NAME: ANNETTE ROSE

CLASS: XII-C
ROLL NO:
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Annette Rose of class XII-C
has successfully completed the project on LI-FI
Technology under the guidance of the teacher,
during the year 2023-24 in partial fulfilment of the
physics practical examination conducted by CBSE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER INCHARGE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my immense gratitude to

my physics teacher, Lalit sir for the help and
guidance he has provided for the completion of this
project

I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs

for making this project. Most of all I thank our school
management for providing the facilities and opportunity
to do this project

Lastly, I would like to thank my classmates who have

done this project with me. Their support made this
project fruitful

-ANNETTE ROSE

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 INDEX

CONTENT PAGE
CERTIFICATE 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

TOPIC 5

ABSTRACT OF LI-FI TECHNOLOGY 6

INTRODUCTION 7

GENESIS OF LI-FI 8

HOW LI-FI WORKS 9

COMPARISON BETWEEN LI-FI AND 10

WI-FI

APPLICATIONS OF LI-FI 11

SOME DISADVANTAGES OF LI-FI 16

CONCLUSION 17

BIBLIOGRAPHY 18

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 TOPIC

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
ON LI-FI TECHNOLOGY

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 ABSTRACT OF Li-Fi
TECHNOLOGY
Whether you're using wireless internet in a coffee shop or
competing for bandwidth at a conference, you've probably
gotten frustrated at the slow speeds you face when more than
one device is tapped into the network. As more and more
people and their many devices access wireless internet,
clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult
to latch onto a reliable signal. But radio waves are just one
part of the spectrum that can carry our data. What if we could
use other waves to surf the internet?
One German physicist, Dr. Harald Haas, has come with a
solution he calls "Data Through Illumination" -taking
the Fiber out of Fiber optics by sending data through an
LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the
human eye can follow. It’s the same idea as behind the
infrared remote controls, but far more powerful. Haas says
his invention which he calls D light, can produce data rates
faster than 10 megabits per second, which is speedier than
your average broadband connection. He envisions for a
future where data for laptops, smartphones and tablets is
transmitted through light in a room. Security would be a
snap -if you can’t see the light, you can’t access the data

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 INTRODUCTION
In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it
uses light instead of radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-
Fi modems. Li-Fi would use transceiver-fitted LED lamps that can light a
room as well as transmit and receive information. Since simple light bulbs are
there can technically be any number of access points.

This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not
greatly utilized- The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very our lives
for millions and millions of years and does not have major ill effect. Moreover,
there is 10,000 times more space available. In this spectrum and just counting on
the bulbs in use, it also multiplies to 10,000 times more availability as an
infrastructure, globally.

It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the
LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. The LED
intensity is modulated so rapidly that human eyes cannot notice, so the
output appears constant.

More sophisticated techniques could dramatically increase VLC data rates.

Teams at the University of Oxford and the University of Edinburgh are
focusing on parallel da ta transmission using arrays of LEDs, where each LED
transmits a different data stream. Other groups are using mixtures of red,
green and blue LEDs to alter the lights frequency, with each frequency
encoding a different data channel.

Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has already achieved blisteringly high speeds in
the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute in Berlin, Germany, have
reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a standard white-
light LED. Haas has set up a spin-off firm to sell a consumer VLC transmitter
that is due for launch next year. It is capable of transmitting data at 100
MB/s faster than most UK broadband connections.

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 GENESIS OF Li-Fi
Harald Haas, a professor at the University of Edinburgh who began
his research in the field in 2004, gave a debut demonstration of what
he called a Li-Fi prototype at the TED Global conference in
Edinburgh on 12th July 2011. He used a table lamp with an LED bulb
to transmit a video of blooming flowers that was then projected onto
a screen behind him. During the event he periodically blocked the
light from lamp to prove that the lamp was indeed the source of
incoming data. At TED Global, Haas demonstrated a data of
transmission of around 10Mbps -- comparable to a fairly good UK
broadband connection. Two months later he achieved 123Mbps.

Back in 2011 German scientists succeeded in creating 1800 (Megabits

per second) capable wireless network by using nothing more than
normal red, blue, green and white LED light bulbs (here), thus the
idea has been around for a while and various other global teams are
also exploring the possibilities.

Professor Harald Haas, while doing Li-Fi experiment

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 HOW Li-Fi WORKS?
Li-Fi is typically implemented using white LED light bulbs at the
downlink transmitter. These devices are normally used for illumination
only by applying a constant current. However, by fast and subtle
variations of the current, the optical output can be made to vary at
extremely high speeds. This very property of optical current is used in
Li-Fi setup. The operational process is very simple: if the LED is on, you
transmit a digital 1, if it's off, you transmit a 0. The LED can be switched on
and off very quickly, which gives rise to opportunities for transmitting data.
Hence all that is required are some LEDs and a controller that code data
into those LEDs. All one has to vary the rate at which the LED's flicker
depending upon the data we want to encode. Further enhancements can be
made in this method, like using an array of LEDs for parallel data
transmission, or using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs to alter the
light's frequency with each frequency encoding a different data channel.
Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps - meaning one
can download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds.

