Prestige public school,indore

SESSION-2023-24

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC :- TO DESIGN AN APPROPRIATE

LOGIC GATE COMBINATION FOR A GIVEN TRUTH TABLE

SUBMITTED BY:- SUBMITTED TO:-

SHRUTI SHARMA MRS. CHARU KHARE

CLASS:- 12th A
 CERTIFiCATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS “PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT”ON THE TOPIC “TO DESIGN
AN APPROPRIATE LOGIC GATE COMBINATION FOR A
GIVEN TRUTH TABLE” HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED BY SHRUTI SHARMA OF CLASS “Xll-A”
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MRS.CHARU KHARE IN
PARTICULAR FULFILMENT OF THE CURRICULUM OF
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION [CBSE]
LEADING TO THE PHYSICS PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
OF THE YEAR 2023-24.

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
INTERNAL EXAMINOR EXTERNAL EXAMINOR
 Acknowledgement

I WOULD LIKE TO THANK OUR HONOURABLE DR.PRAKASH CHOUDARY

FOR HIS GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT THROUGHOUT THE COMPLETION OF
THIS PROJECT .

I WOULD LIKE TO CONVEY MY HEARTFELT THANKS TO MRS.CHARU

KHARE (MY PHYSICS TEACHER) WHO GUIDED ME THROUGH THE
PROJECT AND ALSO GAVE VALUABLE SUGGESTION AND GUIDANCE
FOR COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT.SHE HELPED ME TO
UNDERSTAND AND REMEMBER IMPORTANT DETAILS OF THE
PROJECT THAT I WOULD HAVE OTHERWISE LOST.MY PROJECT HAS
BEEN A SUCCESS ONLY BECAUSE OF HER GUIDANCE.

I AM ALSO THANKFUL TO THE CBSE FOR GIVING ME SUCH AN AMAZING

OPPORTUNITY OF MAKING THIS PROJECT,AND GIVING A SUITABLE INSTRUCTIONS
AND GUIDELINES FOR THE PROJECT.

NAME OF THE SUDENT:-

SHRUTI SHARMA

CLASS:-12TH A
 CONTENTS

*INTRODUCTION
*THEORY
*PRINCIPLE
*BASIC GATES
*THE OR GATE
*THE AND GATE
*THE NOT GATE
*THE NOR GATE
*THE NAND GATE
 INTRoDUCTion

A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical

relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital
circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop , It is called
a gate . The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics.They
are used in digital electronics to change on voltage level(input voltage)
into another(output voltage)according to some logical statement
relating them. A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has
only one output. The relationship between the possible values of input
and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth
table or table of combinations. Truth table of a logic Gates is a table
that shows all the input and output possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra based on
binary nature at the logic,this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA.
 THEORY

A logical statement can have only two values either high/low or

on/off. The two values of logic statement one denoted by the binary
number 1 and zero denoted by the binary number 0. Logic gate is an
entity in electronics and mathematics Boolen that turns one or more
logic inputs to a logic output signal. Logic gate is mainly implemented
electronically using diodes or transistors. Any Boolean algebra
operation can be associated with inputs and outputs represent the
statements of Boolen algebra. Although these circuits may be
complex, they may all be constructed from three basic devices. We
have three different types of logic gates. These are the AND gate,the
OR gate and the NOT gate.
 Principle
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input
and output, which represents the statement of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be constructed
from three basic devices like

. A P-N junction diode

. A resistance and
. An N-P-N transistor

We have three different types of basic logic gates and they are:-

. The AND gate

. The OR gate and
. The NOT gate
 Basic gates

THE OR GATE:-
It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The
OR gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic
gate of OR gate with A and B input and Y output is shown:-

In Boolean algebra,addition symbol (+) is referred as the OR.

