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Topic 2. Wave Nature of Matter

Practice
I. Objective Type Questions (1 Mark) 2. Fill in the blanks.
1. Choose the correct answers from the given options (i) Out of proton, neutron, b-particle and a-particle
(MCQs). ................ will have the maximum de-Broglie
(i) The de-Broglie wavelength of an electron in the wavelength.
first Bohr orbit is (ii) If a photon and an electron are considered to be
(a) equal to the circumference of the first orbit. of same de-Broglie wavelength, then the velocity
(b) equal to twice the circumference of the first
of photon is .................. .
orbit.
(c) equal to half the circumference of the first (iii) An electron of mass m and charge e is accelerated
orbit. from rest through a potential difference of V in
(d) equal to one-fourth the circumference of two vacuum. Its final velocity will be ................. .
first orbit. (iv) When a proton is accelerated through a potential
(ii) If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its difference of one volt, the kinetic energy gained
de-Broglie wavelength changes by the factor by it is roughly equal to ................... .
1 1 (v) An electron is accelerated through a potential
(a) 2 (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 2 difference of 100 V, then de-Broglie wavelength
(iii) A particle is dropped from a height H. The de- associated with it is approximately ....................
Broglie wavelength of the particle as a function Å. [S.P. 2019-20]
of height is proportional to 3. State True or False
(a) H (b) H1/2 (c) H0 (d) H–1/2 (i) An electron, photon, a neutron are accelerated
(iv) Relativistic corrections become necessary through the same potential difference. The kinetic
when the expression for the kinetic energy energies acquired by them will be in the ratio 1 :
1 2 2 : 4.
mv becomes comparable with mc2, where
2 (ii) An electron is accelerated through a potential
m is the mass of the particle. At what de Broglie differences of 100 V. The wavelength associated
wavelength, will relativistic corrections becomes with it is 1.05 Å.
important for an electron?
(iii) An electron is accelerated through a potential
(a) l = 10 nm (b) l = 10–1 nm
differences of 104 V. The energy acqiured by the
(c) l = 10 nm
–4
(d) l = 10–6 nm
electron is 1.6 × 10–15 J.
(v) Two particles A1 and A2 of masses m1 and m2
(m1 > m2) have the same de-Broglie wavelength. (iv) If electrons, photons are considered to be of same
Then de-Broglie wavelength, then they will have the
(a) their momenta are the same. same frequency.
(b) their energies are the same. 4. Match the Columns
(c) energy of A1 is less than the energy of A2. Column-I Column-II
(d) energy of A1 is more than the energy of A2. h
(vi) The graph showing the correct variation of linear (i) de-Broglie wavelength (a)
momentum (p) of a charge particle with its de- 2meV
Broglie wavelength (l) is [Delhi 2020] (ii) Sharp diffraction (b) 2d sin q = l
p p occurs due to
(iii) 1st order diffraction (c) constructive
formula interference
l l For Q. 5 there are two statements labelled as assertion
(a) (b)
(A) and reason (R). Select the correct answer to these
p p
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given
below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
l l explanation of A.
(c) (d)
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(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct 12. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through
explanation of A. the same potential. Which one of the two has (i)
(c) A is true but R is false. greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated
(d) Both A and R are false. with it and (ii) less kinetic energy? Justify your
answers.[Delhi 2009, 2010]
5. Assertion (A): The de-Broglie wavelength of particle
having kinetic energy K is l. If its kinetic energy 13. A proton and an electron have same velocity. Which
λ one has greater de-Broglie wavelength and why?
becomes 4K then its new wavelength would be . [Delhi 2012]
2
14. Show that de-Broglie hypothesis of matter wave
Reason (R): The de-Broglie wavelength is inversely
supports the Bohr’s concept of stationary orbit.
proportional to the square root of kinetic energy.
[Delhi 2011]
II. Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark) 15. The kinetic energy of electrons orbiting in the first
1. Show graphically, the variation of the de-Broglie excited state of hydrogen atom is 3.4 eV. Determine
wavelength (l) with the potential (V) through which the de-Broglie wavelength associated with it.
can electron is accelerated from rest. [Delhi 2011] [Foreign 2015]
2. Draw a plot showing the variation of de Broglie 16. A proton and an a-particle have the same de-
wavelength of electron as a function of its K.E. Broglie wavelength. Determine the ratio of (i) their
[Delhi 2015] accelerating potentials (ii) their speeds.
3. Why are de-Broglie wave associated with a moving [Delhi 2015]
