xf];\ . nufOPsf] Okmf]6{ gfKg sdfgL t/fh' k|of]u ug{'xf];\ . km/s
km/s nf]8 lng'xf];\ / cfjZos tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/]/ tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf e/L lx;fa ug'{xf];\ M

 o; lj|mofsnfkdf kfª\ufsf] cw{Jof;nfO{ a9fP/ k'gM klxn]s} nf]8 prfNg nfUg] an dfkg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . s] pSt an klxn]sf] eGbf sd x'G5 <
 s] an nufPsf] 8f]/L 3'Dbf tf}n prfNg] 8f]/L klg 3'D5 <
lgisif{ M kfª\ufsf] cw{Jof; a9\bf anb'/L a9\5 . h;n] ubf{ an j[lå x'G5 / klxn]sf] eGbf sd an
nfU5 . k|To]s k6s kfª\u|fdf 8f]/L Ps kmGsf a]l/Fbf -kfª\u|f 3600 3'Dbf_ ann] kfª\ufdf 5f]Psf] an
laGb' / nf]8n] laF8df 5f]Psf] nf]8 laGb' lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g x'G5 . To:t} oL b'O{ laGb'lar kmnj|md x'g]
ePsfn] kfª\u|f / laF8nfO{ lg/Gt/ufdL pQf]ns klg elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk #
d]6fsf8{df tn pNn]v ePsf ljleGg r/0f n]Vg'xf];\ . sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ tL d]6fsf8{ j|md ldnfP/ /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L j|md ldnfpFbf ;DalGwt sf/0f klg :ki6 kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf
;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

169
lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf afF8\g'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !#% df lbOPsf kfª\uf / laF8af/]sf cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ /
csf]n
{ fO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M 5nkmn

sIffdf sf/sf] :6]l/ª x\ljn / 6«ssf] :6]l/ª x\ljn lrq k|bz{g u/L s'gsf] cfsf/ 7'nf] 5 < k|Zg
ug'{xf];\ . pSt agf]6sf] kmfObfaf/] 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M rfnsn] :6]l/ª x\ljndf nufPsf] an k|jw{g eO{ lgs} ux|f}F uf8Lsf] kfª\u|fsf] lbzf kl/jt{g
x'G5 . :6]l/ª x\ljnsf] Jof; a9\bf anb'/L klg a9\g] ePsfn] a9L dfqfdf annfO{ k|jw{g ug{ 6«ssf]
:6]l/ª x\ljn sf/df x'g] :6]l/ª x\ljneGbf 7'nf] agfOPsf] x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk % M ;/n oGqsf] ;+of]hgsf ¿kdf hl6n oGq
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !#% df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-s_ uf8Lsf] OlGhgnfO{ lsg hl6n oGqsf ¿kdf lnOG5 <

-v_ s] ;a} hl6n oGq ;/n oGqaf6 ag]sf x'G5g\ <
lgisif{ M hl6n sfo{ ug{sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf ;/n oGqsf] ;+of]hgaf6 hl6n oGq ag]sf x'G5g\ .
lj|mofnsnfk ^
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !#^ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

170
o;af6 hl6n oGqsf k|sf/ / ltlgx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf pkof]u ePsf ;/n oGqsf] pbfx/0f :ki6 kfl/lbg] .
lj|mofsnfk & M lrq k|bz{g
rj|m
ljleGg sfo{ Ifdtf
pNn]v ePsf
pks/0fx¿

 sIffdf ljleGg sfo{ Ifdtf pNn]v ePsf pks/0fsf lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ tLdWo] s'gnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ pmhf{sf] w]/}eGbf w]/} efu cfjZos sfd
ug{df vr{ x'G5 egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
 pbfx/0fsf nflu sfo{ Ifdtf 75 % ePsf] ;/n oGq k|of]u u/]sf] hDdf pmhf{sf] 75 % ;b'kof]u
x'G5 / afFsL 25 % pmhf{ 3if{0fn] ubf{ pTkGg x'g] tfk, Wjlg cflb zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 .
 log} pbfx/0faf6 k"0f{ ;/n oGq ;Dej gx'g] / of] s]jn Ps sNkgf ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk * M ;"q k|dfl0ft ug]{
 d]6fsf8{df tn pNn]v ePsf r/0f n]Vg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ tL sf8{ j|md ldnfP/ af]8{df 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
 tL sf8{ 6fF:bf ;DalGwt sf/0f klg JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf
;xhstf{{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ kfª\u|f / laF8 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ kfª\u|f / laF8df kfª\u|f Ps kmGsf] 3'dfpFbf Okmf]6{n] kf/ ug]{ b'/L / nf]8n] kf/ ug]{ b'/L slt slt
x'G5 <
-O_ s'g cj:yfdf ;/n oGqsf] sfo{ Ifdtf 100 % xf]nf, s] of] Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf ;Dej x'G5 <
-O{_ ;/n oGqsf] sfo{ IfdtfnfO{ s]n] c;/ u5{ / sfo{ Ifdtf a9fpg s] ug{'k5{ <

171
kfFrf}F lbg
PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ olb s'g} ;/n oGqsf] oflGqs kmfObf PseGbf sd 5 eg] lgDgdWo] s'g ;To x'G5 M
-c_ nufOPsf] an cj/f]w aneGbf sd 5 . -cf_ anb'/L nf]8 b'/LeGbf a9L 5 .
-O_ anb'/L nf]8 b'/LeGbf sd 5 . -O{_ nufOPsf] an cj/f]w aneGbf a9L 5 .
-v_ Ps rSs] crn l3gL{af6 oflGqs kmfObf geP klg o;sf] k|of]u lsg ul/G5 <
-c_ ansf] dfqf a9fpg -cf_ j:t'sf] ult a9fpg
-O_ sfo{ Ifdtf a9fpg -O{_ ansf] lbzf kl/jt{g ug{
-u_ tLg kfª\u|] rn l3gL{sf] ult cg'kft slt x'G5 <
-c_ Ps -cf_ b'O{ -O_ tLg -O{_ rf/
-3_ @ ld6/ cUnf] 6«sdf ;fdfg r9fpg 6m nfdf] kmn]s k|of]u u/L 58\s] ;txsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5
eg] pSt 58s] ;txsf] ult cg'kft slt xf]nf <
-c_ Ps -cf_ b'O{ -O_ tLg -O{_ rf/
-ª_ k"0f{oGqsf] sfo{ Ifdtf slt x'G5 <
-c_ 100% -cf_ <100% -O_ >100% -O{_ 0%
-r_ Ps kfª\u|] 7]nfuf8f s'g s'g ;/n oGq ldnL ag]sf] x'G5 <
-c_ kfª\u|f / laF8 tyf pQf]ns -cf_ l3gL{ / km];f]
-O_ 58\s] ;tx / k]r -O{_ pQf]ns / km];f]
-5_ tnsf dWo] 58\s] ;txsf] sfo{ Ifdtf lx;fa ug{ k|of]u x'g] ;"q s'g xf] <
-c_ -cf_
-O_ -O{_

@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ oflGqs kmfObf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ crn l3gL{df oflGqs kmfObf PseGbf sd x'G5 t/ klg o;sf] k|of]u lsg ul/G5 <
-u_ oflGqs kmfObf / ult cg'kftlar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ kfª\u|f / laF8sf] k|of]u u/L an j[lå x'g] tyf sfdsf] ult a9fpg] cj:yf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ pTkflbt sfo{, nfut sfo{ / sfo{ Ifdtflarsf] ;DaGwsf] k|of]u u/L tnsf] ;"q k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
sfo{ Ifdtf = -oflGqs kmfObf÷ult cg'kft _ × 100%
-r_ lgDglnlvt hl6n oGq s'g s'g k|sf/sf ;/n oGq ldnL ag]sf] x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ M
-c_ n'uf l;pg] d]l;g -cf_ l:6r d]l;g -O_ ;fOsn -O{_ lk7f] lk:g] d]l;g
-5_ b'O{cf]6f l3gL{ k|of]u u/]/ 200 N nf]8 p7fpg 150 N Okmf]6{ nufpg'k¥of] eg] pSt l3gL{ k|0ffnLsf]
sfo{ Ifdtf slt x'G5, gfdfª\lst lrq klg sf]g'{xf];\ .
-h_ Pp6f 58\s] ;txsf] nDafO 4.5 m / prfO 1.5 m 5 . 750 N sf] nf]8nfO{ dfly n}hfg
slt an cfjZos k5{, 58\s] ;txsf] sfo{ Ifdtf 80 % 5 . 8cm 20cm

load(tf}}n)
300 N
172

effort -an)
(150 N)
-em_ lrqdf lbOPsf] kfª\u|f / laF8nfO{ Ps kmGsf] 3'dfpFbf x'g] nfut sfo{, pTkflbt sfo{ / sfo{ Ifdtf
kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-`_ lrqdf Pp6f 58\s] ;txsf] k|of]u u/L nf]8 dfly p7fPsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;sf cwf/df lgDg k|Zgsf]
pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-c_ 58\s] ;txsf] ult cg'kft / oflGqs kmfObf slt slt x'G5 < effort = 200N
-cf_ 58\s] ;txsf] sfo{ Ifdtf lx;fa ug'{xf];\ . Length=12m
A

-O_ 58\s] ;txsf] pTkflbt sfo{ / nfut sfo{ slt slt x'G5 < h= 3 m

-O{_ Okmf]6{ / sfo{ Ifdtf kl/jt{g gu/L ;f]xL nf]8nfO{ dfly;Dd load = 600N
B C
k'¥ofpg'
k¥of] eg] 58\s] ;txsf] nDafO slt x'g'k5{ <

173
PsfO ( pmhf{ (Energy)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M *
!= PsfO kl/ro
o; PsfOaf6 ljBfyL{n] pmhf{sf ;|f]t / ltgsf] pkof]uaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u5{g\ . ;"o{nfO{ pmhf{sf] k|d'v
;|f]t dfGg'sf sf/0f pbfx/0f;lxt k|:6 kfg{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿df ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hg;Fu ;DalGwt
;dLs/0f n]Vg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . b}lgs hLjgdf ;f}o{ zlStnfO{ ljB'tLo zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{
pks/0fsf pbfx/0f tyf ltgsf] sfo{ljlw k|:t't ug]{ / gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{] l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 . ljBfyL{n]
ljleGg j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]t h:t} M h}ljs OGwg -afofF]d F f;, k/fn, 5jfnL / e';_ sf] kl/ro lbg /
ltgLx¿sf pkof]lutf pNn]v ug{ ;S5g\ . To:t} la|s]6 / afofF]UF ofF;sf] lgdf{0f k|lj|mof pNn]v ug{ ;S5g\ .
ljBfyL{n] :yfgcg';f/ g]kfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]t -jfo' pmhf{, h}ljs pmhf{,
hnljB't\, afofF]UF ofF;, ;f}o{ pmhf{ cflb_ sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf ;Defjgf k|:t't ug{ ;S5g\ .
kf7\oj:t'sf] ;'?cftdf ul/g] dl:tis dGygn] ljBfyL{df pT;'stf l;h{gf x'g] / pgLx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'df
s]lGb|t u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ;xsfo{ ljlw, k|of]ufTds ljlw, hf]8L k9fO, 5nkmn, vf]h ljlw,
gd'gf lgdf{0f cflbn] ljBfyL{df ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 . sIffleq ;do Joj:yfkgsf nflu lzIfsn]
JofVofg ljlw, k|bz{g ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b}lgs kf7cg';f/sf d"Nofª\sg tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{n]
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/ x'G5 .

@= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ ;"o{df zlSt pTkGg x'g] k|lj|mof JofVof ug{
-v_ ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] kl/ro lbg / o;df cfwfl/t ;fdfGo pks/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{
-u_ ljleGg k|sf/sf h}ljs OGwgsf] kl/ro, pkof]u j0f{g ug{
-3_ la|s]6 / afof]UofF; agfpg] k|ljlw atfpg / pkof]u ug{
-ª_ g]kfndf kfOg] pmhf{sf j}slNks ;|f]t klxrfg / ljsf;sf ;Defjgf vf]hL ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
! pmhf{  kl/ro !
 pmhf{sf ;|f]t
@ ;f}o{ pmhf{  kl/ro @
 ;"o{df x'g] Go'lSno/ k|ltlj|mof
 ;"o{df Go'lSno/ km\o'hg k|ltlj|mofsf nflu
cfjZos cfwf/
 pmhf{sf] d'Vo ;|f]tsf ¿kdf ;"o{
# ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] k|ljlwsf]  ;f}o{ 6'sL !
kl/ro  ;f}o{ pmh{fdf cfwfl/t ;8s aQL
 ;f]nf/ lx6/
 ;f}o{ pmhf{;Fu ;DalGwt cGo pks/0f
 ;f}o{ pmhf{;Fu ;DalGwt pks/0fsf] gd'gf lgdf{0f
- ;f]nf/ lx6/_

174
$ h}ljs pmhf{  cjwf/0ff / dxŒj @
 la|s]6 / o;sf] dxŒj

 afofF]UF ofF;sf] dxŒj, agfpg] ljlw / pkof]u

% pmhf{sf j}slNks ;|f]t  hnljB't\ !
 g]kfndf k|of]u ul/g] pmhf{sf j}slNks ;|f]t /
ljsf;sf ;Defjgf
^ k'g/fj[lQ, PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !
$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
klxnf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M pmhf{
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf] kl/ro lbg]
 pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf lsl;d 5'6\ofpg]
 pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf] pkof]lutf pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L, pmhf{sf ;|f]t b]vfpg] lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$! df lbOPsf lrq cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . tn pNn]v ePsf k|Zg ;f]w]/
ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .

-c_ lrq 9.1 df s'g pmhf{n] n'uf ;'s]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 <

-cf_ On]lS6«s :s'6/n] s'g pmhf{ k|of]u u5{ <
-O_ vfgf ksfpg s'g s'g pmhf{sf] ;|f]t k|of]u ul/G5 <
-O{_ ;'o{af6 k|fKt x'g] pmhf{nfO{ s'g s'g :j¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M l6lkP; -Think, Pair, Share_
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} l6lkP; ljlwaf6 pmhf{sf ;|f]t / pkof]usf] ;Gbe{df lgrf]8 lgsfNg]

175
 ;'?df k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ cfcfkmgf] sfkLdf pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L ltgsf] pkof]lutf
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
 glhs}sf] ;fyL;Fu hf]8fdf a:g nufO{ hf]8fsf] lgisif{ sfkLdf n]Vg nufpg]
 Kf|To]s hf]8faf6 Ps hgfnfO csf]{ hf]8fn] eg]sf] s'/f gbf]xf]l/g] u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg] /
lzIfsn] af]8d{ f l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg]
o;sf cfwf/df k6s k6s k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|of]u ub}{ hfbf gl/lQg] ;|f]t gjLs/0fLo x'g h:t} M
;f}o{ pmhf{ eg] k|of]u ub}{ hfbf l/lQg], k6s k6s k|of]u ug{ gldNg] pmhf{sf ;|f]t cgjLs/0fLo
pmhf{sf ;|f]t x'g h:t} M k]6«f]n, d6\l6t]n cflb
lj|mofsnfk # M 5nkmn
l6lkP; -Think, Pair, Share_ lj|mofsnfkdf k|:t't ePsf ;|f]tx¿nfO{ 5nkmnaf6 tn pNn]v eP h:t}
juL{s/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;|f]t lg/Gt/ ¿kdf pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] ;|f]t

lj|mofsnfk $
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$@ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk

-c_ lrqdf pmhf{sf s'g s'g ;|f]t b]vfOPsf 5g\ <

-cf_ oL pmhf{sf ;|f]t s;/L k|fKt x'G5g\ <
-O_ tL ;|f]tdWo] s'g s'g ;|f]t k|s[lqdf lg/Gt/ kfOG5g\ <
-O{_ s'g s'g ;|f]t k|s[lqdf lg/Gt/ pTkfbg x'g g;sL lglZrt ;dokl5 ;dfKt x'G5g\ xf]nf <
lj|mofsnfk % M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
 sIffdf pmhf{, pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf lsld;d / ltgsf pkof]lutf;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .
 pSt ;fdu|L cjnf]sg u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf pmhf{sf ;|f]t, ltgsf lsl;d / pkof]lutf l6kf]6 ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
176
pmhf{sf] ;|f]t lsl;d pkof]lutf
======================== ===================== =======================

lj|mofsnfk ^ M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$@ df lbOPsf pmhf{sf ;|f]t;DaGwL ljifoj:t' k9\g
nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ g]kfndf cTolws k|of]u x'g] cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]tlar b'Oc { f]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ dfgj ljsf;df pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf] e"ldsfaf/] s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O{_ jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjdf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf] k|of]udf j[lå ePsf] kfOG5 . o; sfo{k|ltsf]
tkfO{F{sf] wf/0ff k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

bf];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M ;f}o{ pmhf{
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ;"o{af6 zlSt k|fKt x'g] k|lsof k|:6 kfg]{
 ;"o{df x'g] Go'lSno/ k|ltlj|mof;Fu ;DalGwt zAb ;dLs/0f / ;"q ;dLs/0f n]Vg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
d]6fsf8{, sf8{af]8{, b'Oc
{ f]6f 58 r'Das, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg

 Pp6f d]6fsf8{df ;"o{;Fu ;DalGwt tYofª\s n]v]/ sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

 ljBfyL{nfO{ tL tYofª\s cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ tn lbOP h:t} ljleGg k|Zg u/L ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr
l;h{gf ug'{xf];\ .
– ;"o{ k[YjLaf6 lgs} 6f9f eP klg lsg udL{ofddf k[YjLsf w]/} 7fpFdf lsg lgs} tftf] cg'ej
x'G5 <
– ;"o{af6 k|r'/ dfqfdf tfk / k|sfz s;/L pTkGg x'G5 <
– s] ;"o{sf] lk08 ;w}Fsf nflu l:y/ /xG5 <
– ;"o{af6 k|lt ;]s]G8 slt pmhf{ pTkfbg x'G5 <

177
o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;"o{df k|r'/ pmhf{ pTkfbg k|lj|mof /x]sf] / pSt k|lj|mofdf ;"o{sf] lk08
lg/Gt/ pmhf{df kl/0ft eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
 ljBfyL{nfO{ xfO8«f]hg / lxlnodsf k/df0f'sf] kf/df0fljs ;+/rgfsf] lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s k/df0f'sf] kf/df0fljs ef/ klg n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 Go'lSno;df /x]sf pkkf/df0fljs s0fsf] ;ª\Vofdf kf/df0fljs ef/ Ef{/ /xg]af/]
ljBfyL{nfO{ k'g/fj[lQ u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M lrq k|bz{g

tn pNn]v eP h:t} d]6fsf8{df k/df0f'sf ;+/rgf k|bz{g u/L cfO;f]6f]ksf] cjwf/0ff ljsf;
u/fpg'xf];\ .
============ ================== =============== =================== ===================

k|f]l6od 8\o'6]l/od l6«l6od lxlnodsf] xn'sf lxlnod k/df0f'

cfO;f]6f]k
– kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof Pp6} x'g] t/ kf/df0fljs lk08 km/s km/s x'g] k/df0f' cfO;f]6f]k x'g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu k|f]l6od, 8\o'6]l/od / l6«l6od xfO8«f]hgsf cfO;f]6f]k x'g\ .
– k|f]l6od cyf{t\ xfO8«f]hgnfO{ ;"o{df pmhf{ pTkfbgsf nflu OGwgsf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M Pgfnf]hL
 sIffdf Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfP/ b'O{cf]6f 58 r'Das lbg'xf];\ .
 r'Dassf b'O{ ;dfg w|'jlarsf] ljsif{0f k|bz{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 cGo ljBfyL{sf] ;xof]udf b'O{ ;dfg w|'j;Fu} hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M o;/L r'Dassf b'O{ ;dfg w'|jnfO{ b'O{ k|f]6f]g;Fu t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . To:t} b'O{ ljk/Lt
w|'j glhs Nofpg k|of]u ePsf] aflx/L annfO{ rfk;Fu t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . ;"o{df k|f]6f]g ;+of]hg x'g
cTolws rfk cfjZos kg]{ cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk % M rf6{ k|bz{g=
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$# / kfgf !$$ df lbOPsf ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hgsf r/0fx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfOP
h:t} Pp6f sf8{af]8{df rf6{ lgdf{0f u/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

178
lj|mofsnfk ^ M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
sIffdf ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hg;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ ydf]{Go'lSno/
k\mo'hgsf r/0fx¿ / cfjZos cj:yf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk &
 ljBfyL{nfO{ d]6fsf8{ lbOP/ ydf]{Go'lSno/ k|ltlj|mofsf r/0f n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf d]6fsf8{ j|md ldnfOP/ k|bz{gL af]8{df 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk *
kf]:6/ lgdf{0f
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ kfFr kfFr hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 k|To]s ;d"xdf Ps Pscf]6f sf8{af]8{ / sn/ k]g lbg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s ;d"xdf ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hgsf r/0f, k\mo'hgsf nflu pko'St cj:yf cflb ;d]6]/ kf]:6/
lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk (
hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$$ df lbOPsf ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hgsf nflu pko'St
cj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hgsf nflu pRr rfk / tfkj|md cfjZos kg'{sf] sf/0f pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ ;"o{af6 s;/L k|r"/ dfqfdf zlSt k|fKt x'G5 <
-O{_ ;"o{df x'g] Go'lSno/ k|ltlj|mof;Fu ;DalGwt zAb ;dLs/0f / ;"q ;dLs/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
;"o{df ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hgsf nflu pko'St cj:yf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

179
t];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M pmhf{sf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf ¿kdf ;"o{
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ;"o{nfO{ pmhf{sf] k|d'v ;|f]t dfGg'sf sf/0f pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
lrqx¿, sf8{af]8{, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
 ljBfyL{nfO{ xfd|f] pmhf{sf] ;|f]t s] xf] egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
ljBfyL{sf] pQ/nfO{ xl/of af]6la?jf jf hgfj/n] klg ;"o{af6 k|fKt pmhf{sf] d2tn] aGg] vfgf k|fKt
ug]{ tYo hfgsf/L u/fpFb} ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr l;h{gf u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$$ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M lrq k|bz{g

lrq hnrj|m lrq lhjfjz]if OGwg lgdf{0f

180
lrq ;+jfxg lj|mof
 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} ;f}o{ pmhf{n] ubf{ cGo pmhf{sf ;|f]t ;Dej ePsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug]{ lrq
sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg egfO k'li6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ M
– hnljB't\ ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] ¿kfGtl/t ¿k xf] .
– lhjfjz]if OGwg ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] ¿kfGtl/t ¿k xf] .
– jfo' pmhf{ ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] ¿kfGtl/t ¿k xf] cflb
lj|mofsnfk $M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;f}o{ pmhf{sf ¿kfGtl/t pmhf{ ;|f]taf/] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g u/L
ljBfyL{nfO{ tL ;|f]taf/] hfgsf/L l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$% / !$^ df lbOPsf hn;|f]t pmhf{, lhjfjz]if pmhf{, / jfo'
pmhf{;DaGwL ljifoj:t' k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf k[YjLdf /x]sf pmhf{sf ;|f]t ;f}o{ pmhf{sf ¿kfGtl/t ¿k x'g\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M rf6{ lgdf{0f
k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;f}o{ pmhf{sf ¿kfGtl/t pmhf{ ;|f]tsf gfd n]vL dflysf] lj|mofsnfk ! df
h:t} rf6{ lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ b'O{cf]6f ;f}o{ pmhf{af6 ¿kfGtl/t pmhf{sf ;|f]tsf pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ;"o{nfO{ pmhf{sf] k|d'v ;|f]t dflgg'sf] sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ hn;|f]t pmhf{nfO{ ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] ¿kfGtl/t ¿kdf k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ ;"o{ hLjsf nflu pmhf{sf] ;|f]t xf] . o; egfOnfO{ s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
OG6/g]6 jf cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u u/L ;f}o{ pmhf{af6 ¿kfGtl/t pmhf{ ;|f]taf/] cWoog u/L s'g}
Ps ;|f]tsf af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|fKt ug]{ k|ljlw
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ;f}o{ zlStnfO{ ljB'tLo zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ pks/0fsf] sfo{ l;4fGt pNn]v ug]{

181
 ;f}o{ pmhf{;DaGwL k|ljlwx¿ -;f]nf/ 8«fo/, ;f]nf/ jf6/ lx6/, ;f]nf/ s's/_ k|bz{g u/L ltgLx¿sf]
sfo{ l;4fGt pNn]v ug]{
 ;f}o{ pmhf{;DaGwL k|ljlwx¿sf gd'gf tof/ ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
SofNs'n]6/df /x]sf] ;f]nf/ ;]n, gd'gfx¿ -;f]nf/ s's/, ;f]nf/ 8«fo/, ;f]nf/ jf6/ lx6/_, >Job[Zo
;fdu|L

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk

lj|mofsnfk !M dl:tis dGyg
 ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$^ df lbOPsf lrqx¿ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 tnsf] k|Zgaf6 ljBfyL{df ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr l;h{gf u/fpg'xf];\ .
9.7 df lbOPsf lrqx¿df ;f}o{ pmhf{ s;/L k|of]u ePsf] 5 <

lj|mofsnfk @ M 5nkmn
9.7 df lbOPsf lrqx¿df ;f}o{ pmhf{ s;/L k|of]u ePsf] 5 eGg]af/] 5nkmnaf6 k|To]ssf] sfo{ ljlwaf/]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

YouTube af6 g]kfndf ;f}o{aQL, ;f]nf/ s's/, ;f]nf/ 8«fo/, ;f]nf/ jf6/ lx6/sf] k|of]u;DaGwL >Job[Zo
;fdu|L vf]hL u/L pSt ;fdu|L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . pSt >Job[Zo ;fdu|L cjnf]sgkZrft\ ljBfyL{nfO{
tn pNn]lvt ljj/0fx¿ eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
;f}o{ pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ k|of]u ePsf] pSt pks/0f lgdf{0fdf k|of]u k|ljlwsf] sfo{ljlw
pks/0f ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿
;f]nf/ s's/ ================ =====================

lj|mofsnfk $ M gd'gf k|bz{g

 SofNs'n]6/df /x]sf] ;f]nf/ ;]n, ;f]nf/ 8«fo/, ;f]nf/ s's/, ;f]nf/ jf6/ lx6/ cflb k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg gd'gfx¿sf] sfo{ljlw JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

182
lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$& / !$* df lbOPsf ;f}o{aQL, ;f]nf/ 8«fo/, ;f]nf/ s's/ /
;f]nf/ jf6/ lx6/;DaGwL ljifoj:t' k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ;f}o{ zlStnfO{ ljB'tLo zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ pks/0fsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ;f]nf/ s's/sf] sfo{ljlw b]vfpg] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ .
-O_ ;f]nf/ 8«fo/sf] sfo{l;4fGt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ b}lgs hLjgdf k/Dk/fut z}nLdf u/Lg] ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] k|of]u / ;f}o{ zlStdf cfwfl/t pks/0fsf]
k|of]ular t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
-c_ :yfgLo ¿kdf pknAw ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]nf/ s's/, ;f]nf/ 8«fo/ / ;f]nf/
jf6/ lx6/sf gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljBfyL{nfO{ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u/L ;f}o{ pmhf{ k|fKt ug]{ yk k|ljlwx¿sf af/]df vf]hL ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

kfFrf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M h}ljs pmhf{
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 h}ljs OGwg -afofFF]df;, k/fn, 5jfnL / e';_ sf] kl/ro lbg]
 h}ljs OGwgsf pkof]lutf pNn]v ug]{
 la|s]6sf] lgdf{0f k|lj|mof pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
emf/kft, ;'s]sf kftkltª\u/, wfgsf] e';, sf7sf] w'nf], s[lifhGo cjz]if, u'OF7f cflb .
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf h:t} k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltaf6 k|fKt kbfy{x¿nfO{ pmhf{sf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
-cf_ v'nf k/fnnfO{ hnfpFbf / vfFb]/ 8Nnf] kf/L hnfpFbf s'g nfdf] ;do;Dd hN5 <
-O_ s] k/fnnfO{ vfFb] h:t} cGo ;'s]sf] h}ljs kbfy{nfO{ klg vfFb]/ hnfpg ;lsG5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M gd'gf ;fdu|L k|bz{g
sIffdf emf/kft, ;'s]sf kftkltª\u/, wfgsf] e';, sf7sf] w'nf], s[lifhGo cjz]if, u'OF7f cflbsf gd'gf
k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . hnfpg ;Dej ePsf h}ljs kbfy{x¿ hnfP/ k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
lgisif{ M bfp/f, u'OF7f, 5\jfnL, e'; cflbaf6 k|fKt x'g] pmhf{ h}ljs pmhf{ xf] . of] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ xf]
. hLjhGt'af6 k|fKt ;'Vvf k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{ afofF]d F f; -Biomass_ xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu emf/kft,
;'s]sf kftkltª\u/, wfgsf] e';, sf7sf] w'nf], s[lifhGo cjz]if, u'OF7f cflb .

183
lj|mofsnfk # M lrq k|bz{g
e';sf] k|of]uaf6 OF6 e6\l6df OF6 ;]Sb}
h}ljs pmhf{sf] pkof]lutf b]vfpg] lrqx¿ k|bz{g u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ h}ljs pmhf{ / ltgsf pkof]lutfx¿
;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
h}ljs pmhf{sf] lsl;d pkof]lutf
======================= ===================
lgisif{ M h}ljs pmhf{sf] k|of]u oftfoft OGwg, tfk, lah'nL pTkfbg h:tf k|of]hgsf nflu x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk M :ynut e|d0f jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

sIffdf la|s]6 lgdf{0f k|ljlw b]vfpg] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . If]q e|d0fsf j|mddf ;Dej ePdf
la|s]6sf] lgdf{0f k|lj|mof b]vfpg :ynut e|d0fdf n}hfg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ la|s]6;DaGwL tn pNn]v ePsf
hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
la|s]6sf lsl;d la|s]6 lgdf{0fsf nflu k|of]u x'g] la|s]6sf] k|of]u
;fdu|Lx¿

lj|mofsnfk $M la|s]6 lgdf{0f - rfl/ª (charring) ljlw_

 la|s]6 agfpg bfp/f, emf/kft, e'; cflb sfa{go'St kbfy{x¿nfO{ Go"g clS;hgdf -l6gsf] efF8f]
leq_ hnfP/ cFuf/ tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 cFuf/nfO{ w'nf] agfP/ afOG8/ -lrD6\ofOnf] df6f], slgsfsf] lk7fsf] df8, v'bf], t?nsf] :6fr{
cflb_ ;Fu ld;fP/ n]bf] ld>0f agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 pSt n]bf]nfO{ lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} ;fFrf] -moulder_ df /fv]/ rfk lbO{ lglZrt cfsf/sf] la|s]6
tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !$* / !$( df lbOPsf la|s]6;DaGwL ljifoj:t' k9\g
nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ h}ljs pmhf{ s] xf] <
-cf_ sfaf]{gfOH8 la|s]6 / sfaf]{gfOH8 gul/Psf] la|s]6lar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
184
-O_ la|s]6sf pkof]lutf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O{_ cgjs/0fLo pmhf{sf] vkt 36fpgdf h}ljs pmhf{sf] k|of]u a9fpg'k5{ . o; egfOnfO{ b'O{cf]6f
pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{

ljBfyL{nfO{ sfuh, k/fn cflb k|of]u u/]/ la|s]6 gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

5}6f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M afofF]UF ofF; / hnljB't\
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 afofFF]UofF; pTkfbg k|lj|mof pNn]v ug]{
 afofF]UF ofF; k|of]usf kmfObfx¿ n]Vg]
 hnljB't\ u[xdf ljB't\ pTkfbg k|lj|mof pNn]v ug]{
 hnljB't\ k|of]usf kmfObf n]Vg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
afofF]UF ofF; KnfG6 gd'gf, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L cflb
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk

lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f

================================ ====================================

lrq P/f]ljs laR5]bg lrq PgP/f]ljs laR5]bg

 dflysf ljR5]bgsf lsl;d b]vfpg] lrqx¿ sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

 ljBfyL{nfO{ PgP/f]ljs ljR5]bg s'g xf] egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
o;af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ PgP/f]ljs ljR5]bgaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ / afofF]UF ofF; pTkfbgsf nflu h}ljs
kbfy{ -h:t} uf]a/_ sf] PgP/f]ljs ljR5]bg u/fOg] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . o;/L pTkfbg x'g] UofF;sf]
ld>0fsf] d'Vo cjoj ldy]g x'g] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk M l6kLP;
—
— tnsf k|Zgaf/] ;j{k|yd k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]Rg nufpg'xf];\ .
— To;kl5 cfk\mgf] glhs}sf] ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
— cGTodf k|ltlglw ¿kdf s'g} b'O{ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d'Nof8\sg
– afofF]UF ofF; pTkfbgsf nflu s'g s'g kbfy{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
– afofF]UF ofF; pTkfbgsf nflu s:tf] ;+/rgf cfjZos k5{ <

185
lj|mofsnfk @ M gd'gf k|bz{g
 sIffdf afofF]UF ofF; KnfG6sf] gd'gf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ lrq 9. 13 df b]vfOPsf] lrq / gd'gflar t'ngf ug{ nufO{ pSt gd'gfsf ljleGg
efux¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ lrq 9. 13 sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g jf :ynut e|d0f

sIffdf afofF]UF ofF; pTkfbg k|lj|mof b]vfpg] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ jf If]qut e|d0fcGtu{t ;Dej
ePsf] cj:yfdf afofF]UF ofF; KnfG6 ePsf] :yfgdf :ynut e|d0fdf n}hfg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{nfO{
afofF]UF ofF; pTkfbg;DaGwL tn pNn]v ePsf hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
afofF]UF ofF; KnfG6sf afofF]UF ofF; pTkfbg k|lj|mof afofF]UF ofF; pTkfbgsf afofF]UF ofF;sf
efux¿ nflu cfjZos kbfy{ kmfObfx¿
================= ============================ ====================== =================

lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%! df lbOPsf afofF]UF ofF; k|of]usf kmfObfx¿ k9\g nufpg'xf];\
/ csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M lrq cjnf]sg

kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%! df lbOPsf] lrq 9. 13 df lbOPsf] lrq cjnf]sg u/L hnljB't\ u[xdf ljB't\
pTkfbg k|lj|mof pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%@ lbOPsf hnljB't\sf] k|of]usf kmfObfx¿ k9\g nufpg'xf];\ /
csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ afofF]UF ofF; eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ afofF]UF ofF; k|of]usf b'O{cf]6f kmfObf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df hnljB't\ pTkfbg k|lsof ;xh x'g] b'O{cf]6f cfwf/ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{

186
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfgL, hf/, Knfl:6s kfOk cflb jf cGo :yfgLo ¿kdf pknAw ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u u/L
afofF]UF ofF; KnfG6sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

;ftf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M g]kfndf j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u cj:yf
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 g]kfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks pmhf{ -jfo' pmhf{, h}ljs pmhf{, hnljB't\, afofF]UF ofF;, ;f}o{
pmhf{_ sf] klxrfg ug]{
 g]kfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks pmhf{ ;|f]tsf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{, d]6fsf8{, j}slNks pmhf{ kl/of]hgfaf/] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf kqklqsfaf6 lSnkx¿,
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M ;dfrf/ afrg, kf]:6/ lgdf{0f

 dflysf] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qdf ;~rflnt j}slNks pmhf{;DaGwL
kl/of]hgfx¿ -jfo' pmhf{, ;f}o{ pmhf{, h}ljs pmhf{ cflb_ af/]sf ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf
ljBfyL{nfO{ k9\g nufpg'xf];\ .
 tL ;dfrf/ ;fdu|Lx¿sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ g]kfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks pmhf{ -jfo'
pmhf{, h}ljs pmhf{, hnljB't\, afofF]UF ofF;, ;f}o{ pmhf{_ sf] klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 ;dfrf/ lSnkx¿nfO{ sf8{af]8{df 6fF;]/ kf]:6/ lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

 g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qdf ;~rflnt j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]t;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .\
 ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg j}slNks pmhf{ ;|f]tx¿sf] kl/ro, k|of]u cj:yf / k|of]u ;Defjgfaf/] l6kf]6
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M 5nkmn
 sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/cf]6f ;d"xdf ljefhg lbP/ g]kfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks
pmhf{ -jfo' pmhf{, h}ljs pmhf{, hnljB't\, afofF]UF ofF;, ;f}o{ pmhf{_ sf] ;|f]tx¿sf] ljsf;sf]
;Defjgfaf/] 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 5nkmnnfO{ tnsf a'Fbfx¿df s]lGb|t ug{ ;xhstf{{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng'xf];\ .
j}slNks pmhf{ ;|f]t pmhf{ ;|f]tsf] lsl;d g]kfndf pSt ;|f]tsf] k|of]u pSt ;|f]t k|of]u ug{ ldNg]
cj:yf ;Defljt :yfgx¿
187
o;sf cfwf/df pmhf{ ;ª\s6 sd ug{sf nflu cgjLs/0fLo ;|f]tsf] abnfdf k|of]u ul/g] ;|f]t j}slNks
pmhf{sf ;|f]t x'g, h:t} M hn pmhf{

lj|mofsnfk $M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%@ df lbOPsf g]kfndf j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf]
k|of]u;DaGwL cg'R5]bx¿ k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ j}slNks pmhf{sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ g]kfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b'O{cf]6f j}slNks pmhf{ ;|f]tx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ tkfO{F{sf] jl/kl/sf] kl/j]zdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] j}slNks pmhf{sf] ;|f]t klxrfg u/L pSt ;|f]tsf]
ljsf; ;Defjgfaf/] n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{F{sf] jl/kl/ dflg;n] s] s:tf pmhf{sf j}slNks ;|f]tsf] k|of]u u5{g\, Ps k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

cf7f}F lbg
PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ tnsf dWo] gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;d"x s'g xf] <
-c_ afofF]UF ofF;, jfo' pmhf{, ;f}o{ pmhf{, vlgh t]n
-cf_ afofF]UF ofF;, jfo' pmhf{, ;f}o{ pmhf{, la|s]6
-O_ h}ljs pmhf{, la|s]6, ljG8 ldn, d6\l6t]n
-O{_ afofF]UF ofF;, sf]Onf, jfo' pmhf{, ;f}o{ pmhf{
-v_ k|f]6f]glar pRr ljsif{0f x'g] eP tfklg ;"o{df xfO8«f]hg k/df0f'x¿ ;+of]hg x'gdf d'Vo sf/s tŒj
s'g xf] <
-c_ k|r"/ dfqfdf xfO8«f]g x'g' -cf_ pRr tfkj|md x'g'
-O_ pRr cfsif{0f x'g' -O{_ pRr rfk x'g'
-u_ tnsf dWo] xfd|f] b]zsf ;Gbe{df pmhf{sf] k|d'v ;|f]t s'g xf] <
-c_ hnljB't\ -cf_ h}ljs pmhf{
-O_ vlgh t]n -O{_ ;f}o{ pmhf{
-3_ ;f]nf/ ;]n s]af6 ag]sf] x'G5 <
-c_ kmnfd -cf_ l;Ne/
-O_ l;lnsg -O{_ cNd'lgod
-ª_ h}ljs OGwgsf] ;d"x s'g xf] <
-c_ cNsf]xn, dl6t]n, afofF]UF ofF;, e'; -cf_ bfp/f, afofF]UF ofF;, e';, sf]Onf
-O_ u'OF7f, afofF]UF ofF;, cNsf]xn, e'; -O{_ la|s]6, cNsf]xn, k]6«f]n, afofF]UF ofF;

188
-r_ afofF]UF ofF; s'g s'g UofF;sf] ld>0f xf] <
-c_ xfO8«f]hg, ldy]g, clS;hg, gfO6«f]hg
-cf_ gfO8«f]hg, clS;hg, ldy]g, xfO8«f]hg ;NkmfO8
-O_ gfO8«f]hg, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g, xfO8«f]hg ;NkmfO8
-O{_ kfgLsf] afkm, sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, ldy]g, xfO8«f]hg ;NkmfO8

@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ pbfx/0f;lxt pmhf{nfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ ;"o{df Go'lSno/ k\mo'hgsf nflu pko'St cj:yfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ lgDg pmhf{nfO{ ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pkhsf ¿kdf k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ hnljB't\ -cf_ hLjfz]if OGwg -O_ jfo' pmhf{
-ª_ ;"o{df zlSt pTkGg x'g] k|lj|mof JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ a}slNks pmhf{sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] s] xf], s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf pks/0fx¿ klxrfg u/L ltgsf] sfo{ l;4fGt n]Vg'xf];\ .

-h_ h}ljs pmhf{ eg]sf] s] xf] <

-em_ la|s]6sf] k|of]usf b'O{cf]6f kmfObf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-`_ afofF]UF ofF; KnfG6 lgdf{0f b]vfpg] lrq;lxt o;sf] pTkfbg k|lj|mof JofVof ug{xf];\ .
-6_ g]kfndf j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿ ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf zLif{sdf lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .

189
PsfO !) t/ª\u (Waves)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M !^
!= PsfO kl/ro
o; PsfOaf6 ljBfyL{df t/ª\usf ;|f]t, ltgsf] k|;f/0f, ltgsf lsl;d tyf t/ª\usf k|of]uaf/] cjwf/0ff
ljsf; x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] t/ª\u k|;f/0fsf j|mddf dfWoddf x'g] sDkg / t/ª\u k|;f/0fsf cfwf/df b'O{
km/s lsl;dsf t/ª\usf lrq sf]g]{ l;k xfl;n u5{g\ . o:tf t/ª\u;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnLx¿ k|bz{g ug]{,
tL zAbfjnLlarsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ª\u nDafO, cfj[lQ / j]ularsf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df
ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ l;k xfl;n u5{g\ . b}lgs hLjgdf ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\usf] k|of]u atfpg
tyf cfk\mgf] jl/kl/ ePsf ljleGg pks/0fx¿df k|of]u ePsf ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\ux¿sf] pNn]v ug{
;S5g\ . dfgj cª\ux¿sf] r]shfFrdf k|of]u x'g] t/ª\u / ;DalGwt k|ljlwsf] sfo{ljlw pNn]v ug{
;S5g\ . o; PsfOdf ePsf kf7\oj:t'sf] ;'?cftdf ul/g] dl:tis dGygn] ljBfyL{df pT;'stf l;h{gf x'g]
/ pgLx¿nfO{ ljifj:t'df s]lGb|t u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t clego, ;xsfo{ ljlw, k|of]ufTds ljlw,
hf]8L k9fO, 5nkmn, vf]h ljlw cflbn] ljBfyL{df ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 . sIffleq ;do
Joj:yfkgsf nflu lzIfsn] JofVofg ljlw, k|bz{g ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b}lgs kf7cg';f/sf
d"Nofª\sg tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/ x'G5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ oflGqs / ljls/0f t/ª\u lrGg tyf ltgLx¿ larsf leGgtf atfpg
-v_ ljls/0f j0f{k6sf] kl/ro lbg / ltgLx¿sf ljleGg v08sf] pkof]usf pbfx/0f lbg
-u_ PS;/] kmf]6f]u|fkmL / l;l6:Sofg ljlwsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg
-3_ Wjlg t/ª\usf] k/fjt{g k|bz{g ug{ tyf k/fjlt{t Wjlgsf] b}lgs pkof]u vf]hL ug{
-ª_ :jf:y k/LIf0fdf k|of]u x'g] cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL -Ultrasonography) k|ljlwsf] sfo{k|lj|mof
;ª\lIfKt j0f{g ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
! t/ª\u  t/ª\usf k|sf/ #
 oflGqs t/ª\u -nª\lur'l8gn t/ª\u / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u_
sf] kl/ro / leGgtf
 oflGqs / ljls/0f t/ª\usf] leGgtf
@ ljB't\ r'DasLo  kl/ro !
j0f{k6  ljB't\ r'DasLo j0f{k6sf cjojx¿
# ljB't\ r'DasLo  /]l8of] t/ª\u, dfOj|mf]j]e, OGk|mf/]8, lelhjn k|sfz, #
tª\usf pkof]ux¿ cN6«fefOn]6 t/ª\u, PS;/] / ufdf/] sf k|of]u
$ Wjlgsf] k/fjt{g  kl/ro @
 b}lgs pkof]ux¿ -k|ltWjlg_
 c;/x¿
 csl:6s ;'/Iff

190
% dl8sn Od]lhª  kl/ro !
^ cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL -  kl/ro !
Ultrasonography)  ;ª\lIfKt sfo{ljlw
& PS;/] kmf]6f]u|fkmL  kl/ro !
 ;ª\lIfKt sfo{ljlw
* l;l6:Sofg  kl/ro !
 ;ª\lIfKt sfo{ljlw
% k'g/fj[lQ, PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg #
$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
klxnf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M t/ª\u / o;;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 t/ª\u / o;;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL -t/ª\u nDafO, PlDKnr'8 / cfj[lQ _ kl/eflift ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L - l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L 5'6]sf]_
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
 ;fdfGo af]nLrfnLdf /x]sf] jfSo æof] 36gfn] ;dfhdf t/ª\u l;h{gf u¥of] .Æ af6 tkfO{F{ s]
a'‰g'x'G5 egL ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{sf pQ/nfO{ hf]8\b} t/ª\u eg]sf] xnrn
(disturbance) xf] eGg] cjwf/0ff l;h{gf u/fpg'xf];\ .
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%^ df lbOPsf] lrq cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 tL lrqx¿df b]vfOPsf t/ª\usf ljleGg k|of]u lrGg nufpg'xf];\ . tL k|of]ux¿df t/ª\u s;/L
k|of]u ul/G5 < egL k|Zgåf/f ;du| PsfOsf ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr l;h{gf ug'{xf];\ .

191
lj|mofsnfk @
sIffsf] x\jfO6 af]8{df tn lbOP h:t} tflnsf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf cfjZos
ljj/0f eg{df ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
t/ª\usf] ;|f]t t/ª\udfkm{t k|jfx x'g] zlStsf] lsl;d pkof]lutf

lj|mofsnfk #
 sIffdf ljleGg ;|f]t h:t} /]l8of] t/ª\u, df]afOn t/ª\u cflbsf pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{nfO{
xfdLx¿ t/ª\un] 3]l/Psf 5f}F eGg] egfO k'li6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 o;af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ o; PsfOdf t/ª\usf pkof]lutfaf/] cWoog ug]{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%& df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
p2]Zo M kfgLdf t/ª\u k|;f/0f x'Fbf c0f'x¿sf] rfn;DaGwL cjnf]sg ug'{
cfjZos ;fdu|L M Pp6f cfwfeGbf a9L kfgL el/Psf] af6f, sfuhsf] 8'ª\uf, 8f]/L / l/agsf] 6'j|mf

ljlw
 af6fdf ePsf] kfgLsf] ;tx l:y/ aGg lbg'xf];\ .
 kfgLdf sfuhsf] 8'ª\uf /fVg'xf];\ .
 kfgLsf] ;txdf cf}Fnfn] Psgf;n] lxsf{O nx/ -ripple_ l;h{gf ug'{xf];\ .
 kfgLsf] nx/sf] rNg] lbzf / sfuhsf] 8'ª\ufsf] rfn cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
 sfuhsf] 8'ª\ufsf] rfnsf nflu tnsf] lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
5 k6s 8'ª\uf tndfly rNg nfu]sf] ;do Ö == s

192
1 s df 8'ª\uf tn dfly rNg] Ö k6s
 To;}u/L 8f]/Ldf l/agsf] 6'j|mf afFWg'xf];\ . o;sf] Pp6f 5]p s'g} cf8df afFWg'xf];\ / csf]{ 5]pnfO{
xftn] lg/Gt/ tn dfly rnfpg'xf];\ .
 8f]/Lsf] p7]sf] efu rNg] lbzf / l/agsf] rfn cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
8f]/L l:y/ cj:yfdf x'Fbfsf] prfOaf6 dflylt/ jf tnlt/ x'g] l/agsf] clwstd lj:yfkg Ö ======
5nkmn / lgisif{ M s] kfgLdf sfuhsf] 8'ª\ufsf] rfn / kfgLsf] ;txdf nx/ ;g]{ lbzf Pp6} 5 < s]
8f]/Ldf afFlwPsf] l/agsf] rfn / 8f]/Lsf] p7]sf] efu ;g]{ lbzf Pp6} 5 < 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ n]Vg]xf];\ .
 l:y/ cj:yfsf] 8f]/Laf6 dfly p7]sf] efusf] prfOn] PlKnRo'8sf] dfg lbG5 . To:t} kfgLsf] l:y/
;t af6 dfly p7]sf] efu;Ddsf] prfO klg PlDnRo'8 xf] .
 Pp6f p7]sf] efub]lv glhs}sf] csf]{ p7]sf] efun] t/ª\u nDafOsf] dfg lbG5 .
 Ps ;]s]G8df 8'ª\uf tn dfly rNg] dfgn] Ps ;]s]G8df pTkGg t/ª\u ;ª\Vof hgfpF5 . h'g
t/ª\u cfj[lQ xf] .
lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO
sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . Pp6fnfO{ kf7\ok':tsf] kfgf !%& df lbOPsf]
kfgLdf pTkGg x'g] t/ª\u / 8f]/Ldf pTkGg x'g] t/ª\uaf/]sf cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ tL
cg'R5]bsf] ;f/f+z eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ t/ª\u s] xf] <
-cf_ t/ª\u PlDKnRo'8, nDafO, cfjl[Q kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ t/ª\u k|bz{g ug]{ ljlw pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ 8f]/L / kfgLsf] ;txdf l;h{gf ul/Psf t/ª\ularsf ;dfgtfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
;fOlHds j]e -seismic wave_
e"sDksf t/ª\un] k[YjLsf] leqL efudf r6\6fg 7f]lSFsbf pTkGg x'g] zlStnfO{ o;sf] ;tx;Dd
NofpF5g\ .
S j]e / P j]e

bf];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M oflGqs t/ª\u -nª\lur'l8gn / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u_
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 t/ª\usf] ult, t/ª\u cfj[lQ / t/ª\u nDafOlarsf] ul0ftLo ;DaGw pNn]v ug]{

193
 nª\lur'l8gn / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u kl/eflift ug]{
 nª\lur'l8gn t/ª\u / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\ular leGgtf n]Vg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
ld6/ 6]k, l:nª\sL -slinky_, sf8{af]8{, d]hl/ª 6]k
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M rf6{ k|bz{g
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%* df lbOPsf] rf6{ h:t} pbfx/0f;lxt t/ª\usf k|sf/ b]vfpg] sG;]K6 Dofk{ k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ . pSt sG;]K6 cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ yk pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; .

lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%* df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
p2]Zo M nlª\uRo'l8gn / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\usf] k|bz{g ug'{

ljlw
 ;dtn e'Od F f otfptf grNg] u/L Pp6f ld6/ 6]k la5\ofpg'xf];\ .
 l:nª\sL -slinky_ sf] s'g} v08df /ª\uLg wfufsf 6'j|mf afFWg'xf];\ .
 l:nª\sLnfO{ ld6/ 6]kdfly /fv]/ Psgf;n] s]xL cufl8 ws]Ng] / k5fl8 tfGg] lj|mofaf6 pTkGg x'g]
t/ª\usf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . o:tf] t/ª\unfO{ nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\u elgG5 .
 k'gM l:nª\sLnfO{ Psgf;n] bfofF afofFF rnfpFbf pTkGg x'g] t/ª\usf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . o:tf]
t/ª\unfO{ 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u elgG5 .
 b'j} lsl;dsf t/ª\u;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf eg'{xf];\ .

