LATIH TUBI

• List TWO (2) type of Power Transistor and THREE (3) type of Power Thyristors
Senaraikan DUA (2) jenis Transistor Kuasa dan TIGA (3) jenis Penthyristor Kuasa

• Explain TWO (2) types of bias for a p-n junction.

Terangkan DUA (2) jenis pincang bagi simpang p-n.

• Power Diode has the characteristics to block voltage in reverse direction and to allow current in
forward bias. Write and sketch an I-V graph characteristics for that power diode.

• Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) has four-layer solid state current controlling component and can
conduct current only in one direction.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) mempunyai 4 lapis pepejal komponen kawalan arus dan boleh
mengalirkan arus dalam satu arah sahaja.
• Draw I-V characteristics graph of SCR.
Lukiskan graf ciri-ciri I-V SCR.
• Write the SCR condition in term of voltage and current based above question.
Tuliskan keadaan SCR dalam terma voltan dan arus berdasarkan soalan diatas

• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a voltage-controlled device and
requires only a small input current. Explain THREE (3) MOSFET operating regions.
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) adalah komponen voltan kawalan
dan memerlukan hanya masukan arus yang kecil. Huraikan TIGA (3) kawasan operasi MOSFET.

• With the help of structure IGBT, discuss switch mode of IGBT.

Dengan bantuan struktur IGBT, bincangkan mod suis IGBT.

• Explain with circuit diagram TWO (2) types of controlled rectifiers.

Terangkan dengan gambarajah litar DUA (2) jenis penerus terkawal.

• With the aid of circuit diagram, explain the principal operation of single phase halfwave
uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load for both cycles.
Dengan bantuan gambar rajah litar, terangkan prinsip operasi penerus satu fasa separa
gelombang tidak terkawal dengan beban rintangan pada kedua-dua kitaran.

• A single phase halfwave controlled rectifier with resistive load 100Ω supplied a DC voltage of
150V, 60Hz with average output voltage 40V. Calculate firing angle of rectifier.
Sebuah penerus terkawal satu fasa separa gelombang dengan beban rintangan 100Ω
membekalkan voltan DC 150V, 60 Hz dengan purata voltan keluaran 40V. Kirakan sudut picuan
penerus.
• A fullwave center tap controlled rectifier has an AC input of 120Vrms at 60Hz and 80Ω R load
resistor. If the delay angle is 40 degrees, calculate RMS load current.
Sebuah penerus terkawal tap tengah gelombang penuh mempunyai bekalan AC 120Vrms pada
60Hz dan 80Ω beban rintangan. Jika sudut picuan 40 darjah, kirakan arus beban RMS.

• Explain the difference between Buck Chopper and Boost Chopper.

Terangkan perbezaan antara Buck Chopper dan Boost Chopper.

• A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source. Given L=400uH, C=100 uF, R=20 Ohm,
f=20 kHz and D=0.4. Calculate:
a. Vout b. Minimum and Maximum inductor current c. Output voltage ripple

• Explain the function of AC converter and FOUR (4) examples of its application in the industry.
Terangkan fungsi bagi penukar AU dan EMPAT (4) contoh aplikasinya di industry

• Write an explanation of a single phase full bridge inverter complete with output voltage, Vo and
output current, Io waveform.
Lukiskan gambar rajah litar bagi penukar songsang tetimbang penuh satu fasa lengkap dengan
voltan keluaran, Vo dan arus keluaran Io.

• AC motors consist of two basic parts: Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor.
Identify TWO (2) types of rotor in Induction Motor.

• Kenalpasti DUA (2) jenis pemutar dalam motor aruhan

• Elaborate the torque versus speed characteristics of a three-phase induction motor in terms of:
o Locked-rotor Torque
o Pull-up Torque
o Maximum Torque
o Full-load Torque

• An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and
electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft.
Motor elektrik merupakan mesin elektrik yang menukar tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga mekanikal.
Kebayakan motor elektrik beroperasi melalui interaksi di antara medan magnet motor dan arus
elektrik di dalam kabel penggulungan bagi menjana daya dalam bentuk putaran aci.
• List FOUR (4) main parts of a DC motor.
Senaraikan EMPAT (4) bahagian utama dalam DC motor.