football not visible? 17. The equivalent wavelength of a moving electron has
4. State de-Broglie hypothesis. [Delhi 2012] the same value as that of a photon having an energy of
5. What are the consideration that led de-Broglie to 6 × 10–17 J. Calculate the momentum of the electron.
say that material particles can also exhibit wave like [S.P. 2015]
properties? 18. An electron is revolving around the nucleus with a
6. Two particles have equal momenta. What is the ratio constant speed of 2.5 × 108 m/s. Find the de-Broglie
of their de-Broglie wavelengths? wavelength associated with it. [AI 2014 C]
[CBSE S.P. 2018-19] 19. Why are de-Broglie waves with a moving football
7. A proton and an electron have equal speeds. Find the not visible?
ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with them. 20. Plot a graph showing variation of de-Broglie
[AI 2020] 1
wavelength l versus , where V is accelerating
III. Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 Marks) V
8. For what kinetic energy of a proton, will the associated potential for two particles A and B carrying same
de-Broglie wavelength be 16.5 nm? Mass of proton charge but of masses m1, m2 (m1 > m2). Which one
= 1.675 × 10–27 kg, h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js. of the two represents a particles of smaller mass and
[Delhi 2008 C] why?
9. An a-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest 21. Figure shows the variation of de-Broglie wavelength
through the same potential difference V. Find the ratio 1
(l) versus (where V is the accelerating potential)
of de-Broglie wavelength associated with them. V
[Delhi 2010] for two charged particles A and B. Which particles
10. An electron is accelerated through a potential have the havier mass? Explain.
difference of 64 volts. What is the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with it? To which part of A
the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of
λ
wavelength correspond?  [Delhi 2010] B
11. Calculate the ratio of the accelerating potential
required to accelerate (I) a proton and (II) an
a-particle to have the same de-Broglie wavelength
associated with them. [Delhi 2009 C]
O 1
V
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22. Calculate de-Broglie wavelength of an electron this surface have the de-Broglie wavelength l1, prove
accelerated through potential difference of V. volt. 2mc  2
that l =  λ .[Delhi 2008]
23. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated through same  h  1
potential difference. Find the ratio (vα/ vp) of velocities 28. An electron and photon each have a wavelength 1.00
nm. Find (i) their momenta (ii) the energy of the
acquired by two particles.
photon and (iii) the kinetic energy of electron. Given
[CBSE S.P. 2019-20] h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js, c = 3 × 108 m/s. [Delhi 2011]
IV. Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 Marks) 29. A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the
24. X-rays fall on a photosensitive surface to cause same accelerating potential. Which one of the two has
photoelectric emission. Assuming that the work (a) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated
function of the surface can be neglected, find the with it, and (b) less momentum? Give reasons to
relation between the de-Broglie. Wavelength (l) of justify your answer. [Delhi 2014]
the electrons emitted to the energy (Ev) of the incident 30. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2270 Å from 100W
photons. Draw the graph for l as a function of Ev. mercury source irradiates a photo cell made of given
[Delhi 2014 C] metal. If the stopping potential is – 1.3V, estimate the
25. A particle is moving three times as fast as an electron. work function of the metal. How would the photo cell
The ratio of the de-Brogile wavelength of the particle respond to a high intensity (~ 105 Wm–2) red light of
to that of the electron is 1.813 × 10–4. Calculate the wavelength 6300Å produced by a laser? [AI 2015]
particle’s mass and identify the particle. Mass of 31. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength associated with
electron = 9.11 × 10–31 kg. [NCERT] the electron in the 2nd excited state of hydrogen atom.
The ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is 13.6
26. An electron, an a-particle, and a proton have the same eV.[Delhi 2020]
kinetic energy. Which of these particles has the (i) 32. (a) Explain de-Broglie argument to propose his
shortest de-Broglie wavelength? hypothesis. Show that de-Broglie wavelength of
(ii) longest de-Broglie wavelength? [Delhi 2007] photon equals electromagnetic radiation.
27. If an electromagnetic wave of wavelength l is (b)  If, deuterons and alpha particle are accelerated
incident on a photosensitive surface of negligible through same potential, find the ratio of the
work function. If the photo-electrons emitted from associated de-Broglie wavelengths of two.
[CBSE S.P. 2020–21]