194
5nkmn / lgisif{ M nª\luRo'l8gn / 6«fG;e;{ b'O{ lsl;dsf t/ª\ular leGgtf 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M lrq k|bz{g
ljBfyL{nfO{ tn b]vfOP h:t} nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\u / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\usf lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . lrqdf
6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u / nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\u;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL gfdfª\sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lrq 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u lrq nlª\uRo"l8gn t/ª\u

 nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\u sDk|];g -compression_ / /]o/k]mS;g -rarefaction_ sf ¿kdf k|;f/0f x'G5
. t/ª\u k|;f/0fsf j|mddf dfWodsf c0f'x¿ vfFlbPsf] v08 sDk|];g xf] . c0f'x¿ k'ms]sf] v08
/]o/k]mS;g xf] .
 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u j|m]:6 -crest_ / 6«km -trough_ sf ¿kdf k|;f/0f x'G5 . t/ª\u k|;f/0fsf j|mddf
o;sf] dWo efuaf6 ;a}eGbf dfly p7]sf] efu j|m]:6 xf] / ;a}eGbf tn ba]sf] efu 6«km xf] .
 t/ª\usf] PlDKnRo'8 -amplitude_ n] lj>fd l:ytLj|f6 dfWodsf c0f'x¿sf] clwstd lj:yfkg jf
t/ª\usf] dWo efuaf6 j|m]:6 jf 6«km;Ddsf] lj:yfkgnfO{ hgfpF5 .
 k|lt;]s]G8 pTkGg x'g] t/ª\u ;ª\Vofn] t/ª\u cfj[lQ -frequency_ hgfpF5 . cfj[lQsf] P;=cfO{=
PsfO -SI unit_ xh{ -Hertz_ xf] . Ps k"0f{ t/ª\u pTkGg x'g nfUg] ;donfO{ t/ª\usf] ;dofjlw -
period_ elgG5 . o;nfO{ 'T' n] hgfOG5 .
lj|mofsnfk $ M kl/efiff n]vg
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} sIffdf nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\u / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL pNn]v
ePsf lrq k|bz{g u/L b'j} k|sf/sf t/ª\usf nflu lgDg zAbfjnLsf kl/efiff n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

195
zAbfjnL nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\u 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u
PlDKnRo'8
t/ª\u nDafO

lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !%( / !^) df lbOPsf 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u / nª\luRo'l8gn
t/ª\u;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ ;f/f+z eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ t/ª\usf] ult, t/ª\u cfj[lQ / t/ª\u nDafOlarsf] ul0ftLo ;DaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\u / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\ular b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ xfjfdf Wjlgsf] j]u 332 m/s x'G5 . dflg;sf] sfgn] ;'Gg ;lsg] Wjlgsf] Go"gtd cfj[lQ 20 Hz
/ pRr cfj[lQ 20 kHz eP xfdLn] ;'Gg ;Sg] Wjlgsf] Go"gtd t/ª\u nDafO / pRr t/ª\u nDafO
lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ tkfO{F{n] cjnf]sg ug'{ePsf 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\usf] s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f;lxt ltgnfO{ 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u
elgg'sf] sf/0f pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\u / 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u;Fu ;DalGwt zAbfjnL kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
lrqfTds ¿kdf nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\unfO{ klg 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\usf ¿kdf hgfpg ;lsG5 .

196
PlDKnRo'8sf] dfgn]
t/ª\un] af]s]sf] pmhf{af/]
hfgsf/L lbG5 . 7'nf]
PlDKnRo'8 ePsf] t/ª\un]
pmhf{ klg a9L af]s]sf]
x'G5 .
t/ª\usf] cfj[lQ cg';f
rsf]{kgf km/s km/s x'G5
.

t];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M oflGqs / ljls/0f t/ª\u
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 oflGqs / ljls/0f t/ª\u kl/eflift ug{
 oflGqs / ljls/0f t/ª\usf] u'0fsf cfwf/df leGgtf pNn]v ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{, sf6'{g, s}FrL, KnfOp8, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
tnsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ s] k[YjL / ;"o{larsf] ;Dk"0f{ :yfg xfjfn] el/Psf] 5 <
-cf_ ;"o{af6 k[YjL;Dd cfpg] k|sfz s'g lsl;dsf] t/ª\usf dWoddf cfp5 <
-O_ ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf k|sfz cfOk'Ug slt ;do nfU5 xf]nf <
lj|mofsnfk @ M Pgfnf]hL

5]psf] lrqdf b]vfPcg';f/ afofFF xftnfO{ 6fpsf]lt/ x'g]u/L l;wf /fVg'xf];\ . bfFof
xftnfO{ afofFF xft;Fu nDa x'g]u/L bflxg] tGsfpg'xf];\ . ca b'j} xftsf s'lxgfaf6 xft
v'DRofpg] / tGsfpg] ub}{ sIffdf cufl8 a9\b} ug'{xf];\ . o;/L cufl8 a9\bf cfFvfn]
gb]lvg] tyf xfdLn] cjnf]sg ug]{ t/ª\u cufl8 k|;f/0f x'b} u/]sf];Fu t'ngf ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . nDa ¿kn] v'Dr\ofpb} / tGsfpFb} u/]sf xftnfO{ j|mdzM r'DasLo If]q / ljB'tLo If]q;Fu
t'ngf u/L ljB'tLo / r'DasLo If]qdf x'g] k]l/of]l8s l8:6/a]G;n] klg zlSt k|;f/0f u5{ egL ljBfyL{df
cjwf/0ff ljsf; ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lgisif{ M ljls/0f t/ª\u jf k|sfz t/ª\unfO{ zlSt k|;f/0f ug]{ Ps k]l/of]l8s l8:6/a]G; -periodic
disturbance_ sf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/fpg'xf];\ . o; lsl;dsf t/ª\u s'g} dfWodlagf z"Godf klg k|;f/0f
x'g] tYoaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M gd'gf lgdf{0f

197
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} sf6'{g, x6 Un', KnfOp8 cflbsf] k|of]u u/L ljls/0f t/ª\usf] gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $ M t'ngfTds cWog

tn tflnsf b]vfOP h:t} ljBfyL{nfO{ Wjlg t/ª\u -oflGqs t/ª\u _ / ljls/0f t/ª\usf ult n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ .
Wjlg t/ª\usf] ult ljls/0f t/ª\usf] ult
xfjf, kfgL / kmnfddf Wjlgsf] ult j|mdzM 343 xfjfdf 3×108 m/s
m/s, 1481 m/s, / 5120 m/s
lgisif{ M xfjfdf ljls/0f t/ª\usf] ult k|sfzsf] ult a/fa/ x'G5 . pSt ult oflGqs t/ª\usf] ulteGbf
lgs} a9L xf] . b'j} k|s[ltsf t/ª\un] pmhf{ af]s]sf x'G5g\ t/ On]S6«f]DofUg]l6s t/ª\u z"Go :yfgdf cufl8
a9\g ;S5g\ eg] d]sflgsn t/ª\u a9\g ;Sb}gg\ .
lj|mofsnfk %
ljBfyL{nfO{ ult lx;fa ug]{ ;"q k|of]u u/L k|sfz t/ª\u ;"o{af6 k[YjL;Dd cfOk'Ug] ;do lx;fa ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
k[YjL / ;"o{larsf] b'/L 5.

t;y{ ;"o{df pTkGg k|sfz nueu 8 ldg]6 20 ;]s]G8df k[YjL;Dd cfOk'U5 .

lj|mofsnfk ^ M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

sIffdf oflGqs t/ª\u / ljls/0f t/ª\usf ljz]iftf;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . lrqdf
b]vfOP h:t} e]glrq sf]/]/ oflGqs t/ª\u / ljls/0f t/ª\ularsf ;dfgtf tyf leGgtf l6kf]6 ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

198
lj|mofsnfk & M leGgtf n]vg
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^) df lbOPsf oflGqs t/ª\u / ljls/0f t/ª\u;Fu ;DalGwt cg'R5]b
cWog u/L tL b'j}lar leGgtf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk *
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} oflGqs t/ª\u / ljls/0f t/ª\usf lsl;d b]vfpg] rf6{ agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ljls/0f t/ª\u s] xf] <
-cf_ oflGqs t/ª\u / ljls/0f t/ª\ular b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ ljls/0f t/ª\usf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ ljls/0f t/ª\u cfFvfn] gb]lvg] klg x'G5g\ egL s;/L k|bz{g ug{ ;lsG5, s'g} Ps pbfx/0f;lxt
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
ljBfyL{nfO{ lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} Pp6f P]gfsf] k|of]u u/L l/df]6af6 lg:sg] cfFvfn] gb]lvg] ljls/0f
t/ª\usf] k/fjt{g cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ r'DasLo j0f{k6
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo

199
 ljls/0f j0f{k6sf] kl/ro lbg]
 ljls/0f j0f{k6df ePsf ljleGg t/ª\u v08x¿ j|mdfg';f/ gfdfs/0f ug]{
 ljls/0f j0f{k6df ePsf ljleGg t/ª\u k|of]u x'g] pks/0fsf pbfx/0f k|:t't ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{, wfuf], s}FrL, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
ljBfyL{df /x]sf] k"j{1fg k/LIf0fsf nflu kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^! df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk 10.3
tkfO{F{nfO{ hfgsf/L ePsf s]xL ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\u h:t} M k|sfz t/ª\u, cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\u
cflbsf ;|f]t / ltgsf ljz]iftfaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
a9\bf] cfj[lQcg';f/ ljleGg ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\u sf]l/Psf] sf8{af]8{ k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

Electromagnetic Waves (Reference: science.nasa.gov)

lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} ljleGg ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\usf] k|of]u x'g] pks/0fsf lrq klg pknAw u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
ljB't\ r'DasLo j0f{k6;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g u/L o;sf ljz]iftf / v08x¿ l6kf]6 ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M gd'gf lgdf{0f

200
 k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ ! ld6/ nfdf] wfufsf] 6'j|mf / sl/a #) ;]lG6ld6/ nfdf] d]6fsf8{ pknAw
u/fpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} wfufnfO{ d]6fsf8{df 6fF:g nufP/ ljB't\ r'DasLo
t/ª\u j0f{k6sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

 ljBfyL{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ljB't\ r'DasLo j0f{k6sf] gd'gfdf t/ª\ux¿sf] gfd n]v]/ ltgsf] ;Fu} tL
t/ª\u k|of]u x'g] pks/0fsf] lrq 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ljB't\ r'DasLo j0f{k6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^! df b]vfOP h:t} ljB't\ r'DasLo j0f{k6 (Electromagnetic spectrum) sf
ljleGg v08df x'g] t/ª\ux¿sf] gfdfª\sg;lxt lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\usf] k|of]un] xfd|f] b}lgsL s;/L ;xh ePsf] 5, pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{F{sf] 3/ jf jl/kl/ ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\usf] k|of]u x'g] pks/0fsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
ljlslkl8ofdf lbOPsf] ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\usf] juL{s/0f

201
kfFrf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ r'DasLo tª\usf pkof]ux¿
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
/]l8of] t/ª\u, dfOj|mf]j]esf s]xL b}lgs pkof]u pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
lrqx¿, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M lrq k|bz{g
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} /]l8of] t/ª\usf k|of]u b]vfpg] lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ tL lrq cjnf]sg
u/L /]l8of] t/ª\usf k|of]u n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

202
6]lnkmf]g 6fj/ /]l8of] 6]ln:sf]k s8{n];
lj|mofsnfk @ M /]l8of] t/ª\u / dfOj|mf]j]esf] k|of]u b]vfpg] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . pSt ;fdu|L
cjnf]sg u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ pNn]lvt t/ª\sf] k|of]u l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M dl:tis dGyg
dfOj|mf]j]e cf]egleq hNg] OGwg jf tfksf nlu ljBt\ SjfOn /flvPsf] x'Fb}g . o;df vfgf s;/L kfS5 <
 o; k|Zgaf6 ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufO{ cfFvfn] gb]lvg] t/ª\usf] pmhf{n] vfgf ksfpg ;lsg]af/]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M lrq cWoog

ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^@ df lbOPsf lrq cjnf]sg u/L ltgdf dfOj|mf]j]esf] k|of]u s;/L
ePsf] x'G5 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO
sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . Pp6fnfO{ kfgf !^@ df lbOPsf] /]l8of]
t/ª\usf] k|of]u k9\g] / csf]{nfO{ tL k|of]uaf/] JofVof ug]{ lhDd]jf/L afF8\gxf];\ . To:t} dfOj|mf]j]esf nflu
tL b'j} ljBfyL{sf] lhDd]jf/L clusf] eGbf l7s pN6f] kfg'{xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ /]l8of] t/ª\u pTkg u/fpg] s'g} b'O{cf]6f pks/0fsf gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ lrqdf s'g t/ª\usf] k|of]u b]vfOPsf] 5 <

-O_ dfOj|mf]j]e cf]egdf dfOj|mf]j]esf] e"ldsf n]Vg'xf];\ .

-O{_ /]l8of]j]e / dfOj|mf]j]esf] k|of]un] dflg;sf] b}lgsL lgs} ;xh ePsf] 5 . o; egfOnfO{ b'O{cf]6f
pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .

203
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
b}lgs hLjgdf /]l8of]j]e / dfOj|mf]j]esf ljleGg k|of]u vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .

5}6f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ r'DasLo tª\usf pkof]ux¿
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 OGk|mf/]8, leljnn / cN6«fefOn]6, t/ª\usf s]xL b}lgs pkof]u pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg

s] dflg;sf] z/L/af6 klg OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u lg:sG5g\ egL k|Zg u/L ljBfyL{sf] ljifoj:t'k|ltsf] ?lr
a9fpg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf lrqx¿ b]vfOPsf dflg; tyf cGo hgfj/sf z/L/af6 lg:sg] OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\uaf6 klg
kmf]6f] lvRg ;lsg] tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^@ / !^# df lbOPsf hfgsf/L cWoog u/L tn pNn]v ul/P h:t}
OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u ;DaGwLsf tYofª\s tyf hgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\unfO{ tfk af]Sg] t/ª\u
 OGk|mf/]8 /ftf]sf] d'lg cyf{t\ t/ª\usf] cfj[lQ /ftf] /ªsf] k|sfz sd ePsf] t/ t/ª\u nDafO /ftf]
/ªsf] k|sfzsf] eGbf nfdf]
 t/ª\u nDafO 10-3 m b]lv 7.5 × 10-7 m ;Dd
lj|mofsnfk # M lrq cWog

204
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^# df lbOPsf lrq cjnf]sg u/L ltgdf OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\usf] k|of]u s;/L
ePsf] x'G5 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M k|sfz t/ª\u
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} k|sfz t/ª\usf] t/ª\u nDafO sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^* df lbOPsf] k|sfzsf t/ª\usf k|of]unufot ljleGg k|of]u ;d]l6Psf] >Job[Zo
;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ tL k|of]u l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk %
sf8{af]8{df cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\usf ;|f]t, t/ª\u nDafO;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M lrqfTds l;sfO
lelhan k|sfz t/ª\un] AofS6]l/of gd/]sf] t/ cN6«fefon]6 ls/0fsf] tLj| cfj[lQn] AofS6]l/of d/]sf]
b]vfpg] lrq sf]/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk & M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^$ df lbOPsf cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\usf] k|of]u ;d]l6Psf] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g u/L
sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg k|of]u l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

UVC Germicidal Lamp

UV rays in fluorescent lamp
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ lgDg t/ª\usf b'O{ b'O{cf]6f ;|f]t n]Vg'xf];\ .
OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\ux, cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\u

205
-cf_ OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u, cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\usf b'O{ b'O{cf]6f k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ k|sfz t/ª\un] hLjsf] hLjg ;Dej ePsf] 5 . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{F{sf] jl/kl/ ePsf OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u / cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\usf k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
 s]xL hgfj/n] cfk\mgf jl/kl/ ePsf j:t'af6 lg:sg] OGk|mf/]8 ljls/0fnfO{ dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\ . ;k{sf]
y't'gf]df x'g] Kjfn h:tf efudf tfk u|x0f ug]{ l/;]K6/ sf]ifx¿ x'G5g\ . tftf] /ut ePsf hgfj/af6
lg:sg] OGk|mf/]8 ljls/0fsf cfwf/df ;k{n] /ftLsf ;dodf klg ltgnfO{ 7Dofpg ;S5 . nfdv'6\6]n]
cWof/fdf dflg; ePsf] :yfg s;/L yfxf kfpF5 <
 ;"o{af6 cfPsf 5f]6f] t/ª\u nDafO ePsf t/ª\ux¿ xl/tu[x UofF;x¿ -sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 / ldy]g_
sf] txaf6 ;lhn} l5g{ ;S5g\ . k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 kms{g] OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\usf] t/ª\u nDafO a9L x'g]
ePsfn] w]/}h;f] xl/tu[x UofF; d} cjzf]lift x'G5g\ . h;n] ubf{ k[YjLsf] tfkj|md j[lå x'G5 .
 cTolws cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\u 5fnf 89\g] ;d:of x'G5 .

;ftf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ r'DasLo tª\usf pkof]u
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 PS;/] / ufdf/]sf s]xL k|of]u pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
d]6fsf8{, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
 PS;/] ug'{ eg]sf] s] xf] <
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4df lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf k/df0f' ad lj:kmf]6g w]/} Iflt s;/L eof], pSt la:kmf]6af6
lg:sg] xlgsf/s ls/0fsf] c;/ s:tf] b]lvof] <
ljBfyL{nfO{ k/df0f' ad lj:kmf]6gsf j|mddf cTolws tfk;Fu} xflgsf/s ufdf/]n] ubf{ cTolws Iflt ePsf]
/ ltg} xflgsf/s ls/0fn] a;fF}{;Dd klg n'nf nª\u8f aRrf hlGdPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

PS;/] / ufdf/]sf] lgDg k|of]u ;d]l6Psf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'xf];\ .

206
 PS;/]sf] k|of]u M x8\8Lsf] r]shfFr, l;6L :Sofg, Pc/kf]6{df emf]nf :s\ofg u/]sf], PS;/] y]/fkL,
dl0fe ;+/rgfsf] cWoog
 ufdf/]sf] k|of]u M SofG;/ sf]ifnfO{ gi6 ug]{, zNolj|mofsf nflu k|of]u x'g] pks/0fsf] lgd{nLs/0f,
vfB kbfy{nfO{ nfdf] ;do e08f/0f ug]{, Go'lSno/ pkrf/ k4lt
pSt >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] cjnf]sg u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ PS;/] / ufdf/]sf] k|of]u l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ PS;/]sf] k|of]u / csf]{nfO{ JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 pSt ;d"xdf ufdf]/]sf] k|of]u k9\bf lhDd]jf/L kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk M laª\uf]
 tf;sf kQL h:t} !% cf]6f d]6fsf8{ lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
 d]6fsf8{df ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\usf] k|of]u x'g] pks/0fsf Ps Pscf]6f gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ $÷% ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 k|To]s ;d"xdf Pp6f Pp6f A4 sfuh lbg'xf];\ . lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} pSt sfuhdf ( cf]6f ju{
agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s ju{df Ps Ps kg]{ u/L ( cf]6f pks/0fsf] gfd n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ;a} ;d"xn] gfd n]lv;s]kl5 cfk\mgf] xftdf ePsf kQL kfn}kfnf] gx]l/sg lemSb} b]vfpg'xf];\ .
 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} tkfO{{Fn] eg]sf] gfd ldn]df uf]nf] nufpg eGg'xf];\ .
 laª\uf] x'g] ljleGg cj:yf tn lrqdf b]vfOPsf 5g\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ cfk\mgf] ;d"xdf laªuf] x'g]lalQs}
xft p7fP/ laª\uf] eGg'kg]{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . s'g} Pp6f /f] jf sf]nd laª\uf] eO;s]kl5 cGon]
pSt /f] jf sf]ndnfO{ laªuf] eGg gkfpg] lgodaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

klxnf] /f] laª\uf] klxnf] sf]nd laª\uf] bf];|f] sf]nd laª\uf] clGtd sf]nd laª\uf]

bf];|f] /f] laª\uf] rf/ s'gf laª\uf]

cGTodf ;a} ;d"xn] n]v]sf pks/0fdf s'g s'g t/ª\usf] k|of]u x'G5, 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg

207
-c_ lgDg t/ª\usf b'O{ b'O{cf]6f ;|f]t n]Vg'xf];\ .
PS;/], ufdf/]
-cf_ PS;/] / ufdf/]sf b'O{ b'O{cf]6f k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ PS;/] / ufdf/] pkof]uL eP tfklg logsf] clgolGqt k|of]u hLjsf nflu 3fts x'G5 . o; egfOnfO{
pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
PS;/] / ufdf/]sf ljleGg k|of]u vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .

cf7f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M Wjlg k/fjt{g
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 Wjlg k/fjt{g kl/eflift ug]{
 Wjlg k/fjt{gsf pkof]lutf pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{, 38L, P]gf, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg k|Zg u/L ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ M
-c_ aflx/af6 xNnf cfPdf e\mofn 9f]sf y'Gbf xNnf sd x'G5 lsg <
-cf_ cfjfh :ki6 g;'lgPsf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] xfTs]nfn] sfgsf] kl5Nnf] efudf nu]/ 5f]K5f}F, lsg <
oL b'j} cj:yfdf Wjlgsf] k/fjt{g x'g]af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} b'O{cf]6f sf8{af]8{nfO{ /f]n u/L 9'ª\u|f] cfsf/ agfpg'xf];\ .
 Pp6f P]gfsf] ;txaf6 s]xL k/ /xg] u/L nDa ¿kn] l:j|mg /fVg'xf];\ .
 lrqdf h:t} b'O{cf]6f 9'ª\u|fnfO{ lglZrt sf]0fdf 9Nsg] u/L P]gfsf] ;txlt/ kmsf{pg'xf];\ .
 Pp6f 9'ª\u|fleq l6sl6s cfjfh cfpg] 38L jf dl;gf] cfjfhdf lak cfjfh lbFb} u/]sf] 38L /fVg'xf];\
/ csf]{ 9'ª\uflt/af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ sfg yfk]/ ;'Gg nufpg'xf];\ . s] cfjfh P]gfaf6 k/fjt{ eO{ sfg;Dd
k'Uof] <

lgisif{ M k|sfz t/ª\u h:t} Wjlg t/ª\u klg k/fjt{g x'G5 . o; k|lj|mofdf klg k/fjt{gsf lgod nfu'
x'G5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk #

208
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^% df b]vfOP h:t} cN6«f;fpG8;DaGwL tYofª\s sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
cN6«f;fpG8df zlSt a9L x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ k/fjt{gkl5 klg /]s8{ ug{ ;lsg] tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\
.

209
lj|mofsnfk $
ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf lrq k|bz{g u/L ltgdf b]vfOPsf] Wjlg k/fjt{gsf] pkof]lutf pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

k|fs[lts ¿kdf ljleGg hgfj/n] Wjlgsf] k/fjt{gaf6 cfk\mgf] cfxf/sf] :yfg jf cj/f]w 7Dofpg] tYoaf/]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk % M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^^ df pNn]v eP h:t} k/fjlt{t Wjlgsf lgDg k|of]u ;d]l6Psf] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 b'/L lx;fa ug]{ k|ljlw ;f]gf/ -Sound navigation and ranging- SONAR_
 hxfhdf hl8t k]myf]ld6/sf] k|of]u u/L ;d'b|sf] ulx/fO dfkg
 k/fjlt{t cN6«f;fpG8sf] k|of]u u/L z/L/sf leqL cª\usf] r]shfFr
 k/fjlt{t cN6«f;fpG8df cfwfl/t ;'/Iff cnfd{
lj|mofsnfk ^ M Wjlg k/fjt{gaf6 b'/L lx;fa
ljBfnosf] ejgaf6 sl/a !)) ld6/ k/ uP/ Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ ejglt/ kmsL{ lrRofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
csf]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ lrRofpg]lalQs} :6k jfr cg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . s]xL ;dokl5 kms]/{ cfpg] cfjfh
;'Gg]lalQs} :6k jfr aGb ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L Wjlg k/fjt{g eP/ cfpg nfu]sf] ;do lx;fa u/L
tnsf] ;"qåf/f b'/L lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

kfgLdf Wjlgsf] ult ;do

ulx/fO
xfjfdf Wjlgsf] ult ;do
b'/L
lj|mofsnfk & M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

210
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^% / !^^ df lbOPsf] Wjlg k/fjt{gsf k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifoj:t' k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ Osf]nf]s];g eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ Wjlg k/fjt{gsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f pkof]lutf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ lbOPsf] lrqdf Wjlgsf] k/fjt{g s]sf nflu k|of]u ePsf] 5 <

-O{_ Wjlg k/fjt{g k|bz{gåf/f b'/L s;/L lx;fa ug{ ;lsG5 <
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
b}lgs hLjgdf Wjlg k/fjt{sf k|of]ux¿ vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .

gjf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M Wjlg k/fjt{g
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 Wjlg k/fjt{gsf c;/ pNn]v ug]{
 csl:6s ;'/Iff pbfx/0f k|:t't ug]{
 csl:6s ;'/Iffsf] dxŒj pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
-c_ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps ldg]6 ;do lbP/ csf]{ ;fyLn] eg]sf s'/f gbf]xf]l/g] u/L lxhf]sf] sIffdf s] s]
l;lsof] k|:t't ug{ nufpg]
-cf_ o;df lzIfsn] 5f]6f] k[i7kf]if0f;lxt :ki6 kfl/lbg]
lj|mofsnfk @ M lrq cjnf]sg
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^^ df lbOPsf lrq cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt lrqdf Wjlg
k/fjt{gsf c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ul/Psf] pkfo eGg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

211
sIffdf csl:6s ;'/Iff;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . pSt >Job[Zo ;fdu|L cjnf]sg u/L
ljBfyL{nfO{ csl:6s ;'/Iff pkfox¿ l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO
sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^^ df
lbOPsf] csl:6s ;'/Iff;DaGwL ljifoj:t' k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ csl:6s ;'/Iff s] xf] <
-cf_ csl:6s ;'/Iffsf b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ csl:6s ;'/Iffsf] dxŒj pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

b;f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M d]l8sn Od]lhª
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 d]l8sn Od]lhªsf ljleGg k|ljlw -cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL, PS;/], l;6L :Sofg_ sf] kl/ro lbg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
If]q e|d0f jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk M If]q e|d0f jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^& df lbOPsf] dfgj cª\usf] r]shfFrdf t/ª\usf] k|of]u;DaGwLsf]
lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ d]l8sn Od]lhª eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ d]l8sn Od]lhªsf nflu k|of]u x'g] t/ª\u n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ d]l8sn Od]lhªsf ljleGg k|ljlwsf] sfo{ljlwlar t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
212
tkfO{F{sf] 3/ jf jl/kl/sf dflg;n] t/ª\usf] k|of]uaf6 u/]sf] r]shfFrsf] ljj/0f vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .

P3f/f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL sfo{ljlw pNn]v ug]{
 cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmLsf k|of]u pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL l/kf]6{, sf8{af]8{, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
cN6«f;fpG8
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
 ue{jtL dlxnfsf] kf7]3/df /x]sf] lzz'sf] cj:yf r]shfFr ug{ s] ul/G5 egL k|Zg u/L ljBfyL{df
/x]sf] cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL af/]sf] k"j{1fg k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M cN6«f;f]gf]uf| kmL l/kf]6{ k|bz{g
 sIffdf k'/fgf] cN6«f;fpG8 l/kf]6{ k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 pSt l/kf]6{df pNn]v ePsf ljj/0f tyf b]lvPsf] cfs[ltaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M lrq k|bz{g
 Pp6f sf8{af]8{df tn pNn]lvt k|lj|mof
b]vfpg] u/L lrq sf]g'{xf];\ / sIffdf
k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ pSt lrqdf b]vfOPsf]
k|lj|mof JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-6«fG:8\o';/n] cN6«f;fpG8 pTkGg ug]{, cN6«f;fpG8
z/L/sf ljleGg txaf6 k/fjt{g x'g] / o;nfO{ k'gM
6«fG:8\o';/n] ;f];]/ sDKo'6/df ;"rgf k7fpg] clg
sDKo'6/n] ljleGg txaf6 kmls{Psf Wjlgn] lnPsf]
;dosf cfwf/df z/L/sf leqL efusf] 5fof lrq agfpg]_
lj|mofsnfk @ M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
sIffdf cN6«f;fgf]u|fkmL sfo{ljlw tyf o; ljlwsf ljleGg k|of]u;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ cN6«f];f]gf]u|fkmL k|ljlwsf] sfo{ljlw JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 cN6«f;f]gf]u|kmLsf ljleGg k|of]u l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M hf]8L k9fO
sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^& df
lbOPsf] cN6«f;f]gf]uf| kmL af/]sf cg'R5]b cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\
.
-3_ d"Nofª\sg

213
-c_ cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmLsf b'O{cf]6f k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ cN6«f;f]gf]uf| kmLsf ljleGg cjoj / ltgsf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmLn] :jf:Yo If]qdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgaf/] tkfO{{Fsf] wf/0ff n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{F{sf] 3/ jf 5/l5d]saf6 cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL l/kf]6{ vf]hL ug'{xf];\ . cfk\mgf] vf]haf6 cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmLsf]
k|of]uaf/] sIffdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
cN6«f;fpG8sf] a9L cfj[lQ x'g] ePsf o:tf t/ª\un] w]/} pmhf{ af]s]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf t/ª\u lr/kmf/lagf
lduf{}nfsf] kTy/L lgsf] kfg{ k|of]u ul/G5g\ .

afx|f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M PS;/]
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 PS;/] kmf]6f]u|fkmL sfo{ljlw pNn]v ug]{
 PS;/] kmf]6f]u|fkmLsf] k|of]u pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
n]h/ lad kf]OG6/, /ª\uLg sfFr, s}FrL, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
s'g} dflg; n8]/ xft efFlrPdf pSt dflg;sf] x8\l8 sxfFlg/ eflrPsf] egL s;/L yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 <
lj|mofsnfk ! M Pgfnf]hL
 Pp6f n]h/ / /ª\uLg sfFr lng'xf];\ .
 /ª\uLg sfFrsf] larlt/ s}FrLn] sf6]/ dl;gf] lr/f kfg'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ n]h/ lad lng nufpg'xf];\ . csf]{nfO{ /ª\uLg sfFr xftdf lnP/ x\jfO6 af]8{sf]
cufl8 pleg nufpg'xf];\ .
 klxnf] ljBfyL{nfO{ /ª\uLg sfuhsf] cufl8af6 x\jfO6 af]8{lt/ kms]{/ sfFrsf] lr/fdf lad s]lGb|t ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . n]h/ lad x\jfO6 af]8{df b]lvG5 .
 oxfF lad KjOG6/nfO{ PS;/] d]l;g, sfFrnfO{ r]shfFr ug'{kg]{ efu / x\jfO6 af]8{nfO{ PS;/] Od]h;Fu
t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .

214
lj|mofsnfk @ M PS;/] l/kf]6{ k|bz{g
sIffdf PS;/] l/kf]6{ k|bz{g u/L To;df ag]sf] 5fofsf cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] hfgsf/L j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M lrq k|bz{g
tn b]vfOP h:t} PS;/];DaGwL lrq k|bz{g u/L PS;/] k|ljlwsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ JofVof ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
- PS;/] pTkfbg ug]{ pks/0fsf] gfd, kmf]6f] lvRg] ljlw, kmf]6f]df x8\8L b]lvg] sf/0f _

lj|mofsnfk # M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

sIffdf PS;/] sfo{ljlw tyf o;sf] k'/fgf] tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlw;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ PS;/]af6 r]shfFr sfo{ljlw JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO
sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^* df
lbOPsf] PS;/] af/]sf cg'R5]b cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ cN6«f;fgf]u|fkmL eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmLsf b'O{cf]6f k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmLsf ljleGg cjoj / ltgsf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmLn] :jf:Yo If]qdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgaf/] tkfO{{Fsf] wf/0ff n]Vg'xf];\ .

215
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{F{sf] 3/ jf 5/l5d]saf6 PS;/] l/kf]6{ vf]hL ug'{xf];\ . cfk\mgf] vf]haf6 PS;/]af6 ul/g] r]shfFraf/]
sIffdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
ljls/0f vt/f -radiation risk_
PS;/] / ufdf/]n] hLljt sf]ifnfO{ Iflt ug{ ;S5g\ . logn] SofG;/ jf k|hgg sf]ifx¿df x'g] j+zf0f'
kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf] Iflt ljls/0fsf] dfqfdf e/ k5{ . nfdf] ;dosf nflu ljls/0fsf cufl8 kbf{
z/L/df ljls/0fsf] dfq ylkb} hfG5 .

t]x|f} lbg
ljifoj:t' M l;6L :Sofg
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 l;6L :Sofgsf] sfo{ljlw pNn]v ug]{
 l;6L :Sofgsf k|of]u pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
l;6L :Sofg l/kf]6{, PS;/] l/kf]6{, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
— ;jf/L b'3{6gfdf 6fpsfdf rf]6 nfu]sf] dflg;sf] dl:tissf] cj:yf hfFr ug{ s] ul/G5 < eg]/
s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg]
— 5f]6f] lgisif{;lxt lzIfsn] l;l6:Sofg, PS;/] cflb ul/G5 eg]/ atfOlbg] .
lj|mofsnfk @ M l;6L :Sofg l/kf]6{ k|bz{g
— sIffdf k'/fgf] l;6L :Sofg l/kf]6{ k|bz{g u/L pSt l/kf]6{nfO{ PS;/] l/kf]6{;Fu} /fv]/ sIffdf
ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g l/kf]6{af6 k|:6 ¿kdf hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
— o;sf cfwf/df l;6L :Sofg l/kf]6{af6 k|:6 b]lvG5 eg]/ :ki6 kfg]{ .
lj|mofsnfk M lrq k|bz{g
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} l;6L :Sofg sfo{ ljlw b]vfpg] lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . tn pNn]v eP e}Fm o;sf]
sfo{ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

 8f]ddf /x]sf] PS;/] d]l;gn] lgsfNg] zlStzfnL PS;/]sf] dl;gf] beam nfO{ z/L/sf] Pp6} v08nfO{
$% l8u|L sf]0fsf] cGt/fndf $ lbzfaf6 :Sofg ug]{

216
 :Sofg u/]sf] 8f6f ;ª\sng u/L ;f] 8f6fsf cfwf/df z/L/sf] pSt v08sf] b'O{ cfoflds 6«fGe;{ lrq
agfpg]
 ljleGg v08sf 8f6f ldnfP/ lqcfoflds lrq agfpg]

lj|mofsnfk $ M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

sIffdf lgDg ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ M
 dfly pNn]v eP e}Fm sIffdf l;6L :Sofg sfo{ljlw b]vfpg]
 l;6L :Sofg / PS;/]lar leGgtf b]vfpg]
ljBfyL{nfO{ l;6L :Sofg / PS;/]lar leGgtf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk M hf]8L k9fO

sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !^( df
lbOPsf] l;6L :Sofg af/]sf cg'R5]b cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ l;6L :Sofg lsg ul/G5 <
-cf_ l;6L :Sofg / PS;/]lar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ l;6L :Sofgdf l/kf]6{ s;/L tof/ kfl/G5 .
-O{_ dfgj cª\usf] r]shfFrdf l;6L :Sofgn] s;/L ;xh agfPsf] 5, pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .

rf}wf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M k'g/fj[lQ
lj|mofsnfk
ljBfyL{nfO{ tn lrqdf lbOP h:t} sG;]K6 Dofk agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

217
lj|mofsnfk M k|Zgf]Q/

ljBfyL{nfO{ o; PsfOleqsf ljleGg txsf k|Zg ;f]wL ;xL pQ/ gcfPsf] cj:yfdf sIffleq 5nkmnaf6
jf cfk}mFn] ;xhLs/0f u/L ;dfwfg ug{'xf];\ .

kGw|f}F lbg
— ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Ps ldg]6 ;do lbP/ d]6fsf8{df of] kf7 e/Ldf hfg]sf ljifoj:t' aF'bfut
¿kdf n]Vg nufpg], k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] cfkm"n] n]v]sf s'/f csf]{ ;fyLn] eg]sf] s'/f
gbf]xl/g] u/L k|:t't ug{ nufpg]
— lzIfsn] kfn}kfnf] af]8d { f l6kf]6 ul/lbg] o;sf cfwf/df k[i7kf]if0f;lxt 5f]6s/Ldf atfOlbg] .

;f]x|f} lbg
PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ . -1fg txsf] @, af]w txsf] #, k|of]u txsf] @, pRr bIftfsf]
#_
-s_ lelhan j0f{k6sf cGTodf x'g] t/ª\u s'g s'g x'g\ <
-c_ OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u / cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\u -cf_ /]l8of] t/ª\u / dfOj|mf]j]e
-cf_ /]l8of] t/ª\u / PS;/] -O_ PS;/] / ufdf/]
-v_ lelhan j0f{k6df s'g t/ª\usf] t/ª\u nDafO ;a}eGbf a9L x'G5 <
-c_ a}hgL -cf_ lgnf] -O_ xl/of] -O{_ /ftf]
-u_ nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\usf] pbfx/0f s'g xf] <
218
-c_ Wjlg t/ª\u -cf_ kfgLdf pTkGg x'g] t/ª\u
-O_ k|sfz t/ª\u -O{_ /]l8of] t/ª\u
-3_ cfj[lQ a9L ePsf] t/ª\usf ;DaGwdf tnsf dWo] s'g egfO l7s xf] <
-c_ j]u sd x'G5 -cf_ t/ª\u nDafO 5f]6f] x'G5
-O_ PlDKnRo'8 a9L x'G5 -O{_ ;dofjlw a9L x'G5
-ª_ Pp6f /]l8of] :6];gaf6 k|;f/0f x'g] ;~rf/ t/ª\usf] cfj[lQ 675 kHz 5 . pSt t/ª\usf] t/ª\u
nDafO slt x'G5 <
-c_ 280 m -cf_ 324 m -O_ 400 m -O{_ 444 m
-r_ lbOPsf t/ª\usf] ;d"xdf a9\bf] t/ª\u nDafOcg';f/ ldn]sf] ;d"x s'g xf] <
-c_ PS;/], cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\u, /ftf] k|sfz t/ª\u, a}hgL k|sfz t/ª\u
-cf_ a}hgL k|sfz t/ª\u, /ftf] k|sfz t/ª\u, cn6«fefon]6 t/ª\u, PS;/]
-O_ cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\u, a}hgL k|sfz t/ª\u, /ftf] k|sfz t/ª\u, OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u
-O{_ a}hgL k|sfz t/ª\u, /ftf] k|sfz t/ª\u, OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u, cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\u
-5_ l6eLsf] l/df]6 sG6«f]n k|ljlwdf s'g ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\usf] pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 <
-c_ cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\u -cf_ OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u
-O_ k|sfz t/ª\u -O{_ /]l8of] t/ª\u
-h_ ;8s b'3{6gfdf k/]sf dflg;sf] 6fpsfdf aflx/af6 x]bf{ ;fdfGo 3fprf]6 b]lvG5 . pSt dflg;sf]
dl:tissf] lj:t[t r]shfFrsf nflu s'g k|ljlw pko'St x'G5 <
-c_ k/Dk/fut PS;/] kmf]6f]u|fkmL -cf_ l;6L :Sofg
-O_ Osf]sfl8{of]u|fkmL -O{_ cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL
-em_ lbOPsf jfSodWo] s'g jfSo cN6«f;f]gf]u|kmL / PS;/] Od]lhª;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
-c_ Pp6f a9L ljZjf;gLo / csf]{ sd ljZj;gLo x'G5 .
-cf_ Pp6fdf sDKo'6/ k|ljlw / csf]{df ;fdfGo k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'G5 .
-O_ Pp6f 6«fG;e;{ t/ª\u / csf]{ nª\luRo'l8gn t/ª\usf] k|of]udf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
-O{_ Pp6f x8\8Lsf] r]shfFr ug{ k|of]u x'G5 / csf]{ sf]dn cª\usf] r]shfFr ug{ k|of]u x'G5 .
-`_ tndf dWo] l;6L :Sofg;DaGwL zAbfjnL s'g xf] <
-c_ 6«fG;8\o';/ -transducer_ -cf_ ;f]gf]u|fd -sonogram_
-O_ 6f]df]u|flkms -tomographic_ lrq -O{_ Osf]sfl8{of]u|fkmL -echocardiography_

219
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ t/ª\u s] xf] <
-v_ ljB't\ r'DasLo j0f{k6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ olGqs t/ª\u / ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\ular b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ OGk|mf/]8 t/ª\u / cN6«fefon]6 t/ª\ular b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ kfgLsf] ;txdf pTkGg x'g] t/ª\u tyf xfdLn] af]Nbf k|;f/0f x'g] Wjlg t/ª\usf] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ . b'j}
t/ª\udf ;DalGwt zAbfjnL gfdª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ xfdLx¿ ljleGg t/ª\un] 3]l/Psf 5f}F . o; egfOnfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] t/ª\usf cfwf/df
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ l;6L :Sofgn] z/L/sf leqL cª\usf] lj:t[t r]shfFr u/L lqcfoflds l/kf]6{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] eP
tfklg kf7]3/sf] lzz'sf] cj:yfaf/] r]shfFrsf cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
-h_ Wjlg k/fjt{gsf s'g} rf/cf]6f pkof]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
-em_ /f]xgn] Wjlg k/fjt{gaf6 cfk\mgf] 3/sf] l7scufl8 kg]{ l5d]sLsf] 3/sf] b'/L lx;fa u/] . pSt ljlw
JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-`_ Ps hgf ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ pgsf] kf7]3/sf] lzz'sf] cj:yfaf/] r]shfFrsf nflu l;6L :Sofg ug]{ ls
cN6«f;f]gf]u|fkmL egL hfgsf/L rflxPsf] 5 . oL b'j} k|ljlwdf k|of]u x'g] ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\usf
cfwf/df pgsf nflu s'g k|ljlw pko'St xf] egL a'emfpg'xf];\ .

