EENG464 - Wireless Communications

Chapter 3
Exercises, Examples, Problems
Prof. Dr. Hasan Amca
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department
Eastern Mediterranean University
 Problem 3.1
Prove that for a hexagonal geometry, the co-channel reuse
ratio is given by 𝑄 = 3𝑁, where 𝑁 = 𝑖 2 + 𝑖. 𝑗 + 𝑗 2 .
Hint: Use the cosine law and the hexagonal cell geometry.
Solution:
Generally, for 𝑁 = 𝑖 2 + 𝑖. 𝑗 + 𝑗 2 , we have the following to
find the nearest Co-Channel neighbors of a particular cell:
i) move i cells along any chain of hexagon and then
ii) turn 60 degrees counter-clockwise and move j cells.
From the following figure, using the cosine law, we have
𝐷 = 3𝑖 2 . 𝑅 2 + 3𝑗 2 . 𝑅 2 + 𝑖. 𝑗. 3𝑅 2 = 3(𝑖 2 + 𝑖. 𝑗 + 𝑗 2 . 𝑅
𝐷 = 3𝑁. 𝑅
Hence, 𝑄 = 𝐷/𝑅 = 3𝑁
 Example 3.2
If a signal to interference ratio of 15 dB is required for
satisfactory forward channel performance of a cellular system,
what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that should
be used for maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is
(a) n = 4 ,
(b) n = 3?
Assume that there are 6 co-channels cells in the first tier, and
all of them are at the same distance from the mobile. Use
suitable approximations.
 Solution to Example 3.2
a) For the case with n = 4
First, let us consider a 7-cell reuse pattern.
𝐷
Using equation 𝑄 = = 3𝑁
𝑅
the co-channel reuse ratio D/R = 4.583.
Using equation 𝑛
𝑆 𝐷ൗ 𝑛 3𝑁
𝑅
= =
𝐼 𝑖0 𝑖0
Where 𝑖0 is the number of Co-Channel interfering
Cells which is 𝑖0 = 6. Hence, the Signal-to-Noise-
Interference ratio is given by
S/I = 4.583 4 Τ6 = 75.3 = 18.06 dB.
Since this is greater than the minimum required S/I,
N = 7 can be used.
 Solution to Example 3.2
b) For the case with n = 3:
First, let us consider a 7-cell reuse pattern. Using
𝑄 = 𝐷Τ𝑅 = 3𝑁
the co-channel reuse ratio D/R = 4.583. Using
𝐷ൗ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆 𝑅 3𝑁
= =
𝐼 𝑖0 𝑖0
Hence, Signal-to-Noise Interference ratio is given by
S/I = 4.583 3 Τ6 = 16.04 = 12.05 dB
Since this is less than the minimum required S/I, we need to use
a larger N.
 Solution to Example 3.2
Using 𝑁 = 𝑖 2 + 𝑖𝑗 + 𝑗 2 , the next possible value of N is 12,
(i=j=2).
The corresponding co-channel ratio is given by
𝑄 = 𝐷Τ𝑅 = 3𝑁 = 3 × 12 = 6.0
Then the signal-to-interference ratio is given by
𝐷ൗ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆 3𝑁 𝑆 63
= 𝑅
= => = = 19.63 = 12.93 dB
𝐼 𝑖0 𝑖0 𝐼 11
Since this is also less than the minimum required S/I, we need
to use a larger N.
 Solution to Example 3.2
Using (i=2, j=3), 𝑁 = 4 + 6 + 9, the next possible value of N is
19.
The corresponding co-channel ratio is given by
𝑄 = 𝐷Τ𝑅 = 3𝑁 = 3 × 19 = 7.55
Then the signal-to-interference ratio is given by
𝐷ൗ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆 3𝑁 𝑆 7.553
= 𝑅
= => = = 23.9 = 13.78 dB
𝐼 𝑖0 𝑖0 𝐼 18
Since this is also less than the minimum required S/I, we need
to use even larger N.
 Solution to Example 3.2
Using (i=3, j=3), 𝑁 = 9 + 9 + 9, the next possible value of N is
27.
The corresponding co-channel ratio is given by
𝑄 = 𝐷Τ𝑅 = 3𝑁 = 3 × 27 = 9
Then the signal-to-interference ratio is given by
𝐷ൗ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆 3𝑁 𝑆 93
= 𝑅
= => = = 28 = 14.4 dB
𝐼 𝑖0 𝑖0 𝐼 26
Since this is also less than the minimum required S/I, we need