Answers
I. Objective Type Questions λ

1. (i) (a) (ii) (b) (iii) (d)

(iv) (c) and (d) (v) (a) and (c) (vi) (b)
2. (i) b-particle
(ii) greater than that of the electron
V
(iii)
2eV (iv) 1eV (v) 1.227 Å V is potential difference through which electron is
m
accelerates.
3. (i) False (ii) False (iii) True (iv) False 1
4. (i)-(a) (ii)-(c) (iii)-(b) So l∝
V
5. (a) 2. de-Broglie wavelength of an electron
II. Very Short Answer Type Questions h h
l= =
h p 2mE K
1. l = , h → Planck’s constant
2meV 1
or     λ ∝
m, e are mass and charge of an electron resp. EK
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(6.63 × 10 −34 ) 2
=
2 × 1.675 × 10 −27 m × (16.5 × 10 −9 ) 2
λ = 4.8 × 10–25 J 1
λα
9. ua = up = 0, accelerating potential = V, λ = ?
p
Ek h
As l= 1  ½
h
3. As l = (2mqV) 2
mv
1
As mass of a football is large so the de-Broglie ( 2 m p q p Vp )2
λα h
wavelength associated with a moving football is very = 1
×
small. Hence its wave nature is not noticeable.       λ p h  ½
(2mα qα Vα )2
4. According to de-Broglie hypothesis, as radiations show 1 1
particle nature, the material particles in motion display  mp qp  2  1 1  2 1 1
wave-like properties. =  ×  = ×  = =
 mα qα  4 2 8 2 2
5. As radiation have dual nature i.e., they show the
properties of a particle as well as wave and energy λα : λ p = 1: 2 2  1
and matter are inter convertible. He said nature loves 12.27 12.27 12.27
symmetry so material particles also like radiations 10. l = Å= Å= Å = 1.53Å 1
V 64 8
exhibit dual nature.
They belong to X-rays. 1
6. p1 = p2 ½
11. If a charged particle of mass m, charge q is accelerated
h h p under a pot diff. V, the velocity acquired by particle is

Ratio l1/ l2= = 2 = 1: 1  ½
p1 p2 p1 v. Then where p is momentum of particle
7. Given vP = ve using de-Broglie equation, or p = 2mqV
h h De-Broglie wavelength,
l= = , we get h h
p mv l= =  1
p 2mqV
h
λp mpvp mp vp mp h h
    = = × = Now, lp = and λ α = ½
λe h me ve me 2 m p q p Vp 2mα qα Vα
me ve
Given, lp = la
−27
1.67 ×10 h h
= = 1.8 × 103 So =
9.1×10−31 2 m p q p Vp 2mα qα Vα
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018-19] Vp mα qα 4m × 2e
or = = =8 ½
8. EK = ?, l = 16.5 nm = 16.5 × 10 m –9
Vα mp q p m×e
mp = 1.675 × 10–27 kg, h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js 12. (i) When a charged particle of charge q, mass m is
1
h p 2 accelerated under a pot. Diff. V, let v be the velocity
As l= and = E K So p = (2mE K )2
acquired by the particle, then
p 2m
1
1
h qV = mv 2 or mv = [2mqV] 2