220
PsfO !! ljB't\ (Electricity)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M !@
!= PsfO kl/ro
o; PsfOaf6 ljBfyL{df wf/f ljB't\sf] sf/0f / wf/f ljB't\sf] k|jfxdf ;|f]tsf] e"ldsfaf/] cjwf/0ff ljsf;
x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] ljB't\ kl/kydf hl8t nf]8af6 x'g] zlSt ¿kfGt/0f, ;'rfnssf] cj/f]w / pSt
cj/f]wnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tŒjaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u5{g . pgLx¿df ljB't\ kl/kydf hl8t nf]8sf]
cj/f]w;DaGwL lx;fa ug]{, ljB't\ dx;'n lx;fa ug]{ h:tf l;k ljsf; x'G5g . ljBfyL{n] kl/kydf hl8t
;|f]tsf] On]S6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ tyf nf]8sf b'O{ 5]plarsf] kf]6]lG;on km/s dfkgsf] l;k xfl;n u5{g\ .
nf]8;]l8ª tyf ljB't\ r'xfj6 Go"gLs/0faf/] ;r]t /xL ljB't\ r'xfj6 Go"gLs/0fsf pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug{
;S5g\ . kf7\oj:t'sf] ;'?cftdf ul/g] dl:tis dGygn] ljBfyL{df pT;'stf l;h{gf x'g] / pgLx¿nfO{
ljifj:t'df s]lGb|t u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ;xsfo{ ljlw, k|of]ufTds ljlw, hf]8L k9fO, 5nkmn,
vf]h ljlw cflbn] ljBfyL{df ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 . sIffleq ;do Joj:yfkgsf nflu lzIfsn]
JofVofg ljlw, k|bz{g ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b}lgs kf7cg';f/sf d"Nofª\sg tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{n]
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'wf/ x'G5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ ljB't\ wf/fsf] kl/efiff lbg / of];Fu ;DalGwt ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
-v_ On]S6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ / kf]6]lG;on km/ssf] kl/ro lbg
-u_ cj/f]wsf] kl/efiff lbg / of];Fu ;DalGwt ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
-3_ cj/f]ws÷nf]8x¿sf] ;d"xLs/0fsf k|sf/sf] kl/ro lbg, ljz]iftf j0f{g ug{ / ;DalGwt
ul0ftLo ;d:of xn ug{
-ª_ ljB't\sf] tfk / k|sfz c;/sf] kl/ro lbg
-r_ ljB'tLo ;fdYo{sf] kl/efiff lbg / ;/n ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
-5_ ljB't\ vkt tyf ljB't\ dx;'nsf] ;/n ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
-h_ ljB't\ r'xfj6 / nf]8;]l8ª Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfo j0f{g ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg
ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
j|m=;=
! ljB't\ wf/f  kl/efiff !
 rfh{ / ljB't\ wf/f;DaGwL ;fdfGo lx;fa
@ On]S6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ /  kl/ro !
kf]6lG;on l8km/]G;  leGgtf
# ljB't\ cj/f]w  kl/efiff #
 ef]N6]h, ljB't\ wf/f / cj/f]wsf] ;DaGw
 V = IR ;Fu ;DalGwt ;/n ul0ftLo ;d:of
 ljB't\ cj/f]wnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tŒj

221
$ cj/f]w÷nf]8sf] >]0fLj|md  kl/ro @
/ ;dfgfGt/ ;d"xLs/0f  ljz]iftf
 cj/f]ws h8fg ;DalGwt ul0ftLo ;d:of
% ljB't\sf] tfk / k|sfz  kl/efiff !
c;/  tfk c;/ / k|sfz c;/df cfwfl/t pks/0f
^ ljB'tLo ;fdYo{  kl/efiff, cy{ !
 ;/n ul0ftLo ;d:of
& ljB't\ vkt / ljB't\  kl/efiff @
dx;'n, ljB't\ r'xfj6 /  ljB't\ vkt tyf dx;'n lx;fa
nf]8;]l8ª  nf]8;]l8ª / ljB't\ r'xfj6sf] cjwf/0f /
Go"gLs/0f pkfo
* k'g/fj[lQ, PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !
$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
klxnf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ wf/f
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ljB't\ wf/fsf] kl/efiff lbg]
 ljB't\ wf/sf] kl/efiffaf6 I = Q/t ;"q b]vfpg]
 I = Q/t k|of]u u/L ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L M ;'rfns tf/, Aof6«L, Pld6/ jf dlN6ld6/, g'g, kfgL, sfFrsf] /8,
Knfl:6ssf] a6\6f, l:jr / aNa cflb
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !&# df lbOPsf] lrq 11.1 cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt lrqdf
cfwfl/t lgDg k|Zg ;f]wL ;du| PsfOsf] ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
 ufx{:y ljB't\ kl/ky s] xf] <
 ufx{:y ljB't\ kl/kydf s] s] pks/0f
h8fg ul/Psf] x'G5 <
 ufx{:y ljB't\ kl/kydf pks/0f h8fgsf
nflu tfdfsf] tf/ k|of]u ul/g'sf] sf/0f s]
xf]nf <
 ljB't\ pks/0f Pskl5 csf]{ u/L Pp6}
tf/df h8fg gu/L lsg k|To]s
pks/0f;Dd b'O{cf]6f tf/ 5'6\6f5'6\6}
k'¥ofOPsf] x'G5 <
 xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ ljleGg pks/0fn] ljB't\ zlStnfO{ cGo s'g s'g zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f u5{g\ .
 s] ;a} pks/0fn] ljB't\ zlStnfO{ cGo zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ b/ ;dfg x'G5 <

222
 ufx{:y ljB't\ kl/kydf hl8t pks/0fsf] k|of]uaf6 x'g] ljB't\ zlStsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] dfkg s;/L
ul/G5 <
 xfdL ljB't\ vkt u/]afkt ltg'{kg]{ dx;'n s]sf cfwf/ lx;fa ul/G5, pSt dx;'n s'g} dlxgf a9L
/ s'g} dlxgf sd lsg lx;fa x'G5 <
o;af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ of] kf7k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f

ljBfyL{df lglxt lgDg ljifoj:t'sf] k"j{ 1fg k/LIf0f u/L cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf tL ljifoj:t'sf]
hfgsf/L u/fO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
 rfh{ s] xf] <
 wf/f ljB't\ s] xf] <
 wf/f ljB't\sf ;|f]t s] s] x'g\ <
 ;"rfngs tf/ eP/ wf/f ljB't\ s;/L k|;f/0f x'G5 <
lj|mofsnfk # M k'g/fj[lQ
— ;Fu}sf] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} ljB't\ kl/kydf h8fg ul/g] ljleGg cjojsf] ;ª\s]taf/] lrq k|bz{g
af]8d
{ f k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .
— To:t} lrq lzIfsn] af]8d { f sf]/L lbg'xf];\ .
— ;Fu;Fu} ljBfyL{nfO klg lrq sf]g]{ cEof; u/fpg'xf];\
— ljBfyL{sf sfdsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M cjnf]sg
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !&$ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 11.1 u/fO{ wf/f ljB't\ k|;f/0fdf ;'rfns tf/,
Aof6«L / 3f]nsf] e"ldsf cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

l;sfO p2]Zo xfl;n x'g]u/L tflnsfdf ljj/0f eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

 Aof6«Ln] ljB't\ rfh{nfO{ kl/kydf ws]N5
 3f]ndf x'g] cfof]gn] ljB't\ k|;f/0f x'G5
223
 ;"rfns tf/df x'g] :jtGq On]S6«f]gn] ubf{ rfh{ k|;f/0f x'G5 / wf/f ljB't\ tf/sf] Ps 5]paf6
csf]{ 5]pdf k'U5 .
 g'gkfgLsf] 3f]ndf g'gsf] dfqf a9\b} hfFbf aNasf] pHofnf]df s:tf] kl/jt{g cfpF5 <
 g'gsf] ;6\6fdf lrgL /fvL cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . s] aNa aN5 < o;af/] sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M lrq k|bz{g

 Pp6f sf8{af]8{df ;Fu}sf] lrqdf h:t} lrq sf]/L On]S6«f]g÷k|f]6f]g rfh{, 1 C rfh{ / s/]G6sf] ;"q
k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ 1 C rfh{ / 1 A ljB't\ s/]G6sf] kl/efiff n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . - s/]G6
rfh{
;do

_
 o;af6 s/]G6sf] kl/efiff / 1A s/]G6sf] kl/efiff :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
 ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !&% df lbOPsf] pbfx/0f 1 df pNn]v ePsf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df
ljB't\ wf/f lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 o;af6 ljBfyL{df ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ l;k ljsf; ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ Ps s'nDa rfh{ eGgfn] slt On]S6«f]gsf] rfh{nfO{ hgfOG5 .
-cf_ wf/f ljB't\ s]nfO{ elgG5 <
-O_ ljB't\ s/]G6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-O{_ 10 mA ljB't\ wf/f ePsf] ;'rfns tf/df 0.2 C rfh{ axg nfUg] ;do lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-p_ ljB't\ s/]G6 k|jfxdf ;|f]tsf] e"ldsf s] x'G5, pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
-c_ 1 A s/]G6 kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ ljB't\ s/]G6 dfkgsf ;fgf PsfO n]Vg'xf];\ .
bf];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M On]S6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ - e.m.f._ / kf]6]lG;on km/s -p.d. _
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 e.m.f. / p.d. sf] kl/ro lbg]
 e.m.f. / p.d. lar leGgtf n]Vg]
 e.m.f. / p.d. sf] dfkg u/L oL larsf] ;DaGw kQf nufpg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
8«fO ;]n, tf/, Pld6/, ef]N6ld6/, d]6fsf8{
224
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk !M zlSt ¿kfGt/0f k|bz{g
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} sIffdf Pp6f ;]n;Fu aNanfO{
h8fg u/L aNa an]sf] k|bz{g ug'xf];\ . o;df aNa
aNgdf ;]nsf] e"ldsf / aNaaf6 zlSt ¿kfGt/0f
x'g'sf] sf/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M lrq k|bz{g -cfOsf]lgs l;sfO_

 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} lrq sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

 ;]ndf n]lvPsf] 1.5 V n] pSt ;]nnfO{ kl/kydf h8fg ubf{ k|lt sf]nDa rfh{ k|jfx u/fpg ug]{
sfo{sf ¿kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M dl:tis dGyg

 sIffdf kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !&% df lbOPsf] Pgfnf]hL k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 b'O{cf]6f Knfl:6ssf af]tndf el/Psf] kfgLsf] ;tx km/s km/s prfO;Dd /x]sf] 5 . tL b'j}sf
lardf Pp6f gnLn] hf]8\bf kfgL stfaf6 stflt/ axG5 < s] kfgL lg/Gt/ alx/G5 < olb kfgL
axg 5f]8]df k'gM kfgL axg] agfpg s] ug'{k5{ < eg]/ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] cg'dfg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
 b'Ocf]6f Knfli6ssf af]tndf el/Psf] kfgLsf] prfO km/s km/s ePsf] cj:yfdf b'O{cf]6}
af]tnnfO{ lardf Pp6f gnLn] hf]8]/ ePsf] kl/jt{g ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ uf]nf] 3]/fdf pleP/
cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 o;af6 h;/L kDkn] kfOkdf kfgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 . To;}u/L ljB't\ kl/kydf ;]nn]
rfh{sf] k|jfxnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 eg]/ JofVof ul/lbg'xf];\ .
 o; Pgfnf]hLdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;]nsf] On]lS6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ / kl/kydf x'g] kf]6]lG;on
km/saf/] kl/lrt u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 pSt ;d"xdf Pp6fnfO{ kfgf !&% df lbOPsf kfgL tfGg] kDksf] sfo{ / ljB't\ kl/kydf ;]nn]
rfh{ k|jfxsf nflu sfo{ ug'{kg]{ lj|moflar ;dfgtf k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ pSt t'ngfsf]
JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 cGTodf ;Dk"0f{ sIffaf6 s'g} Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf tL ;dfgtf eGg
nufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xhstf{{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .
225
lj|mofsnfk % M e.m.f. / pd sf] t'ngf
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !&^ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 11.2 df pNn]v eP h:t} ljlwaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{
e.m.f. / p.d. sf] t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

 Apple Technique k|of]u u/]/ lar lardf k|Zg ;f]w]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ /rgfTds k[i7kf]if0f
k|bfg ug{'xf];\ .
o; lj|mofsnfksf] glthfsf ¿kdf p.d. eGbf e.m.f. a9L x'g] tYo k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk ^ M hf]8L k9fO

 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !&& df lbOPsf cg'R5]bsf] cWoogsf nflu b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf Pp6fnfO{
k9\g] / csf]{n] e.m.f. / pd sf] kl/efiff eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
 o;sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] k[i7kf]if0f;lxt b'j}sf] kl/efiff :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .

ljmofsnfk & M leGgtf n]vg

 ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ vfnL d]6fsf8{ / sn/ k]g lbg'xf];\ .
 d]6fsf8{df e.m.f. / pd larsf leGgtf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . tL sf8{ ;ª\sngkZrft\ s'g} klg a'Fbf
gbf]xf]l/g] u/L sIffsf] lj1fg sg{/df 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
 cGTodf 5f]6f] k[i7kf]if0f;lxt leGgtf atfOlbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk * M 5nkmn
 xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ 8«fO;]ndf On]S6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ -e.m.f._ 1.5 V n]lvPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf]
<
 xfdLn] ufx{:y ljB't\ kl/kydf pks/0f k|of]u ug{ lsg o;sf] Pp6f 5]pnfO{ nfOe tf/ / csf]{
5]pnfO{ Go'6«n tf/;F+u h8fg ul/G5 < ;fdfGotM pSt kl/kydf x'g] kf]6]lG;on km/s slt x'G5 <
;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ OnS6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ kf]6]lG;on km/s eg]sf] s] xf] <
-O_ kf6]lG;on km/s s;/L pTkGg x'G5 <
-O{_ ljB't\ kl/kydf On]S6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ / kf]6]lG;on km/ssf] dfkg b]vfpg] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ .
-p_ b'O{cf]6f 8«fO;]n, ;'rfns tf/, aNa, ef]N6ld6/ / Pld6/ h8fg u/L p.d. eGbf e.m.f. a9L x'g]
tYo k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L

226
Pld6/ Go'g cj/f]w ePsf] pks/0f ePsfn] o;nfO{ s/]G6 dfkgsf j|mddf ljB't\ kl/kydf >]0fLj|md
h8fg ul/G5 . To:t} ef]N6ld6/ a9L cj/f]w x'g] pks/0f ePsfn] o;nfO{ nf]8sf] ;dfgfGt/ h8fg ul/G5
.

t];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M cf]xdsf] lgod
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 cj/f]w -R_ nfO{ ef]N6h -V_ / ljB't\wf/f -I_ sf] cg'kftsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ug]{
 cf]xdsf] lgodaf6 R=V/I ;"q lgsfNg]
 cf]xd PsfOsf] kl/ro lbg]
 cf]xd tŒjhGo PsfO xf] egL k|dfl0ft ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
j|mf]sf]8fOn lSnk, ;]n -# cf]6f_, ef]N6ld6/, Pld6/
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M kf]6]lG;on km/s / s/]G6sf] ;DaGw k|bz{g
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} ;]n, Pld6/, ef]N6ld6/ / aNa h8fg u/L kl/ky
lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] Pp6f, b'O{cf]6f / tLgcf]6f ;]n >]0fLj|md h8fg u/L
kf]6]lG;on km/s / s/]G6sf] gfk tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\
.
;]n ;ª\Vof kf]6]lG;on km/s s/]G6
Ps ;]n =================== ============
b'O{ ;]n ====================== =============
tLg ;]n ================== ==============
o; lj|mofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zg
-c_ ;]nx¿ yKb} hFfbf lsg aQLsf] rlDsnf]kgf a9\5 <
-cf_ ;]n yKb} hfFbf kf]6]lG;on km/s s;/L kl/jt{g x'G5 <
-O_ kf]6]lG;on km/s kl/jt{g x'Fbf s/]G6 s;/L kl/jt{g x'G5 <
lgisif{ M ljB't\ kl/kydf tf/, aNa cflb kl/jt{g gubf{ kf]6]lG;on km/s a9]df s/]G6 klg a9\5 .

lj|mofsnfk @ M cf]xf]dsf] lgod k|bz{g

ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !&* df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 11.3 ug{ nufO{ cf]xdsf] lgod k|bz{g ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . ljB't\ kl/kysf] h8fg, kf]6]lG;on km/s dfkg, s/]G6 dfkg h:tf sfo{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
 ljB't\ kl/ky tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
 j|mdzM Ps, b'O{, tLg / rf/cf]6f ;]nsf b'O{ 5]psf] kf]6]lG;on km/s -V_ / kl/ky eP/ hfg] ljB't\
wf/f -I_ dfkg ug{'xf];\ .

227
 pSt tYofª\snfO{ tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf eg'{xf];\ . kf]6]lG;on km/s -V_ nfO{ x -cIfdf / ;DalGwt
ljB't\ wf/f -I_ nfO{ y-cIfdf /fv]/ u|fkm lvRg'xf];\ .

lgisif{
ef}lts cj:yf l:y/ x'Fbf, cr/ dfg kf]6]lG;on km/s -V_ nfO{ x–cIfdf / ;DaGwLt ljB't\
wf/f -I_ nfO{ y cIfdf /fv]/ lvlrPsf u|fkmdf Ps l;wf /]vf k|fKt x'G5 . o;sf] e'msfj -slope_
x'G5 . clg n] R sf] dfg gfpF5 .

lj|mofsnfk #M cf]xdsf] lgod n]vg

dflysf] lj|mofsnfksf] glth / kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !&*, kfgf !&( sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ cf]xdsf]
lgod n]Vg nufO{ , k|dfl0ft ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $M lrq k|bz{g

 ljB't\ cjf/f]wsf] P;=cfO{= PsfO -SI Unit_ cf]xd -ohm_ ef}ltszf:qL ;fOdg cf]xdsf] vf]hsf]
sb/:j¿k pgs} gfdaf6 /flvPsf] af/] cf]xdsf] lrq;Fu} sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . pSt kl/df0fsf]
;ª\s]tsf nflu lu|s efiffsf] cIf/ cf]d]uf -omega_ Ω sf] k|of]u ul/g]af/] klg hfsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M k'g/fj[lQ
 ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwaf6 cfwf/e"t PsfO / tThGo PsfOsf] kl/efiff eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
k|ltlglw ¿kdf ljBfyL{nfO{ cfwf/e"t / tThGo PsfOsf b'O{ b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ .
 o;af6 cj/f]wsf] PsfO tThGo jf cfwf/e"t s'g xf] :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .

228
lj|mofsnfk ^ M d]6fsf8{ k|bz{g
 ;Fu}sf r/0fnfO{ Pp6f d]6fsf8{df Pp6f r/0f x'g]u/L d]6fsf8{df n]vL sIffdf n}hfg'xf];\ .
 tL d]6fsf8{nfO{ tnsf r/0f h:t} ldnfP/ cf]xd PsfOleq /x]sf cfwf/e"t PsfO k|bz{g ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

o;af6 cf]xd tThGo PsfO xf] . of] s'g s'g PsfO ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 eg]/ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ljB't\ kl/kydf k|jfx x'g] s/]G6, kl/kydf x'g] cj/f]w / kf]6]lG;on km/slarsf] ;DaGw ;j{k|yd
s;n] cfljisf/ u/]sf lyP <
-cf_ cf]xdsf] l;4fGt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ V = IR x'G5 egL k|dfl0ft ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
Pp6f Pld6/, Pp6f ljB't\ lx6/, Pp6f ef]N6ld6/ / Pp6f Aof6«L plrt tl/sfn] h8fg ul/Psf] aGb ljB't\
kl/kysf] lrq lvrL sGe]G;gn ljB't\ wf/f k|jfxsf] lbzf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ cj/f]w
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 cf]xd kl/eflift ug{]
 V=IR ;"qsf] k|of]uaf6 ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg

229
 sIffdf Pp6f l8lh6n ljB't\ ld6/sf] lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ / lgDg k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljBfyL{nfO{
ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ xfdLx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ u|fx:y ljB't\ kl/kydf kf]6]lG;on km/s slt x'G5, s] ljB't\ ld6/df pSt dfg
cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 <
-cf_ s] xfd|f] u|fx:y ljB't\ kl/kydf slt ljB't\ k|jfx ePsf] 5 cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 <
-O_ s] cf]xdsf] lgod k|of]u u/L xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ ljleGg pks/0f eP/ hfg] s/]G6 lx;fa ug{
;lsG5 <

lj|mofsnfk @ M cj/f]w dfkg

lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} Pp6f dlN6ld6/ k|of]u u/L cj/f]wssf] cj/f]w dfkg u/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M cj/f]w dfkg

 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} Pp6f kl/kydf aNa, Pld6/, ef]N6ld6/ / ;]n

h8fg ug'{xf];\ .
 gfOj|mf]d, tfdf, cNd'lgod cflbsf tf/sf 6'j|mf h8fg u/L
kl/kydf axg] s/]G6sf] dfqfdf cfpg] cGt/ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ s/]G6sf] dfqfdf cfpg] kl/jt{g cj/f]wdf cfPsf]
kl/jt{gn] ubf{ xf] egL k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
 cj/f]w a9\bf s/]G6 36\g] / cj/f]w 36\bf s/]G6 a9\g] tYo k|:6
kfg'{xf];\ .

230
lj|mofsnfk $ M kl/efiff n]vg
Pp6f d]6fsf8{df ;Fu}sf] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} ! cf]xdsf] kl/efiff bzf{pg] lrq k|bz{g u/L pSt lrqsf
cfwf/df kl/efiff n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

s'g} 1 cj/f]w ePsf] ljB't\ rfnsaf6 1 A s/]G6 k|jfx u/fpg cfjZos kg]{ ljB't\ rfknfO{ 1 V
elgG5 .
kf]6]lG;on km/s
\ cj/f]w
s/]G6

lj|mofsnfk % M ul0ftLo ;d:ofsf] xn

tn pNn]v ePsf] ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
Pp6f gfOj|mf]d tf/sf b'O{ 5]p larsf] kf]6]lG;on km/s 6 V / pSt tf/ eP/ axg] s/]G6 2 A 5 eg]
tf/sf] cj/f]w lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk ^ M ;"q lqe'h k|bz{g

Pp6f d]6fsf8{df lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} cf]xdsf] lgodaf6 k|fKt ;"q V = IR sf cIf/ n]Vg'xf];\ . ca s'g}
Pp6f cIf/nfO{ xftsf cf}nfn] 5f]Kg'xf];\ / pSt kl/df0f lx;fa ug]{ ;"q afFsL /xG5 .

lj|mofsnfk & M cj/f]wsf] lx;fa

ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*) df lbOPsf] pbfx/0f @ df lbOPsf] kfgL ttfpg] /8 eP/ axg] s/]G6
lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ljB't\ cj/f]w kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ ljB't\ cj/f]wsf cfwf/df ;'rfns / s'rfnslar leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ b'O{cf]6f 8«fO ;]n h8fg u/L Pp6f ljB't\ kl/kydf k|jfx x'g] s/]G6 dfkg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt
s/]G6sf] dfkgsf cfwf/df ljB't\ kl/kydf /x]sf] cj/f]w lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ 10 V sf] Aof6«LnfO{ 40 cj/f]w ePsf] lrd;Fu hf]8\bf pSt lrddf slt s/]G6 k|jfx x'G5 <

231
-p_ Pp6f sf/sf] x]8nfO6df 12 V ljB't\ rfk x'Fbf 4 A s/]G6 axG5 eg] pSt x]8nfO6sf] aNasf] cj/f]w
slt x'G5 <
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{F{sf] 3/df k|of]u x'g] s'g} pks/0fsf] l:6s/df n]lvPsf] s/]G6 / ef]N6]h /]l6ªsf cfwf/df pSt
pks/0f eP/ s/]G6 k|jfx xF'bf l;h{gf x'g] cj/f]w lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .

kfFrf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ cj/f]wnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tŒj
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ;'rfnssf] cj/f]wdf nDafO, df]6fO, kbfy{ / tfkj|mdcg';f/ x'g] kl/jt{g pNn]v ug]{
 ;'rfnssf] cj/f]w ljleGg cj:yf - nDafO, df]6fO, kbfy{ / tfkj|md_ cg';f/ kl/jt{g x'g] eP
tfklg R = V/I ;w}F nfu' x'g] tYo atfpg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
lkmnfd]G6 aNa, gfOj|mf]d lxl6ª Olnd]G6, 1.5 V sf 2 cf]6f ;]n, aNa, Pld6/, ef]N6ld6/, j|mf]sf]8fOn
lSnk, ;'rfns tf/ / l;;fsnd
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk M ! dl:tis dGyg
sIffdf lkmnfd]G6 aNa / gfOj|mf]d lxl6ª Olnd]G6 nu]/ hfg'xf];\ . o:tf] ;Dej gePsf] cj:yfdf tn
lbOPsf lrqx¿ k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf k|Zg u/L ljifoj:t'af/] pT;'s agfpg'xf];\ M

-c_ lrdsf] leq /flvg] tf/ lsg Psbd} dl;gf] / SjfOn agfP/ /flvPsf] x'G5 <
-cf_ ljB't\ lx6/df k|of]u ul/g] gfOj|mf]d tf/ lsg SjfOnsf ¿kdf /flvG5 <
dflysf k|Zgsf] pQ/af/] 5nkmn u/fO{ ljBt\ cj/f]w ;'rfns tf/sf] df]6fO, nDafO, kbfy{sf] agf]6
cflbsf cfwf/df km/s kg]{ tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
-O_ To;kl5 Pp6f ljB't\ kl/kydf Pld6/ hf]8]/ df]6f], nfdf], kbfy{sf] agf]6sf cfwf/df tf/sf 6'j|mf hf]8/]
Pld6/sf] l/l8ª cWoog u/]/ lgisif{df k'Ug nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk M @ ljB't\ cj/f]w dfkg

 ;'rfnssf] nDafO kl/jt{g;Fu} kl/jt{g x'g] ljB't\ cj/f]w dfkgsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*) df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 11.4 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

232
 u|fkmfO6 /8sf] b'j} 5]pdf ePsf lSnkdWo] s'g} Ps lSnknfO{ larlt/ ;f/]/ dfkg ul/g]
kf]6]lG;on km/s / s/]G6sf] dfgsf] cg'kftn] pSt /8sf] cj/f]wsf] dfg lbg] k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
lgisif{ M ;'rfnssf] nDafO a9\bf ljB't\ cj/f]w klg a9\5 .

lj|mofsnfk M # ljB't\ cj/f]w dfkg

 ;'rfnssf] df]6fO kl/jt{g;Fu} kl/jt{g x'g] ljB't\ cj/f]w dfkgsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfk !
df h:t} ljB't\ kl/ky h8fg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 kl/kydf ;'rfnssf ¿kdf df]6f] tyf dl;gf] tf/ /fv]/ cj/f]w dfkg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . df]6fO
36\bf cj/f]w a9\g] tYo k|dfl0ft eP gePsf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
lgisif{ M ;'rfnssf] df]6fO a9\bf ljB't\ cj/f]w 36\5 .

lj|mofsnfk $ M ljB't\ cj/f]wsTjsf] t'nfTds cWoog

 ;Fu}sf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf ljleGg kbfy{x¿sf cj/f]wsTjsf dfgx¿ sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ kbfy{sf] agf]6cg';f/ cj/f]wsTj km/s km/s x'g] tYoaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ;'rfns tf/sf] ljB't\ cj/f]wnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tŒj n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ Pp6f tf/sf] nDafO bf]Aa/ agfof] eg] o;sf] cj/f]wdf s] km/s k5{ <
-O_ kf]6]lG;on km/s ;dfg ePsf] cj:yfdf ljB't\ kl/kydf h8fg ul/g] dl;gf] tf/ / df]6f] tf/dWo]
s'gdf s/]G6 a9L k|jfx x'G5 <
-O{_ Pp6f dlN6ld6/sf] k|of]u u/L tkfO{{F;Fu ePsf] k]lG;nsf] u|fkmfO6 ln8sf] cj/f]w dfkg ug'{xf];\ .

233
5}6f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M cj/f]wssf] h8fg
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 cj/f]wssf] >]0fLj|md jf ;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf] kl/efiff lbg]
 >]0fLj|md jf ;dfgfGt/ h8fg u/L k|bz{g ug]{
 cj/f]wssf] >]0fLj|md jf ;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf ljB't\ wf/f / kf]6]lG;on km/s;DaGwL ljz]iftf kQf
nufpg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
b'O{cf]6f 8«fO{ ;]n, b'O{cf]6f aNa, Pld6/, ef]N6ld6/ / j|mf]sf]8fOn lSnk
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;]nsf] >]0fLj|md h8fg / ;dfgfGt/0f h8fgsf] lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 b'j} lsl;dsf h8fgsf ljz]iftf eGg nupg'xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] pQ/sf cfwf/df >]0fLj|md h8fg /
;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf] 1fg /x] g/x]sf k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ / cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;xhLs/0f
ug'{xf];\ .
 ;]nsf] h8fg h:t} cj/f]wssf] klg h8fg ug{ ;lsg] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M dl:tis dGyg
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} lau|]sf ljB'tLo pks/0faf6 ;ls{6 af]8{ lgsfn]/ ljleGg cj/f]w Ifdtf ePsf
cj/f]wssf] h8fg k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . tL cj/f]wsnfO{ To;/L lsg h8fg ul/Psf xf]nfg\ egL k|Zg u/L
cj/f]wssf] h8fgaf/] ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M cj/f]wssf] h8fg

ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*! df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 11.5 df pNn]v ePcg';f/ aNanfO{ kl/ky
s / kl/ky v df h:t} h8fg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

234
o; lj|mofsnfsf] glthf / lgisif{sf ¿kdf lgDg tYo k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ M
 >]0fLj|mddf h8fg ubf{ hDdf kf]6]lG;on km/s b'j} aNalarsf] kf]6]lG;on km/ssf] hf]8kmn;Fu
a/fa/ x'G5 .
 >]0fLj|md h8fgdf k|To]s aNa eP/ axg] s/]G6 ;dfg x'G5 .
 aNasf] ;dfgfGt/ h8fgdf k|To]s aNasf] b'O{ 5]plarsf] kf]6]lG;on km/s ;dfg x'G5 .
 ;dfgfGt/ h8fgdf aNasf] cj/f]wcg';f/ ltgaf6 k|jfx x'g] s/]G6 km/s km/s x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk M aNasf] >]0fLj|md h8fg

 dflysf] lj|mofsnkdf h:t} ljBfyL{nfO{

;'?df b'O{cf]6f aNa >]0fLj|md h8fg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
 kl/kydf yk Ps aNa h8fg u/L ;a}
aNasf] rlDsnf]kgf cfpg] kl/jt{g
cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

o; lj|mofsnfksf] glthfsf ¿kdf >]0fLj|md h8fgdf aNasf] ;ª\Vof a9\bf aNasf] rlDsnf]kgf 36\g] tYo
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . o;sf] sf/0f >]0fLj|md h8fgdf kf]6]lG;on km/s afFl8g' xf] eGg] tYoaf/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk M gd'gf k|bz{g

 sIffdf ltxf/df k|of]u x'g] lemlnldnL aQL -decorative lights_ df x'g] >]0fLj|md h8fg / l:jr
af]8{af6 5'6\6f5'6\6} tf/ nu]/ aNa, kª\vf cflbsf] ;dfgfGt/ h8fg k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ dflysf b'O{ h8fgdWo] s'gdf 5'6\6f5'6\6} l:jr /fvL cfjZostfcg';f/ :jtGq ¿kn]
nf]8nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .

235
lj|mofsnfk M lrq k|bz{g
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} cj/f]wssf sf8{af]8{df ;dfgfGt/ / >]0fLj|md h8fgdf x'g] kf]6]lG;on km/s tyf
s/]G6 b]vfpg] lrq sf]/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

k|To]s nf]8nfO{ ljB't\ ;|f]t;Fu 5'6\6f5'6\6} h8fg ul/g] h8fgnfO{ ;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf ¿kdf kl/eflift
ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M ljz]iftf n]vg
sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
pgLx¿nfO{ 5nkmnaf6 nf]8sf] >]0fLj|md h8fg / ;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf ljz]iftf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
kfn}kfnf] gbf]xf]l/g] u/L ljz]iftf k9\g nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ >]0fLj|md h8fg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ >]0fLj|md h8fg / ;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf Ps Ps pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ b'O{cf]6f aNa, ;]n, Pld6/sf] >]0fLj|md h8f/ / s'g} Ps aNasf b'O{ 5]p larsf] kf]6]lG;on km/s dfkg
u/]sf] b]vfpg] ljB't\ kl/kysf] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ .
-O{_ ljB't\ kl/kydf b'O{cf]6f aNasf] ;dfgfGt/ h8fg / pSt kl/kydf axg] s/]G6sf] dfkg tyf aNasf
b'O{ 5]p larsf] kf]6]lG;on km/s dfkg u/]sf] b]vfpg] ljB't\ kl/kysf] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
gd'gf lgdf{0f
-c_ ;'rfns tf/, LED aQL, ;]n h8fg u/L >]0fLj|md h8fgsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-cf_ l:jr af]8{af6 k|To]s nf]8 h8fgsf nflu b'O{cf]6f 5'6\6f5'6\6} tf/ nu]/ gd'gf aNa, kª\vf cflb nf]8
h8fg u/L ;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

;ftf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M cj/f]wsx¿sf] h8fg
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 cj/f]wx¿sf] >]0fLj|md / ;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf] k|efjsf/L cj/f]wsf] ;"q pNn]v ug]{
 cj/f]wx¿sf] >]0fLj|md / ;dfgfGt/ h8fgsf] k|efjsf/L cj/f]w;DaGwL ul0ftLo ;d:of xn ug]{
236
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
ef]N6ld6/, b'O{cf]6f aNa, 6 V Aof6«L, ;'rfns tf/
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk M
lj|mofsnfk ! M ;"q k|bz{g
sf8{af]8{df cj/f]wsf] >]0fLj|md h8fg kl/kysf] lrq;Fu} tn pNn]v ePsf r/0f pNn]v u/L k|efjsf/L
cj/f]w lx;fa ug]{ ;"q k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M >]0fLj|md h8fgdf axg] s/]G6 dfkg

ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/kydf 6 V Aof6«L /fvL b'O{cf]6f aNanfO{ >]0fLj|md h8fg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . kl/kydf axg]
s/]G6sf] dfkg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
cf]xdsf] lgod k|of]u u/L kl/kydf /x]sf] k|efjsf/L cj/f]w lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/kydf /x]sf] k|fefjsf/L cj/f]w lx;fa ug]{ ;"qsf] k|of]un] k|To]s cj/f]wssf] cj/f]w klg lx;fa ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M ;"q k|bz{g
sf8{af]8{df cj/f]wsf] ;dfgfGt/ h8fg kl/kysf] lrq;Fu} tn pNn]v ePsf r/0f pNn]v u/L k|efjsf/L
cj/f]w lx;fa ug]{ ;"q k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $ M ;dfgfGt/ h8fgdf axg] s/]G6 dfkg

 ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/kydf 6 V Aof6«L /fvL b'O{cf]6f aNanfO{ ;dfgfGt/ h8fg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
kl/kydf axg] s/]G6sf] dfkg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 cf]xdsf] lgod k|of]u u/L kl/kydf /x]sf] k|efjsf/L cj/f]w lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 kl/kydf /x]sf] k|efjsf/L cj/f]w lx;fa ug]{ ;"qsf] k|of]un] k|To]s cj/f]wssf] cj/f]w klg lx;fa
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg

 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*$ df lbOPsf] pbfx/0f # sf ul0ftLo ;d:of xn u/L sIffdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .

237
 pbfx/0f # sf ;d:of ;dfwfgkZrft\ lgisif{sf ¿kdf pxL cj/f]wsx¿nfO{ >]0fLj|md h8fgaf6
;dfgfGt/ h8fgdf ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ kl/kydf ljB't\ wf/f a9\g] tYo k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M t'ngfTds cWoog
sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ >]0fLj|md h8fg / ;dfgfGt/ h8fglar t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk & M sG;]K6 Dofk lgdf{0f
lbOPsf] lrqdf h:t} ljBfyL{nfO{ sG;]K6 Dofk lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ pxL tf/, aNa / ;]nnfO{ ;dfgfGt/ / >]0fLj|md h8fg ubf{ s'g cj:yfdf a9L s/]G6 k|jfx x'G5 <
-cf_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} >]0fLj|md h8fg ul/Psf cj/f]wssf] k|efjsf/L cj/f]w lx;fa ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . kl/kydf axg] s/]G6sf] dfg klg lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} ;dfgfGt/ h8fg ul/Psf cj/f]wssf] k|efjsf/L cj/f]w lx;fa ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . kl/kydf axg] s/]G6sf] dfg klg lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfO{F{nfO{ ;dfg ;fdYo{ ePsf b'O{cf]6f aNa, b'O{cf]6f 8«fO{ ;]n / ;'rfns tf/ lbOPsf] 5 . tL aNanfO{
clwstd pHofnf] x'g]u/L afNgsf nflu s'g lsl;dn] h8fg ug'{x'G5, lsg < lrq;lxt k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

238
cf7f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\sf] tfk c;/ / k|sfz c;/
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 nf]8df ljB't\ axFbf ljB't\ zlSt tfk zlStdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g] tYo k|bz{g ug]{
 nf]8df ljB't\ axFbf ljB't\ zlSt k|sfz zlStdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g] tYo k|bz{g ug]{
 6ª\u:6]g aQL, k\mnf]l/;]G6 aQL / LED aQLsf] ;fdfGo sfo{ljlw / ;fdYo{sf] t'ngf ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
;]n, aNa, ;'rfns tf/, gfOj|mf]d lx6/ jf gfOj|mf]d tf/, 6ª\u:6]g lkmnfd]G6 aNa, 6\o'a nfO6 jf CFL
aQL, LED aQL
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
sIffdf ljB't\nfO{ tfk / k|sfzdf kl/jt{g ug]{ pks/0faf/] lgDg k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljifoj:t'k|lt pT;'stf
hufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ tkfO{{Fn] ljB't\nfO{ tfkdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ s'g s'g pks/0f k|of]u ug'{x'G5 <
-cf_ tkfO{{Fn] ljB't\nfO{ k|sfzdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ s'g s'g pks/0f k|of]u ug'{x'G5 <

lj|mofsnfk @ M ljB't\sf] tfk / k|sfz k|bz{g

 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*$ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 11.6 df pNn]v eP h:t} Pp6f 6r{nfO6sf]
lrd b'O{cf]6f 8«fO;]n, l:jr / ;'rfns tf/ lng'xf];\ .
 tL ;a}nfO{ h8fg u/L ljB't\ kl/ky tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
 l:jr cg u/]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 o;nfO{ ckm ug'{xf];\ / lrdsf] tfkj|md cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . k|fKt
glthfsf] sf/0faf/] ljBfyL{dfem 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 lrdsf] leq /x]sf] lkmnfd]G6sf] pRr cj/f]w / pRr kUng] tfkj|mdn] tf/ tfTg] / pRr
tfkj|mddf rlDsnf] b]lvbf tfk;Fu k|sfz b]lvPsf] tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M gfOj|mf]d lx6/sf] sfo{ljlw k|bz{g

 ;Fu}sf] kl/kydf h:t} gOj|mf]d SjfOnsf] 6'j|mf sf6L kl/kydf h8fg ug'{xf];\ .
 kl/kydf l:jr cg u/L gfOj|mf]d tf/sf] pRr cj/f]wsf sf/0f pSt tf/ tft]sf] cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ gfOj|mf]d sl/a 900 oC ;Dd v'nf xfjfdf tfTbf klg ghNg] Ps lxl6ª Olnd]G6 ePsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

239
lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO
sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] hf]8Ldf afF8\g'xf];\ . Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*% df lbOPsf]
ljB't\sf] tfk c;/;DaGwL cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{n] gfOj|mf]dnfO{ lxl6ª Olnd]G6sf ¿kdf k|of]u
ug'{sf sf/0f l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lkmnfd]G6 lrd lgefpFbf s]xL ;do /ftf] tftf] cj:yfdf b]lvg] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . o;
cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df lgDg k|Zg ;f]wL ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
 s] ljB't\sf] k|sfz c;/ tfk;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 <
 s] Knf]l/;]G6 aQL / LED aQLdf klg lkmnfd]G6 aQL h:t} ljB't\af6 k|sfzdf ¿kfGt/0fsf
j|mddf tfk klg pTkGg x'G5 <
 s] ljB't\sf] k|sfz c;/sf j|mddf s]xL ljB't\ cgfjZos ¿kdf tfkdf v]/ hfG5 <

lj|mofsnfk % M lrq k|bz{g

 sf8{af]8{df lbOPsf] lrq sf]/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 6ª\u:6]g lkmnfd]G6sf ljz]iftf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
 lkmnfd]G6 cTolws tft]/ k|sfzdf kl/0ft x'g] tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
 lkmnfd]G6 aQLaf6 sl/a 90 % ljB't\ zlSt tfk / 10 % ljB't\ zlSt k|sfzdf kl/0ft x'g] tYo
hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk ^M lrq k|bz{g

;Fu}sf] lrqnfO{ sf8{af]8{df sf]/]/ sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

240
 ljBfyL{nfO{ pSt lrq cjnf]sg u/L k|fKt hfgsf/L kfn}kfnf] eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
 Knf]l/;]G6 aQLdf On]S6«f]8, ds{/L, k\mnf]l/;]G6 kfp8/ cflbsf] e"ldsfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
 o; lsl;dsf] aQLsf] cfo' t'ngfTds ¿kdf lkmnfd]G6 aQLsf] eGbf 3 u'0ff x'g] / sl/a 30 %
hlt ljB't\ zlStnfO{ k|sfzdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ljB't\sf] tfk c;/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ lx6ª Olnd]G6 c;/ / nfOl6ª Olnd]G6lar leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ lkmnfd]G6 aQL / k\mNnf]l/;]G6 aQLdWo] pmhf{ ;+/If0fsf nflu pko'St aQL s'g x'G5, tYo;lxt k'li6
ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} gfOj|mf]d tf/sf] k|of]u u/L ljB't\ lx6/sf] gd'gf tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

gjf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB'tLo ;fdYo{
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ljB'tLo ;fdYo{sf] kl/efiff lbg]
 s'g} klg ljB't\ nf]8df pb[t ul/Psf] ;fdYo{sf] cy{ a'emfpg]
 ;fdYo{sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ P=IV x'G5 eGg] k|dfl0ft ug]{
 P=IV ;"q k|of]u u/L nf]8sf] ;fdYo{ lx;fa ug{]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M tYofª\s ;ª\sng
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*% df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 11.7 df pNn]v eP h:t} ljBfnodf k|of]u x'g]
ljleGg pks/0fdf pNn]v ePsf] ;fdYo{sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

241
 ;ª\sng ul/Psf tYofª\sf] t'ngf u/L k"0f{ ¿kn] sfo{ ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g pks/0fn] k|lt
;]s]G8 ;a}eGbf a9L zlStnfO{ cGo zlStdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ /x]5 <
 s'g} ljB't\ pks/0fsf] k|of]u ubf{ k|lt PsfO ;dodf x'g] ljB't\ zlStsf] ¿kfGt/0f pSt
pks/0fsf] ;fdYo{ xf] egL kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M ;"q k|dfl0ft ug]{

 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*^ df lbOPsf P=IV k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgDg r/0fnfO{ d]6fsf8{df n]Vg'xf];\ .
 tL d]6fsf8{x¿nfO{ j|md ljuf/]/ x\jfO6 af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ .
 sIffdf b'O{ b'O{ hgf ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xdf cufl8 uP/ tL r/0fnfO{ ;xL j|mddf ldnfpg nufpg'xf];\
. Ps hgfn] j|md ldnfpFbf csf]{nfO{ To;sf] sf/0f eGg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M ;ª\s]lts l;sfO -Iconic learning_

 ;Fu}sf] lrqnfO{ sIffdf k|bz{g u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ 1 W ;fdYo{ kl/eflift ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 lrddf pb[t 60 W sf] cy{ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
 cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk $ M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg

kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*^ df lbOPsf] pbfx/0f 4 sf] ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % ul0ftLo ;d:of

 l8lh6n ljB't\ ld6/df /x]sf] a6g lyRbf u|fx:y ljB't\ kl/kydf ax]sf] s/]G6sf] dfg l:j|mgdf
l8:Kn] x'G5 .
 ljBfnodf k|of]udf /x]sf nf]8sf]] k|of]u ubf{ axg] s/]G6 cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
 P=IV ;"q k|of]u u/L ljBfnodf hl8t ;du| ljBfnodf hl8t nf]8sf] ;fdYo{ lx;fa ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

242
243
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ljB'tLo ;fdYo{ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ kª\vfdf pb[t 150 W sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ Pp6f sIffsf]7fdf 150 W sf b'O{cf]6f kª\vf / 20 W sf b'O{cf]6f aNa hln/x]sf] cj:yfdf pSt
sf]7fsf] kl/kydf axg] s/]G6 lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{Fsf] 3/df hl8t pks/0fsf] hDdf ;fdYo{ lx;fa ug'{xf];\ . u|fx:y ljB't\ kl/kydf 220 V kf]6]lG;on
km/s ePsf] cj:yfdf ;a} pks/0f rnfpFbf axg] s/]G6 slt x'G5 <

b;f}F lbg

ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ vkt

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ljB't\ vkt -ljB't\zlStsf] kl/df0f_ E= ljB't\ ;fdYo{ -P_×k|of]u ePsf pks/0fsf] ;8\Vof-n_ ×
;do -t_ x'G5 eGg] b]vfpg]
 kilowatt- hour sf] cy{ atfpg]
 ljB't\ vktnfO{ kilowatt-hour df JoSt u]g]{
 E= ljB't\ ;fdYo{ -P_×k|of]u ePsf pks/0fsf] ;8\Vof -n_ × ;do -t_ ;"q k|of]u u/L ljB't\
vkt lx;fa ug{]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
tnsf k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljB't\ vktaf/] pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ xfd|f] 3/sf] ljB't\ ld6/df o'lg6 lsg ylkb}F hfG5g <
-cf_ xfdLn] slt ;do ljB't\ pks/0f rnfpFbf xfd|f] 3/sf] ljB't\ ld6/df 1 o'lg6 a9\5 <

lj|mofsnfk @ M gd'gf k|bz{g

 Pp6f 1 lsnf]af6 ;fdYo{ ePsf] ljB't\ s]6nLnfO{ l:jraf]8{df hf]8]sf l:jr af]8{;Fu} ljB't\ ld6/
h8fg u/]sf] gd'gf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 sIffdf s]6nL 1 306f k|of]u ubf{ ld6/df 1 cª\s a9]sf] b]vfpg'xf];\ .
 1 snf]af6 ljB't\ ;fdYo{ ePsf] pks/0fnfO{ 1 306f k|of]u ubf{ ¿kfGt/0f x'g] ljB't\ zlStsf]
kl/df0fnfO{ 1 kWh sf ¿kdf kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
 lsnf]af6 cfj/nfO{ ljB't\ vktsf] Joj;flos PsfOsf ¿kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . tn pNn]v
eP h:t} lsnf]af6 cfj/ / pmhf{sf] SI PsfO joule larsf] ;DaGw k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

244
lj|mofsnfk # M ;"q n]vg
 ;fdYo{sf] ;fwf/0f kl/efiffaf6 ljB't\ pks/0fn] ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ zlSt (E) = ljB't\ ;fdYo{ (P) ×
;do (t) k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
PseGbf a9L pk/0f ePsf] cj:yfdf
hDdf ;fdYo{ = ljB't\ ;fdYo{ -P_× k|of]u ePsf pks/0fsf] ;8\Vof -n_
 ljB't\ vkt -ljB't\zlStsf] kl/df0f_ E= ljB't\ ;fdYo{-P_×k|of]u ePsf pks/0fsf] ;8\Vof -n_ ×
;do -t_ x'G5 eGg] b]vfpg]
lj|mofsnfk $ M ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
ljBfnodf hl8t ljleGg pks/0fsf] ;fdYo{ tn lbOPsf] tflndf h:t} eg{ nufpg'xf];\ . tL pks/0f
k|of]u x'g] cf};t ;do klg eg{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfnodf ! lbgdf x'g] ljB't\ vkt / dfl;s ljB't\ vkt
lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ljB't\ vktsf] Jofj;flos PsfO s] xf] <
-cf_ ;dYo{sf] kl/efiffaf6 ljB't\ vkt lx;fa ug]{ ;"q b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ lbOPsf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ljB't\ vkt lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{

kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !*& df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 11.8 df pNn]v ePcg';f/
ljBfyL{sf 3/df k|of]u ul/g] ljB't\ pks/0f;DaGwL ljj/0f tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ . pSt
ljj/0fsf cfwf/df b}lgs ljB't\ vkt lx;fa ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

245
P3f/f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ljB't\ dx;'n, ljB't\ r'xfj6 / nf]8;]l8ª

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo

 ljB't\ dx;'nsf] lx;fa ug]{
 ljB't\ r'xfj6 cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg]{
 ljB't\ r'xfj6 Go"gLs/0fsf pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
ljB't\ dx;'n lan, sf8{af]8{, l8lh6n ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljB't\ dx;'n lx;faaf/] pT;'s agfpg'xf];\ .
 ljB't\ dx;'n lan k|bz{g ub}{ tkfO{{Fn] cfk\mgf] 3/df dfl;s ¿kdf slt ¿lkofF dx;'n ltg'{x'G5 <
 ljB't\ vkt lx;fa ul/;s]kl5 dx;'n s;/L lx;fa ug{ ;lsG5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M ljB't\ dx;'n lx;fa
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf !** df lbOPsf] pbfx/0f 5 df pNn]lvt ljj/0fx¿sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ ljB't\
dx;'n lx;fa ug{df ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M kf]:6/ k|bz{g
 ljB't\ r'xfj6, ljB't\ r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf pbfx/0f / nf]8;]l8ª;DaGwL ;dfrf/ lSnkx¿ lk|G6
ug'{xf];\ .
 lk|G6 u/]sf lSnkx¿nfO{ sf8{af]8{df 6fF:g'xf];\ . o;/L tof/ kf/]sf] ;fdu|L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] k9\g nufpg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ ljB't\ r'xfj6, ljB't\ r'xfj6 lgoGq0f / nf]8;]l8ªaf/] yk s'g} pbfx/0f eP sIffdf
eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnf $ M cg'ej j0f{g
 g]kfndf r/d nf]8;]l8ªsf] ;d:ofdf ef]u]sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfpFb} o; cjwf/0ff
:ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk % M 5nkmn
 sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L nf]8;]l8ª ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ / ljB't\ r'xfj6
Go"gLs/0fsf pbfx/0faf/] 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s ;d"xaf6 lgisif{sf ¿kdf nf]8;]l8ª ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ / ljB't\ r'xfj6 Go"gLs/0fsf
pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ljB't\ dx;'n s;/L lx;fa ul/G5 <
-cf_ ljB't\ r'xfj6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-O_ ljB't\ r'xfj6 Go"gLs/0fsf s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ nf]8;]l8ªn] l;h{gf x'g] ;d:ofx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

246
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
-c_ ljB't\ r'xfj6 ug'{ /fi6«3ft xf] eGg] zLif{sdf lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .

afx|f}F lbg
PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ . -1fg txsf] @, af]w txsf] #, k|of]u txsf] @, pRr bIftfsf]
#_
-s_ ljB't\ cj/f]wsf] SI PsfO s'g xf] <
-c_ ef]N6 -cf_ cf]xd -O_ sf]nDa -O{_ PlDko/
-v_ nf]8sf b'O{ 5]psf] kf]6]lG;on km/s dfkg ug{] tl/sf s'g xf] <
-c_ ef]N6ld6/nfO{ nf]8;Fu >]0fLj|md h8fg ug]{
-cf_ Pld6/nfO{ nf]8sf] ;dfgfGt/ h8fg ug]{
-O_ Pld6/nfO{ nf]8;Fu >]0fLj|md h8fg ug]{
-O{_ ef]N6ld6/nfO{ nf]8sf] ;dfgfGt/ h8fg ug]{
-u_ ljB't\ lx6/df k|of]u x'g] lxl6ª Olnd]G6 -heating element_ s'g kbfy{af6 agfOG5 <
-c_ tfdf -copper_ -cf_ sG;6]G6g -constantan_
-O_ 6ª\U:6]g -tungsten_ -O{_ gfOj|mf]d -nichrome_
-u_ ufx{:y ljB't\ kl/kydf ljB't\ nf]8x¿nfO{ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kn] h8fg ug'{sf] sf/0f s'g xf] <
-c_ ;a} nf]8af6 ;dfg s/]G6 k7fpg
-cf_ ;a} nf]8nfO{ ;dfg kf]6]lG;on km/sdf /fVg
-O_ ljB't\ kl/kydf cj/f]w oyfjt\ /fVg
-O{_ ljB't\ kl/kydf cj/f]w a9fpg
-3_ aNa A df 220 V, 0.5 A / aNa B df 220 V, 0.45 A pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . b'j}n] k"0f{ Ifdtfdf
sfo{ ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf tnsf dWo] s'g egfO ;xL x'G5 <
-c_ k|lt306f B n] A eGbf a9L ljB't\ vkt u5{ .
-cf_ k|lt;]s]G8 A n] B eGbf a9L zlSt ¿kfGt/0f u5{ .
-O_ k|lt;]s]G8 B af6 pTkGg x'g] tfk A sf] eGbf a9L x'G5 .
-O{_ aNa A eGbf B sf] k|of]u a9fpFbf ljB't\ dx;'n a9\5 .
-ª_ ;+Fu}sf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] kl/kydf R sf] dfg slt x'G5 <
-c_ 6 Ω -cf_ 12 Ω
-O_ 18 Ω -O{_ 24 Ω

@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ . -1fg @, af]w #, k|of]u @, pRr bIftf #_

-s_ ljB't\ s/]G6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ lgDg ef}lts kl/df0f gfKg] P;= cfO{= PsfO n]Vg'xf];\ .
-c_ ljB't\ rfh{ -cf_ ljB't\ s/]G6 -O_ On]S6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ -O{_ kf]6]lG;on km/s
-u_ On]S6«f]df]l6e kmf];{ / kf]6]lG;on km/s lar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .

247
-3_ 4 lsnf]ef]N6 kf]6]lG;on km/s ePsf] ljB'tLo df]6/df 15 A s/]G6 k|jfx x'G5 eg] pSt df]6/df
k|of]u ePsf] tf/sf] cj/f]w kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ 1500 W sf] kfgL ttfpg k|of]u x'g] lsTnL -kettle_ nfO{ 220 V kf]6]lG;on km/s ePsf] ufx{:y
ljB't\ kl/kydf h8fg ubf{ To;af6 hfg] clwstd s/]G6 slt x'G5 < lsTnLdf kfgL plDng 4 ldg]6
;do nfUof] eg] Tof] lsTnLsf] ljB't\ vkt lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .
+ –
-r_ lbOPsf] kl/kydf x / y ld6/n] s] s] hgfpF5g\, sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
cell
X switch
-5_ Pp6f 3/df gofF lsg]/ NofPsf] 2000 W sf] OG8S;g r'Nxf] afNg vf]Hbf MCB bulb

l6«k x'g] ;d:of 5 . o;sf] sf/0f pNn]v ub}{ pSt ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu Pp6f
Y
;'emfj n]Vg'xf];\ .

-h_ lbOPsf] lrqdf kmnfdsf] tf/ AB sf] nDafO kl/jt{g gu/L df]6fO bf]Aa/ ubf{ A B

aQLsf] pHofnf]kgdf s] c;/ k5{, sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . + –

-em_ lbOPsf] lrq cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

a. ld6/ X / Y nfO{ s] elgG5 <
b. ld6/ Y n] dfkg ug]{ dfg slt x'G5 <
c. A / B sf] cj/f]wsf] lx;fa ug'{xf];\ .

248
PsfO !@ a|Xdf08 (The Universe)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M )%
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{ a|Xdf08sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg ;Sg'sf ;fy} To;df /x]sf ljleGg
cfsfzLo lk08larsf] b'/L dfkg ug]{ PsfOsf] klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] / tL PsfOsf] ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg]
5g\ . o;}u/L g]a'nf;Fu kl/lrt eO{ tf/fsf] hLjgrj|mcGtu{t To;sf ljleGg cj:yf / vuf]n lj1fgsf]
cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg ;Sg] 5g\ .
o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg / k|bz{g ljlwsf ;fy} ljleGg Collaborative methods of
teaching h:t} mix and match, think, pair and share, T and M models cflbsf ;fy} >Job[Zo
;fdu|Lsf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ cfsfzLo lk08larsf] b'/L dfkg ug]{ PsfO lrGg
-v_ g]a'nf / ANofsxf]nsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg
-u_ tf/fsf] hLjgrj|msf] kl/ro lbg
-3_ vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do
-306fdf_
!= cfsfzLo lk08larsf] b'/L dfkg  a|Xdf08sf] kl/ro !
ug]{ PsfOx¿  cfsfzLo lk08sf] larsf] b'/L dfkg ug]{
PsfOx¿
@= g]a'nf / ANofsxf]nsf] ;fdfGo  g]a'nfsf] kl/ro !
kl/ro lbg
 ANofsxf]nsf] kl/ro

#= tf/fsf] hLjgrj|msf] kl/ro lbg  tf/fx¿sf] pTklQ, j[lå / d[To' -k|f]6f]:6f/, !

tf/f, /]8 hfoG6, XjfO6 8\jfkm{, ANofs
8\jfkm{, gf]ef, ;'k/gf]ef, Go'6«f]g :6f/,
ANofsxf]n_
$= vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{  vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o !
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;ª\3;+:yf
;fdfGo kl/ro  vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o
;ª\3;+:yf (NAST, NASA, IAU)

249
^ k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !

gf]6 M l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ;Fu;Fu} x'g] 5 . l;sfO lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf l;sfO
ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g]u/L ljleGg lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng u/L Go"gtd l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf afah'b sltko ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . t;y{ tflnsfsf] clGtd a'Fbfsf]
;Gbe{df PsfOut -s_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg -;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{_ ¿kdf Go"gtd
ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf lbg, l;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf
;xeflutf eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L ;xeflutf u/fpg, k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]vLs/0f ug{ -v_ PsfOdf plNnlvt ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug]{ b'j} sfo{ ug{sf nflu ! 306fsf] ;do lgwf{/0f u/LPsf] xf] .

$= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M cfsfzLo lk08x¿larsf] b'/L dfkg ug]{ PsfOx¿sf] kl/ro

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

 a|Xdf08sf] kl/ro lbg

 cfsfzLo lk08sf] larsf] b'/L dfkg ug]{ PsfOsf] kl/ro lbg / Pscsf{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

a|Xdf08 / cfsfzLo lk08sf] larsf] b'/L dfkg ug]{ PsfOsf] kl/ro lbg] lrq
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7k|lt pT;'stf a9fpg'xf];\ .
-c_ a|Xdf08 s] s] ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 <
-cf_ s] ;"o{ klg s;}sf] j/k/ 3'D5 <
-O_ tf/fk'~h / tf/fd08ndf s] km/s 5 <
-O{_ cfsfz uª\ufsf] s]Gb|af6 xfd|f] ;f}o{d08n slt 6f9f 5 <

lj|mofsnfk @ a|Xdf08sf] kl/ro (Introduction of the Universe)

-c_ ljBfyL{sf] cg'ejnfO{ ;d]6\b} a|Xdf08sf] ;/n kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . o;/L kl/ro lbFbf o;sf] pTklQ,
km}nfj6, o;sf k|d'v cjojx¿, pd]/ tyf o;df ;f}o{d08nsf] :yfgsf] ;fy} o;sf] cg'dflgt eljio klg
;d]6\g'xf];\ .

250
-cf_ a|Xdf08sf d'Vo cjojx¿ h:t} M b[Zo kbfy{, 8fs{ OghL{ / 8fs{ Dof6/sf] 5f]6f] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

-O_ lrq jf Plgd]6]8 lel8of]sf] dfWodaf6 a|Xdf08sf k|d'v cjoj h:t} M tf/fk'~h, tf/fd08n, tf/f,
u|x, k'mRr] u|x, pku|x, k'R5||]tf/f / lzz'u|xsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-O{_ a|Xdf08 / ;f}/d08ndf /x]sf ljleGg cjojx¿sf] larsf] b'/Laf/] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{

a|Xdf08 cGtl/Ifsf] cyfx la:tf/ xf] . ;Dk"0f{ kbfy{, pmhf{ tyf ;do oxL a|Xdf08df lglxt 5g\ .
cGtl/Ifdf b]lvg] cfsfzuª\uf -Milkyway galaxy_ / cGo tf/fk'~hsfsf cgluGtL tf/f /x]sf x'G5g\ .
j}1flgssf] cWoog / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lcg';f/ b[Zo j:t'x¿ sl/a $ k|ltzt dfq 5g\\ /
afsL (^ k|ltzt cb[Zo j:t' 5g\ h;df 8fs{ OghL{ / 8fs{ Dof6/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . tf/f ;d"xdf xfd|f] ;"o{
/ ;f}/d08n klg k5{g\ . ;a} tf/fx¿sf] lglZrt cfo' x'G5 . a|Xdf08df tf/fx¿sf] lj:kmf]6g x'g], cyfx
u'?Tjan ePsf lk08;F+u} csf]{ tf/f klg 3'Db} u/]sf] h:tf 36gf 6]ln:sf]ksf] dbtn] cjnf]sg ug]{ ul/G5
. 6]ln:sf]k cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df a|Xdf08sf af/]df j}1flgs tYox¿ k|ltkfbg ul/Psf
5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] larsf] b'/L dfkg ug]{ PsfOsf] kl/ro (Introduction of the
units used to measure distance between celestial bodies)

-c_ cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] larsf] b'/L gfKgsf]

nflu dL / lsdL pko'St gx'g'sf] sf/0faf/]
5nkmn u/L lgrf]8df k'Ug'xf];\ .
-cf_ ;Fu} lbPsf] lrq k|bz{g u/L vuf]nLo
PsfO / k|sfz jif{ PsfOdf s]xL
b'/Lsf] dfkgaf/] atfpg'xf];\ . Fig 12.1
-O_ vuf]nLo PsfO / k|sfz jif{sf]
kl/efiff lbFb} tL b'O{ PsfOlarsf] ;DaGwsf] ;fy} logLx¿sf] dL / lsdL;Fusf] ;DaGwaf/] wf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{

vuf]nLo lk08x¿ Pscsf{af6 lgs} 6f9f /x]sf x'G5g\ . tL lk08larsf] b'/L dfkg ug{ xfdLn] b}lgs
hLjgdf k|of]u ug]{ nDafO gfKg] ljlw / PsfO -unit_ af6 ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu 5'6\6} PsfO lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf x'G5g\ . tL PsfOsf] dfg nDafOsf] k|dfl0fs PsfO cyf{t\ ld6/eGbf s}of}F u'0ff a9L x'G5 . –
Astronomical Unit_ ;"o{ / k[YjL larsf] cf};t b'/LnfO{ P:6«f]gf]ldsn PsfO elgG5 . 1 AU = 1.5 ×1011
m
-Light Year_ k|sfzn] Ps jif{df kf/ ug]{ b'/LnfO{ Ps k|sfz jif{ elgG5 . 1 lyr = 9.46 ×1015m

lj|mofsnfk $ cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] larsf] b'/L dfkg ug]{ PsfOsf] ¿kfGt/0f (conversion of the
units used to measure distance between heavenly bodies)

251
-c_ vuf]nLo PsfO / k|sfz jif{sf] s]xL dfg lbP/ ljBfyL{nfO{{ Pp6f PsfOaf6 csf]{df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{
sIffsfo{ u/fpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ s]xL ljBfyL{nfO{ cfk"mn] u/]sf sfo{x¿ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ cGTodf k[i7kf]if0f lbO{ l;sfOnfO{ yk lbuf] kfg'{xf];\ .

lgisif{

k|sfzsf] ult 3×108 m/s (3 s/f]8 ld6/ k|lt ;]s]G8_ x'G5 . To;}n] Ps k|sfz ;]s]G8 a/fa/ 3×108 ld6/
x'G5 . Ps jif{df x'g] 365 lbg, Ps lbgdf x'g] 24 306f, Ps 306fdf x'g] 60 ldg]6 / Ps ldg]6df x'g] 60
;]s]G8nfO{ k|sfzsf] ultn] u'0fg ubf{ k|sfzn] Ps jif{df kf/ ug]{ b'/L k|fKt x'G5 .
t;y{, k|sfzn] Ps jif{df kf/ ug]{ b'/L 1 light year = 365 ×24×60 ×60 × 3 ×108 m = 9.46 ×1015m

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-O_ vuf]n cWoogdf vuf]nLo PsfO / k|sfz jif{ h:tf PsfOsf] k|of]u lsg dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 < 1
-O_ a|Xdf08sf d'Vo cjoj s] s] x'g\ < 2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

a|Xdf08sf] pTklQ / agf]6af/] hfgsf/L >Job[Zo ;fdu|Laf6 ;ª\sng u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
tof/ k|ltj]bg sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher)

a|Xdf08 g} ;a} s'/f xf] . o;}df cfGtl/If / cfGtl/Ifn] ;dfj]z ug]{ ;a} kbfy{ / pmhf{ ;dflji6 5g\ .
o;n] ;do klg ;dfj]z u5{ / cjZo klg o;n] tkfO{{FnfO{ ;dfj]z u5{ . k[YjL / rG›df a|Xdf08sf] c+z
x'g\, h:t} M cGo u|xx¿ / ltgLx¿sf bh{gf}F rG›df 5g\ . If'›u|x / w"ds]t'x¿;Fu} u|xx¿ ;"o{sf] kl/j|mdf
u5{g\ . cfsfzuª\ufsf ;of}F c/a tf/fdWo] ;"o{ Ps xf] / tL tf/fdWo] w]/}h;f]sf cfˆg} u|x 5g\ h;nfO{
PS;f]Knfg]6\; elgG5 .
cfsfzuª\uf cjnf]sgof]Uo a|Xdf08df /x]sf c/af}F tf/fk'~hdWo] Ps xf] . tL ;a}sf] s]G›df ;'k/dfl;e
ANofsxf]nx¿ 5g\ eg]/ dflgG5 . ;a} cfsfzuª\ufdf /x]sf ;a} tf/f / vuf]nljb\n] cjnf]sg ug{ g;Sg]

252
cGo ;a} lrh a|Xdf08sf ;a} efu x'g\ . a|Xdf08 Ps cgf}7f] 7fpF h:tf] nfu] klg of] 6f9f 5}g . tkfO{F{+
clxn] hxfF eP klg afXo cGtl/If s]jn 62 dfOn -100 lsnf]ld6/_ 6f9f 5 . lbg xf];\ jf /ft, rfx]
tkfO{F{+ 3/leq x'g'x'G5 jf aflx/, ;'Tb} x'g'x'G5, vfhf vfFb} x'g'x'G5 jf sIffdf lgbfpg'x'G5, aflx/L 7fpF
tkfO{F{+sf] 6fpsf]eGbf s]xL bh{g dfOn dfq 6f9f 5 . Tof] tkfO{{e
F Gbf tn klg 5 . tkfO{F{sf] v'6\6fd'lg
nueu 8,000 dfOn -12,800 lsnf]ld6/_ k[YjLsf] ljk/Lt efudf afXo cGtl/Ifsf] z"Gotf / ljls/0f
cjl:yt 5 .
jf:tjdf tkfO{F{+ clxn] k|fljlws ¿kdf cGtl/Ifdf x'g'x'G5 . dflg;n] æcGtl/Ifdf aflx/Æ eG5g\ dfgf}F of]
ToxfF 5 / xfdL oxfF 5f}F, dfgf}F k[YjL a|Xdf08sf] afFsL efuaf6 cnu 5 . t/ k[YjL Pp6f u|x xf] / of]
cGo u|x h:t} cGtl/If / a|Xdf08sf] efudf 5 . o:tf] x'G5 ls lrhx¿ oxfF a:5g\ / o; ljz]if u|xsf]
;tx glhssf] jftfj/0f hLjgsf] nflu cg's"n 5 h:tf] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . csf]{tkm{ a|Xdf08 nueu !$
c/a jif{ klxnf pTklQ ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . j}1flgsn] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] tf/fx¿sf] pd]/ /
a|Xdf08sf] la:tf/sf] b/ gfKb} Tof] ;ª\Vofdf k'u]sf lyP . ltgLx¿n] tf/fk'~haf6 k|sfzdf 8kn/
l;ˆ6nfO{ cjnf]sg u/]/ la:tf/ klg dfkg u/] h;dWo] nueu ;a} xfdLaf6 / Pscsf{af6 6f9f uO/x]sf
5g\ .
P:6«f]gf]ldsn PsfO -AU_ M of] ;"o{af6 k[YjLsf] cf};t b'/L xf] .
1 AU = 1.5 x 1011 m
k|sfz jif{ -LY_M of] Ps jif{df z"Godf k|sfzn] kf/ u/]sf] b'/L xf] .
! LY Ö 9.46 x 1015 m
Ps k|sfz jif{ 5.9 x 1012 dfOn -nueu 6 l6«lnog dfOn_ xf] .
kf;]{s -pc_ M Ps kf;]{s -pc_ tf/fsf] Tof] b'/L xf] h'g 1 AU sf] rfk nDafOdf 1 cfs{ ;]s]G8sf] sf]0f
agfp5 .
1 pc Ö 3.08 x 1016 ld = 3.26 LY
bf];|f] lbg (Second day)
ljifoj:t'
g]a'nf / ANofsxf]nsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 g]a'nfsf] kl/ro lbg

 ANofsxf]nsf] kl/ro lbg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

g]a'nf / ANofsxf]nsf lrqx¿

253
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ kf7k|lt rfF;f] a9fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ cfGtl/Ifdf kfOg] cgluGtL tf/f s]af6 aG5g\ <
-cf_ ANofsxf]n l5b| jf kbfy{ s] xf] <
lj|mofsnfk @ g]a'nfsf] kl/ro
(Inroduction of Nebula) Carina Nebula Orion Nebula

-c_ lbOPsf] h:t} g]a'nfx¿sf] lrq

k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ pSt lrqsf cfwf/df k|Zgf]Q/ /
5nkmn ljlwaf6 g]a'nfsf] pTklQ /
agf]6af/] hfgsf/L vf]tNg'xf];\ .
-O_ To;kl5 g]a'nfsf] d'Vo d'Vo
Fig 12.2
a'Fbfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ To;sf]
hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{

g]a'nf Ps ljzfn UofF; / w'nfsf s0fx¿sf] afbn xf] . g]a'nfdf d'VotM xfO8«f]hg / lxlnod UofF; /x]sf]
x'G5 . oL UofF; / w'nfsf s0f cGo tf/fx¿ lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf aG5g\ . zlStzfnL 6]ln:sf]ksf dbtn]
a|Xdf08df /x]sf s]xL g]a'nfsf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sfnk'?if tf/fd08n -Orion
constellation_ ;Fu} /x]sf] cf]l/og g]a'nf ;lhn} cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M ANofsxf]nsf] kl/ro (Introduction of black hole)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ b]lv % cf]6f ;d"xdf af8\g'xf];\ .

-cf_ Pp6f ANofsxf]nsf] lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ pSt lrq x]/]/ b]lvPsf s'/f /
36gfnfO{ 5nkmn u/L l6kf]6 ug{ % ldg]6sf] ;do
lbg'xf];\ .
-O{_ To;kl5 uf]nf k|yfaf6 k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ @ ldg]6df
cfk"mn] l;s]sf s'/f k|:t't ug{sf nflu cufl8
Fig 12.3
af]nfpg'xf];\ . o;sf nflu a9Ldf !) ldg]6sf] ;do
5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

254
-O{_ cGTodf ljBfyL{sf] sfdsf] k|z+;f ub}{ ANofsxf]n;DaGwL lel8of] lSnk k|bz{g u/L o;sf] :ki6
cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
lgisif{

olb tf/fsf] la:kmf]6gkl5 ar]sf] lk08 ;"o{sf] lk08sf] 3 u'0ffeGbf a9L ePdf sf]/ v'lDro/ cTolws ;fgf]
t/ cTolws vFlbnf] lk08 aG5 . o;sf] u'?Tjan olt w]/} x'G5 ls k|sfz klg o;af6 aflx/ lg:sg
;Sb}g / cb[Zo lk08sf ¿kdf kl/0ft x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ sfnf] l5b| -black hole_ elgG5 . tyflk
o;n] lg/Gt/ PS;/] pT;h{g ul//xg] s'/f j}1flgsn] kQf nufPsf 5g\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ g]a'nf s;/L aG5 < 1
-cf_ g]a'nf tf/fsf] g;{/L x'g\, j0f{g ug'{xf];\ . 2
-O_ ANofsxf]ndf clQ g} a9L u'?Tj an x'g'sf] sf/0f lbg'xf];\ . 1
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)
Youtube df tf/fsf] hLjgLsf af/]df cWoog u/L To;;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{'xf];\ . To;kl5
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

-r_ lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher)

g]a'nf cGtl/Ifdf w'nf] / UofF;sf] ljzfn afbn xf] . s]xL g]a'nf -PseGbf a9L g]a'nf_ ;'k/gf]ef h:tf
dl//x]sf] tf/fsf] lj:kmf]6af6 aflx/ lg:sg] UofF; / w'nf]af6 aG5g\ . g]a'nf o:tf If]qx¿ x'g\ hxfF gofF
tf/fx¿ aG5g\ . o; sf/0fn] ubf{ s]xL g]a'nfx¿nfO{ æ:6f/ g;{/Lx¿Æ elgG5 . g]a'nfx¿ tf/flarsf]
cGtl/Ifdf cjl:yt x'G5g\ h;nfO{ OG6/:6]n/ kbfy{ klg elgG5 . k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] g]a'nf
x]lnS; g]a'nf xf] . of] dl//x]sf] tf/fsf] cjz]if xf] . ;DejtM of] k[YjLaf6 nueu 700 k|sfz jif{ 6f9f
5 . o;sf] dtna olb tkfO{{+F k|sfzsf] ultdf ofqf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 eg] ToxfF k'Ug 700 jif{ nfU5 .

ANofsxf]n gfdn] tkfO{F{+ ge'mlSsg'xf];\ . ANofsxf]n eg]sf] vfnL 7fpF xf]Og . a? of] Psbd ;fgf] If]qdf
vfFlbPsf] kbfy{sf] Ps 7'nf] dfqf xf] Go'of]s{ zx/sf] Jof;sf] Ps uf]nfdf ;"o{sf] lk08eGbf nueu bz
u'0ff w]/} 7'nf] tf/fsf] af/]df ;f]Rg'xf];\ . o;}n] ubf{ o;sf] u'?Tjfsif{0f If]q olt a9L] x'G5 ls s]xL klg
oxf;Dd ls k|sfz klg oxfFaf6 k'mTsg kfpb}Fg . xfn}sf jif{x¿df gf;fsf pks/0fn] oL cgf}7f]
j:t'x¿sf] gofF lrq sf]/]sf 5g\ h'g w]/}sf nflu cGtl/Ifdf ;a}eGbf dgdf]xs j:t' x'g\ . cGtl/Ifdf s'g}

255
j:t' olt 7'nf] / afSnf] 5 ls k|sfz To;af6 pDsg ;Sb}g eGg] wf/0ff ztfAbLof}Fb]lv rNb} cfPsf] 5 .
ANofsxf]n cfOG:6fOgsf] ;fdfGo ;fk]Iftfsf] l;4fGtåf/f eljiojf0fL ul/Psf lyP h;n] b]vfPsf] lyof] ls
ha 7'nf] tf/fsf] d[To' x'G5 o;n] ;fgf], afSnf] cjz]if sf]/ 5f]8\5 . olb sf]/sf] lk08 ;"o{sf] lk08eGbf
tLg u'0ff a9L 5 eg] ANofsxf]n aG5 .

PS;/], k|sfz jf ljB't\ r'DasLo ljls/0fsf] cGo ¿kx¿ kQf nufpg] 6]ln:sf]kx¿af6 j}1flgsx¿n]
k|ToIf ¿kdf ANofsxf]nx¿ x]g{ ;Sb}gg\ . tyflk xfdL ANofsxf]nx¿sf] pkl:ylt cg'dfg ug{ ;S5f}F /
glhs}sf] cGo j:t'x¿df ltgLx¿sf] k|efj kQf nufP/ cWoog ug{ ;S5f}F . olb ANofsxf]n OG6/:6]n/
kbfy{sf] afbnaf6 u'h|G5 eg] o;n] kbfy{nfO{ leqlt/ tfG5 . olb s'g} ;fdfGo tf/f ANofsxf]nsf]
glhsaf6 hfG5 eg] o:t} k|lj|mof x'g ;S5 . o; cj:yfdf ANofsxf]nn] tf/fnfO{ cfkmF}lt/ tfGbf To;nfO{
6'j|mf 6'j|mf kfg{ ;S5 . ha cfslif{t ePsf] kbfy{n] ult lnG5 / tfT5 o;n] PS;/]x¿ pT;h{g u5{ h'g
cGtl/Ifdf ljls/0faf6 k|;fl/t x'G5 .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t'
tf/fsf] hLjgrj|msf] kl/ro lbg
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 tf/fx¿sf] pTklQ, j[lå / d[To'af/] j0f{g ug{

 k|f]6f]:6f/, tf/f, /]8 hfoG6, XjfO6 8\jfkm{, ANofs 8\jfkm{, gf]ef, ;'k/gf]ef, Go'6«f]g :6f/, ANofsxf]nsf]
kl/ro lbg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

tf/fx¿sf] hLjgrj|msf] lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lrqn] s] b]vfp5 < 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ / o;af6 tf/fx¿sf] klg hGd / d[To' x'G5 eGg] s'/f atfpg'xf];\

256
.

lj|mofsnfk @ M tf/fx¿sf] pTklQ, j[lå / d[To' (Birth, aging and death of star)
-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/cf]6f ;d"xdf af8\g'xf];\ tyf k"j{ sIffdf lbOPsf] sfdaf/] 5nkmn u/L k|fKt a'Fbfsf]
cfwf/df k|:t'ltsf nflu clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ !) ldg]6sf] ;do k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k|:t'ltsf] nflu %÷% ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ .
-O_ 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf tYo / tf/fsf] hGd / d[To';DaGwL lel8 j[lå / d[To'sf af/]df j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
lgisif{

tf/f aGg] j|mddf u'?Tj ansf sf/0f

g]a'nfdf /x]sf w'nfsf s0f / UofF; cfslif{t
eO{ v'lDrP/
Ps lk08sf] ¿k lnG5 . yk UofF; / 3'nfsf
s0f cfsif{0f u/L o;sf] cfsf/ a9\b} hfG5
. lk08
a9\b} hfFbf o;sf] s]Gb|df rfk a9\b} hfG5 .
h;n] ubf{ sf]/sf] tfkj|md j[lå x'G5 . o;/L
w'nfsf
s0f / UofF;sf] ;+of]hgaf6 aGg] ljzfn
lk08nfO{ k|f]6f]:6f/ elgG5 . k|f]6f]:6f/
aGgsf nflu nfvf}F
jif{ nfU5 . pRr rfk;Fu} tfkj|md a9\b}
hfFbf k|f]6f]:6f/sf] sf]/df Go'lSno/ k\mo'hg
;'? x'G5 /
tf/fsf] hGd x'G5 . Go'lSno/ k\mo'hg ;'?
x'g sl/a 107 K tfkj|md rflxG5 .
lj|mofsnfk # M k|f]6f]:6f/, tf/f, /]8 hfoG6,
XjfO6 8\jfkm{, ANofs 8\jfkm{, gf]ef,
;'k/gf]ef, Go'6«f]g :6f/, ANofsxf]n aGg]
cj:yf (Conditions of forming
prototar, star, Red giant, white
Dwarf, Black Dwarf, Nova,
Supernova, Neutron star, Black
hole)

-c_ lj|mofsnfk @ df k|:t't lrqs} cfwf/df k|f]6f]:6f/, tf/f, /]8 hfoG6, XjfO6 8\jfkm{, ANofs 8\jfkm{,
gf]ef, ;'k/gf]ef, Go'6«f]g :6f/, ANofsxf]n aGg] cj:yf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
lgisif{
Fig 12.5

257
gofF tf/fx¿sf] sf]/df k|ofKt dfqfdf xfO8«f]hg /x]sf] x'G5 . logdf ydf]{Go'lSno/ k\mo'hg -
thermonuclear fusion_ lj|mof lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . tf/fsf] a9\bf] pd]/;Fu} sf]/df x'g] xfO8«f]hg lg/Gt/
lxlnoddf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb} hfG5 . cGtt sf]/df x'g] xfO8«f]hg ;dfKt x'G5 . To;kl5 Go'lSno/ k\mo'hg
csf]{ r/0fdf k|j]z u5{ . h;cGtu{t lxlnodsf k/df0f' sfa{gdf ¿kfGt/0f x'G5g\ . o;/L tf/fsf] s]Gb|df
ux|f}F k/df0f'x¿ aGb} hfG5g\ . t/ sf]/df GolSno/ k\mo'hgsf] dfqf 36\b} hfg] ePsfn] tf/fsf] tfkj|md
eg] 36\b} hfG5 . k'/fgf tf/fx¿ /ftf] /ªsf x'gfsf ;fy} lgs} 7'nf b]lvg] ePsfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ /]8 hfOG6
elgG5 . w]/} 7'nf tf/fx¿af6 aGg] /]8 hfOG6nfO{ /]8 ;'k/ hfOG6 elgG5 . w]/} k'/fgf tf/fx¿df aflx/L
txsf] UofF; km'Sb} hfFbf s'g} laGb'df sf]/n] cfsif{0f ug{ g;s]/ aflx/L tx lj:kmf]6 x'G5 . o:tf]
lj:kmf]6gnfO{ gf]ef elgG5 . w]/} zlStzfnL lj:kmf]6g eof] eg] ;'k/ gf]ef elgG5 . olb la:kmf]6g kl5sf]
sf]/sf] lk08 !=$ b]lv # ;f]nf/ df; ar]df Go'6«f]g :6f/ / To;eGbf a9L lk08 ar]df ANofsxf]n aG5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-cf_ sf/0f lbg'xf];\ M 2

-s_ ANofsxf]nnfO{ b]Vg ;lsFb}g .
-v_ ;f}o{d08ndf /x]sf UofF; hfOG6 -gas giant_ a[x:kltnfO{ c;kmn tf/f -failed star_ klg elgG5 .
-P_ sfnfGt/df ;"o{sf] OGwg ;dflKtkl5 o;sf] cj:yf s:tf] xf]nf, JofVof ug'{xf];\ . 2
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)
Pp6f rf6{ k]k/df tf/fsf] hLjgrj|m :ki6 a'lemg] /ª\uLg lrq agfpg'xf];\ .

-r_ lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L (Additional knowledge for the teacher)

u'?Tjfsif{0f / Go'lSno/ ˆo'hg k|ltlj|mofn] tf/fx¿sf] pTklQ / ljsf; x'G5 . Ps ljz]if tf/fsf nflu
hLjgrj|m o;sf] cfsf/df lge{/ u5{ .

;a} tf/f Ps} tl/sfn] hLjg ;'? u5{g\ . w'nf] / UofF;sf] afbn h;nfO{ g]a'nf klg elgG5 . k|f]6f]:6f/
aG5 . h'gkl5 tf/f aGg hfG5 . o;nfO{ k5\ofpFb} tf/fx¿ ltgLx¿sf] cfsf/df lge{/ ub}{ ljleGg
tl/sfdf ljsf; x'G5g\ .

258
;"o{;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] ;fOhsf tf/fx¿n] /ftf]
ljzfn tf/f, XjfO6 8\jfk{m / ANofs 8\jfk{m
agfp5g\ eg] ;"o{eGbf w]/} 7'nf tf/fx¿ /ftf]
;'k/ hfoG6 tf/f, ;'k/gf]ef, Go"6«f]g tf/f jf
ANofsxf]n agfp5g\ .

u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] ;ª\s'rg k|efjcGtu{t, g]a'nfdf

/x]sf xfO8«f]hg / x]lnod tŒjx¿ Snfp8sf]

Fig 12.6

s]G›df lk08 a9fpg ;+of]hg u5{ . lk08df ePsf] of] j[lån] u'?Tjfsif{0f nfO{ klg a9fpF5 . a9L
u'?Tjfsif{0fn] j/k/sf ;a} c0f' / s0fnfO{ cfslif{t u5{ . o;/L tflgPsf c0f'x¿ kbfy{x¿sf afbnsf]
s]G›df ylkb} hfFbf To;sf] lk08 emg emg a9\b} hfG5 . pSt s]G› tfTg yfN5 . o;/L ag]sf] tftf]
s]G›nfO{ k|f]6f]:6f/ elgG5 . ca of] k|f]6f]:6f/n] w]/}eGbf w]/} c0f'x¿nfO{ cfkm"tkm{ cfslif{t ul//x]sf] x'G5
h;n] ubf{ o;sf] tfkj|md lg/Gt/ a9\b} uO o:tf]] r/0f cfp5 ha bafa xb;Dd k'U5 / xfO8«f]hg
k/df0f'x¿ ˆo"h x'g yfn]/ x]lnod agfpF5 . ca k|r'/ dfqfdf tfk zlStsf] pT;h{g x'G5 / tf/f hlGdG5
. o;kl5sf] tf/fsf] ljsf; tn lbPsf] lrqaf6 a'em\g'xf];\ .

Rff}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t'
vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yf (NAST)

 vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yf (NASA, IAU)

259
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf nf]uf]sf lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ NAST sf] k"/f ¿k s] xf] <
-cf_ NAST / NASA df s] km/s 5 <
-O_ s'g ;+:yfsf] nf]uf] xf], o; ;+:yfn] s] u5{ <
lj|mofsnfk @ M vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yf (National organizations involved
in the study of Astronomy)
-c_ 5nkmn ljlwaf6 g]kfndf ;lj|mo /x]sf vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yfsf pbfx/0f
lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yf h:t} NAST sf] nf]uf] b]vfP/ ;+:yf lrGg nufpg'xf];\
.
-O{_ NAST n] ug]{ sfo{sf af/]df 5f]6f] rrf{ ub}{ o;n] vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoogsf nflu ug]{ lj|mofsnfkaf/]
a9L hf]8 lbg'xf];\ .

-p_ NAST afx]ssf vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoogdf ;lj|motf b]vfpg] cGo ;+:yf h:t} NASO, NESARC
cflbsf af/]df ePsf] hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{

vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ /fli6«o ;ª\3;+:yf h:t} M NAST, NASO, NESARC cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yf (International organizations

involved in the study of Astronomy):
-c_ 5nkmn ljlwaf6 ljZjdf ;lj|mo /x]sf vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf
pbfx/0fx¿ lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yf h:t} M IAU / NASA sf] nf]uf] b]vfP/ ;+:yf
lrGg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ IAU / NASA n] ug]{ sfo{sf af/]df 5f]6f] rrf{ ub}{ o;n] vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoogsf nflu ug]{
lj|mofsnfkaf/] a9L hf]8 lbg'xf];\ .

260
-p_ NASA / NASA afx]ssf vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoogdf ;lj|motf b]vfpg] cGo ;+:yf h:t} M ISRO,
CNSO, JAXA cflbsf af/]df ePsf] hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{

vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yf h:t} M IAU , NASA, ISRO, CNSO, JAXA cflb /x]sf
5g\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zgx¿ txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ g]kfndf vuf]n cWoogsf] cj:yf emNsfpg'xf];\ . 2
-cf _ vuf]n lj1fgsf] ljsf;df NASA sf] e"ldsf rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . 3
-cf_ vuf]n lj1fgsf] ljsf;df NAST sf] e"ldsf rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . 3

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

kfFrf}F lbg M PsfOsf] clGtd lbg (Fifth day; the last day of the unit)

k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

261
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ckfª\utfcg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u /
pRr bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf]
k|Zg agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

!= ;xL pQ/ 5fGg'xf];\ M

-c_ lbOPsf dWo] s'g a|Xdf08;Fu ;DalGwt tYo xf] <
-s_ a|Xdf08 Ps lglZrt ;Ldf;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 . 1
-v_ a|Xdf08sf ;a} kbfy{ tyf pmhf{sf] pTklQ Ps ;femf lk08af6 ePsf] xf] .
-u_ a|Xdf08df cjl:yt zlSt kl/jt{g eO/G5 .
-3_ a|Xdf08df cjl:yt kbfy{ gfz x'Fbf zlSt 36\5 .
-cf_ g]a'nfdf x'g] k|d'v tŒj s'g xf] < 1
-s_ lxlnod -v_ sfa{g
-u_ gfO6«f]hg -3_ xfO8«f]hg
-O_ tn lbPsf] j'mg syg ;To xf] < 1
-s_ g]a'nfsf] cfˆg} k|sfz x'G5 .
-v_ g]a'nfdf c;Lldt u'?Tjan x'G5 .
-u_ g]a'nf tf/fk'~hsf] s]Gb|df kfOG5 .
-3_ g]a'nf w'nf / UofF;x¿af6 aG5 .
-O{_ tf/fsf] hLjg rj|msf nflu s'g ;xL j|md xf] < 1

-s_ g]a'nf → k|f]6f]:6f/ → tf/f → /]8 hfOG6 → ;'k/ gf]ef → ANofs 8km{
-v_ g]a'nf → k|f]6f]:6f/ → tf/f → ;k/gf]ef → /]8 hfOG6 → ANofsxf]n
-u_ g]a'nf → k|f]6f]:6f/ → tf/f → /]8 ;'k/ hfOG6 → ;'k/ gf]ef → ANofsxf]n
-3_ g]a'nf → k|f]6f]:6f/ → tf/f → /]8 ;'k/ hfOG6 → ;'k/ gf]ef → x\jfO6 8km{
-p_ tf/fsf] d[To'sf j|mddf x'g] Ps 7'nf] lj:kmf]6gnfO{ s] elgG5 < 1
-s_ kN;/ -v_ Go'6«f]g tf/f
-u_ ;'k/ gf]ef -3_ ANofsxf]n
@= km/s n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ k|f]6f]:6f/ -protostar_ / tf/f -star_
-v_ /]8 hfOG6 / /]8 ;'k/ hfOG6

262
-u_ gf]ef / ;'k/ gf]ef
#= sf/0f n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ g]a'nfnfO{ :6]n/ g;{/L -staller nursery_ klg elgG5 .
-v_ tf/f ;a} Ps} /ªsf x'Fb}gg\ .
-u_ ANofsxf]nnfO{ b]Vg ;lsFb}g .
-3_ ;f}o{d08ndf /x]sf UofF; hfOG6 -gas giant_ a[x:kltnfO{ c;kmn tf/f -failed star_
klg elgG5 .
$= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ g]a'nfsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ ANofsxf]n s;/L aG5 <
-u_ tf/fsf] pTklQb]lv d[To';Ddsf cj:yfnfO{ lrq;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ sfnfGt/df ;"o{sf] cj:yf s:tf] xf]nf, JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ a|Xdf08;DaGwL s]xL j}1flgs tYo n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ vuf]n cWoogdf P:6«f]gf]ldsn o'lg6 / k|sfz jif{ h:tf PsfOsf] k|of]u lsg dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5, JofVof
ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ g]kfndf vuf]n cWoogsf] cj:yfaf/] k|sfz kfg{'xf];\ .
-h_ vuf]n lj1fgsf] ljsf;df NASA / NAST sf e"ldsf rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

263
PsfO !# ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw (Information and Communication
Technology)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M !$
!= PsfO kl/ro
o; PsfOaf6 ljBfyL{n] b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ljleGg pbfx/0f -kqklqsf, /]l8of],
6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, df]afOn, jfOkmfO, Od]n, OG6/g]6, GPS cflb_ sf] k|of]uaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n
u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] sfo{ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df cfk\mgf] b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0fdf
pSt l;4fGt s;/L nfu' ePsf] 5 egL JofVof ug{ ;S5g\ . /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehg, OG6/g]6 cflb cfw'lgs
b"/;~rf/df :of6]nfO6sf] e"ldsf atfpg ;S5g\ . ljBfyL{n] OG6/g]6nfO{ cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ¿kdf
k|of]u u/L OG6/g]6df cflwsfl/s cWoog ;fdu|L vf]Hg], Od]n cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ h:tf l;k xfl;n u5{g\ .
pgLx¿n] ;'/lIft ¿kdf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k|of]u ug{ cgnfOg ;'/Iff, cgnfOg uf]kgLotf, ;fOa/ a'lnª,
l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6, sDKo'6/ PG6L efO/; / kmfo/jfnsf] k|of]uaf/] hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ . kf7\oj:t'sf]
;'?cftdf ul/g] dl:tis dGygn] ljBfyL{df pT;'stf l;h{gf x'g] / pgLx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'df s]lGb|t u/fpg
;lsG5 . ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ;xsfo{ ljlw, k|of]ufTds ljlw, hf]8L k9fO, 5nkmn, vf]h ljlw, gd'gf lgdf{0f
cflbn] ljBfyL{df ;xsfo{ l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 . sIffleq ;do Joj:yfkgsf nflu lzIfsn] JofVofg ljlw,
k|bz{g ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b}lgs kf7cg';f/sf d"Nofª\sg tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
;'wf/ x'G5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw
-s_ b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] sfo{k|lj|mofsf] kl/ro lbg
-v_ b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf s[lqd e"pku|xsf] dxŒj pNn]v ug{
-u_ b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]lutf rrf{ ug{
-3_ OG6/g]6df l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] vf]hL ug{
-ª_ cgnfOg ;'/Iffsf pkfo cjnDag ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg
j|m=;= ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
! s[lqd e"pku|x  kl/ro @
 b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf ltgLx¿sf] dxŒj
 g]kfnL e"pku|x - g]kfnL:of6 – 1 _
@ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/  kl/ro !
k|ljlw  kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, df]afOn
kmf]g, jfOkmfO, Od]n, OG6/g]6
 lhlkP; k|ljlw
# b"/;~rf/ k|ljlw  kl/ro #
 ;ª\lIfKt sfo{k|lj|mof
 df]8\o'n];g / l8df]8\o'n];g
$ cfw'lgs ;~rf/df  OG6/g]6sf] k|of]uaf6 ug{ ;lsg] b"/;~rf/ lj|mofsnfk !
OG6/g]6
% OG6/g]6sf]  cfwf/e"t ck/]6/ k|of]u u/L kl/:s[t vf]h -narrow @

264
k|of]uaf6 cWoog search results_
;fdu|Lsf] vf]h  cflwsfl/s ljifoj:t'sf] vf]h
^ cgnfOg ;'/Iff  cgnfOg ;'/Iffsf pkfo #
 sDKo'6/ PG6L efO/;, kmfo/jfnsf] k|of]u
 cgnfOg uf]kgLotf
 l8lh6n kbrfk
 ;fOa/ a'lnªk|ltsf] ;ts{tf / ;r]tgf
% k'g/fj[lQ, PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg @
$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
klxnf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M s[lqd e"pku|x
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 s[lqd e"pku|xsf] kl/ro lbg]
 s[lqd e"pku|xsf] sfo{l;4fGt pNn]v ug]{
 cklnª\s / 8fpglnª\s kl/eflift ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L, sf8{af]8{
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk !M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L jf kf]:6/ k|bz{g
 kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @)^ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 13.1 cGtu{tsf ;fdu|L k|bz{gsf nflu k|f]h]S6/,
OG6/g]6 hl8t Nofk6ksf] Joj:yfkg ug'{xf];\ .
 google search af6 kfn}kfnf] lgDg ;dfrf/x¿sf] vf]hL ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ k9\g
nufpg'xf];\ .
– hfh/sf]6sf b'u{d tLg ufpFkflnsfdf 6]lnsdsf] ;~rf/ ;'ljwf la:tf/
– g]kfnL e"pku|x -g]kfnL :of6–!_ k|If]k0f, g]kfn cGtl/If o'udf k|j]z
– w'|j]| xfQLdf ;]6]nfO6 /]l8of] sn/ -satellite radio collar_ /flvof]
– OG6/g]6n] k]m/]sf] l6eLsf] d'xf/
dflysf ;dfrf/ k9]/ k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df ;DalGwt k|ljlwsf lsl;d, k|of]usf] sf/0f, kmfObf
cflbsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt lgisif{nfO{ l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
5nkmnsf] lgisif{ M pbfx/0fsf nflu Pp6f ;dfrf/df cfwfl/t lgisif{nfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

6]lnsdsf] ;~rf/ ;~rf/ t/ª\u k|;f/0fsf nflu l/l;e/ PlG6gf / 6«fG;ld6/ PlG6gfsf] d2tn] 6f9f
;'ljwf la:tf/ 6f9f;Dd pSt t/ª\u k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

 dflysf ;dfrf/df ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ kf7\oj:t'l;t hf]8L ljBfyL{df ;du| kf7sf] ljifoj:t'k|lt
?lr l;h{gf u/fpg'xf];\ .

265
lj|mofsnfk @ M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg k|Zgaf/] 5nkmn u/]/ ljifoj:t'af/] ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ k[YjLsf] k|fs[lts e"pku|x s'g xf] <
-cf_ s[lqd e"pku|x k[YjLaf6 slt prfOdf /x]sf x'G5g\ <
-O_ s] s[lqd e"pku|xnfO{ k[YjLsf] jl/kl/ 3'dfO /fVg pmhf{ vr{ ug'{k5{ <
-O{_ s[lqd e"pku|x s;/L prfOdf k7fOG5g\ <
-p_ s[lqd e"pku|x s]sf nflu k7fOG5g\ <
lj|mofsnfk #M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
sIffdf s[lqd e"pku|xsf] kl/ro, k|If]k0f tl/sf, o;sf] k|of]hg, ljeGg prfOdf x'g] sIf, c/la6n
lkl/o8, cflb af/] hfgsf/Lsf nflu >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @)& df lbOPsf] s[lqd e"pku|x / o;sf] k|of]u;DaGwLsf]
cg'R5]bx¿ k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %M lrq k|bz{g

 jfo"d08nsf] lrq ePsf] dflysf] h:t} lrq k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .

 o;af6 ljBfyL{nfO{ jfo'd08nsf] cfof]gf]:k]o/af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . pSt txn] ;~rf/sf]
;ª\s]tnfO{ l;ldt If]qleq k/fjt{g u5{ .
 6f9f 6f9f;Dd :ki6 ¿kn] ;~rf/ ;ª\s]t k|;f/0fsf nflu e"pku|xn] cfjZostf kg]{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\ . ;+;f/e/ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ l/n]:6];gsf] sfd ug]{ tyf k[YjL / cGtl/If;DaGwL
;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L k[YjLdf k7fpg s[lqd e"pku|xsf] k|of]u dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M cklnª\s / 8fpg lnª\s Pgfnf]hL
 Pp6f ;fgf] P]gfnfO{ l;lnªdf 6fF:g'xf];\ .
 n]h/ ladnfO{ tnaf6 dflylt/ P]gfdf k7fpg'xf];\ -cklnª\s–pSt ladn] ;~rf/ l;Ugn af]s]sf]
dfGg'xf];\ ._

266
 P]gfnfO{ e"pku|x / P]gfaf6 k/fjt{g eP/ cfPsf] t/ª\unfO{ 8fpglnª\ssf ¿kdf dfGg'xf];\ . -
pSt t/ª\u e"pku|xaf6 k/fjt{g eO{ tnlt/ 5l/bf k'gM zlStzfnL eP/ ;~rf/sf] l;UgnnfO{
6f9f 6f9f;Dd k|;f/0f x'G5_ -:of6]nfO6df eg] P]gfsf] 7fpFdf hl6n oGq x'g] ePsfn] cklnª\s /
8fpglnª\s l;Ugnsf] cfj{lQ, tLj|tf cflb km/s x'g] tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ ._
lj|mofsnfk & M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . Ps hgfnfO{
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @)& df lbOPsf cklnª\s / 8fpglnª\s af/]sf
cg'R5]b k9\g nufpg'xf];\ . csf]{nfO{ lrq sf]/L cklnª\s / 8fpglnª\ssf
af/]df ;d"xsf] ;fyLnfO{ JofVof u/L a'emfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ s[lqd e"pku|x eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ cklnª\s / 8fpglnª\slar leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ ;+;f/e/ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{df s[lqd e"pku|xsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . o; egfOnfO{ ts{;lxt
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
:yfgLo ¿kdf pknAw ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L k[YjL / s[lqd e"pku|x b]vfpg] gd'gf lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .

267
bf];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M s[lqd e"pku|x
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 s[lqd e"pku|xsf sIfx¿ pNn]v ug{
 s[lqd e"pku|xsf sfo{x¿ pNn]v ug]{
 g]kfnL e"pku|x - g]kfnL:of6 – 1 _ sf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
8f]/L / 9'ª\uf, sf8{af]8{, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M sIf Pgfnf]hL
 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} Pp6f /a/ annfO{ gk'mlTsg] u/L 8f]/Ldf afFw]/ xftn] uf]nf]
3]/fdf 3'dfpg'xf];\ . 8f]/L / 9'ª\uf 3'dfP/ sIfx¿sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg'xf];\ .
 8f]/LnfO{ nfdf] / 5f]6f] kf/L Ps kmGsf k"/f ug{ nfUg] ;do cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / lkl/o8sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/fpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{
 h;/L 8f]/Ln] nufPsf] ann] /a/ annfO{ sIfdf lg/Gt/ 3'dfO/xG5 To;/L g} u'?Tjfsif{0f ann]
ltgsf] sIfdf 3'dfO/xG5 .
 e"pku|x sIfdf 3'Dbf s]Gb|lt/ nfUg] ansf] lbzf / ultsf] lbzf ;w}F nDa x'g] tYo klg hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\ .
 5f]6f] 8f]/Ln] ;fgf] 3]/f agfpg] x'Fbf o;n] Ps kmGsf k"/f ug{ nfUg] ;do sd x'G5 . nfdf] 8f]/Ln]
7'nf] 3]/f agfpg] ePsfn] o;n] Ps kmGsf k"/f ug{ nfUg] ;do a9L x'G5 . To;}u/L k[YjLsf]
;txaf6 sIfsf] prfOcg';f/ e"pku|xsf] kl/e|d0f ;do -period_ km/s km/s x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk @ M rf6{ lgdf{0f
 lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} sf8{af]8{df
s[lqd e"pku|xsf sIfaf/] hfgsf/L
;ª\sng u/L sIffdf k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .
 APPLE technique k|of]u u/]/
lar lardf k|Zg ;f]w]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

 sIffdf e"pku|xnfO{ ltgsf] p2]Zosf cfwf/df ljleGg sIfdf k|If]k0f ul/g] af/]sf] >Job[Zo
;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] Kffgf @)* df lbOPsf] h:t} tflnsf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

268
lj|mofsnfk $ M hf]8L k9fO
 klxnf] lbgsf] kf7 of]hgfdf pNn]v eP e}Fm ljBfyL{nfO{ hf]8L k9fOsf nflu ;d"xdf afF8L k9\g] /
JofVof ug]{ lhDd]jf/L 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ ljleGg sIfdf /flvPsf e"pku|sf] k|of]hgaf/] kf7\ok':ts kfgf @)* df lbOPsf
cg'R5]b k9\g / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk % M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ tn pNn]v eP h:t} k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ M
 xfd|f] b]zsf] klxnf] :of6]nfO6nfO{ s]s:tf sfo{ ug{] k|of]hgn] k7fOPsf] lyof] <
 xfd|f] b]zsf] :of6]nfO6nfO{ s;/L sIfdf k7fOPsf] xf]nf <
lj|mofsnfk ^ M gd'gf k|bz{g

 :yfgLo ;fdu|Laf6 lrqdf b]vfOsf] g]kfnL :of6–1 h:t} 7f]; 3gfsf/ gd'gf lgdf{0f u/L sIffdf
k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 pSt :of6]nfO6sf] ;fOh, cfsf/, lk08sf cfwf/df g]kfnL :of6–1 sf ljz]iftfaf/] cjwf/0ff
lgdf{0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk & M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
 g]kfnsf] klxnf] :of6]nfO6af/] YouTube df lel8of] vf]hL u/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ pSt :of6]nfO6af/] ljleGg ljj/0fx¿ h:t} M cfsf/, tf}n, lgdf{tf, cGtl/Ifdf
k|If]k0f ldlt, sIfdf :yflkt ldlt, o;sf] ;dofjlw, sIfdf kl/e|d0f ug]{ ;do, o;sf] k|of]hg,
o;sf] lgoGq0f cflb ;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ s[lqd e"pku|xsf sIfsf] prfO pNn]v u/L ltgsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ g]kfnL :of6–1 sf rf/cf]6f ljz]iftf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ ljleGg sIfdf k|If]k0f ul/g] e"pku|xsf] k|of]hg Ps Ps pbfx/0f;lxt k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
269
-O{_ g]kfnL :of6–1 g]kfnsf] cGtl/If cGj]if0fsf] ;'?cft xf] . o; egfOk|lt tkfO{{Fsf] /fo k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
:yfgLo ;fdu|Laf6 dflysf] lrqdf b]vfOsf] g]kfnL :of6–1 sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L
lhof]:6];g/L sIf -geostationary orbit_ / lhof]l;Gj|mf]g; sIf -geosynchronous orbit_

lhof]:6];g/L sIf jf:tjdf lhof]l;Gj|mf]g; sIfsf] Ps k|sf/ xf] . lhof]:6];g/L sIf k[YjLsf] e"dWo /]vfsf]
;dtndf k|If]k0f ul/G5 / lhof]l;Gj|mf]g; sIfsf] s]xL em'sfj x'g ;S5 .

t];|f] lbg
ljifoj:t' M ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ljleGg pbfx/0f k|:t't ug]{
 b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf dfWodx¿ -kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g,
ˆofS;, df]afOn, jfOkmfO, Od]n, OG6/g]6_ sf] k|of]u pNn]v ug]{
 lhlkP; k|ljlwsf] kl/ro lbg]
 b}lgs hLjgdf lhlkP; k|ljlwsf] k|of]u pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{, :df6{kmf]g, lrqx¿ -kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g, k\mofS;, jfOkmfO, Od]n, OG6/g]6,
lhlkP;_, :df6{ 38L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
 kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g, k\mofS;, df]afOn, jfOkmfO, Od]n, OG6/g]6, lhlkP; cflb
b]vfpg] lrq sf8{af]8{df 6fF;L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ k|To]s lrq lrGg nufO{ ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @
ljBfyL{nfO{ tn pNn]v ePsf] kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @)( df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

270
lj|mofsnfk # M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ljleGg dfWoox¿ -kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g,
ˆofS;, df]afOn, jfOkmfO, Od]n, OG6/g]6_ k|of]u b]vfpg] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @!! df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M hf]8L k9fO

 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 ;d"xdf Pp6fnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @)(, @!) / @!! df lbOPsf kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg,
6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, df]afOn, jfOkmfO, Od]n, OG6/g]6sf k|of]u k9\g / csf]{nfO{ tL k|of]ux¿sf]
af/]df JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M lhlkP; k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @!! df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk & M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

lrqdf b]vfOPsf GPS k|ljlwsf k|of]u b]vfpg] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ljleGg dfWodsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-cf_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ¿kdf OG6/g]6sf s'g} b'O{cf]6f k|of]u pNn]v ug'xf];\ .
-O_ b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] dxŒj pbfx/0f;lxt k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ GPS k|ljlwsf b'O{cf]6f k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
-c_ tkfO{{Fsf] 3/df k|of]u x'g] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf dfWoodsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-cf_ lhlkP; 6«]lsª eg]sf] s] xf] <

271
rf}yf] lbg
ljifoj:t' M b"/;~rf/
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 b"/;~rf/sf] kl/ro lbg]
 ;a} b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] sfo{ l;4fGt atfpg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg k|Zg u/L ljifoj:t'af/] ?lr hufpg'xf];\ M
-c_ ufpFel/sf dflg;df s'g} ;"rgf Ps} k6s k'¥ofpg'k/]df s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
-cf_ g]kfnaf6 ljb]z va/ k7fpg k/]df s] ul/G5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
 ljBfyL{n] /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehgaf6 ;dfrf/ ;'Gbf pSt ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f k|lj|mofdf k|of]u x'g]
pks/0fx¿, k|;f/0f dfWod cflb pNn]v ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
ljBfyL{df b"/;~rf/af/] hfgsf/L u/fpFbf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] k|of]u u/L 6f9f 6f9f;Dd ;~rf/ ;ª\s]t
k|;f/0f ug]{ k|lj|mof b"/;~rf/ egL kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk #
kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @!# df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk u/fO{ tflnsfdf cfjZos ljj/0f eg{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\
.

lgisif{ M b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf ljleGg On]S6«f]lgs tyf clK6sn pks/0fdfkm{t ;"rgf Ps :yfgaf6
csf{] :yfgdf k|;f/0fsf nflu d'Vo tLg efux¿ 6«fG;ld6/, k|;f/0f Rofgn -pbfx/0fsf nflu PkmPd,
jfOkmfO cflbdf ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\u -electromagnetic wave_ n] dfWodsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{_ /
l/l;e/ cfjZos x'G5g\ .
lj|mofsnfk $
tnsf cjoj b]vfpg] lrq k|bz{g u/L :df6{kmf]gdf jfOkmfOaf6 ul/Psf] ;~rf/nfO{ tLgcf]6f cjojsf]
cfwf/df JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 6«fG;ld6/

272
 k|;f/0f Rofgn -pbfx/0fsf nflu PkmPd, jfOkmfO cflbdf ljB't\ r'DasLo t/ª\u -
electromagnetic wave_ n] dfWodsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{_
 l/l;e/

lj|mofsnfk % M k\mnf]rf6{ lgdf{0f

ljBfyL{nfO{ b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf tLg efux¿ 6«fG;ld6/, k|;f/0f Rofgn / l/l;e/nfO{ b]vfpg] k\mnf]rf6{
lgdf{0f

lj|mofsnfk M hf]8L k9fO

 ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @!# df lbOPsf] b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf tLg efu 6«fG;ld6/,
k|;f/0f Rofgn / l/l;e/ af/]sf cg'R5]b k9\g / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
o; lj|mofsnfkaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ 6«fG;ld6/, k|;f/0f Rofgn / l/l;e/sf pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{
;S5g\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ b"/;~rf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ b"/;~rf/ k|lj|mof b]vfpg] k\mnf]rf6{ agfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf j|mddf 6«fG;ld6/, dfWod / l/l;e/ b]vfpg] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ .
-O{_ s'g} Pp6f b"/;~rf/ pks/0fsf] k|of]usf cfwf/df b"/;~rf/sf] sfo{l;4fGt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{

-c_ tkfO{{n
F ] 3/df k|of]u ug'{x'g] ljleGg b"/;~rf/sf pks/0fsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

kfFrf}F lbg
If]q e|d0f jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
ljBfyL{nfO{ tn pNn]v ePsf pknlAw xfl;n x'g]u/L ;Dej eP;Dd glhssf] /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehg
:6];gsf] z}lIfs e|d0f u/fpg] >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]un] ljleGg lsl;dsf b"/;~rf/ k|lj|mofx¿ -/]l8of],
l6eL, 6]lnkmf]g, jfOkmfO, OG6/g]6 cflb_ k|bz{g u/L tL k|lj|mofsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
 b"/;~rf/ k|ljlw sfo{l;4fGt atfpg

273
 df]8\o'n];g / l8df]8\o'n];gsf] dxŒj atfpg

274
5}6f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M df]8\o'n];g / l8df]8\o'n];g
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 df]8\o'n];g / l8df]8\o'n];g kl/eflift ug{]
 b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf df]8\o'n];g / l8df]8\o'n];gsf] dxŒj pNn]v ug]{
 PkmPd / PPdlar leGgtf 5'6\ofpg ;Sg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
/]l8of] jf :df6{kmf]g, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M syfTds k|:t'tL
klxn] klxn] ;~rf/sf nflu ufpF3/df lgs} yf]/} dflg;sf] 3/df /]l8of] x'g] u/]sf], ;"rgf tyf
dgf]/~hgsf nflu s]jn /]l8of] g]kfnsf] P Pd l;Ugndf e/ kg'{kg]{ h;n] ubf{ j]nf j]nf cfjfh k|:6
g;'lgg] t/ PkmPdaf6 k|;fl/t l;Ugnaf6 ;"rgf, ;dfrf/, uLt clb k|:6 ;'lgg] ePsfn] lj=;+=
cg';f/ ^) sf] bzsdf PkmPdsf] la:tf/ ePsf] / jt{dfgdf ;~rf/sf nflu :df6{kmf]gdf hl8t
OG6/g]6sf] cTolws k|of]u x'g] hfgsf/LnfO{ syfTds ¿kdf sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
– o;af6 ;~rf/sf] ljsf; / cfw'lgs ;~rf/af/] ljBfyL{nfO{ pT;'s agfpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M lrq k|bz{g
 Pp6f sf8{af]8{df tnsf] h:t} lrq sf]/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ df]8\o'n];g / l8df]8\o'n];g lsg cfjZos 5 egL k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .

/]s8{ u/]sf] ;~rf/ t/ª\u ;ª\s]tnfO{ 6f9f;Dd k|;f/0f ug{ df]8\o'n];g ul/g] / k'gM pSt ;ª\s]t k|fKt
ug{ l8df]8\o'n];g ul/g] tYo hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M /]l8of] l;Ugn 6\o'lgª
 sIffdf /]l8of] jf :df6{kmf]gaf6 /]l8of] l;Ugn ahfP/ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
 pSt k|lj|mofnfO{ dflysf] df]8\o'n];g / l8df]8\o'n];gsf cfwf/df JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M lrq k|bz{g
 lrqdf b]vfOPsf PlDnRo'8 df]8\o'n];g (Amplitude modulation-AM_ cfj[lQ df]8\o'n];g
(Frequency modulation-FM) k|lj|mof b]vfpg] lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 /]s8{]8 t/ª\u k|;f/0fdf Sofl/o/ j]esf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
275
lrq cfj[lQ df]8\o'n];g lrq PlDnRo'8 df]8\o'n];g
lj|mofsnfk % M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
PlDnRo'8 df]8\o'n];g (Amplitude modulation-AM_ / cfj[lQ df]8\o'n];g (Frequency modulation-FM)
lar leGgtf b]vfpg] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ b'j} larsf leGgtf l6kf]6 ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Ps hgfnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @!$ / kfgf @!% df lbOPsf PkmPd / PPd;DaGwL ljifoj:t'
k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{nfO{ To;sf] JofVof ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^
sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @!% df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ df]8\o'n];g / l8df]8\o'n];g kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ PlDnRo'8 df]8\o'n];g / cfj[lQ df]8\o'n];g b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ :df6{kmf]gaf6 /f]l8of] l;Ugn 6\o'g ubf{ ;~rf/sf] l;4fGt s;/L nfu' ePsf] 5, ;~rf/sf] l;4fGtsf
tLg cjojsf cfwf/df JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ Ps hgf dflg;n] ;ª\uLt ;'Ggsf nflu PPd :6];g geO{ ;w}F PkmPd :6];g 6\o'g ug'{x'G5 . o;sf]
sf/0f s] x'g ;S5 <
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
-c_ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @!$ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk 13.8 nfO{ ljBfyL{sf nflu kl/of]hgf sfo{sf
¿kdf lbg'xf];\ .

276
-cf_ :yfgLo ¿kdf pknAw ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwsf sfo{ l;4fGt k|bz{g ug{
/]l8of]÷6]lnlehg k|;f/0fsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
lzIfssf nflu yk hfgsf/L

;|f]t M http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Electronic/amtran.html

;ftf}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ¿kdf OG6/g]6
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ¿kdf OG6/g]6nfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg]
 Od]ndf vftf l;h{gf ug]{
 Od]nsf] k|of]u u/L Od]n cfbfgk|bfg ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L, :df6{kmf]g, OG6/g]6 hl8t sDKo'6/x¿
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
-c_ OG6/g]6 s] xf] <
-cf_ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u s'g s'g k|of]hgsf nflu ul/G5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M b"/;~rf/sf] ;fwgsf ¿kdf :df6{kmf]gsf] k|of]u
 :df6{kmf]gdf jfOkmfO h8fg u/L jf 8f6f ;le{; cg ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f :df6{kmf]gsf] k|of]un] s'g s'g b"/;~rf/sf ;'ljwfx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 egL
k|Zg ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{sf] pQ/df cPsf k|ljlwnufot tn pNn]v ePsf b"/;~rf/ k|ljlw k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

277
g]6 l6eLaf6 -s'g} l8; jf tf/ lagf l6eL x]g{ ;lsg] k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . PkmPd, 6]lnkmf]g, Od]n
cflb
lj|mofsnfk # M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
jt{dfg ;dodf OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u/L ul/g] b"/;~rf/ lj|mofsnfk k|bz{g ug{ >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M 5nkmn
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfgf @!^ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M lhd]n -gmail_ csfpG6 l;h{gf

ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @!& df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ OG6/g]6 s] xf] <
-cf_ ;~rf/sf If]qdf OG6/g]6sf b'O{cf]6f pkof]lutf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ s'g} Ps pbfx/0f;lxt ;~rf/df OG6/g]6sf] k|of]unfO{ cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf ¿kdf k'li6
ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ k/Dk/fut b"/;~rf/ / OG6/g]6åf/f ul/g] cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/lar t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
tkfO{F{n] l;h{gf ug'{ePsf] lhd]n csfpG6af6 ljifo lzIfs nfO{ Ps Ps Od]n k7fpg'xf];\ .

cf7f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M u'un ;r{ ck/]6/
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 u'un ;r{ ck/]6/ (filetype, Inurl, and, or, define, site, +, -,*,map, weather) sf] k|of]u u/L
ljifoj:t' vf]hL ug]{
 OG6/g]6df cflwsfl/s ljifoj:t' vf]hL ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L

278
sf8{af]8{, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg kl/If0f
tnsf k|Zg ;f]wL ljifoj:t'sf] k"j{1fg af/]df hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .
-c_ ;r{ OlGhg s] x'g\, logsf] k|of]hg s] x'G5 <
-cf_ tkfO{{Fn] ghfg]sf] s'g} ljifoj:t'af/] s;/L OG6/g]6df vf]hL ug'{x'G5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M u'un ;r{ ck/]6/sf] k|of]u
 sDKo'6/sf] l:j|mgnfO{ k|f]h]S6/dfk{mt k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 OG6/g]6 a|fph/ vf]nL klxn] ;fdfGotM dflg;n] k|of]u ug]{ vf]hL ljlwaf6 cyber bullying in
nepal vf]hL u/L b]vfpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 cyber bullying in nepal filetype:pptx 6fOk u/L
vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ dflysf b'j} vf]hdf kfOPsf] leGgtf cf}FNofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M ;r{ OlGhgdf ul/g] kl/is[t vf]hn] cfjZos ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L dfq k|bz{g x'g]
ePsfn] sd ;do nlIft vf]h ;Dej x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk #
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf pNn]v ePsf ;r{ ck/]6/sf] k|of]u u/L cfjZos hfgsf/L vf]hL ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M cflwsfl/s ljifj:t'sf] vf]hL

Pp6f sf8{af]8{df tn pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf hfgsf/L n]vL sDKo'6/ Nofadf 6fF:g'xf];\ . ltg}
hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df cflwsfl/s ;fdu|L vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 s'g} z}lIfs ;+:yf jf cGo cflwsfl/s ;+:yfn] OG6/g]6df cfk\mgf] O{–k':tsfno -
lib.moecdc.gov.np_ leq /fv]sf ;fdu|L k|dfl0ft u/]/ /flvPsf x'G5g\ .
279
 s'g} cflwsfl/s ;ª\3 ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt j]a;fO6sf cGTodf edu, .gov, .org, .com ePsf
j]a;fO6df k|sflzt ;fdu|L k|foM cflwsfl/s x'G5g\ .
 k|sflzt ljifoj:t'sf] ldlt, kl/dfh{g eP÷gePsf], kf7sx¿n] u/]sf sd]G6 tyf k[i7kf]if0f x]/]/
cfk"mn] OG6/g]6df vf]hL u/]sf ;fdu|Lsf] cflwsfl/stfaf/] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ;r{ ck/]6/sf s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ;r{ OlGhgdf ul/g] kl/is[t vf]hsf b'O{cf]6f kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ tkfO{F{nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf s'g} b'O{ ljifoj:t'sf] vf]hL ug{sf nflu u'un ;r{ ck/]6/ k|of]u u/L ul/g]
vf]hLsf] l;G6]S; pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ OG6/g]6df cflwsfl/s ;fdu|L vf]hLsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .

gjf}F lbg
cEof;
ljBfyL{nfO{ sDKo'6/ Nofadf nu]/ lhd]n csfpG6 l;h{gf ug]{, d]n cfbfgk|bfg ug]{, u'un ;r{ ck/]6/sf]
k|of]u u/L vf]hL ug]{, cflwsfl/s ljifoj:t'sf] vf]hL h:tf cEof; u/fpg'xf];\ .

b;f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M cgnfOg ;'/Iff pkfox¿ (online security measures)
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 cgnfOg ;'/Iff vt/fsf pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
sf8{af]8{, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk M
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg k|Zg u/L cgnfOg ;'/Iff af/]sf] k"j{1fg k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ubf{ s] s:tf ;'/Iff vt/fx¿ x'G5g\ <
-cf_ kf;fj8{ Xoflsª s] xf] <
-O_ OG6/g]6 ;'/Iff s] xf] <
lj|mofsnfk @ M sf8{af]8{ k|bz{g
 OG6/g]6 k|of]usf ;Defljt vt/f;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lrq ;d]6L sf8{af]8{ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
 pSt ;fdu|Ldf ePsf lrq cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ ljBfyL{nfO{ lj:t[t hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

280
lj|mofsnfk # M hf]8L k9fO
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Pp6fnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @@! df lbOPsf] cgnfOg uf]kgLotf hfFr (online privacy
checking) ;DaGwL cg'R5]b k9\g / csf]{nfO{ ;'g]/ cgnfOg uf]kgLotfaf/] JofVof ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $ M j]a;fO6 ;'/Iff ;l6{lkms]6 hfFr
 sDKo'6/ l:j|mgnfO{ k|f]h]S6/af6 l8:Kn] u/fpg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @@! df lbOPsf] lrq 13.19 df h:t} ljBfyL{nfO{ j]a;fO6 ;'/Iff
;l6{lkms]6 hfFr u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk %M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

 YouTube df cgnfOg ;'/Iff;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L vf]hL sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] cjnf]sgaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ cgnfOg ;'/Iff vt/f l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M sG;]K6 Dofk lgdf{0f
ljBfyL{nfO{ tnsf] h:t} sG;]K6 Dofk lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

281
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ cgnfOg ;'/Iff s] xf] <
-cf_ cgnfOg ;'/Iff vt/fsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ cgnfOg ;'/Iffsf b'O{cf]6f pkfo pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
P3f/f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M ;fOa/ a'lnª / l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6 ;r]tgf
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 ;fOa/ a'lnªsf] kl/ro lbg]
 ;fOa/ a'lnªsf pbfx/0f k|:t't ug]{
 l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6sf] kl/ro lbg]
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
;dfrf/ lSnkx¿, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L, d]6fsf8{
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk !M ;dfrf/ jfrg
 ;fOa/ a'lnªsf af/]df 5flkPsf ;dfrf/ lSnk lk|G6 u/L sIffdf n}hfg'xf];\ .
 s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ pSt ;dfrf/ k9\g nufpg'xf];\ / cGonfO{ ;fOa/ a'lnªsf pbfx/0fx¿
;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu oxfF gful/s ;dfrf/sf] lnª\s / lSnk /flvPsf] 5 .
https://nepali.nagarikpost.com/ictkhabar/post/2017-06-23-12-45-07
के हो साइबर बुलिª ? सामाजिक सञ्िािमार्फत नेपािमा साइबर बुलिª बढ्दो

282
lj|mofsnfk @ M hf]8L k9fO
 ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 Pp6fnfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @@! df lbOPsf] ;fOa/ a'lnª ;r]tgf af/]sf cg'R5]bx¿ k9\g /
csf]{nfO{ tL cg'R5]bx¿sf] ;f/f+z eGg nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M dl:tis dGyg
ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg k|Zg ;f]w]/ ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hufpg'xf];\ .
-c_ tkfO{{Fn] cfk\mgf] ljB'tLo pks/0faf6 OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u/]sf] hfgsf/L cGo s;}n] yfxf kfpg ;S5 <
-cf_ s] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf l8ln6 u/]sf ;fdu|L tTsfn ;a}sf nflu x6]/ hfG5g\ <
lj|mofsnfk $ M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
 sIffdf l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{nfO{ >Job[Zo ;fdu|L cjnf]sg u/L l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6sf pbfx/0f ;ª\sng ug{ nufpg'xf];\
.
lj|mofsnfk % M l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6 vf]hL
ljBfyL{nfO{ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u/L s]xL ljlzi6 JolStŒj h:t} k|Voft snfsf/sf s]xL ;do klxn]sf
lj|mofsnfksf] vf]hL ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ^ M l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6 k|bz{g
 sDKo'6/ l:j|mgnfO{ k|f]h]S6/åf/f kbf{df k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 sDKo'6/sf] a|fph/ lx:6«L vf]n]/ pSt sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{n] vf]n]sf j]a;fO6 ljj/0f l8:Kn] ug'{xf];\
.
 lx:6«L tyf ;]e ePsf kf;j8{nfO{ x6fpg] tl/sf klg k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk &
 ljBfyL{nfO{ d]6fsf8{x¿ ljt/0f u/L l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6af/] ;r]tgf ;Gb]z n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf ;a} ;Gb]znfO{ ;ª\sng u/L sf8{af]8{df 6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ ;fOa/ a'lnª eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ ;fOa/ a'lnªsf b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6 s] xf] <
-cf_ ;fOa/ a'lnªaf6 ;'/lIft /xg] s'g} b'O{cf]6f pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{

283
l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6 vf]hL u/L s'g} Ps rlr{t JolStsf ultljlwsf] l/kf]6{ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

Affx|f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M kmfo/jfn / PlG6efO/; ;'/Iff (firewall and antivirus protection)
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo
 sDKo'6/ PlG6efO/;sf] kl/ro lbg]
 kmfO/jfn kl/ro lbg]
 kmfO/jfn / PlG6efO/;lar leGgtf pNn]v ug]{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
sDKo'6/ PlG6efO/; ;k\m6j]o/, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L, k]g8«fOe, kmfO/jfn -xf8{j]o/ jf ;k\m6j]o/_
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk ! M k"j{1fg k/LIf0f
tnsf k|Zg u/]/ ljifoj:t'sf af/]df ljBfyL{df lglxt k"j{1fgaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
-c_ sDKo'6/df 8f6f k|;f]wgnfO{ c;/ ug]{ efO/; s;n] agfpF5 <
-cf_ sDKo'6/ efO;sf] cfj|md0fn] s]–s:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvG5g\ <
-O_ sDKo'6/ efO/;nfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M sDKo'6/ PlG6efO/; ;k\m6j]o/ k|bz{g
 sDKo'6/sf] l:j|mgnfO{ k|f]h]S6/af6 kbf{df k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
 Nofk6k jf sDKo'6/df Olg:6n ePsf] PlG6efO/; ;k\m6j]o/ vf]nL efO/; :Sofg u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\
.
 s'g} Ps k]g8«fOe sDKo'6/df hf]8]/ pSt k]g 8«fOe :Sofg u/]sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
 OG6/g]6 vf]hL u/L ahf/df pknAw ljleGg sDKo'6/ efO/;sf pbfx/0f k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk # M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g
kmfO/jfnsf] kl/ro tyf sDKo'6/ eO/;sf] kl/ro, o;sf c;/ / ;dfwfg pkfoaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk $M lrq k|bz{g
lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} lrq k|bz{g u/L OG6/g]6af6 cfpg ;Sg] c;'/lIft 8f6fnfO{ 5fg]/ Ans ug]{
;k\m6j]o/ jf pks/0fsf ¿kdf kmfO/jfnnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk % M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

284
lbOPsf] YouTube lnª\s h:t} a}ssf csfpG6 Xos tyf Pl6od ;k\m6jo/df ul/Psf
cfj|md0f;DaGwL ;dfrf/ vf]hL u/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
https://youtu.be/6JtEGjjrCD0

lj|mofsnfk ^ M >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|bz{g

kmfO/jfn / PlG6efO/;lar leGgtf b]vfpg] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|:t't u/L PlG6efO/; / kmfO/jfnsf]
e"ldsf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk & M ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @@@ df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg
-c_ sDKo'6/ efO/; s] xf] <
-cf_ kmfO/jfn / PlG6efO/;lar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ kmfO/jfn cg gubf{ x'g ;Sg] b'O{cf]6f ;'/Iff vt/f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O{_ ljG8f]h ck/]l6ª l;:6d ePsf] sDKo'6/sf] kmfO/jfn ckm ePdf s;/L cg ug{ ;lsG5 <
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
-c_ Pp6f sDKo'6/df Olg:6n u/]sf] PlG6efO/;sf] k|of]u u/L k]g8«fOe :s]g s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
-cf_ sdhf]/ kmfO/jfnsf sf/0f x'g ;Sg] ;fOa/ cfj|md0fsf s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @@# df lbOPsf lj|mofsnfk kl/of]hgf sfo{sf ¿kdf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

285
t]x|f}F lbg
ljifoj:t' M k'g/fj[lQ
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L, d]6fsf8{, sf8{af]8{ cflb
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
lj|mofsnfk $ M lhS; -Jigsaw_
ljBfyL{df lglxt k"j{1fg tyf kf7\ok':tssf ljifj:t'sf] :jcWoogsf cfwf/df tnsf ljifoj:t'df lhS;
ljlwaf6 cWofkg u/fpg'xf];\ .
!= ;fOa/ a'lnª @= ;fOa/ ;'/Iff #= cgnfOg ;]So'l/6L
$= PG6L efO/; %= kmfO/jfn

pbfx/0fsf nflu sIffdf @% hgf ljBfyL{ 5g\ eg] ltgnfO{ %–% hgfsf] % cf]6f ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
% cf]6f ;d"xsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt % a'Fbfx¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ M
!= ;fOa/ a'lnª @= ;fOa/ ;'/Iff #= cgnfOg ;]So'l/6L
$= PG6L efO/; %= kmfO/jfn

286
k|To]s ;d"xsf % hgfnfO{ s'g} Ps ljifoj:t' 5fGg nufpg'xf];\ . ca k|To]s ;d"xaf6 a'Fbf ! 5fGg] kfFr}
hgfnfO{ OS;k6{ ;d"x !, a'Fbf @ 5fGg] kfFr} hgfnfO{ OS;k6{ ;d"x @, h:t} u/L kfFrcf]6f OS;k6{ ;d"x
5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . k|To]s OS;k6{ ;d"xdf ljifoj:t'af/] lj:t[t 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L ljifoj:t'df
lj:t[t 5nkmn u/]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ k'gM cfcfk\mgf] ;d"xdf kms{]/ hfg eGg'xf];\ . klxn]sf] ;d"xdf kmls{bf
kfFrcf]6} ljifoj:t'sf af/]df hfgsf/L ePsf ljBfyL{ hDdf x'G5g\ . k|To]sn] cfcfk\mgf] ljifoj:t'af/]
c¿nfO{ l;sfpg eGg'xf];\ .

287
lj|mofsnfk M k|Zgf]Q/

u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{
-c_ kf7\ok':tssf] kfgf @@# df lbOPsf lj|mofsnfk kl/of]hgf sfo{sf ¿kdf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;fOa/ ;'/Iff ;DaGwL kf]:6sf8{ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

-O_ ljBfnosf ljBfyL{n] ef]u]sf ;fOa/ ;'/Iff;DaGwL d'2fx¿ ;ª\sng ug{ sDKo'6/ jf lj1fg k|ljlw
lzIfssf] ;+of]hsTjdf sIff ( sf ljBfyL{ ;dfj]z Pp6f Sna lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] ;'emfj
k]6Lsfdfk{mt jf k|ToIf ¿kdf lbPsf u'gf;fnfO{ cWoog u/L cfjZos k/] ljBfno k|zf;gdf
hfgsf/L u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ .

rf}wf}F lbg
PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;xL ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ ;~rf/ e"pku|xnfO{ s'g sIfdf k|If]k0f ul/G5 <
-c_ lgDg k[YjL sIf -low earth orbit_ -cf_ dWod k[YjL sIf -medium earth orbit_
-O_ e":yfoL sIf -geostationary orbit_ -O{_ lhof]l;Gj|mf]g; sIf -geosynchronous orbit_
-v_ e"pku|xnfO{ s'g sIfdf k|If]k0f ubf{ ;w}F k[YjLsf] e"dWo/]vLo efu dflysf] cfsfzdf ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf
l:y/ /xg] u/L 3'ld/xG5 <
-c_ lgDg k[YjL sIf -low earth orbit_ -cf_ dWod k[YjL sIf -medium earth orbit_
-O_ e":yfoL sIf -geostationary orbit_ -O{_ lhofl;Gj|mf]g; sIf -geosynchronous
orbit_
-u_ /]l8of] t/ª\u k|;f/0fsf nflu lrqdf b]vfOPsf] df]8\o'n];g;Fu ldNg] ljz]iftf s'g xf] <
-c_ k|;fl/t t/ª\ux¿sf] cfj[lQ a9L x'G5 .
-cf_ k|;fl/t t/ª\ux¿ jfo'd08nsf] cfof]lgs txaf6 ;lhn} k/fjt{g x'G5g\ .
-O_ k|;fl/t t/ª\u lglZrt b'/L;Dd ;Lldt /xG5g\ .
-O{_ k|;f/0fdf afx\o jftfj/0fsf] sd k|efj k5{ .
-3_ tkfO{F{n] ;r{ OlGhg -search engine_ sf] k|of]uaf6 jg:klt tGt' -plant tissue_ sf af/]df kfj/kf]OG6
lk|hG6];g :nfO8 vf]Hg' k/]df s'g l;G6fS; -syntax_ pko'St x'G5 <
-c_ filetype:plant tissue.pptx -cf_ plant tissue filetype.pptx
-O_ plant tissue filetype:pptx -O{_ filetype plant tissue:pptx
-ª_ Od]n -e-mail_ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

288
-c_ Od/h]G;L d]n -emergency mail_ -cf_ On]S6«f]lgs d]n -electronic mail_
-O_ cnL{ d]n -early mail_ -O{_ Ok]mlS6e d]n -effective mail_
-r_ s'g} ljBfyL{n] ;fdflhs ;~hfndfk{mt ;fyLnfO{ wDsfpg] ;Gb]z k7fP/ s]xL ;dokl5 pSt ;Gb]znfO{
;a}sf nflu gb]lvg] u/L x6fP/ cfk"m ;'/lIft ePsf] 7fg] eg] of] s'g ;r]tgfsf] sdL xf] <
-c_ cgnfOg uf]kgLotf -cf_ l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6
-O_ sDKo'6/ efO/; -O{_ sDKo'6/ kmfo/jfn
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ lh lk=P;= s] xf], o;sf b'O{cf]6f k|of]u n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ :of6]nfO6df cklnª\s / 8fpglnª\s b]vfpg] lrq sf]g'{xf];\ .
-u_ l8lh6n k'm6lk|G6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf tLg efux¿ b]vfpg] k\mnf]rf6{ agfpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ g]kfnsf] klxnf] :of6]nfO6sf s'g} b'O{ ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ PlDKnRo'8 df]8'n];g / lk|mSj]lG; df]8\o'n];glar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ kmfO/jfn / PlG6efO/;lar b'O{cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-h_ OG6/g]6dfk{mt a}ª\lsª sf/f]af/ tyf ;fdflhs ;~hfn k|of]u ug{ ;'? u/]sf gofF k|of]ustf{nfO{
cgnfOg ;'/Iffsf af/]df tkfO{{Fn] lbg'x'g] d'Vo ;'emfj sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-em_ Pp6f pbfx/0f lbP/ ;~rf/sf nflu OG6/g]6sf] k|of]unfO{ cfw'lgs ;~rf/sf ¿kdf k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-`_ OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ePsf] tkfO{Fsf] sDKo'6/sf] 8]:s6kdf ePsf] Pp6f letter gfdsf] kmfOnnfO{ Gmail
af6 info@moecdc.gov.np df k7fpgsf nflu nfu' ug'{kg]{ r/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

289
PsfO !$ k/df0f' ;+/rgf / /f;folgs aG8 (Atomic Structure and Chemical
Bond)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M !#
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{ k/df0f'sf] kl/ro lbg, k/df0f'sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{, cS6]6 / 8'Kn]6
lgod atfpg, ;+Ho'htfsf] af/]df atfpg, cfof]gx¿sf] af/]df j0f{g ug{, /f;folgs aG8;DaGwL
cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{, sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 / On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 aGg] cj:yf JofVof ug{, cf0fljs ;"q n]Vg]
tl/sf atfpg / n]Vg, kf/df0fljs ef/ / cf0fljs ef/, Go'lSno/ l:y/tf, /]l8of]wdL{ tŒj, Go'lSno/
lkm;g / Go'lSno/ ˆo'hgsf] cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfg{ ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ .
o; PsfOcGtu{t k/df0f'sf] gd'gf lgdf{0f, Eofn]G; ;]n / Eofn]G; On]S6«f]g, cfof]gsf k|sf/,
On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 of}lus / sf]Eofn]G6 of}lus aGg] tl/sf / ljz]iftf, k/df0f' pmhf{ jf Go'lSno/ pmhf{ / cGo
o:t} wf/0ffsf] pbfx/0f, ljz]iftf cflb ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg
ljlwsf ;fy} ljleGg Collaborative methods of teaching h:t} M mix and match, think, pair and
share, T and M models cflbsf] k|of]u ug{' kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ k/df0fljs ;+/rgfsf] gd'gf tof/ ug{ / j0f{g ug{
-v_ /f;folgs aG8 aGg] cj:yf / k|lj|mofsf] pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug{
-u_ ;+o'Hotf / cfof]gsf] ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff atfpg
-3_ lj|m;j|m; ljlwaf6 ;fwf/0f of}lusx¿sf] cf0fljs ;"q n]Vg / cf0fljs ef/ kQf nufpg
-ª_ /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{gsf] kl/ro lbg / /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g x'g] cj:yf pNn]v ug{
-r_ Go'lSno/ lkm;g / Go'lSno/ ˆo'hgsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg / oL k|lj|mofsf nflu cfjZos
cj:yf pNn]v ug{
-5_ kf/df0fljs pmhf{sf] pkof]lutf atfpg

#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)

j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
=
!= kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf  kl/ro !
 kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf kl/ro
 Go'lSno;sf] :yfoLTj -n/p cg'kft,
Go'lSno/ ;fOh_
@= ;+o'Hotf / cfof]g  ;+o'Hotf !
(valency and ion)  cjwf/0ff
 ;+o'Hotf kQf nufpg] tl/sf
 cfof]gsf] kl/ro
 cfof]g aGg] tl/sf

290
#= cfof]g / /]l8sn  cfof]gsf k|sf/ !
 cfof]gsf pbfx/0f -kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof
@) ;Ddsf tŒjx¿ / sk/, cfO/g,
l;Ne/, uf]N8, ds{/L, DofGulgh,
cfof]l8g, a|f]ldgaf6 aGg] cfof]gx¿,
;Nkm]6, sfaf]{g]6, Pdf]lgod, gfO6«]6,
xfO8«f]cS;fO8, afOsfaf]{g]6,
afO;Nkm]6, Snf]/]6, km:km]6, gfO6«fO6_
$= /f;folgs aG8  /f;folgs aG8sf] kl/ro !
 /f;folgs aG8 aGg] cj:yf
 /f;folgs aG8sf k|sf/sf] kl/ro
-On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 / sf]Eofn]G6_
%= On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8  On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 aGg] k|lj|mof !
-vfg]g'g, SoflN;od Snf]/fO8,
DofUg]l;od cS;fO8 dfq_
^= sf]Eofn]G6 aG8  sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 aGg] k|lj|mof - !
xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn, kfgL, Pdf]lgof /
ldy]g dfq_
&= c0f';"q  kl/efiff !
 c0f';"q n]Vg] tl/sf -lj|m;j|m; ljlw_
*= kf/df0fljs / cf0fljs  plNnlvt cfof]g ;dfj]z ePsf !
ef/ of}lusx¿sf] c0f';"q
 kf/df0fljs ef/
 cf0fljs ef/ -kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof @)
;Ddsf cfof]gx¿af6 aGg]
of}lusx¿sf] dfq_
(= /]l8of]wdL{ ultljlw -  Go'lSno;sf] :yfoLTj -n/p cg'kft, !
radioactivity_ Go'lSno/ ;fOh_
 /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g kl/ro
 /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g x'g] cj:yf
!)= ljls/0fsf k|sf/ /  cNkmf -α_, lcf]6f -β_ / ufdf -γ_ !
Go'lSno/ k|ltlj|mof ljls/0f
 Go'lSno/ lkm;g / Go'lSno/ ˆo'hg
 ;fdfGo kl/ro, lkm;g / ˆo'hg x'g]
cj:yf -/f;folgs k|ltlj|mof pNn]v
ug{ gkg]{_

!!= kf/df0fljs pmhf{  kl/ro !

(Atomic energy)  pkof]lutfsf pbfx/0f
!@= k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg @

291
gf]6 M l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ;Fu;Fu} x'g] 5 . l;sfO lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf l;sfO
ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g]u/L ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng u/L Go"gtd l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf afah'b sltko ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . t;y{ tflnsfsf] clGtd a'Fbfsf]
;Gbe{df PsfOut -s_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf -;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{_ ¿kdf
Go"gtd ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf lbg, l;sfO
lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L ;xeflutf u/fpg, k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk,
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]vLs/0f ug{ -v_ PsfOdf plNnlvt ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO
pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ b'j} sfo{ ug{sf nflu @ 306fsf] ;do lgwf{/0f u/LPsf] 5 .

$= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf kl/ro, Go'lSno;sf] :yfoLTj -n/p cg'kft, Go'lSno/ ;fOh_
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

 kf/df0fljs ;+/rgfsf] kl/ro lbg

 Go'lSno;sf] :yfoLTj;DaGwL wf/0ff JoSt ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
k|f]6f]g, On]S6«f]g / Go'6«f]g / ltgLx¿df x'g] rfh{ n]lvPsf zAbkQL, kf/df0fljs df]8]nsf] gd'gf, dfl:sª
6]k / z}Ifl0fs kf6L cflb
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

kf7sf] ;'?df tŒjx¿sf] ;ª\s]t / kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof;DaGwL k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{
o; kf7sf] z'ef/De ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'xf];\ jf ;Dej ePdf k/df0f';DaGwL audio visual
;fdu|L k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-an-
atom/latest/build-an-atom_all.html
o;af6 k/df0f'sf af/]df cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M kf/df0fljs ;+/rgfsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of atomic structure)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f ;fbf k]k/, k]lG;n, sDkf; lng nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ Pp6} s]Gb| ePsf] km/s km/s cfsf/sf tLgcf]6f j[Q lvRg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ lgnf] /ªsf] k]lG;nn] aflx/L b'O{cf]6f j[Qdf @/@ cf]6f / leqL j[Qdf /ftf] /ªsf rf/cf]6f / kx]Fnf] /ªsf
kfFrcf]6f ;fgf ;fgf uf]nf agfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
292
(O{) @/# hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ s:tf] lrq aGof] cufl8 NofP/ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
oL lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df k/df0f'sf] cfsf/ j[Qfsf/ x'G5 h;df
On]S6«f]gx¿ Afflx/ 3]/fdf 3'ld/x]sf x'G5g\ / k|f]6f]g / Go'6«fg] s]Gb|df
x'G5g\ eGg] cjwf/0ff cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{ M k/df0f'df On]S6«f]g, k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]g u/L tLgcf]6f cjoj x'G5g\

hxfF k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]g Go'lSno;df /xG5g\ / On]S6«f]g aflx/L ;]ndf
3'ld/x]sf x'G5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M pkkf/df0fljs s0f;DaGwL cjwf/0ff (Concept of sub-atomic particles)

j|m= ;= pkkf/df0fljs s0f Rffh{
!= k|f]6f]g (p+) wgfTds (+)
@= On]S6«f]g (e-) C0ffTds (-)
#= Go'6«f]g (n0) Rffh{ljxLg (chargeless)

-c_ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf dfly b]vfP h:t} tflnsf agfO{ To;leq k|f]6f]g, k|f]6f]gdf x'g] rfh{, On]S6«f]g,
On]S6«f]gdf x'g] rfh{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ + , - / chargeless n]lvPsf zAbkQL ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof hlt g} tof/ u/L 3f]K6\ofP/ /fVg'xf];\ .
-O_ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO Ps Pscf]6f kQL tfGg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ ++ n]lvPsf], - n]lvPsf] / chargeless n]lvPsf] zAbkQL tfGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] p7\g
nufpg'x]f;\ . h;nfO{ k|f]6f]g u|'k, On]S6«f]g u|'k / chargeless u|'k egL gfdfs/0f ug{'xf];\ .
-p_ o;/L pkkf/df0fljs s0f;DaGwL cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .

lgisif{ M k|f]6«f]gdf wgfTds rfh{, On]S6«f]gdf C0ffTds rfh{ / Go'6«f]g rfh{ljlxg x'G5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk # k/df0f'sf] l:y/tf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff (Concept of stability of atom)

-c_ sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Ps k]h u|fkm k]k/ lng nufpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ X-axis / Y-axis sf] nfOg lvrL y-axis df Go'6«f]g (n0) / x-axis df k|f]6f]g (p+) n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ .

293
-O_ kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof ! b]lv @) ;Ddsf tŒjsf] n/p cg'kft u|fkmdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ / k|To]s laGb'
hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
(O{) u|fkmdf nueu l;wf /]vf cfpF5 t/ kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof w]/} ePsf k/df0f'sf] u|fkm y-axis lt/
9lNsG5 . o;n] k/df0f'sf] cl:y/tfnfO{ hgfpF5 eGg] cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfl/lbg] .

lgisif{ M Go'6«f]g / k|f]6«f]gsf] cg'kft ! eGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf pSt k/df0f' cl:y/ x'G5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ k/df0f'sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ pkkf/df0fljs s0fsf] cjl:ylt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ k/df0f' cl:y/ x'g] cj:yf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O{_ s'g} b'O{ k/df0f'df Pp6fdf k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof j|mdzM !@ / !@ 5 csf]{ k/df0f'df k|f]6f]g /
Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof j|mdzM !# / !$ 5 eg] ltgLdWo] s'g k/df0f' cl:y/ x'G5, lsg < JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

Dff6f], tf/, wfuf], Knfli6ssf anx¿ k|of]u u/L Helium, Sodium / Chlorine sf] df]8]n tof/ u/L
sIffsf]7fdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M ;+o'Hotf, cS6]6 / 8'Kn]6sf] cjwf/0ff, ;+o'Hotf kQf nufpg] tl/sf, cfof]g

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 k/df0f'sf] ;+o'Hotf kQf nufpg

 cS6]6 / 8'Kn]6sf] cjwf/0ff lbg
 cfof]g aGg] tl/sf JoSt ug{
 cfof]gsf] k|sf/sf] pbfx/0f lbg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

294
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L, ;+o'Hotf tflnsf, Eofn]G; On]S6«f]g a'emfpg] df]8]n, ljleGg cfof]gsf d]6fsf8{ / cGo
pknAw :yfgLo ;fdu|L

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ k/df0f'df On]S6«f]g, k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] cjl:ylt atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf s'g s'g s0f ldn]/ ag]sf x'G5g\ <

lj|mofsnfk @ M Eofn]G; ;]n / Eofn]G; On]S6«f]g (Valence Shell

and Valence Electron)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ lbOPsf] lrqdf h:t} z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf ljleGg k/df0f'sf kf/df0fljs
df]8]n sf]/]/ jf k|bz{g u/]/ Eofn]G; ;]ndf sltcf]6f On]S6«f]g /x]sf
5g\, ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-O_ To;s} cfwf/df ;+o'Hotf ;]nsf] cjwf/0ff a'emfpg'xf];\ / k/df0f'sf]
;+o'Hotfsf] cjwf/0ff klg atfpg'xf];\ .

Fig 2.2

295
lgisif{ M k/df0f'sf] ;a}eGbf aflx/L ;]nnfO{ Eofn]G; ;]n elgG5 eg] To; ;]ndf ePsf On]S6«f]gnfO{
Eofn]G; On]S6«f]g elgG5 . Eofn]G; On]S6«f]gsf] cfwf/df k/df0f'sf] ;+o'Hotf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M cS6]6 / 8'Kn]6;DaGwL cjwf/0ff (Concept of octet and duplet)

8'Kn]6 cj:yfsf nflu

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ jf ;Dej eP ;a}nfO{ Ps Ps u/]/
of] lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ lbOPsf] lrqdf h:t} sf8{af]8{ k]k/df :ki6 b]lvg] u/L lxlnod
k/df0f'sf] kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

296

Fig 2.2
-O_ lxlnod k/df0f'df x'g] @ cf]6f On]S6«f]gnfO{ aflx/L ;]nx¿df / @ cf]6f k|f]6f]g / @ cf]6f Go'6«f]gnfO{
s]Gb|df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ He sf] aflx/L ;]ndf @ cf]6f dfq On]S6«f]g /xG5g\ .

o;sf cfwf/df He sf] kf/df0fljs ;+/rgfdf ;a}eGbf aflx/L ;]ndf b'Ocf]6f eGbf a9L On]S6«f]g /xg
;Sb}gg\ eg]/ :ki6 kfg]{

cS6]6sf] cj:yfsf nflu

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ lbOPsf] lrqdf h:t} sf8{af]8{ k]k/df :ki6 b]lvg] u/L lgof]g k/df0f'sf]
kf/df0fljs ;+/rgf sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ lgof]gsf] k/df0f'df x'g] !) cf]6f On]S6«f]gnfO{ aflx/L @ cf]6f ;]ndf / !)

cf]6f k|f]6f]g / !) cf]6f Go'6«f]gnfO{ s]Gb|df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ Ne sf] aflx/L ;]ndf * cf]6f On]S6«f]g /xG5g\ . o;}nfO{ cS6]6sf] lgod elgG5
.
Fig 2.2
lgisif{ M k/df0f'sf] ;a}eGbf aflx/L ;]ndf @ cf]6f On]S6«f]g /xg] cj:yfnfO{ 8'Kn]6 cj:yf / * cf]6f
On]S6«f]g /xg] cj:yfnfO{ 8'Kn]6 cj:yf elgG5 .

d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO
b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} ug'{xf];\ . ;+1fgfTds
If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ Eofn]G; On]S6«f]g eg]sf] s] xf], DofUg]l;odsf] kf/df0fljs df]8]n tof/ u/L o;sf] Eofn]G; On]S6«f]g
slt x'G5 n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ cS6]6 / 8'Kn]6 lardf km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-O_ DofUg]l;od / Snf]l/gsf] k/df0f'n] cS6]6 cj:yfdf /xgsf nflu sltcf]6f On]S6«f]g lng jf lbg'k5{ <
n]Vg'xf]; .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

Rff6{ k]k/df xfO8«f]hgb]lv SoflN;od;Ddsf tŒjsf tflnsf agfO{ j|md};Fu ltgLx¿sf] ;+o'Hotf n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{ lbgdf sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

297
t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t' M cfof]gsf] kl/ro / k|sf/, cfof]gsf pbfx/0fx¿ -kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof @) ;Dd_ / wgfTds /
C0ffTds /]l8snsf cjwf/0ff
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

— cfof]gsf] kl/ro lbg

— cfof]gsf k|sf/sf] cjwf/0f ;lxt pbfx/0f lbg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

wgfTds / C0ffTds cfof]gsf %/% cf]6f zAbkQL, wgfTds / C0ffTds /]l8snsf @/@ cf]6f zAbkQL,
On]S6«f]g lng] / lbg] cj:yfsf s]xL pbfx/0f, ;Dej eP >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ ;+o'Hotf eg]sf] s] xf] <

-cf_ tŒjsf] ;+o'Hotf s] s'/fdf lge{/ u5{ <
-O_ cfof]g s] xf] / s;/L aG5 <
log} k|Zgsf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df cfPsf] lgisif{df s]xL s'/f yk u/L cfof]gsf k|sf/sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M cfof]gsf] kl/ro / k|sf/ (Introduction of ion and its types )

cfof]gsf] kl/ro lbFb} k]h g= @#! df lbPsf] tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L To;df /x]sf] cfof]gsf] k|sf/ :ki6
kfg'{xf];\ -tflnsf tn lbOPsf] 5_ . h;df On]S6«f]g c¿ tŒjaf6 lnP/ ag]sf] cfof]gnfO{ C0ffTds
cfof]g (negative ion i.e. anion) / On]S6«f]g lbP/ ag]sf] cfof]gnfO{ wgfTds cfof]g (positive
ion i.e. canion) elgG5 eGg] cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfg{'xf];\ .
Na - 1e- Na+ (wgfTds cfof]g)
Mg - 2e- Mg=+ (wgfTds cfof]g)
Cl + 1e- Cl- (C0ffTds cfof]g)
O +2e- O- - (C0ffTds cfof]g)

298
299
lgisif{ M cfof]g b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ tL x'g\, wgfTds cfof]g / C0ffTds cfof]g . On]S6«f]g c¿ tŒjaf6
lnP/ ag]sf] cfof]gnfO{ C0ffTds cfof]g jf Pgfof]g (negative ion i.e. anion) / On]S6«f]g lbP/
ag]sf] cfof]gnfO{ wgfTds cfof]g jf So6of]g (positive ion i.e. cation) elgG5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO
b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .

;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf] ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ cfof]g slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljleGg k|sf/sf cfof]gsf @/@ cf]6f pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ ;Nkm]6, sfaf]{g]6, afOsfaf]{g]6, xfO8«f]S;fO8, gfO6«]6, Pdf]lgod, kmf]:km]6 cflbsf ;+o'Hotf slt slt
x'G5g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O{_ tn lbOPsf cfof]gnfO{ Pgfof]g / So6of]gx¿sf] ;d"xdf 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
SO4--, K+, Ca++, Cl- , O--, Li+ Mg=+
Pgfof]g (Anion) So6of]g (Cation)

o;sf cfwf/df g]u]l6e rfh{ ePsf cfof]g Pgcfof]g / kf]lhl6e rfh{ ePsf cfof]g So6of]g x'g eg]/
:ki6 kfg]{ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

;+o'Hotf !, @, # / $ ePsf cfof]gsf] tfflnsf tof/ ug{ nufO{ csf]{ lbgdf sIffdf k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t'
/f;folgs aG8sf] kl/ro / o;sf k|sf/ -On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 / sf]Eofn]G6 aG8_
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

300
 /f;folgs aG8sf] kl/ro lbg
 /f;folgs aG8 aGg] cj:yf j0f{g ug{
 /f;folgs aG8sf k|sf/ j0f{g ug{
 On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 / sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 aGg] cj:yf j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8, sf]Eofn]G6 aG8sf] df]8]n, On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 / sf]Eofn]G6 aG8sf] ˆn]S; lrq jf
cGo pko'St lrq

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ cfof]g s;/L aG5 <

-cf_ s'g} @ cf]6f wgfTds / @ cf]6f C0ffTds cfof]gsf] pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-O_ vfg]g'g, kfgL Pdf]lgof UofF; h:tf of}lus s'g s'g tŒj ldn]/ jf s:tf] vfnsf] cfsif{0f ann]
hf]l8P/ ag]sf x'G5g\ <

tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\g nufO{ 5nkmn u/L /f;folgs aG8sf af/]df k|Zg g= O sf] pQ/ vf]hL cGo
b'O{ ;"rgf vf]Hg nufO{ cfhsf] sIffsf] dl:tis dGyg ug'{xf];\ .
of}lusdf tŒjsf k/df0f' ljz]if k|sf/sf] ann] Pscfk;df afFlwPsf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ /f;folgs
aG8 elgG5 . ;a} of}lusdf Ps} k|sf/sf /f;folgs aG8 xF'b}g . tŒjx¿lar /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof eO{
of}lus aGbf tŒjsf k/df0f'lar Pscfk;df afFlwg Ps k|sf/sf] an nfU5 . pSt annfO{ g} /f;folgs
aG8 (chemical bond) elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu vfg]g'gsf] c0f'df /f;folgs aG8n] ;f]l8od k/df0f' /
Snf]l/g k/df0f'nfO{ Pscfk;df afFw]/ /fv]sf] x'G5 . lgij|mLo UofF;x¿ (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe / Rn)
afx]ssf tŒjsf k/df0f' 8'Kn]6 jf cS6]6 cj:yfdf /x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . To;sf/0f lglij|mo UofF;afx]ssf
tŒjsf k/df0f'sf aflx/L ;]n ck"0f{ x'G5g\ . cfkm\gf aflx/L ;]ndf 8'Kn]6 jf cS6]6 cj:yf k|fKt ug{ oL
tŒjsf k/df0f' /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf efu lng] u5{g\ . /f;folgs aG8 w]/} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . t/ o;
PsfOdf xfdLn] On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 jf cfof]lgs aG8 / sf]Eofn]G6 aG8sf af/]df dfq cWoog ug]{ 5f}F .
lj|mofsnfk @ /f;folgs aG8 (Chemical bond)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ x/]s ;d"xnfO{ tn lbOPsf ljleGg of}lussf] lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

301
-O_ tL ;d"xnfO{ kfgL (H2O), vfg]g'g (NaCl) / Pdf]lgof (NH3) df x'g] k/df0f' u0fgf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ tL k/df0f' s] sf/0fn] Pscfk;df ldn]/ a;]sf xf]nfg\ < k|Zg ub}{ ltgLx¿lar Ps lsl;dsf] cfsif{0f
an nfU5 To;nfO{ /f;folgs aG8 elgG5 eGg] s'/f 5nkmn u/fO{ lrqaf6 k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-p_ cGTodf lzIfsn] ;d"x sfo{sf] k[i7kf]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{ M k/df0f'sf] On]S6«f]glar nfUg] Ps k|sf/sf] cfsif{0f annfO{ /f;folgs aG8 elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M /f;folgs aG8sf k|sf/ (Types of chemical bond)

-c_ lj|mofsnfk @ df lvlrPsf /f;folgs aG8sf lrq s;/L ag]sf 5g\ OnS6«f]g lnP/, lbP/ jf ;fem]bf/L
u/]/ aG8 ag]sf 5g\ cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ vfg]g'gdf ;f]l8odaf6 On]S6«f]g Snf]l/gdf ;/]]sf] 5 eg] kfgL /

Pdf]lgofdf OnS6«f]gx¿ ;femf u/]/ aG8 ag]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f
5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

-O_ OnS6«f]gx¿ ;femf u/]/ aG8 ag]sf 5g\ eg] o; aG8nfO{ sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 elgG5 / On]S6«f]gx¿ Ps
k/df0f'af6 csf]{ k/df0f'df ;/]/ aG8 ag]sf] 5 eg] o; aG8nfO{ On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 elgG5 eGg] s'/f
k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ .

lgisif{ M /f;folgs aG8 b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ tL x'g\ On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 / sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 . On]S6«f]gx¿
;femf u/]/ aGg] aG8nfO{ sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 elgG5 eg] On]S6«f]gx¿ Ps k/df0f'af6 csf]{ k/df0f'df ;/]/
aGg] aG8nfO{ On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 elgG5 .
302
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO
b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ s'g} Pp6f pbfx/0f;lxt /f;folgs aG8sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 / sf]Eofn]G6 aG8lar km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

-O_ lrqdf Dofug]l;od cS;fO8sf] ;+/rgf lrq b]vfOPsf] 5 .

i) DofUg]l;od k/df0f'n] On]S6«f]g lbPsf] 5 ls lnPsf] 5, lsg <
ii) o; of}lusdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] aG8 ag]sf] 5 <
iii) clS;hg k/df0f'n] Pp6f dfq On]S6«f]g lnb}g lsg xf]nf <
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)
!= On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 / sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 agfpg] @/@ cf]6f of}lussf] ;+/rgflrq sf]g'{xf];\ .