to use even larger N.
 Solution to Example 3.2
Using (i=4, j=3), 𝑁 = 16 + 12 + 9, the next possible value of N
is 37.
The corresponding co-channel ratio is given by
𝑄 = 𝐷Τ𝑅 = 3𝑁 = 3 × 37 = 10.53
Then the signal-to-interference ratio is given by
𝐷ൗ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆 3𝑁 𝑆 1.543
= 𝑅
= => = = 32.44 = 15.11 dB
𝐼 𝑖0 𝑖0 𝐼 36
Since this is greater than the minimum required S/I, we use
N=37.
 Example 3.3
Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W
transmitter. The carrier frequency is 900 MHz, free
space propagation is assumed, 𝐺𝑡 = 1 and 𝐺𝑟 = 2. Find
(a) the power at the receiver,
(b) the magnitude of the E-field at the receiver
antenna
(c) the rms voltage applied to the receiver input
assuming that the receiver antenna has a purely real
impedance of 50 Ω and is matched to the receiver.
 Solution to Example 3.3
Given: Transmitter power, 𝑃𝑡 = 50W, Carrier frequency, 𝑓𝑐 = 900 MHz, Transmitter
antenna gain, 𝐺𝑡 = 1, Receiver antenna gain, 𝐺𝑟 = 2 and Receiver antenna resistance =
50 Ω.
(a) Using equation (3.5), the power received at a distance d = 10 km is
2
1
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝜆2 50 × 1 × 3 × 3
𝑃𝑟 𝑑 = 19 log = 10 log = −91.5 𝑑𝐵𝑊 = −61.5 𝑑𝐵𝑚
4𝜋 2 𝑑 2 4𝜋 2 100002
(b) Using equation (3.15), the magnitude of the received E-field is
𝑃𝑟 𝑑 120𝜋 𝑃𝑟 𝑑 120𝜋 7 × 10−10 × 120𝜋
𝐸 = = = = V/m
𝐴𝑒 𝐺𝑟 𝜆2 /4𝜋 2 × 0.332 /4𝜋
{c) Using equatian (3.16), the open circuit nns voltage at the receiver input is
𝑉𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃𝑟 (𝑑) × 4𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 7 × 10−10 × 4 × 50 = 0.374 mV
 Example 3.4
How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking
probability for the following number of trunked channels
in a blocked calls cleared system? Assume each user
generates 𝐴𝑢 = 0.1 Erlangs of traffic.
(a) 2,
(b) 5,
(c) 10,
(d) 20,
(e) 100.
 Example 3.4 (Theory of Traffic in Erlangs)
Named after the inventor, Agner Krarup Erlang.
Carried traffic in Erlangs is the average number of
concurrent calls measured over a given period (often
one hour), while offered traffic is the traffic that
would be carried if all call-attempts succeeded.
The total amount of traffic 𝐴, is given by the traffic
per user 𝐴𝑢 multiplied by the number of users U,
given by
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑢 × 𝑈
 Example 3.4 (Theory of Traffic in Erlangs)
Grade of Service (GoS) is used to define the desired
performance of a particular cellular commun. system
by specifying a desired probability of a mobile
subscriber obtaining channel Access, given a specific
number of channels available in the system.
GoS is defined as the probability of a call being blocked
(Erlang B) or delayed (Erlang C) for more than a
specified time interval, expressed as a fraction or
decimal fraction usually in percentage.
 Example 3.4 (Theory of Traffic in Erlangs)
GoS is always with reference to the busy hour when traffic
intensity is the greatest.
Erlang B and C
graphs give the
total traffic A (in
Erlangs) that can
be carried out by a
specific number of
channels C with a
% GoS.
 Number of Trunked Channels (C) Figure 3.6
6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25
30 35 40 45 50 60 70
1 2 3 4 5
80 90 100
Probability of Blocking