The Boolean expression: A+B=Y indicates Y equals A or B.
THE AND GATE:-

It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The AND

gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic gate of AND
gate with A and B input and Y output is shown below:-

In Boolen algebra,multiplication sign (either x or .) is referred as the

AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y indicates Y equals A and B.
THE NOT GATE:-

It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT is a one input and one
output. The logic gate of NOT gate with A and Y output is shown
below:

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (-) is referred as the NOT. The

Boolean expression: A’ = Y equals NOT A.
 The or gate
AIM:-
To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:_
Two ideal p-n junction diode( D1 and D2).

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

An OR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit,making use of two
diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and
corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery
(i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to level 1. The
output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:-

i.If switch A and B open then (A=0,B=0)Lamp does not glow,hence Y=0

ii. If switch A open B closed then ( A=0,B=1)Lamp glow, hence Y=1

iii. If switch A and B open then (A=1,B=0)Lamp glow,hence Y =1

iv. If switch A and B are closed then (A=1,B=1)Lamp glow,hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT INPUT OUTPUT

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
 The and gate
AIM:-
To design and stimulate the gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-
Breadboard,torch bulb,switches,connecting wires,battery.

Two ideal p-n junction diode(D1 and D2), a resistance R.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit,making use of
two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is
connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery
(i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to level 1. The
output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:-

i.If the both switches A and B are open (A=0,B=0)then lamp will not glow,hence
Y=0.

ii.If switch A closed and B open (A=1,B=0)then lamp will not glow,henceY=0.

iii.If switch A open and B closed (A=0,B=1)then lamp will not glow,hence Y=0.

iv.If switch A an d B both closed(A=1,B=1)then lamp will glow,hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT INPUT OUTPUT

A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
 The not gate
AIM:-
To design and stimulate the NOT gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-

Breadboard,torch bulb,a switch,connecting wires,battery.

An ideal n-p-n transistor.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:

An NOT gate can be realized by using diodes. However an electronic
circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of n-p-n transistor
as shown in the figure.

The base B of the transistor is connected to the input A through a

resistance R and the emitter E is earthed.The collector is connected to
5V battery.The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:-

i.If switch A is open (i.e A=0),the lamp will glow,hence Y=1.

ii.If switch A is closed (i.e A=1),the lamp will not glow , hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT OUTPUT
A Y
0 1
1 0
 The nor gate

AIM:-
To design and stimulate the NOR gate circuit.

COMPONENTS:-
Breadboard,torch bulb,switches,connecting wires,battery.

Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n transistor.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a NOT gate the
gate obtained is called NOR. Boolean expression, the NOR gate is
expressed as Y=(A+B)’,and is being read as ‘A OR B negated’.
The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:-

i.If switch A & B open(A=0,B=0)then lamp will glow,hence Y=1.

ii. If switch A closed & B open (A=1,B=0) then lamp will not glow,hence
Y=0.

iii.If switch A open & B close (A=0,B=1)then lamp will not glow,hence
Y =0.

iv.If switch A & B are closed then ( A=1,B=1)lamp will not glow,hence
Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT INPUT OUTPUT

A B Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0
 THE NAND GATE
AIM:-
To design and stimulate the NAND gate.

COMPONENTS:-
Breadboard,torch bulb,switches,connecting wires,battery.

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:-

If we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of a NOT gate
the gate obtained is called NAND.Boolean expression of NAND gate is
expressed as Y =(A.B)’ and is being read as ‘A and B negated’.
The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:-

i.If switch A & B open (A=0,B=0)then lamp will glow,hence Y=1.

ii.If switch A open B closed then (A=0,B=1)lamp glow,hence Y=1.

iii.If switch A closed B open then (A=1,B=0)lamp glow hence Y=1.

iv.If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,B=1)lamp

will not glow,hence Y=0.

TRUTH TABLE:-

INPUT INPUT OUTPUT

A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
 bibLIOGRAPHY

I would like to acknowledge the following sources

through which I obtained vital information which
contributed in the completion of this project:

i. Wikipedia.org
ii. Icbse.co.in
iii. Scribd.com