@= On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 / sf]Eofn]G6 aG8sf $/$ cf]6f ljz]iftf n]Vg'xf];\ .

kfFrf}F lbg (Fifth day)

ljifoj:t' M c0f';"q
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 c0f';"qsf] kl/efiff lbg

 c0f';"q n]Vg] tl/sf (criss- cross method) j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

ljleGg k|sf/sf c0f';"q n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{, ;++o'Hotf tflnsf, >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿ cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

of}lussf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] c+znfO{ c0f' (Molecule) elgG5 . c0f' b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L k/df0f'sf] /f;folgs
;+of]hgaf6 aG5 h:t} M kfgLsf] c0f' (H2O) xfO8«f]hgsf b'O{cf]6f k/df0f' / clS;hgsf] Pp6f k/df0f'
ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8 (NaCl) sf] c0f' ;f]l8od (Na) / Snf]l/g (Cl) sf

303
k/df0f'sf] ;+of]hgaf6 ag]sf] x'G5 . xfO8«f]hg (H2 ) sf] c0f' b'O{cf]6f xfO8«f]hg (H) sf k/df0f' ldn]/
ag]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L clS;hgsf] c0f' (O2 ) b'O{cf]6f clS;hgsf k/df0f' (O) x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 .
tŒjsf] ;ª\s]t h:t} c0f'nfO{ klg 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vbf ;ª\s]t jf ;ª\s]t ;d"xsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;nfO{
cf0fljs ;"q (Molecular formula) elgG5 . To;sf/0f s'g} c0f'nfO{ hgfpg] k/df0f'sf] ;ª\s]t ;d"xnfO{
g} cf0fljs ;"q elgG5 .

dflysf] cg'R5]b cWoog ug{ nufO lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ dflysf] cg'R5]bsf] cWoogaf6 ltldn] a'em]sf b'O{cf]6f ;'rgfx¿ ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfp / ;fyLn] eg]sf
s'/fx¿ ;'g .

lj|mofsnfk @ M c0f';"qsf] kl/efiff (Definition of molecule)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ H2O, NaCl, NH3, H2 h:tf c0f' n]lvPsf zAbkQL z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

-O_ x/]s ;d"xnfO{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf 6fFl;Psf of}lussf] lrq 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ lbOPsf ;"q ljleGg kbfy{sf] of}lussf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] c+z xf] / lognfO{ c0f' elgG5 eGg] s'/f k|:6
kfg{'xf];\ .

-C_ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= @#( df lbOPsf] tflnsfsf] c0f';"q k9\g / n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . h'g tn
lbOPsf] 5 .

304
lgisif{ M s'g} klg of}lussf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfOnfO{ c0f' elgG5 . To; c0f'nfO{ /f;folgs ¿kn] JoSt
ul/G5 h;nfO{ c0f';"q elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M lj|m;j|m; tl/sfaf6 c0f';"q n]Vg] tl/sf (Methods of writing molecular

formula by criss-cross method)

kfgL] (H2O) sf] c0f';"q s;/L ag]sf] 5 eGg] l;sfpg lgDg lj|mofsnfk ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-c_ lzIfsn] cfkm"n] z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf ;Fu;Fu} k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ kfgL aGg] tŒjsf] ;ª\s]t 1 2
H O
n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . H O
2 1
-cf_ k|To]s ;ª\s]tsf] dfly kg]{u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;+o'Hotf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ . H2O

-O) Pscfk;df ;f6f;f6 u/L ;+o'Hotf ;ª\s]tsf] tnlt/ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

305
-O{) ;Dej eP;Dd ;+o'Hotfsf cª\snfO{ n3'Qd ;ª\Vofdf n}hfg nufpg'xf];\ .

-p) k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h g= @$) / @$! Dff lbOPsf] h:t} c0f';"q n]Vg] cEof; ug{
nufpg'xf]; . h'g tn lbOPsf] 5 .

306
307
lgisif{ M cf0fljs ;"q n]Vbf ;a}eGbf klxn] To; c0f'df /xg] tŒjsf]//]l8snsf] ;ª\s]t n]v]/ ltgLx¿sf]
;+o'Hotf n]Vg] . To;kl5 lj|m;j|m; tl/sfaf6 ;+o'Hotf ;f6f;f6 ug]{ . cGTodf To;nfO{ n3'Qd ;ª\Vofdf
n}hfg] . log} cf0fljs ;"q n]Vg] r/0f x'g\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO
b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ c0f'sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ cf0fljs ;"qaf6 s] s] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5, n]Vg'xf];\ .

308
-O_ lj|m;j|m; tl/sfaf6 tn lbOPsf c0f'sf] cf0fljs ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ .
SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6 (CaCO3), DofUg]l;od afOsfaf]{g]6 (MgCO3), cfNo'ldlgod gfO6«]6 [Al(NO3)3],
;f]l8od Snf]/fO8 (NaCl), sfa{g 6]6«fSnf]/fO8 (CCl4)
-ª_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)
rf6{ k]k/df lgDglnlvt of}lussf] lj|m;j|m; tl/sfaf6 cf0fljs ;"q n]Vg] ljlw;lxt cf0fljs ;"q n]v]/
csf]{ lbgdf sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ KClO3
-O_ CaSO4
-O{ Mg(HCO3)2
-p_ NaNO3

5}6fF} lbg (Sixth day)

ljifoj:t' M kf/df0fljs ef/ / cf0fljs ef/

(s) l;sfO pknlAw/ ljlzi6 p2]Zo ( Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

 of}lusx¿sf] kf/df0fljs ef/ kQf nufpg

 of}lusx¿sf] cf0fljs ef/ kQf nufpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

Kff/df0fljs ;ª\Vof ! b]lv @) ;Ddsf Kff/df0fljs ef/ n]lvPsf] tflnsf, ljleGg k|sf/sf c0f';"q
n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{, s]xL c0f'x¿sf] cf0fljs ef/ u0fgf ul/Psf] d]6fsf8{, >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿ cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

tn lbOPsf k/df0f'x¿sf] ;+/rgf cWoog u/L tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/

5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

-c_ klxnf] k/df0f' ;+/rgfdf k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof

slt slt xf]nf <

-cf_ bf];|f] k/df0f' ;+/rgfdf k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof

slt slt xf]nf <
klxnf] k/df0f' bf];|f] k/df0f'

309
-O_ klxnf] / bf];|f] k/df0f' ;+/rgfdf k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn slt slt x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M kf/df0fljs ef/sf] kl/efiff / u0fgf (Definition of atomic mass and calculation)

-c_ k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg c0f'sf] ;ª\s]tsf] lrq sf]g{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s c0f'sf] k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof klg n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ c0f'sf] k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof hf]8\g nufO{ kf/df0fljs ef/ lgsfNg] tl/sf ;Fu}sf] ;fyLnfO{
b]vfpg nufpg'xf];\ / 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lzIfsn] s'g} Pp6f k/df0f'sf] -h:t} M clS;hg_ kf/df0fljs ef/ lgsfNg] k|lj|mof l;sfpg'xf];\ .

clS;hgdf k|f]6f]gsf] ;ª\Vof 8 / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof klg 8 x'G5 .

clS;hgsf] Kff/df0fljs ef/ = k|f]6f]gsf] ;ª\Vof + Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof

=8+8

= 16 amu

-O{_ cGTodf k|f]6f]gsf] ;ª\Vof / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof hf]8]/ kf/df0fljs ef/ n]lvPsf] tflnsf/rf6{ k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{ M k/df0f'sf] Go'lSno;df /x]sf k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] of]ukmn g} kf/df0fljs ef/ xf] .

kf/df0fljs ef/ = k|f]6f]gsf] ;ª\Vof + Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof

lj|mofsnfk # M cf0fljs ef/ u0fgf ug]{ tl/sf (Method of calculation of molecular mass)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ljleGg c0f' n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{ lbg'xf];\ .

-O_ x/]s ;d"xnfO{ d]6fsf8{df n]lvPsf c0f'df ePsf k/df0f'x¿ u0fgf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ x/]s ;d"xnfO{ d]6fsf8{df n]lvPsf c0f'x¿df ePsf k/df0f'x¿sf] kf/df0fljs ef/ u0fgf ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

-p_ x/]s ;d"xnfO{ k/df0f'x¿sf] kf/df0fljs ef/sf] of]ukmn lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .

h:t}, Pdf]lgof (NH3) c0f'sf] cf0fljs ef/

= N + 3xH

310
=14 + 3x1

= 14 +3

=17 amu

lgisif{ M s'g} klg c0f'df ePsf k/df0f'x¿sf] kf/df0fljs ef/sf] of]ukmn g} cf0fljs ef/ xf] egL
kl/eflift ug]{ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ kf/df0fljs ef/sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ cf0fljs ef/ lgsfNg] k|lj|mof ;ª\If]kdf JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

-O_ lgDglnlvt c0f'sf] cf0fljs ef/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

CO2, MgCl2 , SO2, CaCO3, NaCl , CCl4

-ª_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)

A4 k]k/df lgDglnlvt c0f'sf] cf0fljs ef/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
MgCO3, N2O, O2, Na2O
;ftf}F lbg (Seventh day)

ljifoj:t' M /]l8of]wdL{ ultljlw (Radioactivity)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives):

 /]l8of]wdL{ ultljlwsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{

 /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g x'g] cj:yfx¿ JoSt ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials):

/]l8of]wdL{ pmhf{sf] kl/ro n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{, /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g x'g] cj:yfsf] a'Fbfut d]6fsf8{, >Jo
b[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿ cgnfOgdf vf]h]/ k|:t't ug]{ .

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

-c_ k/df0f'sf] Go"lSno;df x'g] cjoj s] s] x'g\ <

-cf_ k|f]6f]gsf] ;ª\Vof (@ / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof !$^ ePsf] k/df0f'sf] n/p cg'kft lgsfNg'xf];\ .

311
lj|mofsnfk @ M Go'lSno;sf] :yfloTjsf] kl/ro (Introduction of stability of nucleus)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ s]xL ;d"xnfO{ k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gsf] ;ª\Vof km/s km/s ePsf] k/df0f' / s]xL ;d"xnfO{ k|f]6f]g /
Go'6f«]gsf] ;ª\Vof p:t} ePsf] k/df0f' d]6fsf8{df n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ Go'lSno;df /x]sf k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]gnfO{ u|fkmdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L j|mdzM x / y cIfdf /fv]/ xfO8«f]hg
b]lv SoflN;od;Ddsf tŒjsf] cg'kft
u|fkmdf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ tŒjsf] kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof a9\b} hFfbf
k|f]6f]g / Go'6«f]glarsf] cg'kft klg a9\b}
hfG5 / Go'lSno;sf] :yfloTj 36\b} hfG5
eGg] s'/f tn lbOPsf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df
5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-p_ n/p cg'kft ! eGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf

k/df0f' cl:y/ x'G5 eGg] s'/f JofVof ug'[xf];\ .

-pm_ x/]s ;d"xnfO{ n/p cg'kft lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{ M k/df0f'df n/p cg'kft ! eGbf a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf k/df0f' cl:y/ x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g (Radioactivity)

;"o{af6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf zlSt s;/L pTkfbg x'G5 < Go'lSno; cl:y/ x'Fbf pSt tŒj csf]{ l:y/
tŒjdf kl/0ft x'G5 . cl:y/ Go'lSno;af6 l:y/ Go'lSno; aGbf pTkfbg x'g] pmhf{nfO{ /]l8of]wdL{
pT;h{g elgG5 egL JofVof ub}{ ljBfyL{nfO{ 5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpg] .

o;;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL pbfx/0f klg lbg] . h:t} M

92U236 + 3n0 56Ba141 + 36Kr92 + n0 + 236 kcal.

312
lgisif{ k/df0f'sf] Go'lSno; cl:y/ 5 eg] pSQ k/df0f' csf]{ l:y/ tŒjdf kl/0ft x'G5 /

To;af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf ljls/0f pTkfbg x'G5 . o;nfO{ /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk $ M /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g x'g] cj:yfx¿ (Conditiions of radiactivity)

-c_ Go'6«f]g / k|f]6f]glarsf] cg'kft ! eGbf a9L x''g'k5{ egL atfpg] .

-cf_ Go'lSno; cl:y/ x'g'k5{ egL JofVof ug]{ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{gsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .

-cf /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g x'g] cj:yf s] s] x'g\ <

-ª_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)

k/df0f' cl:y/tf;DaGwL u|fkm / /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{gsf] rf6{ k]k/df lrq lvrL cfˆgf] lzIfsnfO{
b]vfpg'xf];\ .

cf7f}F lbg (Eighth day)

ljifoj:t' M ljls/0fsf k|sf/ / GolSno/ k|ltlj|mof (Types of radiation and nuclear

reaction)
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{gsf k|sf/sf] kl/ro lbg (cNkmf, la6f / ufdf ljls/0f)

 Go'lSno/ lkm;g / Go'lSno/ ˆo'hgsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{
 Go'lSno/ lkm;g / Go'lSno/ ˆo'hgsf k|lj|mof x'g] cj:yf JoSt ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

cNkmf, la6f / ufdf ljls/0fsf] rf6{, Go'lSno/ lkm;g / Go'lSo/ ˆo'hg ePsf k|ltlj|mofsf]] d]6fsf8{, >Jo
b[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿ h:t} M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeXpMijpazE, /]l8of]wdL{
ljls/0fsf k|sf/ n]lvPsf] rf6{ k]k/ cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ sIff ;'? ug]{ .

313
-c_ ;"o{af6 cgj/t ¿kdf zlSt s;/L pTkfbg x'G5 xf]nf <

-cf_ k/df0f' adsf] zlSt w]/} x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf <

lj|mofsnfk @ M ljls/0f pT;h{gsf k|sf/x¿ (Types of radiations)

-c_ cNkmf, la6f / ufdf ljls/0fsf] rf6{af6 ljls/0fsf] k|sf/sf

af/]df atfpg] / of] lnª\s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeXpMijpa
zE df uP/ lel8cf] b]vfpg] .

-cf_ cl:y/ Go'lSn;af6 l:y/ aGg] j|mddf GolSno;sf] lk08 x|f;

x'G5 / of] x|f; ePsf] lk08af6 ljleGg ljls/0f lg:sG5g\ eGg]
s'/f 5nkmn u/fpg] . pTkfbg x'g] ljls/0fx¿ cNkmf, la6f /
ufdf x'g\ egL JofVof ug]{ .

-O_ Pp6f sfuhnfO{ rf/ 6'j|mf kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{ Pp6f gsfl6Psf] kfgf lng nufpg'xf];\ . Tof]
rf/cf]6f 6'j|mfnfO{ udsf] k|of]u u/]/ hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ . of] k|of]usf] ;xof]uaf6 7'nf] Go'lSno;
6'lj|mP/ ;fgf ;fgf Go'lSno; aGg] k|lj|mofnfO{ Go'lSno/ lkm;g elgG5 / ;fgf ;fgf Go'lSno; hf]l8P/
7'nf] Go'lSno; aGg] k|lj|mofnfO{ Go'lSno/ lkm;g elgG5 eGg] s'/f k|:6 kfg]{ .

lgisif{ M Go'lSno; cl:y/ eof] eg] cNkmf, la6f / ufdf ljls/0f pT;h{g x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M /]l8of]wdL{ pT;h{g (Radioactive emission)

-c_ Pp6f sfuhnfO{ rf/ 6'j|mf kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ / csf]{ Pp6f gsfl6Psf] kfgf lng nufpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ Tof] rf/cf]6f 6'j|mfnfO{ udsf] k|of]u u/]/ hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ of] k|of]usf] ;xof]uaf6 7'nf] Go'lSno; 6'lj|mP/ ;fgf ;fgf Go'lSno; aGg] k|lj|mofnfO{ Go'lSno/
lkm;g elgG5 / ;fgf ;fgf Go'lSno; hf]l8P/ 7'nf] Go'lSno; aGg] k|lj|mofnfO{ Go'lSno/ lkm;g elgG5
eGg] s'/f k|:6 kfg]{ .

1
1H + 1H1 → 1H
2
(Nuclear fusion) + radiation

4 1
2He → 1H + 1H1 (Nuclear fission) + radiation

lgisif{ M Go'lSno/ ˆo'hg / Go'lSno/ lkm;gaf6 /]l8of]wdL{ pmhf{ pT;h{g x'G5 .

314
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ cNkmf, la6f / ufdf ljls/0fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-cf_ Go'lSno/ lkm;g / Go'lSo/ ˆo'hglar s'g} rf/cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .

-ª_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)

Pp6f rf6{ k]k/df Ps Pscf]6f s]/fpsf bfgf u'Fbsf] ;xfotfn] 6fF:g nufpg] . tL b'O{ s]/fpsf]
bfgflardf :ki6 b]lvg] u/L + n]Vg nufpg] . bf];|f] bfgfsf] k5fl8 jf0f lrx\g - _ n]Vg nufpg] .
jf0f lrx\gsf] k5fl8 Pp6f cf]v/sf] bfgf 6fF:g nufpg] . o;sf cfwf/df Go'lSno/ ˆo'hgsf] cjwf/0ff
sIffdf 5nkmn ug]{ . o;}u/L Go'lSno/ lkm;gsf] cjwf/0ff JoSt ug]{ u/L lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ kl/of]hgf
sfo{ lbg] .

gjf}F lbg (Ninth day)

ljifoj:t' M kf/df0fljs pmhf{ jf Go'lSno/ pmhf{ (Atomic energy or nuclear energy)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

Kff/df0fljs pmhf{sf] kl/ro lbg / kf/df0fljs pmhf{sf pkof]lutfsf pbfx/0f JoSt ug{ .
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
Kff/df0fljs pmhf{sf] kl/efiff n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{, kf/df0fljs pmhf{sf] pkof]lutf;DaGwL >Job[Zo
;fdu|Lx¿ https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=fukushima+radiation /
pkof]lutf n]lvPsf] rf6{ k]k/x¿ cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

-c_ s] cNkmf, la6f / ufdf ljls/0f cfFvfn] b]Vg ;lsG5 <

-cf_ s] cNkmf, la6f / ufdf ljls/0f :jfYosf nflu vt/fhGo x'G5g\ <

-O_ g]kfndf o;af6 pmhf{sf] pTkfbg ePsf] 5 of 5}g <

-O{_ of] pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ kf/df0fljs OGwgsf] gfd s] xf]nf <

315
lj|mofsnfk @ M Go'lSno/ pmhf{sf] pkof]lutf (Applications of nuclear energy)

-c_ Go'lSo/ lkm;g k|ltlj|mofaf6 s[lqd tl/sfn] pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf
;xfotfn] pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . t/ Go'lSno/ ˆo'hgsf nflu cTolws tfk / rfk cfjZos kg]{
ePsfn] s[lqd tl/sfn] pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsFb}g eGg] s'/f 5nkmn ljlwaf6 k|:6 kfg]{ .

-c_ k/df0f' pmhf{sf] pkof]lutfsf nflu d]6fsf8{df n]lvPsf pbfx/0f k|:t't ug]{ . k/df0f' pmhf{af6
lg:s]sf] cTolws tfkzlStn] kfgL pdfn]/ jfik agfO{ jfik OlGhg ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 / k|r'/
dfqfdf ljB't\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f JofVof ug]{ .

-O_ xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ ljleGg vfg]s'/f ljls/0fsf] k|of]u u/L lgd{nLs/0f ul/G5 eGg] s'/f >Job[Zo ;fdu|L
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=fukushima+radiation sf]
;xfotfn] JofVof ug]{ .

lgisif{ M Go'lSno/ k|ltlj|mofaf6 pTkGg x'g] pmhf{nfO{ k/df0f' pmhf{ jf Go'lSno/ pmhf{ elgG5 . s[lqd
tl/sfn] Go'lSno/ lkm;g k|ltlj|mofaf6 pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . Go'lSno/ ˆo'hg k|ltlj|mofsf nflu
cTolws tfk / rfksf] cfjZostf kg]{ ePsfn] s[lqd ¿kdf of] k|lj|mofaf6 pmhf{ lgsfNg ;lsFb}g .
Go'lSno/ k|ltlj|mofaf6 tfk zlSt pTkfbg ug{ cf0fljs e6\6Lx¿ agfOPsf x'G5g\ . e6\6Laf6 pTkflbt
tfk zlStn] kfgL pdfn]/ afkm agfO{ ;f] afkmaf6 jfik OlGhg rnfOG5 . pSt jfik OlGhgn] h]g]/]6/
;~rfng u/L k|r'/ dfqfdf ljB't\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|ljlwaf6 k|foh;f] ljsl;t /fi6«df ljB't\
pTkfbg ug]{ ul/G5 . To;}u/L Go'lSno/ k|ltlj|mofaf6 k|fKt ljls/0fsf] k|of]u u/L vfg]kfgL, vfB kbfy{,
d]l8sn cf}hf/ cflbnfO{ lgd{nLs/0f ug{;d]t k/df0f' pmhf{sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . k/df0f' pmhf{nfO{ SofG;/
h:tf ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]usf] pkrf/ ug{ klg pkof]u ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} Go'lSno/ pmhf{sf]
k|of]uaf6 aGg] cf0fljs xftxltof/sf] b'¿kof]u tyf Go'lSno/ pmhf{ pTkfbg ubf{ r'lxg] ljls/0fn] dfgj
hfltsf nflu 7'nf] hf]lvd klg plQs} /x]sf] 5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ kf/df0fljs pmhf{sf] kl/efiff atfpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ k/df0fljs pmhfsf s'g} b'O{ pkof]lutf n]Vg'xf];\ .

-ª_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)

-c_ OG6/g]6sf] ;xfotfn] k/df0f' pmhf{sf] pkof]lutf / xflgsf/s c;/x¿sf] vf]hL ug'{xf];\ / ;kmf clg
snfTds tl/sfn] rf6{ k]k/df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ s] k/df0f' pmhf{ g]kfndf ;Dej 5, 5}g eg] lsg < # a'Fbfdf JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

316
k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning
enhancement and unit assessment)

317
PsfO !% /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof (Chemical Reaction)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M ^
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOcGtu{t ljleGg k|sf/sf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f, /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{
;Gt'ng ug]{ ljlw, b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] dxŒj;DaGwL wf/0ff, tfkbfos / tfkzf]ifs
/f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] pbfx/0f cflb ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg
ljlwsf ;fy} ljleGg Collaborative methods of teaching h:t} M mix and match, think, pair and
share, T and M models cflbsf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof / /f;folgs ;dLs/0fsf] kl/ro lbg
-v_ ;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]Vg
-u_ tfkbfos / tfk zf]ifs /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg
-3_ b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] dxŒj j0f{g ug{

#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)

j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
=
!= /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof  kl/ro !
(Chemical Reaction)
 /f;folgs ;dLs/0fsf] kl/ro /
n]Vg] tl/sf
@= /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof  ;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f !
(Chemical Reaction)
 ;dLs/0fsf] ;Gt'ng -lx6 PG8
6«fon ljlwaf6_

#= /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof  b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs !

%= k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg @

$= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

318
klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] kl/ro, /f;folgs ;dLs/0fsf] kl/ro / n]Vg] tl/sf

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

 /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] kl/ro lbg
 /f;folgs ;dLs/0fsf] kl/ro lbg
 /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]Vg] tl/sf JoSQ ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
k]k/, ;nfO{, DofUg]l;od l/ag, ljleGg vfnsf /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

-c_ kf7sf] ;'?df tŒjx¿ / ljleGg c0f'sf] cf0fljs ;"q;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-cf_ cfˆgf] jl/kl/ /x]sf kmnfdsf lsnfdf x'g] lvof;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-O_ kfgLsf] tLgcf]6} cj:yf;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7sf] z'ef/De ug]{ jftfj/0f
agfpg'xf];\ . jf ;Dej 5 eg] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof jf /f;folgs ;dLs/0f;DaGwL visual ;fdu|L
k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] kl/ro (Introduction of chemical reaction)

;Dej eP;Dd ljBfyL{nfO{ lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf nu]/ oL lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ ;a} ;d"xnfO{ Ps Ps 6'j|mf k]k/ lng nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ ;fjwfgL ckgfP/ Tof] 6'j|mf k]k/nfO{ ;nfO{sf ;xfotfn] hnfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
(O{) hnfpg'clu / hnfO;s]kl5 k]k/sf] ef}lts cj:yf / u'0fdf s] s]
kl/jt{g cfof] ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
oL lj|mofsnfksf cfwf/df j:t'sf] /f;folgs u'0fdf g} kl/jt{g cfof]
eg] o;nfO{ /f;folgs kl/jt{g elgG5 . o;nfO{ /f;folgs ;"qsf]
dfWodaf6 hgfOG5 eg] o;nfO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 eGg]
cjwf/0ff cjut u/fpg'xf];\ . cfˆgf] jl/kl/ bfp/f afNbfsf] kl/jt{g klg :d/0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{ M j:t'sf] ef}lts u'0fdf x'g] :yfoL kl/jt{gnfO{ /f;folgs kl/jt{g elgG5 .

319
ICH (Intangible Cultural Heritage): sfuh tyf cGo kft kltª\u/ hnfP/ /f;folgs ¿kn]
kl/jt{g u/fP/ dnsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 .
lj|mofsnfk # /f;folgs ;dLs/0fsf] kl/ro / n]Vg] tl/sf (Introduction of chemical
equation and method of writing)
-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf nu]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ / k|To]s
;d"xnfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8f]hg UofF; tof/ ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . pSt UofF;
tof/ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ lgDg ;fjwfgLsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ;a} ;d"xnfO{ Ps Ps 6'j|mf DofUg]l;od l/ag lng nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ lrD6fsf] ;xfotfn] pSt l/agnfO{ ag{/df afNg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ o;/L] ;'?sf] DofUg]l;odsf] l/ag / afln;s]kl5sf] ;]tf] kbfy{sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-p_ DofUg]l;od clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf an]sf] / gofF ag]sf] ;]tf] kbfy{ DofUg]l;od cS;fO8 xf] eGg]
s'/f cfˆgf ljBfyL{nfO{ atfpg'xf];\ . o;nfO{ ;dLs/0fdf n]Vg] tl/sf l;sfpg'xf];\ .

DofUg]l;od + clS;hg  DofUg]l;od cS;fO8

2Mg + O2 
 2MgO
-pm_ o;/L /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf efu lng] kbfy{nfO{ k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{ / gofF
aGg] kbfy{nfO{ pTkflbt kbfy{ elgG5 eGg] cjwf/0ff lbg'xf];\ .
-pm_ o; /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf Mg / O2 k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿ x'g\ / MgO pTkflbt kbfy{ xf] .
lgisif{
/f;folgs k|ltlj|mof hgfpg] ;dLs/0fnfO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 . /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf
k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿ af0f lrx\gsf] afofFFlt/ n]lvG5 eg] pTkflbt kbfy{x¿ af0f lrx\gsf] bfofFlt/
n]lvG5 . dfly DofUg]l;od / clS;hglarsf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f b]vfOPsf] 5 . oxfF DofUg]l;od /
clS;hg k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{ x'g\ eg] DofUg]l;od cS;fO8 pTkflbt kbfy{ xf] . /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofdf
;+nUg x'g] / k|ltlj|mofkl5 aGg] kbfy{nfO{ zAb jf ;"qåf/f k|:t't ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f
(chemical equation) elgG5 .
dfly plNnlvt k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlwdf plNNflvt ;"rssf
cfwf/df ;d"xut ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg -k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ;~rfng / k|:t'tLs/0f_ ug'{xf];\ . k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg JolStut ¿kdf tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xut tyf JolStut sfo{sf cfwf/df
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fddf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwnfO{ cª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
!= zLif{s =================
@= p2]Zo ==============

320
#= ;fdu|L===============
$= k|of]u ljlw=============-lrq / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f_
%= cjnf]sg / glthf -======== UofF; / To;sf ef}lts u'0fx¿sf] cjnf]sgsf] _
^= lgisif{ ===============

TCH : xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf b'waf6 bxL agfO/x]sf x'G5f}F . o;df klg /f;folgs kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] x'G5
eGg] s'/f l;sfpg h?/L x'G5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

 DofUg]l;od ++ xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn DofUg]l;od Snf]/fO8 ++ xfO8«f]hg

 xfO8«f]hg + Snf]l/g xfO8«f]hgSnf]/fO8
 SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6 SoflN;od cS;fO8 + sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8
 xfO8«f]hg + clS;hg kfgL
 ;f]l8od clS;hg ;f]l8od cS;fO8

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

Dffly d"Nofª\sgdf lbOPsf ;dLs/0fnfO{ rf6{ k]k/df n]v]/ To;nfO{ ;"q ;dL/0f n]v]/ lzIfsnfO{
a'´fpg'xf];\ .

bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M /f;folgs ;dLs/0f / ;dLs/0fsf] ;Gt'ng -lx6 PG8 6«fon ljlwaf6_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)
 zAb ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;"q ;dLs/0fdf JoSt ug{

321
 ;"q ;dLs/0fnfO{ lx6 PG8 6«fon ljlwaf6 ;Gt'lnt ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

>Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L, ljleGg /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf zAb ;dLs/0f / ;"q ;dLs/0fsf d]6fsf8{ / pknAw
cGo ;fdu|L

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ j:t'df cfpg] kl/jt{g slt k|sf/sf 5g\ <
-cf_ /f;folgs kl/jt{gdf kbfy{sf] s] s] u'0f kl/jt{g x'G5 <
-O_ kfgL aGbf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{ s'g s'g ;+nUg x'G5g\ <
lj|mofsnfk @ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f / ;dLs/0fsf] ;Gt'ng (Chemical equation and balancing
chemical equation)

-c_ sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg

;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ ;a} ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f k/LIf0f gnLdf
lhª\ssf] 6'j|mf /fVg nufO{ xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ pSt k|of]udf UofF; lg:s]sf] b]vfpFb} Tof] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof ePsf] tYo atfpg] .
(O{) pSt k|of]udf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof ePsf] / o;nfO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf JoSt ug]{ tl/sf l;sfpg]
.
lhª\s + xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn lhª\s Snf]/fO8 ++ xfO8«f]hg
Zn + HCl ZnCl2 +H2
-p) ;dLs/0f ;Gt'ng ug{'eGbf cufl8sf] cj:yf
tŒj k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df k/df0f' pTkflbt kbfy{df k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof
lhª\s 1 1
xfO8«f]hg 1 2
Snf]l/g 1 2

322
o; ;dLs/0fdf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df / pTkflbt kbfy{df lhª\ssf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5 t/ xfO8«f]hg /
Snf]l/gsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5}g To;}n] HCl sf] cufl8 2 /fv]/ ;Gt'ng ug]{ .
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 +H2
;Gt'ng ul/;s]kl5sf] cj:yf
tŒj k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df k/df0f' pTkflbt kbfy{df k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof
lhª\s 1 1
xfO8«f]hg 2 2
Snf]l/g 2 2

lgisif{ M /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{ / pTkflbt kbfy{df /x]sf k/df0f'sf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5
eg] o; ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M /f;folgs ;dLs/0f / ;dLs/0fsf] ;Gt'ng (Chemical equation and balancing

chemical equation)

-c_ lj|mofsnfk @ df /x]s} ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xnfO{ oyfjt /fvL k'gM csf]{ k|of]usf] nflu tof/ /xg eGg'xf];\ .

-cf_ Ps Pscf]6f 6]:66\o'adf xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn lng nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ To;df Ps Pscf]6f DofUg]l;odsf] 6'j|mf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ DofUg]l;od / xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDnlar ePsf] k|ltlj|mof cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / ;dLs/0f ;Gt'ng
ug'{xf];\ .
DofUg]l;od ++ xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn DofUg]l;od Snf]/fO8 ++ xfO8«f]hg
Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2
;Gt'ngsf nflu lgDg k|lj|mof ug'{xf];\ .
tŒj k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df k/df0f' pTkflbt kbfy{df k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof
DofUg]l;od 1 1
xfO8«f]hg 1 2
Snf]l/g 1 2

o; ;dLs/0fdf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df / pTkflbt kbfy{df DofUg]l;odsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5 t/ xfO8«f]hg /

Snf]l/gsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5}g To;}n] HClsf] cufl8 2 /fv]/ ;Gt'ng ug]{ .

323
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
km]l/ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ tnsf Ps Pscf]6f zAb ;dLs/0f lbg'xf];\ / dflys} k|lj|mofaf6 ;Gt'ng ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
 xfO8«f]hg + Snf]l/g xfO8«f]hgSnf]/fO8
 SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6 SoflN;od cS;fO8 + sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8
 xfO8«f]hg + clS;hg kfgL
 ;f]l8od clS;hg ;f]l8od cS;fO8
lgisif{ M /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{ / pTkflbt kbfy{df /x]sf k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/
5 eg] o;nfO{ ;Gt'lbt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 .

d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ ;"q ;dLs/0f / ;Gt'lnt ;"q ;dLs/0fdf s] km/s 5 <

-cf_ ;Gt'lnt ;"q ;dLs/0f n]Vbf s'g s'g k|lj|mof cjnDag ug'{k5{ <
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

lbOPsf zAb ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;"q ;dLs/0fdf n]vL ;Gt'ng ug'{xf];\ .

-c_ Un'sf]h + clS;hg sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 + kfgL + tfk

-cf_ ;f]l8od xfO8«f]S;fO8 + xfO8«f]Snf]l/s Pl;8 ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8 + kfgL

-O_ PNo'ldlgod + gfO6«f]hg PNo'ldlgod gfO6«fO8

-O{_ gfOl6«s Pl;8 + SoflN;od xfO8«f]S;fO8 SoflN;od gfO6«]6 + kfgL

yk k]h g= @%^ sf] % / ^ df lbOPsf /f;folgs ;dLs/0f ;Gt'ng ug'{xf];\ . h'g tn lbOPsf] 5 .

324
t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t' M b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] dxŒj

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

 b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] dxŒj atfpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] dxŒj;DaGwL >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L, s]xL cf}ifwLsf uf]nL,
tf]/Lsf] t]n, aQL cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

325
lgDglnlvt k|Zg b}lgs hLjgdf x'g] u/]sf s'g s'g /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof b]Vg'ePsf] 5 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]w]/
o:tf cGo k|Zg klg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ b'waf6 bxL aGg] kl/jt{g s:tf] lsl;dsf] kl/jt{g xf] <

-cf_ ;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f ;Gt'ngaf6 s] s] s'/f a'em\g ;lsG5 <

lj|mofsnfk @ M b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] dxŒj (Importance of chemical

reaction in daily life)
-c_ k|To]s ljBfyL{;Fu b'waf6 bxL ag]sf] b]v] gb]v]sf] hfgsf/L lng] .
-cf_ vfgfaf6 xfdLn] zlSt s;/L kfp5f}F eGg] s'/f JoSt ug]{ .
-O_ OGwgaf6 zlSt s;/L k|fKt x'G5 <
-O{_ Uof:6«fOl6; x'Fbf PG6fl;8 vfOG5 / o;n] s;/L sfd u/]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f tn lbOPsf] /f;folgs
;dLs/0fsf] ;xfotfn] JofVof ug]{ .
2HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2H2O
o;/L dflysf ;a} lj|mofsnfk /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofaf6 ;Dej ePsf x'g\ eGg] s'/f k|:6 kfg]{ .
lgisif{ M /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] sf/0fn] xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf k|lj|mof tyf z/L/df
ljleGg k|sf/sf k|lj|mof ;Dej ePsf x'G5g\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-c_ s] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos 5 <

-cf_ k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lj|mofaf6 la?jfn] vfgf agfpg' /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofaf6 ;Dej ePsf] xf] k|:6
kfg'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] dxŒjsf & cf]6f ;"rL agfO{ cfˆgf] sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t' M tfkbfos / tfk zf]ifs /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 tfkbfos / tfk zf]ifs /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

326
;f]l8od xfO8«f]S;fO8, kfgL, SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6, tfkbfos / tfkzf]ifs /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof;DaGwL
d]6fsf8{x¿ cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

b}lgs hLjgdf tfksf] k|of]u x'g] s] s] b]Vf]sf 5f}F egL ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]w]/ s]xL a'Fbf n]Vg nufO{ k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ . o:t} cGo k|Zg klg ;f]w]/ sIff ;'? ug'{xf];\ .

-c_ xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] pkof]lutfsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof x'Fbf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{n] tfk lnG5 ls lbG5 xf]nf <
lj|mofsnfk @ M tfkbfos /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof (Exothermic chemical reactions)
-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f 6]:66\o'adf cfwf hlt kfgL eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ ;a} ;d"xnfO{ b'O{ b'O{cf]6f ;f]l8od xfO8«fS;fO8sf lkn]6 -6'j|mfx¿_ lbg'xf];\ / Tolx 6]:66\o'adf /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ s]xL ;dokl5 6]:66\o'asf] aflx/af6 5fDg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} hgfn] s] dx;'; u/] ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

-p_ o;/L /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofaf6 tfk aflx/ lg:sG5 eg] o;nfO{ tfkbfos /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof elgG5
eGg] s'/f atfpg'xf];\ / s]xL pbfx/0f klg lbg'xf];\ .

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + tfk

C + O2 CO2 + tfk

lgisif{ M /f;folgs ;dLs/0faf6 tfk k|fKt x'G5 eg] o;nfO{ tfkbfos /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk # M tfkzf]ifs /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof (Endothermic reactions)

-c_ vfgf ksfpFbf xfdLn] aflx/af6 tfk glbP vfgf kfSb}g eGg] s'/f :d/0f u/fpg''xf];\ .

-cf_ lj|mofsnfk @ sf] ;d"xnfO{ g} oyfjt /fvL Ps Pscf]6f k/LIf0f gnL lbg'xf];\ .

-O_ pSt k/LIf0f gnLdf clnslt SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6 /fVg nufpg'xf];\ / ag{/sf] ;xfotfn] To;nfO{
ttfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

327
-O{_ ttfpg] j|mddf k/LIf0f gnLaf6 UofF; aflx/ lg:s]sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / pSt UofF; sfa{g
8fOcS;fO8 ePsf] klg atfpg'xf];\ . clg k/LIf0f gnLdf ePsf] SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6sf] /ª la:tf/}
ablnPsf]/gablnPsf] klg cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

o;/L /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof x'g tfk cfjZos kg]{ s'/f k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

lgisif{ M /f;folgs ;dLs/0f x'gsf nflu tfk cfjZos x'G5 jf l;:6daf6 tfk ;f]:5 eg] o;k|sf/sf]
/f;folgs k|ltlj|mofnfO{ tfkzf]ifs /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof elgG5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

tfkbfos / tfkzf]ifs /f;folgs k|ltlj|moflar s'g} @ cf]6f leGgtf n]Vg'xf];\ .

tn lbOPsf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof tfkbfos jf tfkzf]ifs s] x'g\ lrGg'xf];\ .

-c_ C+ O2 CO2 + tfk

-cf_ N2 + O2 + tfk 2NO2

-O_ NaOH + dil. HCl NaCl + H2O + tfk

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

-c_ rf6{ k]k/df tfkbfos / tfkzf]ifs /f;folgs k|ltlj|moflar leGgtf n]vL sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

k|ltljlDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf sG;]K6 Dofk agfP/ k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] PsfOsf] ;du| l;sfOsf]
k|ltljDag ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . jf o:t} ;du| l;sfO emlNsg] cGo s'g} k|ltljDagsf ljlw, tf}/tl/sf tyf
/0fgLlt k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
 kl/of]hgf sfo{ l;sfO lj|mofsnfk;Fu} u/fO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s lbgsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] j|mddf l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu
yk ;xof]u ug]{, k|ltefjfg\ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds
k4ltcg';f/ l;sfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

328
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ckfª\utfcg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u /
pRr bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf]
k|Zg agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

PsfO !^ UofF; (Some Gas)

cg'dflgt sfo{306f M ^
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOcGtu{t ljleGg k|sf/sf UofF; xfO8«f]hg, clS;hg / gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] k|of]uzfnfdf tof/ ug]{
ljlw, tL UofF;sf] ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0f ;fy} k|of]uzfnfdf tL UofF;sf] k/LIf0f / pkof]lutf;DaGwL
ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg ljlwsf ;fy} ljleGg Collaborative

329
methods of teaching h:t} M mix and match, think pair and share, T and M models cflbsf]
k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 . cfjZostfcg';f/ >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . ;fy} ljBfyL{nfO{
cf}wf]lus e|d0f nu]/ tL UofF;sf] pTkfbg / pkof]lutfsf af/]df klg hfgsf/L u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf] lgdf{0f ug{ / u'0fx¿ j0f{g ug{
-v_ k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF;sf] lgdf{0f ug{ / u'0fx¿ j0f{g ug{
-u_ k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] lgdf{0f ug{ / u'0fx¿ j0f{g ug{
-3_ xfO8«f]hg, gfO6«f]hg / clS;hg UofF;x¿sf] pkof]lutf j0f{g ug{
-ª_ cf]hf]g txsf] lgdf{0f, IfoLs/0f k|lj|mof / dxŒj JofVof ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)
j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
=
!= xfO8«f]hg UofF;  k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0f !
(Hydrogen gas)  ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿

@= clS;hg UofF;  k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; lgdf{0f, !

(Oxygen gas)  ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿

#= gfO6«f]hg UofF;  k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0f !

(Nitrogen gas)  ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿

pkof]lutfx¿  xfO8«f]hg, gfO6«f]hg / clS;hg !
(Uses of hydrogen, UofF;sf] pkof]lutf
nitrogen and oxygen
gas)
$= cf]hf]g tx 
kl/ro !
(Ozone layer) 
lgdf{0f

dxŒj

IfoLs/0f IfoLs/0faf6 x'g]
c;/
%= k|ltljlDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !

gf]6 M l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ;Fu;Fu} x'g] 5 . l;sfO lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf l;sfO
ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g]u/L ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng u/L Go"gtd l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf afah'b sltko ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . t;y{ tflnsfsf] clGtd a'Fbfsf]
;Gbe{df PsfOut -s_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf -;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{_ ¿kdf
Go"gtd ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf lbg, l;sfO
lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L ;xeflutf u/fpg, k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk,

330
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]vLs/0f ug{ -v_ PsfOdf plNnlvt ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO
pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ b'j} sfo{ ug{sf nflu ! 306fsf] ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

$= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
 ljifoj:t' M k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0f, ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

 k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0f ug{
 xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf] ef}lts u'0f JoSt ug{
 xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf] /f;folgs u'0f JoSt ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
pNkm af]tn, 8]lne/L 6\o'a, ly;n kmg]n, lkmsf ;Nˆo'l/s cDn jf lkmsf xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn, UofF;hf/,
ljxfOe ;]Nkm, af6/ 6«km / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

 jfo'd08ndf s'g s'g UofF; /x]sf xf]nfg\ < k|Zgdf dl:tis dGyg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{nfO{
kfn}kfnf] k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] lbPsf k|ltlj|mofnfO{ ;d]6\b} jfo'd08ndf /x]sf
UofF;;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L k|:t't u/L cfjZos hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; tof/ kfg]{ ljlw (Method of preparation of
hydrogen gas in the laboratory)

 ljBfyL{nfO{ lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf nu]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8f]hg UofF; tof/ ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
pSt UofF; tof/ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ lgDg ;fjwfgLsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
;fjwfgLx¿
 ;a} pks/0f ;kmf;Fu ;kmf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
 cz'4 lhª\ssf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
 pks/0f h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g]{ x'g'k5{ .
 lkmSsf cDnsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ lsgeg] uf9f cDnn] xfO8«f]hg UofF; lbFb}g .
 ly;n kmg]nsf] 6'Kkf] 8'Ag] / 8]lnel/ 6\o'asf] 6'Kkf] g8'Ag] u/L cDn /fVg'k5{ .
 UofF;hf/ kfgLn] 6Dd e/]sf] x'g'k5{ cyf{t\ xfjfsf kmf]sf x'g'x'Fb}g .
 k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug'{clu Pk|f]g / kGhf nufpg'k5{ .
tn plNnlvt r/0fcg';f/ lzIfsn] k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8f]hg UofF; tof/ ug]{ ljlw k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
331
k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\
.
-c_ pNkm af]tnnfO{ ;kmf u/]/ To;df lhª\ssf 6'j|mf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L ss{sf ;xfotfn] xfjf glg:sg] u/L pNkm af]tnsf] Pp6f d'vdf ly;n
kmg]n / csf]{ d'vdf 8]lne/L 6\o'a hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ 8]lne/L 6\o'asf] csf]{ 5]pnfO{ af6/ 6«kmsf] kfgLdf 8'Ag] u/L ljxfOe ;]Nkmdf hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ ljxfOe ;]Nkmsf] dfly kfgL el/Psf] UofF;hf/nfO{ 3f]K6\ofP/ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
-p_ ly;n kmg]naf6 lkmSsf ;Nô'l/s
cDn la:tf/} vGofpg nufpg'xf];\ .
pSt lkmSsf ;Nô'l/s cDn lhª\ssf]
;Dks{df cfpgf;fy xfO8«f]hg UofF;
lg:sg yfN5 / 8]lne/L 6\o'asf]
dfWodaf6 kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yfkg
u/L UofF;hf/df hDdf x'G5 eGg] s'/f cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M lhª\s wft'nfO{ lkmsf ;Nô'l/s cDn;Fu jf lkmsf xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof
u/fpFbf xfO8«f]hg UofF; pTkfbg x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;dLs/0fåf/f b]Vffpg'xf];\ M
Zn + dil. H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

332
lj|mofsnfk # M xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf] k/LIf0f (Test of hydrogen gas)
-c_ xfO8«f]hg UofF; hDdf ul/Psf] UofF;hf/sf] cjnf]sg u/L uGw / /ª klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . s'g}
Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f aln/x]sf] d}gaQL lng nufpg'xf];\ . xfO8«f]hg UofF; kfgLdf 3'Nb}g eGg]
s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg UofF; hDdf ul/Psf] UofF;hf/leq /x]sf] kfgLdf
UofF;sf] kmf]sfx¿ Dfflylt/ uO/x]sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ aln/x]sf] d}gaQLnfO{ xfO8«f]hg UofF; ePsf] hf/sf] d'vdf n}hfg
nufpg'xf];\ . cGo ljBfyL{nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k|fKt
tYonfO{ ;d"xut ¿kdf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ of] cj:yfdf d}gaQL lgE5 / kk cfjfh cfpF5 . xfO8«f]hg UofF;
t6:y 5 eGg] s'/f cjnf]sg u/fpg leh]sf] lgnf] / /ftf] ln6d;
k]k/nfO{ UofF; hDdf ul/Psf] UofF;hf/sf] d'v glhs} nu]/ /ªdf kl/jt{g eP gePsf] cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ o; k|of]uaf6 pSt hf/df ePsf] UofF; xfO8«f]hg g} ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .

lgisif{ M xfO8«f]hg UofF; aNbf kk cfjfh cfpF5 .

dfly plNnlvt k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlwdf plNNflvt ;"rssf
cfwf/df ;d"xut ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg -k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ;~rfng / k|:t'tLs/0f_ ug'{xf];\ . k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg JolStut ¿kdf tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xut tyf JolStut sfo{sf cfwf/df
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fddf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwnfO{ cª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
!= zLif{s=================
@= p2]Zo ==============
#= ;fdu|L===============
$= k|of]u ljlw=============-lrq / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f_
%= cjnf]sg / glthf -======== UofF; / To;sf ef}lts u'0fsf] cjnf]sgsf]_
^= lgisif{ ===============

lj|mofsnfk $ M xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf] ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿ (Physical and chemical properties
of hydrogen gas):

-c_ xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf ef}lts u'0fx¿ n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{x¿ tyf rf6{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . To;nfO{
JofVof ub}{ hfg'xf];\ jf ;Dej eP kfj/kf]OG6df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
1. xfO8«f]hg UofF; /ªxLg, uGwxLg / :jfbxLg x'G5 .