• A rectified DC motor drive is supplied by a three phase fully controlled SCR bridge 240 Vrms, 50Hz
per phase. The field is supplied by a single phase with uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier and the
field current is set as maximum as possible (α=0 degree). Given armature resistance, Ra-0.5Ω, field
resistance, Rf=150Ω, motor constant, Kv=1.8 V/A rad/s and armature voltage, Va=12.5V. Calculate
the value of developed torque, Td.
Pemacu motor penukar AT dibekalkan oleh SCR tiga fasa terkawal sepenuhnya 240 Vrms, 50Hz
setiap fasa. Medan ini dibekalkan oleh satu fasa dengan penerus jambatan did tidak terkawal dan
arus medan ditetapkan semaksima mungkin (α=0 darjah). Diberi rintangan anger, Ra=0.5Ω,
rintangan medan, Rf= 150Ω, pemalar motor, Kv= 1.8V/A rad/s dan voltan anger, Va= 12.5V.
Kirakan nilai daya kilas terhasil, Td.

• Explain TWO (2) types of DC motor and explain their characteristics and applications.
Terangkan DUA (2) jenis motor DC dan terangkan ciri-ciri dan aplikasi setiap motor
tersebut

• A 3-phase, 460V, 100hp, 70Hz, 5 pole induction machine have a Rotor speed of 970 RPM.
Calculate:
3-fasa, 460V, 100hp, 70Hz, 5 kutub mesin pengaruh mempunyai kelajuan rotor 970 putaran
seminit. Kirakan:

• Synchronous speed (Ns)

• Slip percentage.
• Frequency of the rotor ( fr ).
• The new percentage of slip, s, if the rotor speed, Nr, is changed to 1234 rpm.
Nilai baru peratus gelinciran, jika kelajuan rotor berubah kepada 1234 rpm.
ANSWER

• List TWO (2) type of Power Transistor and THREE (3) type of Power Thyristors
Senaraikan DUA (2) jenis Transistor Kuasa dan TIGA (3) jenis Penthyristor Kuasa
a. Power transistor

i. Power bipolar junction transistors (BJT)

ii. Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
iii. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)

b. Power thyristors

i. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)

ii. Gate controlled switch (GCS)
iii. Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)

• Explain TWO (2) types of bias for a p-n junc�on.

Terangkan DUA (2) jenis pincang bagi simpang p-n.
i. Forward biasing
In forward biasing, the positive supply is connected to the p-terminal and the negative
•
supply is connected to the n-type of the device.
• This voltage cancels the potential barrier and provides a low resistance path to the
flow of current.
ii. Reverse biasing
• In reversed bias the n-type is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the p-
type is connected to the negative terminal.
• The reverse potential increases the strength of the potential barrier. The potential barrier
resists the flow of charge carrier across the junction. It creates a high resistive path in
which no current flows through the circuit.

• Power Diode has the characteris�cs to block voltage in reverse direc�on and to allow current in
forward bias. Write and sketch an I-V graph characteris�cs for that power diode.
A power diode is a type of diode that is designed to handle high
current and voltage levels.

Diodes three regions:

• Forward-biased region: In this region, the diode conducts

current when a forward voltage is applied to it. The current
increases rapidly with increasing voltage and eventually
levels off to a constant value as the voltage continues to
increase. The forward voltage drop across the diode in this
region is typically around 0.7 volts.
 • Reverse-biased region: In this region, the diode does not
conduct current when a reverse voltage is applied to it.
However, a small leakage current may be present due to the
imperfections in the diode structure.

• Breakdown region: In this region, the diode experiences a

breakdown voltage and a sudden increase in current flows
through the diode. The breakdown voltage is the voltage at
which the diode breaks down and allows a large current to
flow through it.

• Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) has four-layer solid state current controlling component and can
conduct current only in one direction.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) mempunyai 4 lapis pepejal komponen kawalan arus dan boleh
mengalirkan arus dalam satu arah sahaja.
• Draw I-V characteristics graph of SCR.
Lukiskan graf ciri-ciri I-V SCR.
• Write the SCR condition in term of voltage and current based above question
Tuliskan keadaan SCR dalam terma voltan dan arus berdasarkan soalan diatas

• • When the SCR is forward biased, a small forward

current flow.
• The forward bias voltage is increased until the
anode voltage reaches the forward break over
voltage, the SCR turn on.
• The current increase sharply.
• When the SCR is reversing biased, there is a small
reverse leakage current.
• The reverse voltage is increased until the voltage
reaches the breakdown voltage, the current will
increase sharply.
• The SCR remains on as long as its anode current
stays above the holding current.
• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a voltage-controlled device and
requires only a small input current. Explain THREE (3) MOSFET operating regions.
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) adalah komponen voltan kawalan
dan memerlukan hanya masukan arus yang kecil. Huraikan TIGA (3) kawasan operasi MOSFET.

i. Cut Off region: No drain current flow at this region.

ii. Linear region: Known as "ohmic mode" and MOSFET operated at this region.
iii. Saturation region: This is the active mode of operation of MOSFET

• With the help of structure IGBT, discuss switch mode of IGBT.