\ l= 1  1 2
(2mE K )2 h h 1
  \ l= = or λ ∝  ½
On squaring both side and solving for EK mv 2mqV mq
Hence,
h2 λp mα qα 4m 2e
EK = = = × = 2 2 >1 ½
2 mλ 2 λα mp q p m e
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So lp > la, i.e., de-Broglie wavelength associated h

with proton is greater than that of alpha particle. l= , V is accelerating potential
2mqV
(ii) Kinetic energy of charged particle
EK = qV, i.e., EK ∝ q ½ λp mα qα Vα
(i) =
EK p qp λα m p q p Vp
e 1
\ = = = < 1 or E K p < E K α  ½
E Kα qα 2e 2 4m p 2e Vα
  So  1= × ×  ½
13. de Broglie wavelength mp e Vp
h 8Vα Vp
l= , v → velocity ½ 1= or = 8 ½
mv Vp Vα
λp me ve mv m
= = e = e < 1 , as me < mp 1 h h
λe mP v p m p v m p (ii) lp = , λα =
mpvp mα vα
lp < le so de-Broglie wavelength of electron is greater. λp mα vα
 ½ then =  ½
λα mpvp
14. According to de-Broglie hypothesis, the wavelength of
the wave associated with electron while moving with 4 mp vα
v → velocity 1 = ×
velocity v is given by mp vp
h vp
l= ...(i) ½ = 4 ½
mv vα
According to de-Broglie, stationary orbit is that
hc
orbit whose circumference is an integral multiple of 17. For a photon E =
λ
wavelength of wave associated with electron in that
orbit. hc
So l=  ½
If l is the de Broglie wavelength of electron while E
revolving in nth orbit of radius r, then h
For an electron l =  ½
2πr p
2pr = nλ or λ = ...(ii) ½
n h hc
So l= =
From (i) and (ii),        p E
2pr h nh E 6 × 10 − 17
= or mvr =  ½ or p= = = 2 × 10 −25 kgm/s 1
n mv 2π c 3 × 108
 h h
i.e., Total angular momentum = n   18. l=  1
2π mv
This is one of the postulate in Bohr’s atomic model.½ 6.6 × 10 −34
=
15. EK = 3.4 eV = 3.4 × 1.6 × 10–19 J ½ 9.1 × 10 −31 × 2.5 ×108
 p 2
 = 2.9 × 10–12 m 1
 Use = EK 
 2m  19. de-Broglie wavelength associated with a body of mass
l = ? h
h h m, moving with velocity v is given by λ =  1
l= =  ½ mv
p 2mE K Since, the mass of football is quite large, hence the
de-Broglie wavelength associated with it is quite small
6.6 × 10 −34 hence it is not visible. 1
= 1 ½
−31 20. de-Broglie wavelength when a charged particle is
[2 × 9.1 × 10 × 3.4 × 1.6 × 10 −19 ] 2
accelerated through a potential difference of V volt is
= 6.6 × 10–10 m ½ 1
16. la = lp (given) l=  ½
2mqV
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1
m v 2 = Ka = qaVa  (ii) ½
A
2 a a
λ
B Divide (ii) by (i)
       ½ mα vα2 q 2
= α =
mpvp 2
qp 1
vα2 mp × 2 2m p 1
= =
O
=
1
V
vp2
mα × 1 4m p × 1 2
As m1 > m2
So for particle of mass m1, the slope of the line will be va : vp = 1 : 2  1
less as m1 > m2. 24. As work function is negligible so f0 = 0
So the line B is for m1 and the line A is for m2. 1 According to Einstein’s eqn. of photoelectric emission
21. de-Broglie wavelength associated with a charge q, hv = (KE)max + f0 ½
accelerated through a P.D. V is given by 1 2
So mvmax = hv
h h 2
l= =  1
2mqV 2mq V hv = Ev given
1 2
1 So mvmax = Ev ½
For same value of , l > lB so mA < mB 2
V A
p2
So particle A is lighter. 1 According to the formula = K.E.
2m
h
22. l= ½ p= ½
mv 2m K.E. = 2mE V 
m = mass of electron
So the de-Broglie wavelength
e = charge of electron
h h h
The electron is accelerated through pot. of V volt. l== =  ½
p mvmax 2mE V
KE = eV
p2 1
KE = So l∝  ½
2m EV
p2 = 2m (KE)
p = 2mKE  ½ Energy of
the incident
h h photon E V