333
2. xfO8«f]hg UofF; xfjfeGbf xn'sf x'G5 .
3. xfO8«f]hg UofF; kfgLdf 3'Nb}g .
4. xfO8«f]hg UofF;n] ln6d;df s'g} c;/ kfb}{g To;}n] of] t6:y UofF; xf] .
5. xfO8«f]hg UofF; 253°C df t/n / -259°C df 7f]; cj:yfdf kl/0ft x'G5 .
-cf_ xfO8«f]hgsf /f;folgs u'0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{ tyf rf6{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . To;nfO{ JofVof ub}{
hfg'xf];\ jf ;Dej eP kfj/kf]OG6df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf /f;folgs u'0fx¿ (Chemical properties of hydrogen gas)
/f;folgs u'0fx¿;DaGwL lj|mofsnfk ug{sf nflu dfly plNnlvt ;d"xnfO{ ljleGg /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof
n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{ ljt/0f u/L ;d"xut ¿kdf 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ pSt u'0f;DaGwLsf] a'emfO k|:t't ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .
1. xfO8«f]hgn] clS;hg;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof ubf{ kfgL aG5 .
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2. pRr tfkj|mddf xfO8«f]hg UofF;n] k|foh;f] cwft';Fu k|ltlj|mof u5{ .
C + 2H2 → CH4 -ldy]g_
S + H2 → H2S -xfO8«f]hg ;NkmfO8_
3. ;f]l8od, kf]6fl;od, SoflN;od cflb wft'x¿ xfO8«f]hg;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ cl:y/ xfO8«fO8
agfpF5g\ .
2Na + H2 2NaH -;f]l8od xfO8«fO8_
2K + H2 2KH -kf]6fl;od xfO8«fO8_
Ca + H2 CaH2 -SoflN;od xfO8«fO8_
4. xfO8«f]hg UofF;nfO{ sd ;lj|mo wft'sf] /ftf] tftf] cS;fO8df k7fpFbf o;n] wft' / kfgL agfpF5 .
wft'sf] cS;fO8af6 wft' lgsfNg of] k|lj|mof ckgfOG5 . o; k|lj|mofnfO{ l/8S;g k|ltlj|mof
(reduction reaction) elgG5 . o;df xfO8«f]hgn] wft'sf] cS;fO8df /x]sf] clS;hg;Fu
k|ltlj|mof u/L kfgL agfpF5 / wft'nfO{ :jtGq u/fOlbG5 . To;}n] o; k|ltlj|mofnfO{ l/8S;g k|ltlj|mof
elgPsf] xf] .
l/8S;g k|ltlj|mof M xfO8«f]hg hf]l8P/ of}lus aGg] k|ltlj|mof jf wft'sf] cS;fO8af6 clS;hg x6]/
:jtGq wft' aGg] k|ltlj|mofnfO{ l/8S;g k|ltlj|mof elgG5 .
2Fe2O3 + 6H2 → 4Fe + 6H2O
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
PbO + H2 → Pb + H2O
-O_ dfly plNnlvt ;d"xnfO{ xfO8«f]hgsf pkof]lutf n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{ ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ . pSt
pkof]lutfnfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug{ nufO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .
334
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)
 k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\
. lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf]
k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf] ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf
;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8«fh
] g UofF; lgdf{0fsf nflu s] s] /;fog cfjZos k5{ <
-cf_ k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8«fh
] g UofF; lgdf{0f ubf{ s] s] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'knf{ <
-O_ k|of]uzfnfdf xfO8«fh
] g UofF; k/LIf0f s;/L ul/G5 <
-O{_ lbOPsf] lrqdf lkmsf ;Nˆo'l/s Pl;8sf] 7fpFdf lkmsf
xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn /fVbf x'g] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] /f;folgs
;dLs/0f n]Vg'xf];\ . o; lrqdf b]lvPsf ;d:of klg klxrfg
ug'{xf];\ .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

 xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf] pkof]lutf ;DaGwdf ;f]wvf]h jf OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 cfjZos hfgsf/L

;ª\sng u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; lgdf{0f, ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿ / o;sf pkof]lutf

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; lgdf{0f ug{

 clS;hg UofF;sf ef}lts u'0f atfpg
 clS;hg UofF;sf /f;folgs u'0f atfpg
 clS;hg UofF;sf] pkof]lutf atfpg
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

xf8{ Unf; 6]:66\o'a, 8]lne/L 6\o'a, ly;n kmg]n, kf]6fl;od Snf]/]6, xfO8«f]hg k]/f]S;fO8, Dofª\uflgh 8fO{
cS;fO8, UofF;hf/, ljxfOe ;]Nkm, af6/ 6«km / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{

335
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ jfo'd08ndf clS;hg UofF;sf] k|ltzt slt 5 <
-cf_ clS;hg UofF;sf] kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof slt xf] <
-O_ xfdLn] Zjf; lnFbf d'Votof s'g UofF; z/L/leq k|j]z u5{ <
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] lbPsf k|ltlj|mofnfO{ ;d]6\b} jfo'd08ndf
/x]sf UofF;sf] ;+/rgf kfOrf6{dfkm{t k|:t't u/L cfjZos hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M tfk k|of]u u/]/ k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; agfpg] ljlw (Method of
preparation of oxygen gas in laboratory by heating)

 ljBfyL{nfO{ lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf nu]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

 k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; tof/ ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
 pSt UofF; tof/ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ lgDg ;fjwfgLsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
;fjwfgLx¿
 xf8{ Unf; 6]:66\o'anfO{ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} yf]/} 9NsfP/ h8fg ug'{k5{ . o;n] ubf{ /f;folgs
k|ltlj|mof x'Fbf ag]sf] kfgL k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df ldl;g lbFb}g .
 pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g]{ x'g'k5{ .
 UofF;hf/ kfgLn] 6Dd e/]sf] x'g'k5{ cyf{t\ xfjfsf kmf]sf x'g'x'Fb}g .
 k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug'{clu Pk|f]g / kGhf nufpg'k5{ .
tn plNnlvt r/0fcg';f/ lzIfsn] k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; tof/ ug]{ ljlw k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ / k|To]s
;d"xnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .
-c_ xf8{Unf; 6]:66\o'anfO{ ;kmf u/]/ To;df kf]6fl;od Snf]/]6 / Dofª\uflgh 8fO{ cS;fO8 /fVg
nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ Pp6f l;wf Unf; 6\o'anfO{ ttfP/ cfjZostfcg';f/ aª\UofP/ 8]lnel/ 6\o'a agfpg nufpg'xf];\
/ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L ss{sf ;xfotfn] xfjf glg:sg] u/L d'vdf 8]lne/L 6\o'a hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ 8]lne/L 6\o'asf] csf]{ 5]pnfO{ af6/ 6«kmsf] kfgLdf 8'Ag] u/L ljxfOe ;]Nkmdf hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
(O{) ljxfOe ;]Nkmsf] dfly kfgL el/Psf] UofF;hf/nfO{ 3f]K6\ofP/ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
kf]6fl;od Snf]/]6 / Dofª\uflgh 8fO{ cS;fO8 tftf] x'gf;fy clS;hg UofF; lg:sg yfN5 . 8]lne/L
6\o'asf dfWodaf6 kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yfkg u/L UofF;hf/df hDdf x'G5 eGg] s'/f cjnf]sg ug{
nufpg'xf];\ .

336
-p_ lgDg clt 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg ;f]w]/ k/LIf0f ljlwnfO{ yk :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
 xf8{ Unf; 6]i66\o'a lsg 58\s] kf/]/
/flvG5 <
 of] k|of]u xf8{ Unf; 6]i66\o'asf]
;6\6f /fpG8 a6d ˆnf:s /fv]/
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 jf ;lsFb}g cfˆgf]
ts{;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .

2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

lgisif{ M kf]6fl;od Snf]/]6nfO{ Dofª\uflgh 8fO{ cS;fO8sf] pkl:yt ttfpFbf clS;hg UofF; pTkfbg
x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M tfk k|of]u gu/Lsg k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; agfpg] ljlw (Method of
preparation of oxygen gas in laboratory without heating)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf nu]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ Pp6f sf]lgsn ˆnf:snfO{ ;kmf u/]/ To;df Dofª\uflgh 8fO{ cS;fO8 /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ 8]lne/L 6\o'asf] csf]{ 5]pnfO{ af6/ 6«kmsf] kfgLdf 8'Ag] u/L ljxfOe ;]Nkmdf hf]8\g nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ ljxfOe ;]Nkmsf] dfly kfgL el/Psf] UofF;hf/ 3f]K6\ofP/ /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
-p_ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L ly;n kmg]nsf ;xfotfn] xfO8«f]hg k]/f]S;fO8 sf]lgsn ˆnf:sdf vGofpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
xfO8«f]hg k]/f]S;fO8 / Dofª\uflgh 8fO{ cS;fO8 ;Dks{df cfpgf;fy clS;hg UofF; lg:sg yfN5 .
8]lne/L 6\o'asf dfWodaf6 kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yfkg u/L UofF;hf/df hDdf x'G5 eGg] s'/f cjut
u/fpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{ M xfO8«f]hg k]/f]S;fO8nfO{ Dofª\uflgh 8fO{ cS;fO8;Fu ld;fpFbf tfklagf g} clS;hg UofF;
pTkfbg x'G5 .
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

337
clS;hg UofF;sf] k/LIf0f
-c_ clS;hg UofF; hDdf ul/Psf] UofF;hf/sf] cjnf]sg u/L uGw / /ª klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . s'g}
Ps hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f aln/x]sf] d}gaQL lng nufpg'xf];\ . clS;hg UofF; kfgLdf 3'Nb}g eGg]
s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg UofF; hDdf ul/Psf] UofF;hf/leq /x]sf] kfgLdf UofF;sf kmf]sf Dfflylt/ uO/x]sf]
cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ aln/x]sf] ;nfO{sf] sf6LnfO{ clS;hg UofF; ePsf] hf/sf] d'vdf n}hfg nufpg'xf];\ . cGo
ljBfyL{nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . k|fKt tYonfO{ ;d"xut ¿kdf l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ of] cj:yfdf ;nfO{sf] sf6L cem} 7'nf] eP/ aN5 . clS;hg UofF; t6:y 5 eGg] s'/f cjnf]sg
u/fpg leh]sf] lgnf] / /ftf] ln6d; k]k/nfO{ UofF; hDdf ul/Psf] UofF;hf/sf] d'v glhs} nu]/ /ªdf
kl/jt{g eP gePsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ o; k|of]uaf6 pSt hf/df ePsf] UofF; clS;hg g} ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .

dfly plNnlvt k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlwdf plNNflvt ;"rssf
cfwf/df ;d"xut ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg -k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ;~rfng / k|:t'tLs/0f_ ug'{xf];\ . k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg JolStut ¿kdf tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xut tyf JolStut sfo{sf cfwf/df
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fddf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwnfO{ cª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
!= zLif{s =================
@= p2]Zo==============
#= ;fdu|L===============
$= k|of]u ljlw=============-lrq / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f_
%= cjnf]sg / glthf -======== UofF; / To;sf ef}lts u'0fx¿sf] cjnf]sgsf]_
^= lgisif{ ===============

338
lj|mofsnfk $ M clS;hg UofF;sf] ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿ tyf pkof]lutfx¿ (Physical and
chemical properties and uses of oxygen gas )

kfj/kf]OG6 jf d]6fsf8{sf] ;xfotfn] clS;hg UofF;sf] ef}lts u'0fsf k|To]s a'Fbf Ps Ps ub}{ JofVof ub}{
hfg] . sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{'xf];\ .

 k|To]s ;d"xdf Go'hlk|G6 / dfs{/ k]g k|bfg ug{'xf];\ .

 kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog / ;fd'lxs 5nkmnsf dfWodaf6 Go'hlk|G6df ;d"xsf] lgisif{ n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s ;d"xdf lr6\7f ljlwaf6 Ps hgfnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; / afFsL ;d"xnfO{ /rgfTds
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
o;sf cfwf/df lgDg ljifoj:t' :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .

ef}lts u'0fx¿ (Physical properties)

1. clS;hg UofF; /ªxLg, uGwxLg / :jfbxLg x'G5 .

2. clS;hg UofF; xfjfeGbf s]xL ux|f}F x'G5 .

3. clS;hg UofF; kfgLdf c+flzs ¿kdf 3'N5 .

4. clS;hg UofF; t6:y x'G5 . To;}n] o;n] ln6d; k]k/df s'g} k|ltlj|mof b]vfpFb}g .

5. clS;hg UofF; -183°C df t/n cj:yfdf / -219°C df 7f; cj:yfdf kl/jt{g x'G5 .

/f;folgs u'0fx¿ (Chemical properties)

1. s]xL wft'nfO{ clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf afNbf wft' cS;fO8 aG5g\ .

wft' ± clS;hg wft' cS;fO8
4Na + O2 2Na2O -;f]l8od cS;fO8_
4K + O2 2K2O -kf]6fl;od cS;fO8_
2Mg + O2 2MgO -DofUg]l;od cS;fO8_
2. cwft'nfO{ clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf afNbf cwft' cS;fO8 aG5g\ .
cwft' ± clS;hg cwft' cS;fO8
2H2 + O2 2H2O -kfgL_
C + O2 CO2 -sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8_
-sfuh afn]/ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 UofF;sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

339
S + O2 SO2 -;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8_
4P + 5O2 2P2O5 -km:kmf]/; k]G6fcS;fO8_
3. xfO8«f]sfa{g clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf aNbf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt lbG5g\ .
xfO8«f]sfa{g ± clS;hg sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 ± kfgL ± zlSt
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + zlSt
-ldy]g_
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O + zlSt
-Olyg_
4. clS;hgn] Un'sf]h;Fu k|ltlj|mof u/L sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt lbG5 . ;hLjsf] Zjf;k|Zjf;
k|lj|mofdf o; k|sf/sf] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofåf/f zlSt pTkGg x'G5 .
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + zlSt
-Un'sf]h_
5. clS;hgn] cNsf]xn;Fu k|ltlj|mof u/L sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt lbG5 .
C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + zlSt
-OyfOn cNsf]xn_
-cNsf]xn afn]/ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 UofF;sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; lgdf{0fsf nflu s] s] /;fog cfjZos k5{ <
-cf_ k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; lgdf{0f ubf{ s] s] ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg'knf{ <
-O_ k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; k/LIf0f s;/L ul/G5, JofVof
ug'{xf];\ .
-O{_ ;Fu}sf] lrqdf dflg;n] af]s]sf] efF8fdf s'g UofF; /x]sf] x'G5,
sf/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

340
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

cfˆgf] 3/ jf ljBfnoglhs}sf] :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] :ynut e|d0f u/L la/fdLnfO{ clS;hg UofF; s'g s'g
cj:yfdf lbOG5 :jf:YosdL{;Fu ;f]wk'5 u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t'
k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0f, ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

 k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0f ug{

 gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0f JofVof ug{
 gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] pkof]lutf atfpg .
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

/fpG8 a6d ˆnf:s, 8]lne/L 6\o'a, ly;n kmg]n, Pdf]lgod, xfO8«f]hg k]/f]S;fO8, Dofª\uflgh
8fO{cS;fO8, UofF;hf/, ljxfOe ;]Nkm, af6/ 6«km / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ b}lgs hLjgdf clS;hg UofF;sf pkof]lutf s] s] x'g ;S5g\ <

-cf_ clS;hgsf] cf0fljs ef/ slt x'G5 <
-O_ jfo'd08ndf gfO6«f]hg UofF; slt k|ltzt 5 <
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] lbPsf k|ltlj|mofnfO{ ;d]6\b} jfo'd08ndf
/x]sf UofF;sf] ;+/rgf kfOrf6{dfkm{t k|:t't u/L cfjZos hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0f, ef}lts / /f;folgs u'0fx¿
(Laboratory Preparation of nitrogen gas, physical and chemical properties of nitrogen
gas)
 ljBfyL{nfO{ lj1fg k|of]uzfnfdf nu]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
 k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf clS;hg UofF; tof/ ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug'{xf];\ .
 pSt UofF; tof/ ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ lgDg ;fjwfgLsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
;fjwfgLx¿
 pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g]{ x'g'k5{ / ld>0fnfO{ la:tf/} ttfpg'k5{ .

341
 7f]; Pdf]lgod Snf]/fO8 sd tfkj|mddf g} UofF;df kl/0ft x'g] (volatile) ePsfn] ttfpg'clu
3f]n agfpg'k5{ .
 k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug'{clu Pk|f]g / kGhf nufpg'k5{ .
tn plNnlvt r/0fcg';f/ lzIfsn] k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF; tof/ ug]{ ljlw k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfcg';f/
;xof]u
ug'{xf];\ .

-c_ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L uf]nf] lkFw ePsf] efF8fdf Pdf]lgod Snf]/fO8 / ;f]l8od gfO6«fO6 /fvL ly;n
kmg]naf6 clnslt kfgL /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ 8]lnel/ 6\o'a, UofF;hf/, af6/
6«km, :6\ofG8 cflbnfO{ lrqdf
b]vfP h:t} u/L hf]8\g
nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ /fpG8 a6d ˆnf:ssf] lkFwaf6
la:tf/} tfk lbg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ gfO6«f]hg UofF; aGg yfn]kl5 UofF;hf/df ePsf] kfgL tnlt/ lj:yfkg x'Fb} dflyNnf] efudf gfO6«f]hg
UofF; hDdf x'g yfN5 .
lgisif{ M ;f]l8od gfO6«fO6nfO{ Pdf]lgod Snf]/fO8;Fu ttfpFbf gfO6«f]hg UofF; pTkfbg x'G5 .
NaNO2 + NH4Cl heat NaCl + N2 + H2O

gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] k/LIf0f

gfO6«f]hg UofF; hDdf ul/Psf] UofF;hf/sf] cjnf]sg u/L uGw / /ª klxrfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . s'g} Ps
hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f aln/x]sf] DofUg]l;odsf] l/agnfO{ UofF;hf/leq 3';fpFbf pSt l/agsf] Hjfnfdf s]
s:tf] kl/jt{g cfof] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / cGTodf s:tf]] /ªsf] kfp8/df kl/0ft eof] s'g} Pp6f
;d"xnfO{ atfpg nufpg'xf];\ . pSt kfp8/df s]xL yf]kf kfgL /fVbf Pdf]lgofsf] uGw cfof] ls cfPg
cg'ej ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . gfO6«f]hg UofF; kfgLdf 3'Nb}g eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg UofF; hDdf ul/Psf]
UofF;hf/leq /x]sf] kfgLdf UofF;sf] kmf]sf Dfflylt/ uO/x]sf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . gfO6«f]hg UofF;
t6:y 5 eGg] s'/f cjnf]sg u/fpg leh]sf] lgnf] / /ftf] ln6d; k]k/nfO{ UofF; hDdf ul/Psf]
UofF;hf/sf] d'vglhs} nu]/ /ªdf kl/jt{g eP gePsf] cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . o; k|of]uaf6 pSt
hf/df ePsf] UofF; gfO6«f]hg g} ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .

342
dfly plNnlvt k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlwdf plNNflvt ;"rssf
cfwf/df ;d"xut ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg -k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ;~rfng / k|:t'tLs/0f_ ug'{xf];\ . k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg JolStut ¿kdf tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xut tyf JolStut sfo{sf cfwf/df
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fddf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwnfO{ cª\sg ug'{xf];\ .

k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
!= zLif{s=================
@= p2]Zo ==============
#= ;fdu|L===============
$= k|of]u ljlw=============-lrq / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f_
%= cjnf]sg / glthf -======== UofF; / To;sf ef}lts u'0fx¿sf] cjnf]sgsf]_
^= lgisif{ ===============

lj|mofsnfk # M gfO6«fh
] g UofF;sf] ef}lts, /f;folgs u'0f / pkof]lutfx¿ (Physical properties,
chemical properties and uses of nitrogen)

kfj/kf]OG6 jf d]6fsf8{sf ;xfotfn] clS;hg UofF;sf] ef}lts u'0fsf k|To]s a'Fbf Ps Ps ub}{ JofVof ub}{
hfg] . sIffdf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{'xf];\ .

 k|To]s ;d"xdf Go'hlk|G6 / dfs{/ k]g k|bfg ug{'xf];\

 kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog / ;fd'lxs 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 Go'hlk|G6df ;d"xsf] lgisif{ n]Vg
nufpg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s ;d"xdf lr6\7f ljlwaf6 Ps hgfnfO{ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf]; / afFsL ;d"xnfO{ /rgfTds
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
o;sf cfwf/df lgDg ljifoj:t' :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-c_ gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] ef}lts u'0fx¿ n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{x¿ tyf rf6{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ / To;nfO{
JofVof ub}{ hfg'xf];\ jf ;Dej eP kfj/kf]OG6df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ gfO6f]«hg UofF;sf /f;folgs u'0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{ tyf rf6{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ / To;nfO{
JofVof ub}{ hfg'xf];\ jf ;Dej eP kfj/kf]OG6df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ gfO6«fh
] g UofF;sf pkof]lutf n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{ tyf rf6{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ / To;nfO{ JofVof
ub}{ hfg'xf];\ jf ;Dej eP kfj/kf]OG6df k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

343
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0fsf nflu s] s] /;fog cfjZos k5{ <
-cf_ k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF; lgdf{0f ubf{ s] s] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'knf{ <
-O_ k|of]uzfnfdf gfO6«f]hg UofF; k/LIf0f s;/L ul/G5, JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] k|of]u b}lgs hLjgdf sxfF sxfF x'G5, ;f]wvf]h u/L jf OG6/g]6sf ;xfotfn] ;"rL tof/
u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t' M pkof]lutfx¿
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

xfO8«f]hg, clS;hg / gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf pkof]lutf JoSt ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

xfO8«f]hg, clS;hg / gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] pkof]lutf;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿, d]6fsf8{x¿,
pkof]u;DaGwL /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf gd'gf cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ s] tkfO{Fx¿n] c:ktfndf la/fdLx¿nfO{ kfOksf ;xfotfn] s'g} UofF; lbPsf] b]v]sf 5f}, Tof] s'g UofF;
xf]nf, Tof] UofF; xfd|f] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fdf
kfOG5 ls kfOFb}g <
-cf_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf] sfo{sf nflu s'g UofF;
k|of]u x'G5 <

344
-O_ vfg]t]naf6 jg:klt l3p agfpbf k|of]u x'g] UofF;sf] gfd s] xf] <
O{_ xl/of la?jfnfO{ gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] cfjZostf k5{ ls kb}{g, 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] k|ltlj|mof lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ljBfyL{n] lbPsf k|ltlj|mofnfO{ ;d]6\b} jfo'd08ndf /x]sf
UofF;sf] ;+/rgf kfOrf6{dfkm{t k|:t't u/L cfjZos hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf] pkof]lutf (Uses of hydrogen gas )
-c_ xfO8«f]hgsf] pkof]lutf;DaGwL d]6fsf8{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ . tT;DaGwL 5nkmn ub}{ pSt
UofF;sf] pkof]lutf tn lbOPsf lrqsf cfwf/df JofVof ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
-cf_ a]n'gdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; e/]sf] b]v] gb]v]sf] k|To]s ljBfyL{;Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-O_ xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf ;xfotfn] wft' sf6\g jf hf]8\g clS;xfO8«f]hg ˆn]d agfpg ;lsG5 egL
atfpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ jg:klt t]naf6 xfO8«f]lhg];g ljlwaf6 jg:klt l3p agfpg klg xfO8«f]hg UofF;sf] k|of]u ul/G5
eGg] atfpg'xf];\ .
-p_ /s]6df OGwgsf ¿kdf klg xfO8«f]hg UofF; k|of]u ul/g] s'/f atfpg'xf];\ .

345
lj|mofsnfk # M clS;hg UofF;sf] pkof]lutf (Uses of oxygen gas )
-c_ hLjhGt'n] Zjf;k|Zjf;sf nflu clS;hg UofF;sf] cfjZostf k5{ eGg] s'/f kfj/kf]OG6sf] ;xfotfn]
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ jf ;Dej eP;Ddsf cGo ;fdu|Lsf ;xfotfn] of] s'/f k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-cf_ clS;hg UofF;sf ;xfotfn] wft' sf6\g jf hf]8\g clS;xfO8«f]hg ˆn]d agfpg ;lsG5 egL
atfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ jfo'd08nLo clS;hg kof{Kt gx'g] 7fpFx¿ h:t} M vfgL, kj{tf/f]x0f, cGtl/If ofqf, kfgLleq sfd ug{
cflbsf nflu s[lqd tl/sfaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] clS;hg l;lnG8/ k|of]u ul/G5 .

-O{_ Zjf;k|Zjf;df sl7g ePsf la/fdLnfO{ s[lqd tl/sfaf6 Zjf;k|Zjf; ug{ clS;hg l;lnG8/sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .

-p_ l:6n pTkfbgsf nflu clS;hgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 eGg] tYonfO{ k|dfl0ft x'g] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

lj|mofsnfk # M gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] pkof]lutf (Uses of nitrogen gas )

-c_ /f;folgs dnsf] cf}wf]lus pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ Pdf]lgof gfOl6«s cDn h:tf of}lus
agfpg gfO6«f]hg UofF;sf] k|of]u ul/g] s'/f kfj/kf]OG6 jf >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ k|:6 kfg]{ .

-cf_ lah'nLsf] aNaleq 6ª\u:6]gsf] tf/nfO{ hNgaf6 /f]Sg klg gfO6«f]hg UofF; el/G5 eGg] s'/f lrqsf
cfwf/df JofVof ug]{ .
-O_ /]lk|mh]/]6/ lr;f] kfg{ klg t/n gfO6«f]hgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 eGg] cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .

346
kfFrf}F+ lbg (Fifth day)

ljifoj:t'
cf]hf]g tx
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 cf]hf]g txsf] kl/rolbg

 cf]hf]g txsf] lgdf{0fs;/L x'G5 egL wf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{
 cf]hf]g txsf] dxŒjaf/] JofVof ug{
 cf]hf]g txsf] IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] c;/ JoSt ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
cf]hf]g tx;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿, cf]hf]g aGg] k|lj|mofsf] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof;DaGwL
d]6fsf8{x¿, jfo'd08n;DaGwL rf6{ k]k/df lvlrPsf] lrq, cf]hf]g txsf] dxŒj / x|f;;DaGwL
a'Fbf ;d]l6Psf] kfj/kf]OG6, cf]hf]g tx x|f;sf c;/ n]lvPsf] d]6fsf8{, / o;sf] ;+/If0fsf]
tl/sf;DaGwL d]6fsf8{x¿

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

dflg;sf] cfFvf /ftf] x'g], 5fnfsf] SofG;/ x'g], /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf x|f; x'g] sf/0fdf 5nkmn
u/fpg] .

lj|mofsnfk @ M cf]hf]g txsf] kl/rolbg, cf]hf]g txsf] lgdf{0fs;/L x'G5 egL wf/0ff lgdf{0f
ug{ (Introduction of ozone layer, development of concept about formation of
ozone layer)

347
-c_ cf]hf]gsf] c0f'df clS;hgsf tLgcf]6f k/df0f' x'G5g\ egL cf0fljs ;"q;lxt kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ jfo'd08ndf ;dtfkd08ndf cf]hf]gsf] cjl:ylt af/]df jfo'd08nsf] lrqsf ;xfotfn] JofVof
ug'{xf];\ .

-O_ cf]hf]gsf] lgdf{0f;DaGwL /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] ;xfotfn] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

O2 → O + O (nascent oxygen atoms)

O2 + O → O3 (Ozone)

-O{_ k[YjLsf] ;txb]lv nueu @% b]lv $) lsnf]ld6/;Dd cf]hf]g tx km}lnPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f atfpg] .

-p_ lel8of]sf ;xfotfn] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07e5vV7Kkgg cfhf]g

txsf] ljgf; x'gsf sf/0f k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-pm_ ;"o{af6 cfpg] k/fj}hgL ls/0f /f]Sg] txnfO{ cf]hf]g tx elgG5 eGg] s'/f atfpg] .

lgisif{ M clS;hgsf tLgcf]6f k/df0f' ldn]/ cf]hf]g aG5 / jfo'd08ndf o;sf] txnfO{ cf]hf]g tx
elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk # M cf]hf]g txsf] dxŒjaf/] JofVof / o;sf] IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] c;/ .
(Explanation of importance of ozone layer and effects from its depletion)

-c_ cf]hf]g txsf] dxŒj;DaGwL d]6fsf8{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

-cf_ cf]hf]g txsf] IfoLs/0faf6 x'g] c;/sf a'Fbf Ps Ps u/L >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf ;xfotfn] JofVof
ug{'xf];\ .

CFCl2 → CFCl + Cl

Cl + O3 ClO + O2

2ClO 2Cl + O2

-O_ cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfzaf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/, af]6la?jfdf kg]{ c;/, tfkj|mddf x'g] j[lå,
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf x'g] c;/ cflb d]6fsf8{ tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf ;xfotfn] k|:6 kfg{'xf];\ . ;fy}
tnsf lrqx¿ cWoog u/L cf]hf]g tx ljgfzsf] c;/af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

348
lgisif{ M cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfzaf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf, hnLo kfl/l:ylts k2lt tyf cGo hLj tyf
kfl/l:ylts k2ltdf c;/ u5{ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf
sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf
ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ cf]hf]g txsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf ePsf] cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfzsf c;/ s] s] x'g\ <
-O_ olb jfo'd08ndf cf]hf]g tx x'Gy]g eg] k[YjLdf hLjsf] cl:tŒj ;Dej x'GYof] xf]nf, JofVof
ug'{xf];\ .
%= u[xsfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homwork/ Project work)

cf]hf]g tx;DaGwL ljleGg hfgsf/L OG6/g]6sf ;xfotfaf6 xfl;n u/L cf]hf]g txsf] xfnsf]
l:ylt;DaGwL Pp6f l/kf]6{ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

5}6f}F lbg (Sixth day)

k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

349
 k|To]s lbgsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] j|mddf l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk
;xof]u ug]{, k|ltefjfg\ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds
k4ltcg';f/ l;sfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ckfª\utfcg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr
bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf] k|Zg
agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

350
PsfO !& wft' / cwft' (Metals and Non-metals)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M %
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)
o; PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 ljBfyL{ wft' / cwft'sf] kl/ro lbg, wft' / cwft'sf] ef}lts / ;fdfGo
/f;folgs u'0fsf] cjwf/0f k|:6 kfg{, wft' / cwft'sf] cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfg{, dfgj z/L/sf nflu cfjZos
vlgh tŒjsf ;|f]t / dxŒj pNn]v ug{ . Zn, Fe, Na / K sf ;|f]t / ltgLx¿sf] dxŒj JoSt ug{,
kf/f] / l;;fn] dfgj z/L/df kfg]{ gsf/fTds c;/ kQf nufpg ;Ifd x'g] 5g\ .
o; PsfOcGtu{t wft'sf u'0f h:t} ef}lts / ;fdfGo /f;folgs u'0f, cjnf]sgsf cfwf/df wft' / cwft'
5'6\ofpg, u'0fsf cfwf/df wft' / cwft'lar km/s 5'6\ofpg, dfgj z/L/sf nflu rflxg] s]xL wft', o;n]
dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf, oL wft'sf sdLn] dfgj z/L/df x'g] c;/, n]8 / kf/f]n] dfgj z/Ldf kfg]{
c;/sf af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L cflb h:tf ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg
ljlwsf ;fy} ljleGg Collaborative methods of teaching h:t} M mix and match, think, pair and
share, T and M models cflbsf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ wft' / cwft'sf] cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfg{
-v_ dfgj z/L/sf nflu cfjZos vlgh tŒjsf ;|f]t / dxŒj pNn]v ug{
-u_ kf/f] / l;;fn] dfgj z/L/df kfg]{ gs/fTds c;/ kQf nufpg

#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)

j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
=
!= wft' / cwft'  ef}lts u'0f !
(Metals and Non
metals)
@= wft'  Wfft'sf ;fdfGo /f;folgs u'0f !
(Metals)

#= dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu  Zn, Fe, Na / K sf ;|f]tx¿ / !

vlghx¿
(Minerals for human ltgLx¿sf] dxŒj
health)

$= dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu  Hg / Pb dfgj z/L/df k|j]z x'g !

vlghx¿ ;Sg] ;|f]tsf gfd / ltgsf
(Minerals for human
health) gsf/fTds c;/

% k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg !

351
gf]6 M l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ;Fu;Fu} x'g] 5 . l;sfO lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf l;sfO
ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g]u/L ljleGg lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng u/L Go"gtd l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf afah'b sltko ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . t;y{ tflnsfsf] clGtd a'Fbfsf
;Gbe{df PsfOut -s_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf -;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{_ ¿kdf
Go"gtd ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf lbg, l;sfO
lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L ;xeflutf u/fpg, k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk,
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]vLs/0f ug{ -v_ PsfOdf plNnlvt ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO
pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ b'j} sfo{ ug{sf nflu @ 306fsf] ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg M (First day)
ljifoj:t' M wft' / cwft'sf] ;fdfGo ef}lts u'0fx¿
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)
 wft'sf ef}lts u'0f cleJoSt ug{
 wft'sf ;fdfGo /f;folgs u'0f klxrfg ug{
 cwft'sf ef}lts u'0f cleJoSt ug{
 cwft'sf ;fdfGo /f;folgs u'0f klxrfg ug{
 ;~rfngsf cfwf/df, tlGsg] cfwf/df, lk6]/ kftf agfpg ;Sg]/g;Sg] cfwf/df wft' / cwft'sf]
km/s 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] 5g\ _
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)
sf7sf] 6'j|mf, PNo'ldlgodsf] 6'j|mf, xyf}8f, 8«fO;]n, tf/sf 6'j|mf, lrd, kmnfdsf] lsnf, wft'sf] 8G8L,
sf]Onf, wft' / cwft'sf] ef}lts u'0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{ cflb
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

kf7sf] ;'?df ljBfyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t'x¿sf] ;+/rgfsf af/]df k|Zg ;f]Wg],
Pp6f sf7sf] 6'j|mf / kmnfdsf] lsnflar s] s] s'/fdf km/s kfpg'x'G5 atfpg nufpg] .
 lah'nLsf] tf/ / wfuf]lar s] km/s 5 -@ ldg]6leq_ ;Defljt pQ/ n]vL 5nkmn u/fpg] .
 Pp6f wfuf]nfO{ afNbf s] x'G5 <
 To:t} k|sf/sf] tfdfsf] tf/nfO{ cfuf]df /fVf] tGsfpFbf s] x'G5 < ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o;
kf7sf] z'ef/De ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'xf];\ .

352
lj|mofsnfk @ M wft'nfO{ lk6]/ kftf agfpg ;lsG5 (Malleability)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ s, v, u, 3======= u/L ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ PNo'ldlgodsf] 6'j|mf, kmnfdsf] 6'j|mf, sf7sf] 6'j|mf, sf]Onf u/L Ps Pscf]6f lng
nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ pSt j:t'x¿nfO{ lzIfssf] lgu/fgLdf xyf}8fsf] ;xfotfn] s8f j:t'dfly /fv]/ lxsf{pg nufpg'xf];\
.
(O{) s'g s'g ;d"xsf] j:t' kftf eP, s'g s'g j:t' 6'lj|mP, pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf
eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
j:t'x¿ ;d"x s ;d"x v ;d"x u ;d"x 3
PNo'ldlgodsf] kftf aG5
6'j|mf
sf7sf] 6'j|mf
sf]Onf 6'j|mf aG5
kmnfdsf] 6'j|mf

o; k|of]uaf6 wft'sf k/df0f'lar nfUg] d]6flns aG8 g6'l6sg Pp6f k/df0f' csf]{ k/df0f'df ;b}{ hfG5 /
lk6]/ kftf ag]sf j:t' wft' x'g\ / lk6\bf 6'lj|mPsf j:t' cwft' x'g\ egL 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M kmnfd, h:tfkftf tyf PNo'ldlgod h:tf ljleGg k|sf/sf wft'nfO{ lk6]/ kftf agfpg
;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk # M wft'nfO{ ttfP/ nfdf] agfpg ;lsG5 (Ductility)
-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ wfuf] / csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ tfdfsf] tf/ lng nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ Pp6f ;d"xsf] b'O{ hgfnfO{ wfufsf] b'O{ 5]pdf ;dfTg nufO{ lardf l:kl/6 NofDkn] ttfpg
nufpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ csf]{ ;d"xsf] b'O{ hgfnfO{ tfdfsf] tf/sf] b'O{ 5]p ;dfpg nufO{ lardf l:kl/6 NofDkn] ttfpg nufO{
tGsfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
tL b'O{ k|of]udf s'g cj:yfdf b'O{ 5]p tGsfpFbf pSt j:t' tlGsof] jf 6'lj|mof] jf cGo cj:yf cjnf]sg
ul/of] tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
j:t'x¿ ;d"x s ;d"x v
tfdfsf] tf/ tlGsG5
wfuf]

353
===============
===================

Dfflysf] k|of]uaf6 wft'sf k/df0f'lar nfUg] d]6flns aG8 g6'l6sg Pp6f k/df0f' csf]{ k/df0f'df ;b}{
hfG5 . wft'nfO{ ttfP/ tGsfP/ nfdf] agfpg ;lsG5 t/ cwft'nfO{ ;lsFb}g eGg] k|:6 kfg]{ .

lgisif{ M wft'nfO{ ttfP/ tGsfpFbf nfdf] tf/ agfpg ;lsG5 .

ICH: tfdfsf] efF8fnfO{ z'e ;fOtsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . To;}n] tfdfsf] 38fdf kfgL
e/]/ ;fOt ;fg]{ ul/G5 .

lj|mofsnfk M $ wft'x¿ ljB't\sf ;'rfns x'g\ (Metals are good conductor of electricity)

-c_ sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ rf/} ;d"xnfO{ PNo'ldlgodsf] tf/sf] Ps 6'j|mf, sf7sf] Ps 6'j|mf, sfuhsf] Ps 6'j|mf / kmnfdsf]
Pp6f lsnf lng nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ lrqdf b]vfOPsf] kl/kysf] vfnL efu (l:jr) df ;a} ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] hf]8\g
nufpg'xf];\ .
(O{) s'g s'g j:t' /fVbf s'g s'g ;d"xsf] aNa aNof] jf an]g tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
j:t'x¿ ;d"x s ;d"x v ;d"x u ;d"x 3
PNo'ldlgodsf]
tf/sf] Ps 6'j|mf
sfuhsf] Ps 6'j|mf
kmnfdsf] Pp6f
lsnf
sf7sf] Ps 6'j|mf

wft'sf k/df0f'df :jtGq / ultzLn On]S6«f]g x'G5g\ To;}n] wft' ljB't\sf

;'rfns x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f k|:6 kfg]{ .

354
lgisif{ M wft'n] k/df0f'df /x]sf :jtGq On]S6«f]gnfO{ Ps 5]paf6 csf]{ 5]pdf k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . o;
lj|mofnfO{ wft'sf] ;'rfns u'0f elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk $ M wft' tfksf ;'rfns x'G5g\ (Metals are good conductor of heat)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ $ ;d"xdf ljeflht ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ rf/} ;d"xsf ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ kmnfdsf] lsnf, csf]{nfO{ l:6nsf] rDrf, t];|f] ;d"xnfO{
sf7sf] n6\7L / rf}yf] ;d"xnfO{ PNo'ldlgosf] kftf u/L Ps Pscf]6f j:t' lbg'xf];\ .
-O_ aln/x]sf] ag{/df ;a} ;d"xsf ;b:onfO{ kfn}kfnf] tL j:t' ttfpg nufpg'xf];\ / s'g s'g ;d"xn]
j:t'sf] csf]{ 5]pdf tftf] dx;'; u/] jf gu/]sf] ;f]w]/ tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
j:t'x¿ ;d"x s ;d"x v ;d"x u ;d"x 3
kmnfdsf] lsnf
l:6nsf] rDrf
sf7sf] n6\7L
PNo'ldlgosf] kftf
wft'sf k/df0f'df :jtGq / ultzLn On]S6«f]g x'G5g\ To;}n] tfksf ;'rfns x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f k|:6 kfg]{ .
lgisif{ M wft'n] k/df0f'x¿df /x]sf :jtGq On]S6«f]gx¿nfO{ Ps 5]paf6 csf]{ 5]pdf k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .
logLx¿n] tfkzlSt :yfgfGt/0f u5{g\ . o; lj|mofnfO{ wft'sf] tfk;DaGwL ;'rfns u'0f elgG5 .

lj|mofsnfk % M wft'nfO{ lk6\bf ljz]if k|sf/sf] Wjlg pTkGg x'G5 (Metals produce sonorous
sound)

-c_ wft'af6 ag]sf] Pp6f 3G6L, sf7sf] 6'j|mf, kmnfdsf] 8Nnf], lstfa cflbnfO{ kfn}kfnf] lxsf{pFbf s:tf]
lsl;dsf] cfjfh cfpF5 ;'Gg nufpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ 3G6L / kmnfdsf] 8Nnfaf6 l6ª cfjfh (sonorous sound) cfpF5 t/ sf7sf] 6'j|mf / lstfaaf6
l6ª cfjfh (sonorous sound) cfpFb}g .

l6ª (sonorous sound) cfjfh lbg] j:t' wft' x'g\ eg] l6ª cfjfh
(sonorous sound) glbg] j:t' cwft' x'g\ egL k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

ICH : kmnfdaf6 dlGb/df 3G6L agfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk ^ M k|foh;f] wft'x¿ s8f x'G5g\ (Metals are hard)

355
kmnfdsf] kftf, PNo'ldlgodsf] kftf, sf7sf] 6'j|mf, sf]Onf, sk8fsf] 6'j|mf cflb j:t' ;a} ljBfyL{nfO
wfl/nf] j:t'n] sf]tg{, sf6\g / 5fDg nufpg'xf];\ . o;/L ;lhn} sf]tg{ ;lsg], sf6\g ;lsg] / 6'j|m\ofpg
;lsg] j:t' cwft' x'g\ eg] ;lhn} sf]tg{ ;lsg], sf6\g ;lsg] / 6'j|m\ofpg g;lsg] j:t' wft' x'g\ egL
k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ / tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

j:t'x¿ ;lhn} sf]tg{ ;lsg] / ;lhn} sf6\g ;lsg] / 5fDbf g/d/s8f

g;lsg] g;lsg]
kmnfdsf] kftf
PNo'ldlgodsf]
kftf
sf7sf] 6'j|mf
sf]Onf
sk8fsf] 6'j|mf

gf]6: wft'sf k/df0f'lar alnof] cfsif{0f an x'G5 To;}n] wft'x¿sf] pDng] / kUng] tfkj|md w]/} x'G5 eg]
cwft'sf] pDng] / kUng] tfkj|md sd x'G5 egL kfj/kf]OG6sf ;xfotfn] JofVof ug]{ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ wft'nfO{ lk6]/ kftf agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f s;/L k|dfl0ft ug'{x'G5 <
-cf_ tfdfsf] tf/ / s6gsf] wfuf]df s'g rflxF ;'rfns / s'g rflxF s'rfns xf], lsg <
-O_ Pp6f kmnfdsf] 8Nnf]nfO{ lk6]/ tf/ agfpg ;lsG5 eg] wft'sf] of] s'g u'0fcGt{ut k5{ <
-O{_ wft' / cwft'lar s'g} rf/cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
-p_ wft' cwft'eGbf s8f x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f s;/L k|dfl0ft ug'{x'G5 <
-pm_ dflnoflaln6L / 8lS6ln6Llar km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

356
 cfˆgf] jl/kl/ ePsf bzcf]6f wft' / bzcf]6f cwft'sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .
 cfˆgf] 3/df ePsf wft' / cwft', s8fkg, ljz]if k|sf/sf] cfjfh lbg] / tfksf ;'rfnssf
cfwf/df 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ / tflnsf agfO{ eg'{xf];\ .

bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M Wfft'sf ;fdfGo /f;folgs u'0f -General chemical properties of metals_

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

— s]xL wft'n] xfjf;Fu Iff/Lo cS;fO8 agfp5g\ eGg] :ki6 kfg{

— ;lj|mo wft'x¿n] lkmSsf cDn;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ wft'sf] nj0f / xfO8«f]hg UofF; agfpF5g\
eGg] cjwf/0ff JoSt ug{
— wft'n] kfgL;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ wft'sf] xfO8«f]S;fO8 / xfO8«f]hg UofF; agfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f
k|:6 kfg{ .
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

lrD6f, DofUg]l;od l/ag, k/LIf0f gnL, /ftf] / lgnf] ln6\d; k]k/, kmnfd, ;f]l8od, kf]6fl;od,
PNo'ldlgod cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ wft'sf tLgcf]6f u'0f atfpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ cwft' tfk / ljB't\sf s'rfns x'G5g\ lsg <
-O_ Pp6f sf7sf] 6'j|mfnfO{ xyf}8fn] lk6\bf ljz]if k|sf/sf] cfjfh cfpFb}g eg] Pp6f kmnfdfsf] 6'j|mfnfO{
xyf}8fn] lk6\bf ljz]if k|sf/sf] cfjfh cfpF5 lsg <

lj|mofsnfk @ M k|foh;f] wft'n] xfjf;Fu Iff/Lo cS;fO8 agfp5g\ (Metals make basic oxide
reacting with air)

ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L tn lbOPsf r/0fsf] lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ .

357
-c_ DofUg]l;od l/agnfO{ lrD6fsf ;xfotfn] ;dft]/ ag{/df afNg nufpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ wft'af6 lgl:sPsf] v/fgLnfO{ Pp6f las/df yf]/} kfgL /fVf]/ la:tf/} rnfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ pSt 3f]ndf lgnf] / /ftf] ln6d; k]k/nfO{ 8'afpg'xf];\ / sIffdf Iff/sf] ljz]iftfsf af/]df 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .

o;af6 wft'n] clS;hg;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ wft'sf] cS;fO8 agfpF5 . of] Iff/Lo x'G5 egL cGo
pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
2Mg= O2 2MgO (DofUg]l;od cS;fO8)
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 (km]l/s cS;fO8)
4Al+ 3O2 2Al2O3 (PNo'ldlgod cS;fO8)
2Cu + O2 2CuO (sk/ cS;fO8)

lgisif{ M s'g} klg wft'n] clS;hg;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ wft'sf] cS;fO8 agfpF5 . o;/L ag]sf
wft'sf cS;fO8 Iff/Lo x'G5g\ .
dfly plNnlvt k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlwdf plNNflvt ;"rssf
cfwf/df ;d"xut ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg -k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ;~rfng / k|:t'tLs/0f_ ug'{xf];\ . k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg JolStut ¿kdf tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xut tyf JolStut sfo{sf cfwf/df
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fddf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwnfO{ cª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
!= zLif{sM=================
@= p2]Zo ==============
#= ;fdu|L===============
$= k|of]u ljlw=============-lrq / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f_
%= cjnf]sg / glthf -======== wft' / To;sf /f;folgs u'0fx¿sf] cjnf]sg_
^= lgisif{ ===============

358
lj|mofsnfk # M ;lj|mo wft'x¿n] lkmSsf cDn;Fu /f;olgs k|ltlj|mof u/L wft'sf] nj0f / xfO8«f]hg UofF;
agfpF5 (Active metals form their salts reacting with dilute acids)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ % ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f k/LIf0f gnL / Mg, Al, Fe, Zn / Mg lbg'xf];\ .

-O_ kfFr} ;d"xnfO{ k/LIf0f gnLdf sl/a % ld=ln= hlt lkmSsf HCl, H2SO4 / HNO3 dWo]sf] s'g}
3f]n lng nufpg'xf];\ .

-O_ To;kl5 clu lbOPsf] wft' cfˆgf] cfˆgf] k/LIf0f gnLdf /fVg nufO{ cjnf]sg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

-p{_ pSt k|lj|mofaf6 lg:s]sf] xfO8«f]hg UofF;nfO{ k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lgisif{ M ;lj|mo wft'n] lkmSsf cDn;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ wft'sf] nj0f / xfO8«f]hg UofF; agfpF5
.

dfly plNnlvt k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlwdf plNNflvt ;"rssf
cfwf/df ;d"xut ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg -k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ;~rfng / k|:t'tLs/0f_ ug'{xf];\ . k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg JolStut ¿kdf tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xut tyf JolStut sfo{sf cfwf/df
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fddf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwnfO{ cª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
!= zLif{s=================
@= p2]Zo ==============
#= ;fdu|L===============
$= k|of]u ljlw=============-lrq / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f_
%= cjnf]sg / glthf -======== wft' / To;sf /f;folgs u'0fx¿sf] cjnf]sgsf] _
^= lgisif{ ===============

lj|mofsnfk $ M wft'n] kfgL;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ wft'sf] xfO8«f]S;fO8 / xfO8«f]hg UofF; agfpF5
(Metals form metallic hydroxide and hydrogen gas reacting with water ):

-c_ Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf kfgL lng'xf];\ / To;df SoflN;od wft' /fv]/ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/fpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ o; /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofaf6 lg:s]sf] xfO8«f]hg UofF;nfO{ k/LIf0f u/L k|bz{g ljlwaf6 lzIf0f ug'{xf];\
.
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 +H2

359
;fjwfgL : ;f]l8od wft' kfgLdf /fVbf ljikmf]6 x'g ;S5 To;}n] ;fjwfgLk"j{s of] lj|mofsnfk ug'{xf];\ .
dfly plNnlvt k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ljlwdf plNNflvt ;"rssf
cfwf/df ;d"xut ¿kdf d"Nofª\sg -k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ;~rfng / k|:t'tLs/0f_ ug'{xf];\ . k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg JolStut ¿kdf tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"xut tyf JolStut sfo{sf cfwf/df
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg clen]vLs/0f kmf/fddf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwnfO{ cª\sg ug'{xf];\ .
k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
!= zLif{s=================
@= p2]Zo ==============
#= ;fdu|L===============
$= k|of]u ljlw=============-lrq / /f;folgs ;dLs/0f_
%= cjnf]sg / glthf -======== wft' / To;sf /f;folgs u'0fx¿sf] cjnf]sgsf] _
^= lgisif{ ===============

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf
sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf
ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf] nflu lgDg k|Zgsf] ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zgx¿ txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ wft'n] xfjf;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof ubf{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] of}lus aG5 <
-cf_ kmnfdnfO{ xfjfdf 5f]8\bf s'g of}lus aG5 < /f;folgs ;dLs/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ PNo'ldlgodnfO{ lkmSsf xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/fpFbf s] x'G5 < /f;folgs
;dLs/0faf6 b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-O{_ kfgLdf kf]6fl;od wft'nfO{ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/fpFbf x'g] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

ljleGg wft'nfO{ clS;hg;Fu, lkmSsf xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn;Fu / kfgL;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/fpFbf x'g]
/f;folgs ;dLs/0f rf6{ k]k/df n]v]/ Nofg'xf];\ / csf]{ lbgdf cfˆgf] sIffdf 6fF:f]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t'
dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu vlghx¿ (Minerals for human health)

360
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu Zn, Fe, Na / K sf ;|f]tsf] dxŒj j0f{g ug{

 Zn, Fe, Na / K sf] dxŒj j0f{g ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

lhª\s, kmnfd, ;f]l8od / kf]6fl;odsf] ;|f]t, dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf / sdLn] ubf{ z/L/df x'g]
c;/sf] >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿, kfj/kf]OG6, sIffsf] l;sfOnfO{ dgf]/~hgk"0f{ agfpgsf nflu o;;DaGwL
s]xL d]6fsf8{

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ s] dfgj z/L/nfO{ wft'sf] cfjZostf ePsf] ;dodf kmnfdsf] lsnf vfg ldN5 <
-cf_ kmnfdnfO{ kfgLdf ld;fpFbf s:tf] k|s[ltsf] of}lus aG5 <

lj|mofsnfk @ M lhª\s / kmnfdsf] ;|f]t, oL wft'n] dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf / sdLn] x'g] c;/x¿
(Sources of zinc and iron and advantages of them for human body and effects
due to their scarcity)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ s'g} ljBfyL{nfO{ c¿sf] d'v uGxfPsf] yfxf kfP gkfPsf] ;f]Wg'xf];\ . of] s]sf] sdLn] x'G5 k|:6
kfg'x{ f];\ .