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 Comparison Between
Li-Fi & Wi-Fi
PARAMETER Li-Fi Wi-Fi
Speed High High
Spectrum 10,000 times Narrow
broader than Spectrum
that of Wi-Fi
Data Intensity High Low
Security High security Less Secure
due to non- due to
penetration of transparency
light
through
walls

Reliability Medium Medium

Bandwidth High due to Low
broad spectrum
Transmit/Receive High Medium
Power
Ecological Impact Low Medium
Obstacle High Low
Interference
Latency In the order of In the order of
microsecond millisecond
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 APPLICATIONS OF Li-Fi

■ Medical and Healthcare:

Due to concerns over radiation, operating rooms
do not allow Wi-Fi and even though Wi-Fi is in
place in several hospitals, interferences from
computers and cell phones can block signals from
medical and moving equipment. Li-Fi solves these
problems. Lights are an essential art operating
rooms and Li-Fi can thus be used for modern
medical instruments. Moreover, no
electromagnetic interference is emitted by Li-Fi
and thus it does not interfere with any medical
instrument such as MRI scanners.
■ Airlines and Aviation:

Wi-Fi is often prohibited in aircrafts. However,

since aircrafts already contain multiple lights, thus
Li-Fi can be used for data transmission.

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 ▪ Power Plants and Hazardous Environments
Wi-Fi is not suitable or sensitive areas like power
plants. However, power plants still require fast and
interconnected data systems for monitoring grid intensity,
demand, temperature etc. In place of Wi-Fi, Li-Fi can
provide safe connection throughout the power plant. Li-Fi
offers a safe alternative to electromagnetic interference
due to radio waves in environments such as
petrochemical plants and mines.

■ Mobile Connectivity:
Laptops, tablets, smart phones and various other mobile
devices can interconnect with each other using Li-Fi,
much like they interconnect today using Wi-Fi. These
short-range links provide very high data rates as well as
increased security.

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 ■ Underwater Explorations and Communications:
Remotely operated underwater vehicles or ROVs work well
except in situations when the tether is not long enough to fully
explore an underwater area or when they get stuck. If instead of
the wires, lights were used then the ROVs would be freer to
explore. With Li-Fi, the headlamps could also then be used to
communicate with each other, data processing and reporting
findings back to the surface at regular intervals, while also
receiving the next batch of instructions. Radio waves cannot be
used in water due to strong signal absorption. Acoustic waves
have low bandwidth and disrupt marine life. Li-Fi offers a
solution for conducting short range underwater
communications.

■ Traffic:
Li-Fi can be used for communications between the LED lights
of cars to reduce and prevent traffic accidents. LED headlights
and tail-lights are being implemented for different cars. Traffic
signs and street lamps are all also transitioning to LED. With
these L ED lights in place, Li-Fi can be used for effective
vehicle-to-vehicle as well as vehicle-to-signal communications.
This would of course lead to increased traffic management and
safety.

▪ Hidden Communications:

Li-Fi is extremely useful for applications in which

communications must be hidden. These involve various military
and defense-based communications

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 SOME LIMITATIONS
OF Li-Fi
Despite its many advantages, Li-Fi like any other technology also comes
with a number of limitations and disadvantages. These are enumerated
below:

1. The main problem is that light cannot pass through objects, so if

the receiver is inadvertently blocked in any way, then the signal
will immediately be cut out. If the light signal is blocked one
could switch back over to radio waves.

2. Reliability and network coverage are the major issues to be considered by

the companies while providing Visible Light Communication (VLC)
services. Interference from external light sources such as sunlight,
normal bulbs and opaque materials in the path of transmission will cause
interruption in the communication.

3. High installation cost of the systems can be complemented by large-scale

implementation of VLC though adopting this technology will reduce
further operating costs like electricity charges, maintenance charges etc.

4. We still need Wi-Fi and we still need radio frequency cellular systems.
You can't have a light bulb that provides data to a high-speed moving
object or to provide data in a remote area where there are trees, walls and
obstacles.

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 CONCLUSION

The possibilities are numerous and can be explored

further. If this technology can be put into practical use,
every bulb can be used something like a Wi-Fi hotspot
to transmit wireless data and we will proceed toward
the cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. The
concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great deal of
interest, not least because it may offer a genuine and
very efficient alternative to radio-based wireless, but
as a growing number of people and their many devices
access wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming
increasingly clogged, making it more and more
difficult to get a reliable, high- speed signal. This may
solve issues such as the shortage of radio-frequency
bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional
radio-based wireless isn't allowed such as aircraft or
hospitals. One of the shortcomings is however that it
only works in direct line of sight.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

▪ Wikipedia.com
▪ Google search engine

▪ Slideshare.com

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