l= =
2m(KE ) 2meV λ
    ½
12.27 λ
l= Å ½ 25. n = 3ve, = 1.813 × 10 −4 , m = ?,
V λe
me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
h h
λ As l= , λe =
mv me ve
     ½ λ h mv m v
= × e e = e × e 1
λe mv h m v
O 1
9.11 × 10 −31 1
V 1.813 × 10–4 = ×  1
23. Gain in KE of particle = qV m 3
1 9.11 × 10 −31
m v 2 = Kp = qpVp  (i) ½ So m=
2 p p 3 × 1.813 × 10 −4
Vp = Va = V = 1.675 × 10–27 kg 1
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26. (i) ( E K )e = ( E K )α = ( E K ) p 6.63 ×10 −34

= = 6.6 × 10 −25 kgm/s  1
h p 2 10 −9
l= = E=
and K so p 2mE K  1
p 2m hc
(ii) K.E. of photon = E K = hv =
h λ
1
Thus l= or l∝  ½
2mE K m 6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108
= −9
= 19.8 × 10 −16 J  ½
The particle having highest mass will have the shortest 10
wavelength. pe2
(iii) K.E. of electron = E K =
1 2me
(ii) ma = 4m p , me = mp  ½
1836
(6.6 × 10 −25 ) 2
So electron has the least mass and an a particle has the = −31
= 2.39 × 10 −19 J  1
highest mass. ½ 2 × 9.1 × 10
So a particle will have shortest wavelength. De-Broglie 29. (a) de-Broglie wavelength is given by
wavelength is maximum for electron. ½ h 1
l = or λ ∝  ½
27. As work function is negligible so f0 = 0 2qVm qm
1 hc
So 2
mVmax = hν = ...(1) ½ λp qd md md
2 λ
\ = =  1 ( qd = qp)
λd q p mp mp
de-Broglie wavelength
h h As md > mp; so lp > ld ½
l1 = =  ½
p mV (b) Momentum of a particle,
h 1 pp λd
p2 p=i.e., p ∝ ∴ = <1 1
To find mv = p we use = EK,EK is K.E. λ λ pd λ p
2m
or pp < pd
p2 hc 30. V0 = 1.3 V, l = 2270 Å = 2270 × 10–10 m
=  ½
2m λ hc
[Using eqn. (1)] eV0 = − φ0 , f0 is work function
1
λ
p =  2mch   2
½  f0 =
hc
− eV0  ½
 
λ  λ
l is wavelength of incident photon  6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108 
Thus the wavelength of emitted electron =  −10
− 1.6 × 10 −19 × 1.3 J
 2270 × 10 
1 1
h hλ 2  hλ  2  1980 × 10 −19 
l1 = = =  ½ =  − 1.6 × 10 −19 × 1.3 J
p 1  2mc   227 
(2mch) 2
= 8.7 × 10–19 – 1.6 × 10–19 × 1.3 J ½
hλ 2mc 2
\ l1 = 2
or l = λ1  ½  8.7 × 10 −19 
2mc h =
 1.6 × 10 −19 − 1.3 eV
28. le = lPhoton = 1.0 nm = 10–9 m, p = ?,
EK of photon = ?, EK of electron = ? = 5.4 –1.3 = 4.1 eV ½
(i) Momenta of photon If l is increased to 6300 Å Energy of incident photon
h 6.63 × 10 −34 hc 6.6 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108
= pph = = = =
λ Ph 10 −9 λ 6300 × 10 −10
= 6.6 × 10–25 kgm/s ½ 198
= × 10 −19 = 3.14 × 10 −19 J 
Momenta of electron 63
h 3.14 × 10 −19
= pe = = eV −~ 2 eV  ½
λe
1.6 × 10 −19
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putting the values in formula for wavelength we get,