Dengan bantuan struktur IGBT, bincangkan mod suis IGBT.

• Turn ON: Applying a positive gate

voltage to open the channel for n
carriers.
• Turn OFF: Removing the gate
voltage to close the channel.

• Explain with circuit diagram TWO (2) types of controlled rectifiers.

Terangkan dengan gambarajah litar DUA (2) jenis penerus terkawal.

The basic circuit of a half-wave-controlled rectifier consists of a thyristor

(SCR), a load resistor, and a voltage source, typically an AC supply.

The thyristor acts as a switch, allowing current to flow in one direction

through the load resistor when it is triggered by a gate signal.

The thyristor remains in the conducting state until the current flowing
through it drops to zero, at which point it turns off.

The basic circuit of a full wave-controlled rectifier consists of four

thyristors (SCRs), a load resistor, and a voltage source, typically an AC
supply.

The thyristors are arranged in a bridge configuration, which allows

current to flow in one direction through the load resistor regardless of
the polarity of the input voltage.

The thyristors act as switches, allowing current to flow through the load
resistor when they are triggered by gate signals.
• With the aid of circuit diagram, explain the principal operation of single phase halfwave
uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load for both cycles.
Dengan bantuan gambar rajah litar, terangkan prinsip operasi penerus satu fasa separa
gelombang tidak terkawal dengan beban rintangan pada kedua-dua kitaran.

Positive half cycle

Diode D1 is forward biased and will conduct the input voltage appear across the load.
Negative half cycle
Diode D, is reverse biased and blocking condition, the output voltage is zero.

• A single phase halfwave controlled rectifier with resistive load 100Ω supplied a DC voltage of
150V, 60Hz with average output voltage 40V. Calculate firing angle of rectifier.
Sebuah penerus terkawal satu fasa separa gelombang dengan beban rintangan 100Ω
membekalkan voltan DC 150V, 60 Hz dengan purata voltan keluaran 40V. Kirakan sudut picuan
penerus.
𝑉𝑉𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = (1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼°)
2𝜋𝜋

150
40 = (1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼°)
2𝜋𝜋

40 = 23.87(1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼°)

40
= (1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼°)
23.87

40
− 1 = (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼°)
23.87

(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼°) = 0.6757

(𝛼𝛼 ) = 47.48°
• A fullwave center tap controlled rectifier has an AC input of 120Vrms at 60Hz and 80Ω R load
resistor. If the delay angle is 40 degrees, calculate RMS load current.
Sebuah penerus terkawal tap tengah gelombang penuh mempunyai bekalan AC 120Vrms pada
60Hz dan 80Ω beban rintangan. Jika sudut picuan 40 darjah, kirakan arus beban RMS.

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 .𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 120 1 𝛼𝛼 sin(2𝛼𝛼 )

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑉𝑉𝑀𝑀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �� − + �
𝑉𝑉𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 2 2𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠.𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
√2
1 (40) sin�2(40)�
𝑉𝑉𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 120(√2)�� − + �
120 = 2 360 4𝜋𝜋
√2

120 𝑥𝑥 √2 = 𝑉𝑉𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 169.71�(0.5 − 0.1111 + 0.078)

𝑉𝑉𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 169.71 V 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 169.71�(0.4673)

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 169.71 𝑥𝑥 0.6836

𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 116.009 𝑉𝑉

• Explain the difference between Buck Chopper and Boost Chopper.

Terangkan perbezaan antara Buck Chopper dan Boost Chopper.