Traffic Intensity in Erlangs

 Solution to Example 3.4

From Figure 2.6, we obtain A = 80.9

Therefore, total number of users, 𝑼 = 𝑨/𝑨𝒖 = 80.9/0.1 = 809 users.
Table 3.4: Capacity of an Erlang B system
 Number of Trunked Channels (C) Figure 3.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100
Probability of Blocking

Traffic Intensity in Erlangs

 Example 3.5
An urban area has a population of 2 million residents.
Three competing trunked mobile networks (systems A, B, and C,
provide cellular service in this area.
System A has 394 cells with 19 channels each, system B has 98
cells with 57 channels each, and system C has 49 cells, each with
100 channels.
Find the number of users that can be supported at 2% blocking
if each user averages 2 calls per hour at an average call duration
of 3 minutes. Assuming that all three trunked systems are
operated at maximum capacity, compute the percentage market
penetration of each cellular provider.
Solution 3.5
 Number of Trunked Channels (C) Figure 3.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100
Probability of Blocking

Traffic Intensity in Erlangs

Solution 3.5
Solution 3.5
Solution 3.5
 Example 3.6
A certain city has an area of 1,300 square miles and is covered by a cellular
system using a 7-cell reuse pattern. Each cell has a radius of 4 miles and the
city is allocated 40 MHz of spectrum with a full duplex channel bandwidth of
60 kHz. Assume a GOS of 2% for an Erlang B system is specified. If the offered
traffic per user is 0.03 Erlangs, compute
a) the number of cells in the service area,
b) the number of channels per cell,
c) traffic intensity of each cell,
d) The maximum carried traffic;
e) the total number of users that can be served for 2% GOS,
f) the number of mobiles per channel, and
g) the theoretical maximum number of users that could be served at one
time by the system.
Solution 3.6
 Number of Trunked Channels (C) Figure 3.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100
Probability of Blocking

Traffic Intensity in Erlangs

Solution 3.6
 Example 3.7
A hexagonal cell within a 4-cell system has a radius of
1.387 km. A total of 60 channels are used within the entire
system. If the load per user is 0.029 Erlangs, and 𝜆 = 1
call/hr, compute the following for an Erlang C system that
has a 5% probability of a delayed call:
a) How many users per square kilometer will this system
support?
a) What is the probability that a delayed call will have to
wait for more than 10 s?
c) What is the probability that a call will be delayed for
more than 10 seconds?
Solution 3.7
 Number of Trunked Channels (C) Figure 3.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100
Probability of Blocking

Traffic Intensity in Erlangs

 Question: Similar to Example 3.7
In a 7 cell/cluster system with a 2 km hexagonal cell radius, 70
channels are to be used. The traffic per user is aimed to be 0.05
Erlangs and the call per hour rate should be 1. For a 10% probability
of calls being delayed in an Erlang C system, how many users can this
system support in every square kilometer?
 Answer: Similar to Example 3.7, pp.85
With a cell radius of 2 km, area covered per hexagonal cell is
2.598*(2)2 =10.392 km2. See Footnote 1.
Number of cells per cluster is = 7 & total number of channels is 70. Therefore, number of
channels per cell is 70/7 = 10 channels/cell.
From Erlang C chart, for 10% probability of delay with 10 channels, traffic intensity in
Erlangs is 6 Erlangs. Therefore, number of users = total traffic intensity / traffic per user
= 6 / 0.05 = 120 users.
Number of users per km2 = 120 / 10.4 = 11.54 users per km2.
Footnote 1
The area of the center and wedge-shaped cells in the concentric circle geometry exceeds
the area of a traditional hexagonal cell described in Chapter 3. Whereas a hexagonal cell
occupies an area o
3 3𝑅2
𝐴ℎ𝑒𝑥 = = 2.598𝑅2
2
Cells in concentric circle geometry each possess and area of 𝜋𝑅2 m.
 Example 3.8
Consider Figure 3.9. Assume each base station uses 60
channels, regardless of cell size. If each original cell has a
radius of 1 km and each microcell has a radius of 0.5 km, find
the number of channels contained in a 3 km by 3 km square
centered around A under the following conditions:
a) without the use of microcells;
b) when the lettered microcells as shown in Figure 3.9 are
used; and
c) if all original base stations are replaced by microcells.
Assume cells on the edge of the square to be contained within
the square.
 Solution 3.8
a) Without the use of microcells:
A cell radius of 1 km implies that the sides of the larger
hexagons are also 1 km in length. To cover the 3 km by 3 km
square centered around base station A, we need to cover 1.5 km
(1.5 times the hexagon radius) towards the right, left, top, and
bottom of base station A.
This is shown in Figure 3.9. From Figure 3.9 we see that this
area contains 5 base stations.
Since each base station has 60 channels, the total number of
channels without cell splitting is equal to 5 x 60 = 300 channels.
Figure 3.9:
illustration of cell
splitting within a
3 km by 3 km square
centered around
base station A
 Solution 3.8
(b) With the use of the microcells:
In Figure 3.9, the base station A is surrounded by 6 microcells.
Therefore, the total number of base stations in the square area
under study is equal to 5+6= 11
Since each base station has 60 channels, the total number of
channels will be equal to
11 * 60 = 660 channels
This is a 2.2 times increase in capacity when compared to case
(a)
 Solution 3.8
c) If all base stations are replaced by microcells:
From Figure 3.9, we see that there are a total of
5+12=17 base stations in the square region under study