q h 6.63 × 10−34
l= =
50°
q 2m ( KE ) 2 × 9.1× 10−31 × 2.42 × 10−19
  = 1.001 × 10–9 m ~ 10Å
  ½ 32. (a) D e-Broglie put forward the bold hypothesis
that moving particles of matter should display
wave-like properties under suitable conditions.
As the wavelength of incident photon is increased to
If radiation shows dual aspects, so should matter.
6300 Å. No photo-emission will take place as energy De-Broglie proposed that the wave length l
of incident photon is less than work function. associated with a particle of momentum ‘P’is given
31. de-Broglie wavelength is given by as:
h h h h
l= = ...(1) l= = ;
nv p p mv
we know that, where,
m = mass of the particle
p2 v = particle speed
KE =
2m For a photon: p =
hv

⇒ p= 2m ( KE ) c

h Therefore, h = c = λ

⇒ l=  [using (1)] p v
2m ( KE ) Thus, De-Broglie equation equals the wavelength
Bohr’s model, Kinetic Energy of e– of em radiation of which the photon is a quantum
of energy and momentum.
13.6 × Z2
   = | Total Energy of e | = − – eV (b) De-broglie wavelength is given by:
n2 h
for Hydrogen (Z = 1) and for 2nd excited state, n = 3 l=
p
13.6 × 12 h

\ KE = 2
eV = 1.51 eV l=
3 2mqv
       = 1.51 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
λd mα qα 4×2
[ 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J] = = =2
      = 2.42 × 10–19 J λα md qd 2 ×1

Case Based Questions

I. When light of a sufficiently high frequency is incident on 2. If frequency (n > n0) of incident light becomes n times
a metallic surface, electrons are emitted from the metallic the initial frequency (n), then what will be the kinetic
surface. This phenomenon is called photoelectric emission. energy of the emitted photo electrons?
Kinetic energy of the emitted photo electrons depends on 3. When light is incident on a metallic surface, how
the wavelength of incident light and is independent of the does the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
intensity of light. The number of emitted photoelectrons
electrons vary?
depends on intensity. (hn – f) is the maximum kinetic
Ans. 1. Emax = hn – f
energy of emitted photo-electrons (where f is the
2. It will be more than the n times of initial kinetic
work function of metallic surface). Reverse effect of
photoemission produces X-ray. X-ray is not deflected by
energy.
magnetic and electric fields. Wavelength of continuous 3. It varies with frequency of incident light.
X-ray depends on potential difference across the tube. II. According to de-Broglie, a moving material particle
Wavelength of characteristic X-ray depends on the atomic sometimes acts as a wave and sometimes as a particle or a
number. wave associated with moving particle which controls the
1. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. particle in every respect. The wave associated with moving
particle is called matter wave or de-Broglie wave whereas
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wavelength is called de-Broglie wavelength, is given by an electron from the metal surface i.e., wave
h function.
mv (iii) When a photon interacts with one electron, part
of its energy is used in liberating electron, (i.e.,
work function) while remaining energy is carried
by electron as kinetic energy.
E = W0 + (KEmax)
1 2
E = W0 + mvmax
 2
1. If the velocity of an electron increases, what will 1 2
happen to its de-Broglie wavelength? hn = hn0 + mvmax
2
2. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a body of 1 2
mass 150g moving at a speed of 50m/s? h(n – n0) = mvmax
2
3. According to de-Broglie's relation, if the velocity of a
particle is infinite, then what will be its wavelength? If n < n0L.H.S. is –ve, no photoemission
h n > n0L.H.S. is +ve, photoemission
Ans. 1. As λ = , therefore the de-Broglie wavelength n = n0L.H.S. is zero, no photoemission
mν
will decrease on increasing the velocity. 1 2
but mvmax = eV0where V 0 is accelerating
h 6.6 × 10 −34 2
2. λ = = = 8.8 × 10–35 m potential
mν 150 × 10 −3 × 50
hn = hn0 + eV0
3. The wavelength will be zero.
hn = W0 + eV0
III. Einstein’s Equation of Photoelectric Effect:
Photoelectric effect does not takes place by continuous h W
V0 = ν− 0
absorption of energy from radiation. Radiation energy e e
is built up of discrete units—the so called quanta of
energy radiation. Each quanta of radiant energy has
energy hn where h is Planck’s constant and n is the
frequency of light.
Kmax
h