• A buck chopper, also known as a step-down chopper or a DC-DC

converter.
• reduces the output voltage by switching the input voltage on and
off at a high frequency.
• This is achieved by controlling the duty cycle of the switching
element such as a MOSFET or a transistor.
• During the on time of the switching element, the input voltage is
applied to the load and during the off time, the voltage is blocked.
• The average voltage applied to the load depends on the duty cycle,
which can be adjusted by a control circuit.
• Boost chopper, also known as a step-up chopper.
• increases the output voltage by switching the input voltage on
and off at a high frequency.
• the input voltage is applied to the load during the ON time of the
switching element, and the inductor is charged.
• During the off time, the inductor releases its energy to the load,
and the output voltage is increased.
• The average voltage applied to the load is proportional to the
duty cycle of the switching element.
• A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source. Given L=400uH, C=100 uF, R=20 Ohm,
f=20 kHz and D=0.4. Calculate:
Vs = 50V L=400uH C=100 uF R=20 Ohm f=20 kHz D=0.4

i) Output voltage.
Vo = VsD
= (50)(0.4)
= 20V
ii) Maximum and minimum inductor current.
1 1−𝐷𝐷 𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (1−𝐷𝐷)
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 �𝑅𝑅 + � @ � 𝑜𝑜 + �
2𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅 2𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

1 1 − 0.4
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20 � + �
20 2(400𝜇𝜇)(20𝑘𝑘)
0.6
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20 �0.05 + �
16
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20(0.05 + 0.0375)
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20(0.0875)
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1.75𝐴𝐴

1 1 − 𝐷𝐷
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 � − �
𝑅𝑅 2𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
1 1 − 0.4
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20 � − �
20 2(400𝜇𝜇)(20𝑘𝑘)
0.6
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20 �0.05 − �
16
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 20(0.0125)
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.25𝐴𝐴

iii) Output ripple voltage.

∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 1 − 𝐷𝐷
=
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 8𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓 2
∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 1 − 0.4 ∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
=
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 8(400𝜇𝜇)(100𝜇𝜇 )(20𝑘𝑘)2 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 0.6 ∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
=
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 128 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 ∆𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
= 4.69 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 @ 4.6875 𝑋𝑋 10−3 𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
• Explain the function of AC converter and FOUR (4) examples of its application in the industry.
Terangkan fungsi bagi penukar AU dan EMPAT (4) contoh aplikasinya di industry

function of AC converter:

AC converter is a device that converts DC input into AC output. AC converter also known as inverter

examples of application of AC converter in industry.

• air conditioner (Inverter),

• Refrigerator (Inverter)
• Laptop
• Variable frequency Drive
• Solar inverter
• Electric vehicle drive

• Write an explanation of a single phase full bridge inverter complete with output voltage, Vo and
output current, Io waveform.
Lukiskan gambar rajah litar bagi penukar songsang tetimbang penuh satu fasa lengkap dengan
voltan keluaran, Vo dan arus keluaran Io.

• A single-phase full-bridge inverter is a type of power electronic circuit that can convert a DC voltage into a
single-phase AC voltage.
• It is called a full-bridge inverter because it uses four switching elements arranged in a bridge configuration
to generate the AC voltage waveform.
• To generate the AC voltage waveform, the switching elements are switched on and off in a
specific sequence.
• AC motors consist of two basic parts: Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor.
Identify TWO (2) types of rotor in Induction Motor.

Types of rotor in induction motor:

a. Squirrel Cage Rotor
b. Phase wound rotor/ Slip ring rotor

• Kenalpasti DUA (2) jenis pemutar dalam motor aruhan

Types of motor starter:

• Direct online starter (DOL)
• Star-Delta method
• Auto-transformer method
• Primary resistor starting
• Elaborate the torque versus speed characteristics of a three-phase induction motor in terms of:
o Locked-rotor Torque
o Pull-up Torque
o Maximum Torque
o Full-load Torque

The Locked Rotor Torque

- Starting Torque is the torque an electrical motor develops when starting at zero speed.

The Pull-up Torque

- the minimum torque developed by an electrical motor when it runs from zero to full-load
speed.

The Maximum Torque

- the highest torque available before the torque decreases when the machine continues to
accelerate to working conditions.
The Full-load Torque
- the torque required to produce the rated power of an electrical motor at full-load speed.