Since each base station has 60 channels, the total number of

channels will be equal to
17 x 60 = 1020 channels
This is a 3.4 times increase in capacity when compared to case
(a).

Theoretically, if all cells were microcells having half the radius of

the original cell, the-capacity increase would approach 4.
 Problem 3.3
Show that the frequency reuse factor for a cellular system is
given by 𝑘/𝑆, where k is the average number of channels per cell
and S is the total number of channels available to the cellular
service provider.

Solution 3.3
Since 𝑆 = 𝑘/𝑁, where N is the cluster size, we have 𝑁 = 𝑆/𝑘,
By the definition of frequency reuse factor, we have
Frequency resue factor=1/N=k/S
 Probnlem 3.4
If 20 MHz total spectrum is allocated for a duplex wireless cellular
system and each simplex channel has 25 kHz RF bandwidth, find
a) The number of dupplex channels
b) The total number of channels per cell site if N=4 cell reuse is used.
 Solution 3.4
a) The number of simplex channels i
20*10^6 / 25*10^3 = 800
Then, number of duplex channels is 800/2=400

b) The total number of channels per cell site if N=4 cell reuse is used is
400/4 = 100.
 Problem 3.5
A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which
can tolerate a signal-to-interference ratio of 15 dB in the worst case. Find
the optimum value of N for
a) Omnidirectional antenna
b) 120 degrees sectoring amd
c) 60 degrees sectoring.
d) Should sectoring be used? İf so, which case, 60 or 120 degrees)
should be used? Assume a path loss exponent of n = 4 and consider
trunking efficiency).
Solution 3.5
Figure 2.11.
Illustration of how 1200
sectoring reduces
interference from co-channel
cells. Out of the 6 co-channel
cells in the first tier, only 2 of
them interfere with the
center cell. If omni-
directional antennas were
used at each base station, all
6 co-hannel cells would
interfere with the center cell.
 Problem 3.10
An FDD cellular telephone system that uses two 30 kHz simplex channels to provide full
duplex voice and control channels is allocated a total of 24 MHz of bandwidth. Assume
that each mobile phone user generates 0.1 Erlangs of traffic in accordance with Erlang
B.
a) For a 4-cell re-use system, find the number of channels in each cell.
b) What is the maximum number of users that can be supported per cell if each cell is to
offer capacity that is 90% of perfect scheduling? Assume that omnidirectional
antennas are used at each base station.
c) When the maximum number of users are available in the user pool, what is the
blocking probability of the system in part b)?
d) If each cell uses 120o sectoring for each user base station, what is the new total
number of users that can be supported per cell for the same blocking probability as
in c)?
e) When each cell covers 5 square kilometers, how many subscribers could be
supported in an urban market that is 50km * 50 km for the case of omnidirectional
base station antennas?
f) If each cell covers 5 square kilometers, then how many subscribers could be
supported in an urban market that is 50km * 50 km for the case of 120o sectored
antennas?
 Solution 3.10