-O_ To:t} /StcNktf ePsf] dflg; b]v] gb]v]sf] egL ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ oL wft'sf] ;|f]t, dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf / sdLn] x'g] c;/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufO{ cfˆgf]
b}lgs vfgfdf oL tŒjx¿ ;dfj]z eP gePsf] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M ;f]l8od / kf]6fl;odsf] ;|f]t, tyf oL wft'n] dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf / sldn] x'g]
c;/x¿ (Sources of sodium and potassium and advantages of them for human
body and effects due to their scarcity)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ s'g} ljBfyL{nfO{ c¿sf] df+;k]zLdf P]7g ePsf] yfxf kfP gkfPsf] ;f]Wg'xf];\ . of] s]sf] sdLn] x'G5
k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

361
-O_ To:t} d[uf}nf;DaGwL /f]u ePsf] dflg; b]v] gb]v]sf] egL ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . vfgfdf s'g
tŒjsf] sdLn] of] /f]u nfU5 k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-O{_ oL wft'sf] ;|f]t, dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf / sdLn] x'g] c;/sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufO{ cfˆgf]
b}lgs vfgfdf oL tŒj ;dfj]z eP gePsf] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf
sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf
ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ dfgj z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ rf/cf]6f d'Vo wft' s] s] x'g\ <
-cf_ vfgfdf lhª\s, kmnfd, ;f]l8od / kf]6fl;odsf ;|f]t s] s] x'g\ <
-O_ vfgfdf lhª\s, kmnfd, ;f]l8od / kf]6fl;odsf] sdL ePdf nfUg] Ps Pscf]6f c;/ s] s] x'g\ <

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

lhª\s, kmnfd, ;f]l8od / kf]6fl;odsf] ;|f]t tyf sdLn] x'g] c;/sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L csf]{ sIffdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t' M dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu vlghx¿ (Minerals for human health)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

Hg / Pb dfgj z/L/df k|j]z x'g ;Sg] ;|f]tsf gfd JoSt ug{

Hg / Pb dfgj z/L/df k|j]z x'g ;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/ JoSt ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

kf/f] / l;;fsf] k|of]u x'g] s]xL j:t'sf] ;"rL, oL wft'n] dfgj :jf:Yodf kfg]{ c;/sf] ;"rLsf] d]6fsf8{,
;DalGwt >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿ cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

362
lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ wft'sf] cfjZostf k/] h:t} s] wft'x¿n] xfd|f] :jf:Yodf c;/ klg u5{ <
-cf_ kf]6fl;odsf] sdLn] xfd|f] z/L/df s] s:tf c;/ b]vfk5{g\ <
lj|mofsnfk @ M xfd|f] z/L/df n]8sf] c;/ (Effects of lead in our body)

-c_ 5nkmn ljlwaf6 n]8sf] c;/af/] lzIf0f ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ uf8Lsf] Aof6«L, /ª, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, ln8 lj|m:6n Unf;, /]l8of]wdL{ ;'/Iff kftf cflbdf n]8sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 eGg] s'/f >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .

-O_ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h @*) df lbOPsf n]8sf] c;/sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M xfd|f] z/L/df kf/f]sf] c;/ (Effects of mercury in our body)

-c_ 5nkmn ljlwaf6 kf/f]sf] c;/af/] lzIf0f ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ ydf]{ld6/, Aof/f]ld6/, 6\o'anfO6 cflbdf n]8sf] k|of]u ul/G5 eGg] s'/f >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6
cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .

-O_ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h @*) df lbOPsf kf/f]sf] c;/sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

363
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf
sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf
ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ dfgj z/L/df n]8sf c;/ s] s] x'g\, s'g} b'O{cf]6f c;/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ dfgj z/L/df kf/f]sf] c;/ s] s] x'g\ <
-ª_ u[xsfo{ / kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework /project work)
n]8 / kf/f]n] dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] c;/sf] vf]hL u/]/ ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ . sIffdf k|:t't u/]/ 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
kfFrf}F+ lbg M PsfOsf] clGtd lbg (Fifth day)

k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

364
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ckfª\utf cg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr
bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf] k|Zg
agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

365
PsfO !* sfa{g / o;sf of}lusx¿ (Carbon and its compounds)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M ^
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction)

o; PsfOcGtu{t ljleGg k|sf/sf sfa{gsf ;|f]t, sfa{gsf] :jefjcGtu{t Sof6g];g, Pnf]6«K; / Pnf]6«f]kL
sfa{gsf ef}lts u'0f a'Fbfut ¿kdf, sfa{gsf s]xL /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof, k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s
of}lussf pbfx/0f / ltgLx¿larsf] km/s / xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf pkof]lutf h:t} M
vfgf, nQf sk8f, cf}ifwL, pmhf{, ;f}Gbo{ ;fdu|L tyf s[lif pTkfbg / s[lifdf k|of]u ul/g] vfB kbfy{ cflb
ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg ljlwsf ;fy} ljleGg Collaborative
methods of teaching h:t} M mix and match, think, pair and share, T and M models cflbsf]
k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ sfa{gsf] kl/ro lbg
-v_ sfa{gsf] ;|f]t / k|s[lt JofVof ug{
-u_ sfa{gsf ef}lts u'0f JofVof ug{
-3_ sfa{gsf /f;folgs u'0f JofVof ug{
-ª_ k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}luslar leGgtf 5'6\ofpg
-r_ b}lgs hLjgdf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf pkof]lutf vf]hL ug{

#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)

j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
=
!= sfa{g / o;sf  kl/ro !
of}lusx¿  ;|f]t
(Carbon and its  k|s[lt
compounds )  ef}lts u'0fx¿

@= sfa{g / o;sf  /f;folgs u'0fx¿ !

of}lusx¿
(Carbon and its
compounds)
#= k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s  kl/ro !
of}lusx¿  k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}lusx¿lar
(Organic and leGgtf
Inorganic
compounds)
$= k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s  b}lgs hLjgdf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf !
of}lusx¿ pkof]lutfx¿
(Organic and
Inorganic
compounds)

366
%= k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg @

$=l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M sfa{g / o;sf of}lusx¿ (Carbon and its compounds)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)

 sfa{gsf] kl/ro lbg
 sfa{gsf ;|f]tsf] cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfg{
 sfa{gsf] k|s[ltaf/] kl/ro lbg
 sfa{gsf ef}lts u'0f JofVof ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

sf]Onf, WjfF;f], k]lG;nsf] ln8, Aof6«Lleq /fv]sf] sfnf] 58, d}gaQL, :Kofr'nf cflb
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

kf7sf] ;'?df sfa{gsf] kf/df0fljs ;ª\Vof / kf/df0fljs ef/;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . WjfF;f], cFuf/ tyf
k]lG;nsf] ln8df sfa{g ePsf] s'/f cjut u/fpg'xf];\ / Aof6«Lsf] leq /x]sf] sfnf] 58;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]w]/
/ kfgLsf tLgcf]6} cj:yf;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7sf] z'ef/De ug]{ jftfj/0f
agfpg'xf];\ . ;Dej 5 eg] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof jf /f;folgs ;dLs/0f;DaGwL audio visual ;fdu|L
k|bz{g ug'{xf;\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M sfa{gsf] kl/ro tyf ;|f]tx¿ (Introduction and sources of carbon)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ ;a} ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f d}gaQL lbg'xf];\ .
-O_ ;fjwfgL ckgfP/ Tof] d}gaQLnfO{ ;nfO{sf ;xfotfn] hnfpg nufpg'xf];\ . d}gaQLsf] Hjfnfsf] dfly
kftnf] sf7sf] 6'j|mf /fVg nufpg'xf];\ .
(O{) s]xL ;dokl5 pSt sf7sf] 6'j|mfdf sfnf] kbfy{ hDdf ePsf] b]lvG5 / o;nfO{ :Kofr'nfsf] k|of]u u/]/
Pp6f k]k/df hDdf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / of] sfa{g xf] eGg] s'/f k|:6\ofpg'xf];\ .

367
lgisif{ M k|fª\ufl/s of}lusaf6 sfa{g k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 jf k|fª\ufl/s of}lusx¿ s'lxP/ jf hnfP/ sfa{g
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
lzIfsnfO{ yk hfgsf/L
sfa{g of] afx]s cGo ljleGg kbfy{ sf]Onf, uf]n, cFuf/, w'Fjf, 6]an, s';L{, sk8f, xfdLn] vfg] vfgf /
x/]s hLjsf] z/L/df /x]sf] s'/f k|:6 kfg]{ / of] ;a} j:t' sfa{gsf ;|f]t x'g\ eGg] s'/f atfpg] . sfa{g
tŒj tyf of}lussf ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\, h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
h:t} dflysf ;a} j:t'nfO{ 89fpFbf cGTodf sfnf] kbfy{ afFsL /xG5 . of] sfnf] kbfy{ g} sfa{g xf] eGg]
s'/f k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
sfa{g tŒjsf ¿kdf sfa{g of}lussf ¿kdf
k|fª\ufl/s of}lus ck|fª\ufl/s of}lus
sf]Onf, WjfF;f], uf]n, cFuf, u|fkmfO6, lx/f sfaf]{xfO8«]6, k|fl] 6g, l3p, sfaf]{g]6x¿,
km'n]l/g (u|flkmg) cflb k]6«f]n, o'l/of, sfuh, afOsfaf]{g]6x¿,
;fa'g, d]r ldy]g, Oy]g, sfaf{O8x¿, 9'ª\ufx¿,
xfO8«f]sfa{g UofF;x¿ cflb UofF;x¿ CO2, CO cflb

lj|mofsnfk # M sfa{gsf] k|s[lt (:jefj) Sofl6g];g (Catenation nature of carbon )

-c_ sfa{gsf] tŒjaf6 Tolt 7'nf 7'nf of}lus s;/L ;Dej eof] eGg] s'/f ljBfyL{nfO{ >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf]
k|of]u u/]/ o;;DaGwL wf/0ff k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-cf_ sfa{gsf] Eofn]G; ;]ndf rf/cf]6f On]S6«f]g x'G5 / rf/cf]6f sf]Eofn]G6 af]G8 agfpF5 eGg] s'/f
k|:6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-O_ Pp6f sfa{gsf] k/df0f'n] csf]{ k/df0f';Fu sf]Eofn]G6 af]G8 agfpFb} nfdf] l;j|mL agfpF5g\ .
-O{_ sfa{gsf] of] u'0fnfO{ Sofl6g];g elgG5 eGg] s'/f lrqåf/f cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .

368
lgisif{ M sfa{gsf k/df0f' Ps cfk;df hf]l8P/ l;j|mL agfpg] u'0f x'G5 o; u'0fnfO{ Sofl6g];g elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk $ M sfa{gsf] Pnf]6«K; / Pnf]6«f]kL k|s[lt (Allotrops and allotropy of carbon)
5nkmn ljlwaf6 ef}lts ¿kdf sfa{g ljleGg cj:yfdf kfOG5 t/ /f;folgs ¿kdf oL ;a}sf] ;ª\s]t
C g} x'G5 . o;/L /f;folgs ¿kdf Pp6} t/ ef}lts ¿kdf km/s km/s cj:yfdf kfOG5 eg] o;
cj:yfnfO{ Pnf]6«K;\ elgG5 . tŒjsf] of] u'0fnfO{ Pnf]6«kL elgG5 eGg] s'/f tnsf] rf6{af6 :ki6 kfg]{ .
o;;DaGwL kfj/kf]OG6sf ;xfotfn] k|:6 kfg]{ .

of] ;Fu;Fu} sfa{gsf] ef}lts u'0f;DaGwL logLx¿sf] cj:yf, 3'ngzLntf, /ª, 6nskg, ;~rfng;DaGwL
tYo, 3gTj cflbsf af/]df kfj/kf]OG6sf ;xfotfn] k|:6 kfg]{ .
lgisif{ M sfa{g dl0fe tyf w'nf] h:tf ljleGg ¿kdf kfOG5 .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ Sofl6g];g eg]sf] s] xf] <
-cf_ sfa{gn] s:tf] k|sf/sf] aG8 agfpF5 <

369
-O_ Pnf]6«kL eg]sf] s] xf], sfa{gsf kfFrcf]6f Pnf]6«k;sf gfd eGg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

rf6{ k]k/df sfa{gsf] Pnf]6«Kfx¿ (dl0fe / w'nf]) rf6{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ . ;fy}
sfa{gsf ef}lts u'0fx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M sfa{g / o;sf of}lusx¿ (Carbon and its compounds)

370
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

sfa{gsf] /f;folgs u'0f JofVof ug{ .

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

sfa{gn] ljleGg cj:yfdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof ubf{ x'g] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f;DaGwL >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L,
kfj/kf]OG6, /f;folgs ;dLs/0fsf d]6fsf8{x¿, ag{/ / sf]Onf cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ Pnf]6«k; / Pnf]6«kLdf s] km/s 5 <
-cf_ w'nf] Pnf]6«k;sf s'g} b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0f atfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ u|fkmfO6 ljB't\sf] ;'rfns x'G5, lsg atfpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk @ M sfa{gsf] aNg] u'0f x'G5 / wft';Fu k|ltlj|mof u5{ (Combustion and reaction
with metal)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps Pscf]6f sf]Onf lbg'xf];\ / lrD6fsf ;xfotfn] ;dfpg nufO{ ag{/df afNg
nufpg''xf];\ .
-O_ sf]Onf aNbf tfk lg:sG5 . To;n] sfa{g 8fO{cS;fO8 UofF; klg lg:sG5 eGg] s'/f JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

of] lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ljBfyL{nfO{ lj|mofsnfksf] cjnf]sg ub}{ l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
k|ltj]bgsf nflu oxL ;fdu|L k|of]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
C + O2 CO2 + tfk
2C + O2 2CO + tfk
of];Fu} sfa{gn] ;lj|mo wft';Fu tfksf] pkl:yltdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof ubf{ wft'sf] sfaf{O8 agfpF5 eGg]
s'/f kfj/kf]OG6 / d]6fsf8{sf ;xfotfn] k|:t't u/L 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
;lj|mo wft' + sfa{g wft'sf] sfaf{O8
4Al + 3C Al4C3 PNo'ldlgod sfaf{O8
2Fe + C Fe2C cfO/g sfaf{O8
2Li + 2C Li2C2 lnlyod sfaf{O8

371
Ca + 2C CaC2 SoflN;od sfaf{O8
lgisif{ M sfa{g clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf aN5 / tfk lbG5 . To:t} wft';Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/
wft'sf] sfaf{O8 agfpF5 .
lj|mofsnfk # M sfa{gsf] l/8\o'l;ª u'0f / jfkm;Fusf] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof (Action with steam and
reducing property of carbon)

-c_ tŒjsf cS;fO8af6 clS;hg x6fpg] jf cnu ug]{ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofnfO{ l/8\o'l;ª u'0f elgG5
egL JofVof ug'{xf];\ / l/8\o'l;ª u'0f;Fu ;DalGwt /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf d]6fsf8{ z}Ifl0fs kf6Lsf]
5]pdf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

-cf_ ;Fu;Fu} >Job[Zo ;fdu|L klg k|:t't ub}{ 5nkmn ljlwaf6 sfa{gsf] l/8\o'l;ª u'0f / jfkm;Fusf]
/f;folgs k|ltlj|mof lzIf0f ug'{xf];\ .

wft'sf] cS;fO8 + sfa{g tfk wft' + sfa{g df]gf]S;fO8

ZnO + C heat Zn + CO

PbO + C heat Pb + CO

Fe2O3 + C heat 2Fe + 3CO

SiO2 + 3C heat SiC + 2CO

CaO + 6C heat 2CaC2 + 2CO

C + H2O (Steam) CO + H2

lgisif{ M sfa{gn] wft'sf] cS;fO8nfO{ l/8\o'; u5{ / kfgLsf] afkm;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ sfa{g
df]gf]S;fO8 agfpF5 .

d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ jf 5nkmn ub}{ ubf{ / lj|mofsnfk
ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb}
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ l/8\o'l;ª u'0f eg]sf] s] xf], k|To]ssf] Pp6f pbfx/0f klg lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ lhª\s cS;fO8nfO{ tfksf] pkl:yltdf sfa{g;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/fpFbf s] x'G5 <

372
-O_ SoflN;od cS;fO8, l;lnsf / n]8 cS;fO8nfO{ sfa{g;Fu ttfpFbf x'g] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof
atfpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

sfa{gsf] l/8\o'l;ª u'0f tyf jfkm;Fusf] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] rf6{ k]k/df ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t' M k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}lusx¿ (Organic and Inorganic compounds)

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s kl/ro lbg / k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}lusx¿lar leGgtf 5'6\ofpg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

3/ jf s[lif kmfd{df tof/ ul/Psf] k|fª\ufl/s dn, /f;folgs dn, o'l/of, t]n, lrgL, l3p, xfO8«f]Snf]l/s
cDn, ;f]l8od xfO8«f]S;fO8, SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6, k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}lus;DaGwL >Jo b[Zo
;fdu|Lx¿ / d]6fsf8{x¿

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ sfa{gn] n]8 cS;fO8;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof u/]/ n]8 / sfa{g df]gf]S;fO8 agfpF5 eg] o;
k|ltlj|mofdf sfa{gsf] s'g u'0f b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 <
-cf_ C + O2 CO2 + tfk
of] ;dLs/0f sfa{gsf] s'g u'0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
-O_ sfa{gsf] of}lussf] s'g} kfFr pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .

373
lj|mofsnfk @ M k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}lussf] kl/ro (Introductio of organic and
inorganic compounds)

 ljleGg ;fdu|L h:t} ldy]g, Oy]g, k|f]k]g, kmnfd, DofUg]l;od l/ag cflb k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s
of}lussf] hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
 sfa{gsf of}lusdf sfa{gn] cGo tŒj;Fu sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 agfpF5 . To;}n] On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8
x'g] kfgLdf o;sf of}lus k|foh;f] c3'ngzLn x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f t]nnfO{ kfgLdf ld;fP/
b]vfpg'xf];\ / of] tYo k|:6\ofpg'xf];\ .
 sfa{gsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf / sfa{gn] sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 agfpg] k|fo ;a} of}lus k|fª\ufl/s of}lus x'g\
/ sfa{g gePsf / sfa{g eP tfklg On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8 agfpg] jf /]l8snsf ¿kdf /xg] of}lus
ck|fª\ufl/s of}lus x'g\ egL kfj/kf]OG6sf ;xfotfn] JofVof ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . h:t} M ldy]g, Oy]g,
ldyfgf]n, o'l/of, k|f]l6g, sfaf]{xfO8«]6, l3p, d}g, k]6«f]n cflb k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf pbfx/0f x'g\ eg]
;f]l8od Snf]/fO8, DofUg]l;od xfO8«f]S;fO8, xfO8«]fSnf]l/s cDn, SoflN;od sfaf]{g]6, l;Ne/
Snf]/fO8 cflb ck|fª\ufl/s of}lussf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
tkfO{F{+n] tof/ kfg'{ePsf] d]6fsf8{sf] klg k|of]u ub}{ of] lj|mofsnfk 5nkmn ljlwaf6 kmnbfoL
agfpg'xf];\ .
lgisif{ M k|fª\ufl/s of}lus sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 / ck|fª\ufl/s of}lus On]S6«f]Eofn]G6 aG8n] ag]sf x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}luslar km/s (Differences between organic and

inorganic compounds)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf x'g]u/L k]h g= @** df lbOPsf] tflnsfsf ;xfotfn] k|fª\ufl/s of}lus
/ ck|fª\ufl/s of}luslar ef}lts cj:yf, /f;folgs aG8, cfof]lgs/0f, 3'ngzLntf, klUng] / pDng]
tfkj|md, HjngzLntf cflb cfwf/df 5nkmn ljlwaf6 lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'xf];\ . 3'ngzLntf;DaGwL
lj|mofsnfk ug{ kfgLdf l3p / ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8 5'6\6f5'6\6} ld;fP/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

374
lgisif{ M k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}luslar cj:yf, /f;folgs aG8, cfof]lgs/0f, 3'ngzLntf,
HjngzLntf, kUng] / pDng] tfkj|md cflb u'0fdf km/s x'G5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu 5nkmn jf lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ /

lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ck|fª\ufl/s of}lussf s'g} b'O{ ljz]iftf atfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}luslar s'g} Pp6f km/s n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O{_ t]n k|fª\ufl/s of}lus xf] eGg] s;/L k|dfl0ft ug'{x'G5, JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

375
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

 Rff6{ k]k/df jf ;Dej eP kfj/kf]G6df k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}luslardf km/s n]vL sIffdf
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu efG;faf6 lg:s]sf pkof]uL gePsf j:t' s'g} efF8fdf hDdf ug{
nufpg'xf];\ / s]xL lbg cjnf]sg ug{ nufO{ Tof] s'lxPkl5 ;fjwfgLk"j{s NofP/ sIffdf k|:t't
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ clg o'l/of dn;Fu t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t'
k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}lusx¿
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

b}lgs hLjgdf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf pkof]lutfx¿

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

lrgL, pmg, l;6fdf]n, l:k|6, s]xL ;f}Gbo{ ;fdu|L, >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L, b}lgs hLjgdf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf]
pkof]lutf;DaGwL kfj/kf]OG6, d]6fsf8{x¿ cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s of}lussf] pDng] tfkj|mddf s] leGgtf 5 <

-cf_ lrgLdf sfa{g 5 eGg] s'/f s;/L k|dfl0ft ug'{x'G5 <
lj|mofsnfk @ M b}lgs hLjgdf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf ¿kdf vfgf, nQf sk8f / cf}ifwL (Food, textiles
and medicines in daily life as organic compounds)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf Pp6f tflnsfdf tLgcf]6f sf]nd agfpg'xf];\ .

-O_ Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ vfgf, csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ nQf sk8f / t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ cf}ifwLsf gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ ljBfyL{n] eg]sf gfd Tflnsfdf eb}{ hfg'xf];\ / >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf ;xfotfn] tL gfd k|fª\ufl/s ePsf]
s'/f k|:6\ofpFb} hfg'xf];\ .

-p_ k|fª\ufl/s of}lus vfgf, nQf sk8f / cf}ifwLdf k|of]u x'G5 egL cjut u/fpFb} hfg'xf];\ .
376
b}lgs hLjgdf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf ¿kdf pmhf{, s[lif pTkfbg tyf s[lifdf k|of]u x'g] vfB kbfy /
;f}Gbo{ ;fdu|L (Energy, agricultural products and cosmetics in daily life as organic
compounds)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ # ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf Pp6f tflnsfdf tLgcf]6f sf]nd agfpg'xf];\ .

-O_ Pp6f ;d"xnfO{ pmhf{, csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ s[lif pTkfbg tyf s[lifdf k|of]u x'g] vfB kbfy{ / t];|f] ;d"xnfO{
;f}Gbo{ ;fdu|Lsf gfd eGg nufpg'xf];\ .

-O{_ ljBfyL{n] eg]sf gfd Tflnsfdf eb}{ hfg'xf];\ / >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf ;xfotfn] tL gfd k|fª\ufl/s ePsf]
s'/f k|:6\ofpFb} hfg'xf];\ .

-p_ 5nkmn ljlwaf6 k|fª\ufl/s of}lus pmhf{, s[lif pTkfbg tyf s[lifdf k|of]u x'g] vfB kbfy{ / ;f}Gbo{
;fdu|Ldf k|of]u x'G5 egL cjut u/fpFb} hfg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu 5nkmn jf lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmn jf

lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf]
clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf] b}lgs hLjgdf pkof]lutfsf s'g} rf/cf]6f pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ b}lgs hLjgdf pkof]u ul/g] s'g} tLg k|fª\ufl/s cf}ifwLsf gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-O_ nQf sk8fdf sfa{g 5 eGg] s'/f s;/L k|dfl0ft ug'{x'G5, JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)
rf6{ k]k/df b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf] vf]hL ug'{xf];\ . ltgLx¿sf]
;"rL tof/ u/L tL of}lus s]s:tf sfdsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 n]Vg'xf];\ . sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

5}7f} lbg (Sixth day)

k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg (Reflective learning, learning

enhancement and unit assessment)

377
 o; PsfOsf] cGTodf sG;]K6 Dofk agfP/ k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ kfn}kfnf] PsfOsf] ;du| l;sfOsf]
k|ltljDag ug{ nufpg'xf];\ jf o:t} ;du| l;sfO emlNsg] cGo s'g} k|ltljDagsf ljlw, tf}/tl/sf
tyf /0fgLlt k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
 kl/of]hgf sfo{ l;sfO lj|mofsnfk;Fu} u/fO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\ .
 k|To]s lbgsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfk u/fpg] j|mddf l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk
;xof]u ug]{, k|ltefjfg\ ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf ;d:of b]lvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds
k4ltcg';f/ l;sfpg nufpg'xf];\ .
 ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ckfª\utfcg'¿ksf d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwg lgdf{0f u/L l;sfOsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
 PsfOsf] cGTodf afXo k/LIffsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfcg';f/ j:t'ut k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr
bIftf tx_ tyf w]/} 5f]6f k|Zg, 5f]6f k|Zg / nfdf k|Zg -1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftf tx_ sf]
k|Zg agfO{ PsfO k/LIff lng'xf];\ / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/L k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ .

378
PsfO !( s[lif If]qdf k|of]u x'g] kbfy{x¿ (Materials used in Agriculture)
cg'dflgt sfo{306f M &
!= PsfO kl/ro (Unit introduction):
o; PsfOcGtu{t la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kf]ifscGt{ut k|d'v kf]ifs tŒj / ;xfos kf]ifs tŒj,
k|fª\ufl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s dn, k|fª\ufl/s dnsf kmfObf, ck|fª\ufl/s dncGt{ut gfO6«f]hgo'St dn,
km:kmf]/;o'St dn, kf]6fl;odo'St dn, ls6gfifs ljiffbLdf h}ljs ljiffbL, /f;folgs ljiffbL, df6fsf]
u'0f:t/ ;+/If0fcGt{ut u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f, pko'St v]tL k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / hldgsf] plrt k|of]u ug]{
ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . o; PsfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ubf{ k|jrg ljlwsf ;fy} ljleGg
Collaborative methods of teaching h:t} M mix and match, think, pair and share, T and M
models cflbsf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ 5 .
@= l;sfO pknlAw (Learning outcomes)
-s_ la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kf]ifs tŒjsf] kl/ro lbg
-v_ gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;odsf] cefjaf6 la?jfdf b]lvg] nIf0f k|of]uåf/f klxrfg ug{
-u_ k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] kl/ro / agfpg] ljlw pNn]v ug{
-3_ k|fª\ufl/s dnsf kmfObf pNn]v ug{
-ª_ /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] kl/ro lbg
-r_ /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] dxŒj, c;/ / h}ljs ljsNk JofVof ug{
-5_ df6fsf] u'0f:t/ ;+/If0fsf pkfo j0f{g ug{
#= ljifoj:t' / ;do ljefhg (Time allocation for contents)
j|m=; ljifoj:t' ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f ;do -306fdf_
=
!= la?jfnfO{ cfj:os kg]{  k|d'v tyf ;xfos kf]ifs tŒjx¿ !
kf]ifs tŒjx¿  gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;odsf]
cefjaf6 la?jfdf b]lvg] nIf0f
@= k|fª\ufl/s dn  kl/ro !
 agfpg] ljlw
 kmfObf
 ck|fª\ufl/s dnsf] kl/ro

#= /f;folgs dn  /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] !

(ck|fª\ufl/s dn) / dxŒj
sL6gfzs ljiffbLx¿
$= /f;folgs dn /  /f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] clws !
sL6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]usf] c;/
%= /f;folgs dn /  /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] !
sL6gfzs ljiffbL h}ljs ljsNk, df6fsf] u'0f:t/ ;+/If0f
^= k|ltljDat l;sfO, l;sfO ;Dj[lå / PsfOsf] d"Nofª\sg @

379
gf]6 M l;sfO lj|mofsnfk / lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg ;Fu;Fu} x'g] 5 . l;sfO lj|mofsnfks} j|mddf l;sfO
ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g]u/L ljleGg lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng u/L Go"gtd l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf afah'b sltko ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . t;y{ tflnsfsf] clGtd a'Fbfsf]
;Gbe{df PsfOut -s_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf -;xeflutf, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{_ ¿kdf
Go"gtd ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ yk ;xfotf lbg, l;sfO
lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf eP gePsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L ;xeflutf u/fpg, k|of]ufTds lj|mofsnfk,
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L clen]vLs/0f ug{ -v_ PsfOdf plNnlvt ;+1fgfTds If]qsf l;sfO
pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ b'j} sfo{ ug{sf nflu @ 306fsf] ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

$= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

klxnf] lbg (First day)
ljifoj:t' M la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kf]ifs tŒj
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ specific objectives)
 la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|d'v / ;xfos kf]ifs tŒjx¿
 la?jfnfO gfO6«f]hgsf] cefjaf6 la?jfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx¿ JoSt ug{
 la?jfnfO km:kmf]/;sf] cefjaf6 la?jfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx¿ JoSt ug{
 la?jfnfO kf]6fl;odsf] cefjaf6 la?jfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx¿ JoSt ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

k]k/, ;nfO{, DofUg]l;od l/ag, k]h g= @(@ df /x]sf] xs{axfb'/sf] v]tLls;fgL ubf{sf] cg'ej, >Jo b[Zo
;fdu|L, la?jfsf nflu rflxg] !& cf]6f tŒjx¿, k|d'v kf]ifs tŒj / ;xfos kf]ifs tŒj n]lvPsf
d]6fsf8{, ljleGg vfnsf /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{, gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;odsf]
sdLn] ubf{ la?jfdf b]lvPsf] ;d:ofsf] lrq jf kfj/kf]OG6 cflb

380
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

kf7sf] ;'?df df6faf6 af]6la?jfn] dn, kfgL s;/L k|fKt u5{g\ < v]taf/Ldf l8PkL, o'l/of, kf]6f; h:tf
dn lsg /flvG5 < af]6la?jf cf]OnfPsf] b]v] gb]]v]sf], kmn klg plrt dfqfdf g;k|]sf] b]v] gb]v]sf]af/]
k|Zg ;f]w]/ jf To:tf vfnsf la?jf b]vfP/ dl:tis dGyg u/fO{ o; kf7sf] z'ef/De ug]{ jftfj/0f
agfpg'xf];\ . ;Dej 5 eg] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof jf /f;folgs ;dLs/0f;DaGwL audio visual ;fdu|L
k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk @ M la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|d'v / ;xfos kf]ifs tŒjx¿ (Primary and
secondary nutrients for the plants)

-c_ ;fgf ;fgf sfuhsf] 6'j|mfdf !& cf]6} kf]ifs tŒjsf] gfd n]v]/ 3f]K6\ofP/ /fVg'xf];\ .

381
-cf_ ;a} hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps Pscf]6f 6'j|mf 5fGg nufO{ gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od 5fGg]
ljBfyL{nfO{ Psflt/ / afFsLnfO{ csf]{lt/ pleg nufpg'xf];\ .
-O_ o;af6 gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od la?jfsf nflu k|d'v kf]ifs tŒj x'g\ / afFsL sfa{g,
xfO8«f]hg, clS;hg, ;Nkm/, SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od, af]/f]g, Snf]l/g, sk/, kmnfd, Doª\uflgh,
df]lnA8]gd, lgs]n / h:tf ;xfos kf]ifs tŒj x'g\ egL 5nkmn u/fpFb} ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{ M la?jfnfO{ gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od h:tf k|d'v kf]ifs tŒj tyf sfa{g xfO8«f]hg,
clS;hg, ;Nkm/ h:tf ;xfos kf]ifs tŒj cfjZos k5{ .

lj|mofsnfk # M gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;odsf] cefjaf6 la?jfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx¿

(Symptoms of deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium)

-c_ ;Dej eP;Dd oL tLg lsl;dsf la?jf k|bz{g u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffdf ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ . ;Dej
geP kfj/kf]OG6df o:t} lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ la?jfnfO{ gfO6«f]hgsf] sdL ePdf la?jfsf] xl/of]kg x/fpFb} hfg] / cf]OnfpFb} hfg] x'G5 egL klxnf]
lrq jf o:t} cGo lrq k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ la?jfdf km:kmf]/;sf] sdL ePdf h/fsf] j[lå sd x'g] / cfjZos kf}li6s tŒj lng g;Sg] clg
o;df nfUg] kmn klg /fd|f];Fu ljsf; gx'g] x'G5 egL JofVof ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
-O{_ la?jfdf kf]6fl;odsf] sdL ePdf /f]un] l56f] cfj|md0f u5{ / la?jfsf] Ps efuaf6 csf]{ efudf /f]u
;b}{ km}lnFb} hfG5 . cGTodf la?jf d5{ eGg] tYo k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

382
o;/L 5nkmn ljlwaf6 kf]ifs tŒj;Fu ;DalGwt wf/0ffsf] ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\ .

lgisif{ M gfO6«f]hgn] la?jfsf] vfgf lgdf{0f / ljsf;df, kmf]:kmf]/;n] la?jfsf] j[lådf / kf]6fl;odn]
/f]u;Fu n8\g] Ifdtf k|bfg u5{ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— k|of]ufTds, kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu 5nkmn / lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg
ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmn / lj|mofsnfk ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{
l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb} n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-c_ la?jfdf gfO6«f]hgsf] sdLn] s] s:tf nIf0f b]vf k5{ <
-cf_ s] tkfO{{+n
F ] la?jfdf km:kmf]/;sf] sdL ePsf la?jf b]Vg'ePsf] 5, s] s] ;d:of b]lvP <
-O_ la?jfdf kf]6fl;odsf] sdL ePdf s:tf] kl/jt{g b]lvG5 <
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Home work/ project work)

 la?jfsf nflu cfjZos kf]ifs tŒjsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L k|d'v / ;xfos kf]ifs tŒjsf] tflnsf
agfpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
 cfˆgf] jl/kl/ jf aFu}rfdf ePsf la?jfdf ePsf d'Vo kf]ifs tŒjx¿sf] sdLsf] klxrfg u/L tL
la?jfsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

bf];|f] lbg (Second day)

ljifoj:t' M k|fª\ufl/s dn

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

 k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] kl/ro lbg

 k|fª\ufl/s dn agfpg] ljlw JofVof ug{
 k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] kmfObfsf] cjwf/0ff JoSt ug{
 ck|fª\ufl/s dnsf] kl/ro lbg

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

>Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L, kfj/kf]G6, hgfj/n] pT;h{g u/]sf] dnd"q, efG;faf6 lg:s]sf s'lxg] j:t'x¿, ;Dej
eP :ynut e|d0f u/fpg] k|fª\ufl/s dnsf kmfObf n]lvPsf d]6fsf8{ / cGo pknAw :yfgLo ;fdu|L

383
-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ la?jfsf nflu cfjZos kf]ifs tŒj sltcf]6f 5g\ <
-cf_ s] la?jfsf] kftkltª\u/ s'xfP/ klg dn agfpg ;lsG5 <
-O_ la?jfsf nflu cfjZos ;xfos kf]ifs tŒj s] s] x'g <

lj|mofsnfk @ M k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] kl/ro / k|fª\ufl/s dn agfpg] ljlw (Introduction of organic

fertilizer and method of preparation of organic fertilizer)

hLjaf6 pT;h{g x'g] dnd"q tyf z/L/sf efu s'xfP/ agfOPsf] dnnfO{ k|fª\ufl/s dn elgG5 egL
kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ / o;cGt{ut sDkf]:6 dn, xl/of] dn cflb k5{ eGg] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ cfˆgf] ljBfnodf /flvPsf] s'lxg] j:t' dfq n]lvPsf] 8:6lagsf ;xfotfn] sDkf]:6 dn agfpg]
tl/sf / o;sf] kl/efiff l;sfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ :ynut e|d0f u/fO{ xl/of] dnsf] kl/efiff, tof/ ug]{ ljlw tyf k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfsf] ;xhLs/0f
ug'{xf];\ .

;Fu;Fu} kfj/kf]OG6df tof/ ul/Psf jf d]6fsf8{df n]lvPsf k|fª\ufl/s dnsf kmfObf atfpFb} 5nkmn
ljlwaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub}{ hfg'xf];\ .
 df6fsf] pj{/fzlSt a9fpF5
 df6fsf] kfgL ;~ro ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpF5
384
 bL3{sfn;Dd df6fdf s'g} gsf/fTds c;/ b]lvFb}g
 jftfj/0f k|b'if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{
 o;sf] k|of]un] t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"nnfO{ :jflbnf], kf]l;nf] / :jf:Yojw{s agfpF5 .
 o:tf] dndf plAhPsf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n vfFbf dfgj :jf:Yodf s'g} gsf/fTds c;/ kb}{g .

lgisif{ M s'lxg] j:t'af6 k|fª\ufl/s dn agfpg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk # M ck|fª\ufl/s dnsf] kl/ro (Introduction of inorganic fertilizer)

df6fdf la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kf]ifs tŒj kof{Kt gePsf] cj:yfdf la?jfsf nflu cfjZos
gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od cflb ePsf] nj0f df6fdf ld;fpFbf la?jfn] k|fKt u5{ . oxL kbfy{nfO{
ck|fª\ufl/s dn elgG5 egL kl/eflift ug'{xf];\ .

5nkmn ljlwaf6 ls;fgn] v]taf/Ldf k|of]u ug]{ ck|fª\ufl/s dnaf/] cjut u/fpg'xf];\ . h;df o'l/of,
l8Plk, kf]6f; a9L dfqfdf k|of]u ul/G5g\ .

d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

— d"Nofª\sgsf nflu 5nkmn / lj|mofsnfk ul//x]sf] ;dodf cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ / 5nkmn / lj|mofsnfk
ubf{ l;sfOdf sl7gfO b]lvPsf afnaflnsfsf nflu yk ;xof]u ub}{ l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] clen]v /fVb}
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf];\ .
— ;+1fgfTds If]qsf ljifoj:t'sf nflu lgDg k|Zgsf ;fy} cGo o:t} k|Zg txut ¿kdf ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

385
-c_ k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ sDkf]:6 dn agfpg] ljlw JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ k|fª\ufl/s dnsf kfFrcf]6f kmfObf atfpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

cfˆgf] 3/sf] efG;faf6 lg:s]sf] s'lxg] pkof]uL j:t' Pp6f efF8fdf hDdf ug'{xf];\ / Tof] efF8f] el/Pkl5
aGb u/]/ /fVg'xf];\ . b'O{ tLg dlxgfdf Tof] ;fjwfgLk"j{s vf]n]/ x]g'{xf];\ / s:tf] aGof] cfˆgf] sIff k|:t't
ug'{xf];\ .

t];|f] lbg (Third day)

ljifoj:t'
/f;folgs dn (ck|fª\ufl/s dn) / sL6gfzs ljiffbLx¿
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objective)

/f;folgs dnsf] pkof]lutf JofVof ug{, o;sf kmfObfx¿ / a]kmfObfx¿ atfpg /

sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] dxŒjsf] j0f{g ug{ .
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation activities)

o'l/of dn, l8Plk dn, kf]6f; dn, ;Dej eP d'Vo kf]ifs tŒj (gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od) sf]
sdL ePsf la?jf, gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od sdL ePdf s:tf] c;/ b]lvG5 To;;DaGwL
d]6fsf8{x¿

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ k|fª\ufl/s dnsf s'g} b'O{ kmfObf atfpg'xf];\ .

-cf_ xl/of] dn s;/L tof/ ul/G5, JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ k|fª\ufl/s / /f;folgs dndf s] km/s xf]nf <
log} k|Zgsf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df cfPsf] lgisif{df s]xL s'/f ykL /f;folgs dnsf af/]df lj:t[t ¿kdf
atfpg'xf];\ .

386
lj|mofsnfk @ M /f;folgs dn (gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/;, kf]6fl;odo'St) sf] pkof]lutf ( Use of
chemical fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium)

-c_ >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L jf d]6fsf8{sf] k|of]u u/L gfO6«f]hgo'St dnsf] kl/ro, dxŒj /
sdLsf c;/ JofVof ug'{xf];\ jf oxL kf7sf] klxnf] sIffdf k|:t't ul/Psf la?jf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ jf
cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L jf d]6fsf8{sf] k|of]u u/L km:kmf]/;o'St dnsf] kl/ro, dxŒj /
sdLsf c;/ JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-O_ >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L jf d]6fsf8{sf] k|of]u u/L kf]6fl;odo'St dnsf] kl/ro, dxŒj /
sdLsf c;/ JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
la?jfnfO{ gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/;, kf]6fl;odsf] sdL ePdf lgDg lsl;dsf dn k|of]u ul/G5 egL lzIf0f
ug'{xf];\ .
gfO6«f]hgo'St dnsf pbfx/0f M o'l/of (NH2-CO-NH2), Pdf]lgod ;Nkm]6 (NH4)2SO4, Pdf]lgod
gfO6]«6 (NH4NO3) cflb

km:kmf]/;o'St dnsf pbfx/0f M Pdf]lgod km:km]6 (NH4)3PO4, soflN;od ;'k/km:km]6

(Ca(H2PO4)2CaSO4, l6«kn ;'k/kmf]:km]6 3(Ca(H2PO4)2, Pdf]lgod d]6fkmf]:km]6
[NH4(H2PO4)] cflb

kf]6fl;odo'St dnsf pbfx/0f kf]6fl;od Snf]/fO8 (KCl), kf]6fl;od ;Nkm]6 K2SO4, kf]6fl;od
sfaf]{g]6 (K2CO3) kf]6fl;od gfO6]«6 (KNO3) cflb

lj|mofsnfk # M /f;folgs dnsf kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿ (Advantages and disadvantages of

chemical fertilizer)

-c_ /f;folgs dnsf kmfObf / a]kmfObfsf] d]6fsf8{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

-cf_ /f;folgs dn k|of]u u/]sf] b]v] gb]v]sf] ;f]Wg'xf];\ / >Job[Zo ;fdu|L tyf d]6fsf8{sf ;xfotfn]
o;sf kmfObf / a]kmfObfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] dxŒj (Importances of insecticides)

-c_ ls/fn] vfFb} u/]sf] af]6la?jfsf] kft jf kmn b]vfpFb} pSt la?jfsf] kft jf kmndf sL6gfzs cf}ifwL
/fVg kfPsf] eP ls;fgsf] nufgL v]/ ghfg] s'/f cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .

387
la?jfdf o:tf] ;d:of ljBfyL{n] b]v]sf] eP Ps Ps u/L eGg nufO{ 5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpg'xf];\ /
o;af6 x'g] Iflt tyf of] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/L sL6gfzsf cf}ifwLsf]
dxŒjaf/] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L tyf kfj/kf]OG6sf] ;xfotfn] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-ª_ u[xsfo{÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ (Homework / project work)

cfˆgf] glhs}sf] s'g} s[lif kmfd{sf] :ynut e|d0f u/L ToxfF s'g s'g lsl;dsf] dn / sL6gfzs k|of]u
ul/g] /x]5 ;f]wk'5 u/L Pp6f ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ / pSt ls;fgn] lbPsf] hjfkmsf cfwf/df tn lbOPsf]
tflnsf eg'{xf];\ . dn k|of]u ubf{ / gubf{ pSt ls;fgsf] v]taf/Laf6 pTkfbgdf s] slt km/s ePsf]
/x]5 Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

/f;folgs dnaf6 k|fKt kf]ifs tŒj k|fKt x'g] Dff6fdf x'g] sdLsf]
x'g] kf]ifs tŒj dn nIf0f ;ª\slnt gd'gfsf] lrq
o'l/of gfO6«f]hg kft kx]n
F f] x'g]

388
rf}yf] lbg (Fourth day)

ljifoj:t'
/f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs ljiffbLx¿
-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)

/f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] clws k|of]usf c;/ j0f{g ug{

-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

/f;folgs dnsf] cTolws k|of]un] df6fdf kg]{ c;/;DaGwL >Job[Zo ;fdu|L, sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf]
cTolws k|of]un] dfgj :jf:Yodf kfg]{ c;/;DaGwL lstfasf] k]h g=@(^ / k]h g= @(( sf] a'Fbfsf]
JofVof ;Fu} >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] klg k|of]u u/L z}Ifl0fs kf6Lsf] klg k|of]u ub}{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ug'{xf];\
.

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

389
-c_ gfO6«f]hgo'St dnsf] s'g} b'O{ pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ cTolws ljiffbLsf] k|of]un] dfgj :jf:Yodf kg]{ s'g} b'O{ c;/ s] s] x'g\ <
lj|mofsnfk @ M /f;folgs dnsf] cTolws k|of]un] x'g] c;/x¿ (Effects due to excessive use of
chemical fertilizer)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ /f;folgs dnsf] clws k|of]un] dfgj :jf:Yodf x'g] c;/af/] atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljBfyL{nfO{ /f;folgs dnsf] clws k|of]un] df6fdf x'g] c;/af/] atfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ ;Dej eP;Dd ljBfyL{nfO{ /f;folgs dnsf] clws k|of]u ePsf] v]t jf af/L jf auF}rfdf n}hfg'xf];\
;Dej geP /f;folgs dnsf] clws k|of]u ul/Psf] df6f] NofO{ sIff jf k|of]uzfnfdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

-O{_ >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L cGo yk hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ jf ;Dej eP s'g} Ps s[ifsnfO{ kfx'gfsf
¿kdf af]nfO{ /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]uaf/] cfˆgf s[lif cg'ej ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M ljiffbLsf] cTolws k|of]un] x'g] c;/x¿ (Effects due to excessive use of
chemical fertilizer)

-c_ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljiffbLsf] clws k|of]un] dfgj :jf:Yodf x'g] c;/af/] atfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljiffbLsf] clws k|of]un] df6fdf x'g] c;/af/] atfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ ;Dej eP;Dd ljBfyL{nfO{ ljiffbLsf] clws k|of]u ePsf] v]t jf af/L jf auF}rfdf n}hfg'xf];\ ;Dej
geP ljiffbLsf] clws k|of]u ul/Psf] df6f] jf cGo la?jf NofO{ sIff jf k|of]uzfnfdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

-O{_ >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L cGo yk hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ jf ;Dej eP s'g} Ps s[ifsnfO{ kfx'gfsf
¿kdf af]nfO{ ljiffbLsf] clws k|of]uaf/] cfˆgf s[lif cg'ej ;'gfpg nufpg'xf];\ .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

390
kfFrf}F lbg (Fifth day)

ljifoj:t' M /f;folgs dn ,sL6gfzs ljiffbL / df6fsf] u'0f:t/ ;+/If0f

-s_ l;sfO pknlAw÷ljlzi6 p2]Zo (Learning outcomes/ Specific objectives)
/f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] h}ljs ljsNk JoSt ug{, df6fsf] u'0f:t/ ;+/If0f ug]{
pkfo JoSt ug{
-v_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ;fdu|L (Learning facilitation materials)

sDkf]:6 dnsf] gd'gf jf oxL PsfOsf] bf];|f] lbgsf] sIffdf k|:t't ul/Psf] k|fª\ufl/s dn agfpg]
ljlwsf] >Job[Zo ;fdu|L, xl/of] dn agfpg] ljlwsf] rf6{k]k/, df6fsf] k/LIf0f u/fpgsf nflu ljleGg
7fpFsf]] gd'gf, pko'St v]tL k|0ffnLsf] gd'gf, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf gLltsf] s]xL
;"rL cflb

-u_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk (Learning facilitation activities)

lj|mofsnfk ! M dl:tis dGyg (Brain storming)

lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;f]w]/ dl:tis dGyg u/fpg'xf];\ .

-c_ /f;folgs dnsf] clws k|of]usf s'g} b'O{ c;/ s] s] x'g\ <
-cf_ ljiffbLsf] clws k|of]uaf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{ hfg] c;/ s] s] x'g\ <
lj|mofsnfk @ M /f;folgs dnsf] h}ljs ljsNk (Biological alternatives of chemical
fertilizer)

-c_ sDkf]:6 dn agfpg] ljlwsf] ;"rL z}Ifl0fs kf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

-cf_ xl/of] dnsf] nflu 9}Frf v]tL k|0ffnLsf gd'gf >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 cjut u/fpg'xf];\ .

-O_ /f;folgs dnsf] ljsNkdf sDkf]:6 dn, xl/of] dn cflbsf] k|of]u ug{ ;'emfpg] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u;Fu}
o:tf dnsf] k|of]un] jftfj/0f, dfgj :jf:Yo tyf df6fdf x'g] kmfObfsf] ;"rL k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

-O_ o;afx]s cGo k|efjsf/L ljsNksf] klg vf]hL u/L of] PsfO lzIf0f ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk # M /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] h}ljs ljsNk (Biological alternatives of chemical

insecticides)

-c_ :yfgLo ¿kdf kfOg] ls/fn] dg gk/fpg] af]6la?jfsf efu ;ª\sng u/L h}ljs ljiffbL agfpg
;lsg] s'/f k|:t't ug]{ .

391
-cf_ kf7\ok':tssf] k]h @(* df lbOPsf] lj|mofsnfk !(=$ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . h'g tn lbOPsf] 5 .

-O_ o;sf kmfObf JoSt ub}{ /f;folgs ljiffbLeGbf h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u w]/} tj/n] /fd|f] ePsf] s'/f
JoSt ug]{ / o;;DaGwL :ki6 wf/0ff agfpg ;xof]u ug]{ .

lgisif{ M /f;folgs ljiffbLsf ;6\6f h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ul/of] eg] jftfj/0f k|b'if0f /f]Sg ;lsg'sf ;fy}
dfgj :jf:Yodf klg gsf/fTds c;/ kg{af6 aRg ;lsG5 .

-3_ d"Nofª\sg (Evaluation)

-ª_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ (project work)

-c_ h}ljs dn agfpg] ljlw rf6{ k]k/df tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-cf_ /f;folgs ljiffbLeGbf h}ljs ljiffbL nfebfos x'G5 eGg] ljifodf cfˆgf] sIffdf jfbljjfb jf
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

392
5}7f} lbg M PsfOsf] clGtd lbg (Sixth day; the last day of the unit)

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