W0
Compare it with equation of a straight line
y = mx + c
The slope of the curve between stopping potential
If a quanta of radiant energy (hn) called photon falls h
on a metallic surface, this energy in totally imported and frequency gives and intercept on y-axis is
−W0 e
to a single electron and some part of this energy is
.
used by electron just to overcome the surface barrier e
(W0) and rest part remains in the form of kinetic ● Explanation of Kinetic Energy:
energy with the electron. If energy of photon is less For v > vo, (Kinetic Energy)max = +ve
than the whole function of the electron, no electron As the frequency of incident radiation increases,
will emitted out, thus for photoelectric emission a kinetic energy carried by photoelectrons will
minimum amount of energy i.e., threshold energy at also increase. Hence, more stopping potential is
least equal to the work function is needed (W0 = hn0, required to stop the photoelectric current.
where n0 is threshold energy). ● Explanation of Intensity: Increase in intensity
(i) Photoelectric emission is result of interaction of means increase in no. of photons striking per unit
one photon with one electron of metal. time i.e., increase in no. of e– being emitted.
(Photon is of incident radiation). As each photon eject only one electron, the no.
(ii) As the electrons are bound with metal, so of photoelectrons emitted will also increase with
minimum amount of energy is required to liberate increase in intensity.
D:\EG_Physics-12_(26-06-2022)\Open_Files\Ch-11\Ch-11
\ 27-Jul-2022 Ved_Goswami Proof-4 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

So saturation current depends on intensity.

1. Photoelectrons stopping potential depends on
(a) frequency of incident light and nature of the
4.
cathode material.
(b) the intensity of the incident light.
(c) the frequency of the incident light.
(d) nature of cathode material.
2. What is the value of the maximum kinetic
energy acquired by electron due to radiation of Which metal has smaller threshold wavelength?
wavelength 100 nm? (a) Metal ‘A’ (b) Metal ‘B’
(a) 12 eV (b) 6.2 eV (c) Metal-A and Metal-B have equal wavelength
(c) 100 eV (d) 300 eV (d) None of these.
3. If the work function for a certain metal is 3.2 5. Light of wavelength 4000 Å is incident on
× 10–19 joule and it is illuminated with light of a sodium surface for which the threshold
frequency 8 × 1014 Hz. The maximum kinetic wavelength of photo-electrons is 5420 Å. The
energy of the photo-electrons would be (h = 6.63 work function of sodium is
× 10–34 Js). (a) 5 eV (b) 3 eV (c) 2.29 eV (d) 0.57 eV
(a) 2.1 × 10–19 J (b) 8.5 × 10–19 J Ans. 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c)
(c) 5.3 × 10 J
–19
(d) 3.2 × 10–19 J

IMPORTANT FORMULAE
Formula Symbols Application
1. c E = energy of photon, To find the energy of photon
E = hv = h
λ h = Planck’s constant,
v = frequency
2. W0 = hv0 = hc/l0 W0 = work function Relation between work function and v0, l0
v0 = threshold frequency
l0 = threshold wavelength
3. 1 Kmax = Maximum kinetic Einstein's photoelectric equation.
Kmax = mv 2 max energy of emitted
2
electrons
  = hn – W0 = h (n –n0)
4. 1 e = charge of electron Relation between maximum kinetic energy and
Kmax = mv 2 max = eV0
2 stopping potential.
5. h h l = wavelength of matter de Broglie wavelength for matter wave.
l= or l =
mv p wave
p = Momentum
6. h h E = Kinetic energy
λ= = Relation between l and E, V
2mE 2mqV V = accelerating potential
7. l = h 12.27
,l= Å V = accelerating potential de Broglie wavelength for electron when accelerated
2meV V through a potential difference of V volt.