a) Number of channels in the whole system

C = 24 MHz / (2 * 30 kHz) =400 channels,

Channels / cell = 400 channels / 4 cells = 100

channels/cell
 Solution 3.10
b) 90% of 100 Erlangs is 90 Erlangs. Recalling that
traffic intensity offered by each user = call request rate * holding time ==> Au = H
That is, each user generates a traffic intensity of Au Erlangs is given by Au = H, where
H is the average duration of a call and  is the average number of call request per unit
time for each user. For a system containing U users and unspecified number of
channels, the total offered traffic intensity A is given as
A = U Au
Where U is the number of users in the system and Au is the traffic generated by each
user. In a C channel trunked system, if the traffic is equally distributed among the C
channels, then the traffic intensity per channel Ac is given by
Ac = U Au / C
Therefore, 90 = U Au = U (0.1) ==> U = 900 users, where Au is the generated traffic in
Erlangs.
 Solution 3.10
c)With the offered traffic 90 Erlangs and number of channels c =100,
from Figure 3.6, we read 0.03, that is the 3% GoS.
d)Each sector has 100/3 = 33.3 channels; GOS=3%, from Figure 3.6, 25
Erlangs/sector is obtained. Then we have, A = U Au /sector => 25= U Au
(per sector) => with Au = 0.1 (given), the number of users is
U = 250 /sector or U = 250 /sector *3 sector = 750 users.
e) Total area to cover is 50km*50km = 2500 km2. Dividing this by 5 km2
/cell, we obtain 2500/5 = 500 cells. Then, total #users = 900
users/cell * 500 cells =900*500 = 450,000 users.
f) 500 cells => 500 cells * 750 users/cell = 500*750 users = 375,000
users
 Problem 3.29 (Rappaport)
Pretend your company won a license to build a U.S. cellular system (the application cost for
the license was only $500!). Your license is to cover 140 square km. Assume a base station
costs $500,000 and a MTSO costs $1,500,000. An extra $500,000 is needed to advertise and
start the business. You have convinced the bank to loan you $6 million, with the idea that in
four years you will have earned $10 million in gross billing revenues and will have paid off
the loan.
a- How many base stations (i.e., cell sites) will you be able to install for $6 million?
b- Assuming the earth is flat and subscribers are uniformly distributed on the ground, what
assumption can you make about the coverage area of each of your cell sites? What is the
major radius of each of your cells, assuming a hexagonal mosaic?
c- Assume that the average customer will pay $50 per month over a four-year period. Assume
that on the first day you turn your system on, you have a certain number of customers which
remains fixed throughout the year. On the first day of each new year, the number of
customers using your system doubles and then remains fixed for the rest of that year. What is
the minimum number of customers you must have on the first day of service in order to have
earned $10 million in gross billing revenues by the end of the 4th year of operation?
d- For your answer in (c), how many users per square km are needed on the first day of
service in order to reach the $10 million mark after the 4th year?
 Solution 3.29
a- How many base stations (i.e., cell sites) will you be able to install for
$6 million?
Loan in question is given and equal to ($6x106 ).
Cost of MTSO 𝐶𝑀𝑇𝑆𝑂 = $1500,000.
Cost of abase station (𝐶𝑏𝑠 ) =$500,000.
Cost of advertisement (𝐶𝑎𝑑 ) =$500,000.

In this case the number of base stations we are able to install for $6
million are:
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑛 − 𝐶𝑀𝑇𝑆𝑂 − 𝐶𝑎𝑑 6𝑥106 −1500,000 −500,000
No of base stations = = = 8
𝐶𝑏𝑠 500,000
 Solution 3.29
b- Assuming the earth is flat and subscribers are uniformly distributed on the ground,
what assumption can you make about the coverage area of each of your cell sites?
What is the major radius of each of your cells, assuming a hexagonal mosaic?
Now number of the base stations are equal to (8) and the total coverage area is equal
to (140 K𝑚2 ),
Total coverage area
The average area of each cell =
Number of the base stations

140
The average area of each cell = = 17.5 km2
8

The average area of each cell = 2.6 × 𝑅2

The average area of each cell 17.5
R= 2.6
= 2.6
= 2.6 Km
 Solution 3.29
c- Assume that the average customer will pay $50 per month over a four year period.
Assume that on the first day you turn your system on, you have a certain number of
customers which remains fixed throughout the year. On the first day of each new year, the
number of customers using your system doubles and then remains fixed for the rest of that
year. What is the minimum number of customers you must have on the first day of service in
order to have earned $10 million in gross billing revenues by the end of the 4th year of
operation?
Each customer will pay (P) = ( 50 x 12) = $600. Assume the number of customers on the first
day is (U), the gross billing revenues by the end of the 4th year of operation is:
G= (U +2U +4U +8U) × P = 15U × P
G ≥ $10 × 106
15UP ≥ 10 × 106
10𝑥106 10𝑥106
U≥ 15 𝑥 𝑃
= 15 𝑥 600 = 1111.1
The minimum number of customers on the first day of service is ( 1112)
 Solution 3.29
d- For your answer in (c), how many users per
square km are needed on the first day of service in
order to reach the $10 million mark after the 4th
year?
1112
The number of users per square Km = = 8 users
140
/km