• An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and
electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft.
Motor elektrik merupakan mesin elektrik yang menukar tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga mekanikal.
Kebayakan motor elektrik beroperasi melalui interaksi di antara medan magnet motor dan arus
elektrik di dalam kabel penggulungan bagi menjana daya dalam bentuk putaran aci.

i) Types of rotor
• Squirrel cage
• Wound

ii) Similarity of AC and DC motor

• Both AC and DC motor use current to produce magnetic field in the coil to form
torque.
• Both convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (torque)
• Both main components consist of stator and rotor

iii) difference between AC Motor and DC motor

• The design of rotor for DC motor is laminated with steel rather than
having copper coil compressed on the laminated steel core.
• AC motor operate longer than DC motor with less periodic maintenance
Speed of AC motor can be adjusted more easily than DC motor
• AC motor does not have brushes like DC motor does have brushes
• List FOUR (4) main parts of a DC motor.
Senaraikan EMPAT (4) bahagian utama dalam DC motor.

• Stator
• Rotor
• Field winding
• Armature
• Commutator

• A rectified DC motor drive is supplied by a three phase fully controlled SCR bridge 240 Vrms,
50Hz per phase. The field is supplied by a single phase with uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier
and the field current is set as maximum as possible (α=0 degree). Given armature resistance,
Ra-0.5Ω, field resistance, Rf=150Ω, motor constant, Kv=1.8 V/A rad/s and armature voltage,
Va=12.5V. Calculate the value of developed torque, Td.
Pemacu motor penukar AT dibekalkan oleh SCR tiga fasa terkawal sepenuhnya 240 Vrms, 50Hz
setiap fasa. Medan ini dibekalkan oleh satu fasa dengan penerus jambatan did tidak terkawal
dan arus medan ditetapkan semaksima mungkin (α=0 darjah). Diberi rintangan anger,
Ra=0.5Ω, rintangan medan, Rf= 150Ω, pemalar motor, Kv= 1.8V/A rad/s dan voltan anger, Va=
12.5V. Kirakan nilai daya kilas terhasil, Td.

2√2 . 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑 = 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓 . 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 . 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎

𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎
𝜋𝜋
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑 = 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓 . 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 .
2√2 . (240) 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = 12.5
𝜋𝜋 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑 = 1.8 𝑥𝑥 (1.44) 𝑥𝑥
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 = 216.076 𝑉𝑉 0.5
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑 = 64.8 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 =
𝑅𝑅
216.076
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 =
150
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 = 1.44 𝐴𝐴

𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑 = 𝐾𝐾𝑓𝑓 . 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 . 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎

• Explain TWO (2) types of DC motor and explain their characteristics and applications.
Terangkan DUA (2) jenis motor DC dan terangkan ciri-ciri dan aplikasi setiap motor
tersebut

Types Characteristics Applications

Series Wound i. The series motor has i. Is an industry

poor speed regulation. workhorse
ii. Very high starting ii. Sewing machines
torque

Shunt Wound i. Motor turns at almost i. Automotive

constant speed if the voltage windscreen
is fixed. wipers
ii. The motor can deliver ii. Fans
increasing torque, without an
appreciable reduction in
speed, by increasing the
motor current.
Separately Excited i. The voltage on either i. Train
the field or the rotor ii. Automotive
windings can be used traction
to control the speed
ii. Torque of a separately
excited motor.
• A 3-phase, 460V, 100hp, 70Hz, 5 pole induction machine have a Rotor speed of 970 RPM.
Calculate:
3-fasa, 460V, 100hp, 70Hz, 5 kutub mesin pengaruh mempunyai kelajuan rotor 970 putaran
seminit. Kirakan:

• Synchronous speed (Ns)

• Slip percentage.
• Frequency of the rotor ( fr ).
• The new percentage of slip, s, if the rotor speed, Nr, is changed to 1234 rpm.
Nilai baru peratus gelinciran, jika kelajuan rotor berubah kepada 1234 rpm.

f = 70Hz Nr = 970 RPM p = 5

i)
120𝑓𝑓
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 =
𝑝𝑝
120 × 70
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 =
5
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 = 1680
ii)
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 − 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
%𝑠𝑠 =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

1680 − 970
%𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥𝑥 100
1680

710
%𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥𝑥 100
1680
%𝑠𝑠 = 42.26 % @
𝑠𝑠 = 0.4226 (if ask for slip, not percentage)
iii)
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = 0.4226 𝑥𝑥 70
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟 = 29.582 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

iv)
𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆 − 𝑁𝑁𝑟𝑟
% 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑥𝑥 100
𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆

1680 − 1234
%𝑆𝑆 = 𝑥𝑥 100
1680

%𝑆𝑆 = 0.2655 𝑥𝑥 100

%𝑆𝑆 = 26.55 %