NAME: ATINDRA SHUBHANGAM JHA

CLASS: XIIth

SECTION:

'B' ROLL NO.: 19

BOARD ROLL NO:
GUIDED BY: MR. KUNDAN KUMAR
SINGH SCHOOL: LOYOLA HIGH SCHOOL,
PATNA

PAGE No.-1

CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS PROJECT IS
THE BONAFIDE WORK OF ATINDRA
SHUBHANGAM JHA OF CLASS 12TH 'B' AND
HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED AND
IS TAKEN TO BE AN ISSUE CONDUCTED BY
THE C.B.S.E. IN THE SESSION 2014-2015.

TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

EXTERNAL'S SIGNATURE

PRINCIPAL'S SIGNATURE

PAGE No.-2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
MERE WORDS WON'T BE ABLE TO EXPRESS MY
GRATITUDE AND THANKFULNESS FOR THE VARIOUS
PEOPLE WITHOUT WHOSE INVOLVEMENT THIS
PROJECT COUNLDN'T HAVE BEEN COMPLETED
SUCCESSFULLY.

FIRST OF ALL, I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY HEARTY

GRATITUDE FOR MR. KUNDAN KR. SINGH , MY
CHEMISTRY TEACHER WITHOUT WHOSE SUPPORT AND
GUIDANCE THIS VERY PROJECT COULDN'T HAVE BEEN
POSSIBLE. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MR. RAJU,
OUR PHYSICS LAB ASSISTANT, WHO WAS ALWAYS
THERE TO HELP US OUT OUR PROBLEMS.

LASTLY, I WOULD LIKE TO END UP THANKING ALL MY

FRIENDS AND MY PARENTS TOO WITHOUT WHOSE
CONTRIBUTION THE WORK ENTERED IN THIS FILE
WOULDN'T BE A REALITY.

PAGE No.-3

CONTENTS
AIM
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
BASIC GATES
THE OR GATE
THE AND GATE
THE NOT GATE
THE NOR GATE
THE NAND GATE
THE XOR GATE
THE XNOR GATE
BIBLIOGRAPHY

PAGE
No.-4

"TO DESIGN

AN APPROPRIATE
LOGIC GATE FOR A GIVEN
TRUTH TABLE"

INTRODUCTION
PAGE
No.-5

A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical

relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit
which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called a gate.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in
digital electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage) into another
(output voltage) according to some logical statement relating them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output.
The relationship between the possible values of input and output
voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table of
combinations.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and
output possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra based on
binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two values, such as
HIGH/LOW,
ON/OFF,
CLOSED/OPEN,
YES/NO,
RIGHT/WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NONCONDUCTING etc. The two values of logic statements one denoted by
the binary number 1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote the
high value. The logical statements that logic gates follow are called
Boolean expressions

Logic gates or logic gate is an entity in electronics and mathematics

Boolean that turns one or more logic inputs to a logic output
signal. Logic gate is mainly implemented electronically using diodes
or transistors, but can also be built using the arrangement of
components that utilize the properties of electromagnetic (relay),
fluids, optical or even mechanical. Any Boolean algebra operation
can be associated with inputs and outputs represent the statements
of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they
may all be constructed from three basic devices. We have three
different types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the OR
gate and the NOT gate.
LOGIC STATES
1
0
HIGH LOW
+v
-v
ON
OFF
CLOSE OPEN
RIGHT WRONG
TRUE FALSE
YES
NO

(a) THE OR GATE is a device that combines A with B to give Y

as
the result.
The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic
gate of OR gate with A and B input and Y output is
shown below:

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as the

OR. The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.

(b) THE AND GATE is a device that combines A with B to give

Y
as the result.
The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The
logic gate of AND gate with A and B input and Y output
is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x

or.) is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression:

A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.

(c) THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs. The
NOT is a one input and one output. The logic gate of NOT
gate with A and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the NOT. The

Boolean expression:
=Y, indicates Y equals NOT A.

PAGE No.-9

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making
use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded
and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to level
1. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

PAGE No.10

The following interference can be easily drawn from the working

of electrical circuit is:
a)
If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0),
hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input
A
0
1
0
1

Input
B
0
0
1
1

Output
Y
0
1
1
1

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making
use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The
resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V
battery permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded
and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to level
1. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working

of electrical circuit:
a)
If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
c)
If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp
will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However
an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use
of n- p-n transistor as shown in the figure.
The base B of the transistor is connected to the input A through a
resistance Rb and the emitter E is earthed. The collector is
connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t.
earth.

The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of

the electrical circuit:
a)
If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow, hence
Y=1.
b)
If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will not glow,
hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A Output Y
0
1
1
0

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-pn transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y of OR gate to the input of a NOT
gate the gate obtained is called NOR.
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

In Boolean expression, the NOR

gate is expressed as Y=A+B, and is being read as A OR B

negated. The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit is:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,
hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
c)
If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R, an ideal
n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y of AND gate to the input of a NOT
gate the gate obtained is called NAND.
The output Y is voltage C w.r.t.earth.

In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as Y=A.B,

and is being read as A AND B negated. The following
interference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical
circuit:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,
hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX OR GATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, two NOT gate.

Theory and Construction:

The operation XOR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the
two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical (i.e. if
A=0 and B=1 or vice versa), the output Y=1, and if both
are identical, then the output Y=0. This operation is also
called exclusive OR gate, designated EXOR.

In Boolean expression, the EX OR gate is expressed as

Y=A.B + A.B =
The following interference can be easily drawn from the working
of electrical circuit:
a)
If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two AND gates, an OR gates, three NOT gates.

Theory and Construction:

The operation XNOR checks for the exclusivity in the value of
the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical
(i.e. if A=0 and B=1 or vice versa), the output Y=0, and if
both are identical, then the output Y=1. This operation is
also called exclusive NOR gate, designated XNOR.

In Boolean expression, the XNOR gate is expressed as

Y=A.B + A.B =
The following interference can be easily drawn from the working
of electrical circuit:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,
hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
c)
If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp
will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1

BIBLIOGRAPHY
I would like to acknowledge the following sources through which I
obtained vital information which contributed in the completion of
this project:
I. slideshare.com
II.
wikipedia.org
III. icbse.co.in
IV. scribd.com

PAGE No.-25