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7.finalised Chemistry Project SANAL

This document describes a chemistry investigatory project on the preparation of soap. The student aims to study the saponification reaction for preparing soap. The materials and procedure are listed. Coconut oil is reacted with sodium hydroxide solution in a beaker with heating to form a white paste of soap and glycerol. The paste is filtered and cut into a desired shape after drying. Observations note the soap has foaming capacity and a strong essence as expected. The conclusion states soap is a water-soluble sodium salt of fatty acids used to remove dirt, and the saponification reaction between oil and sodium hydroxide is exothermic.

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14 Sanal
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43 views15 pages

7.finalised Chemistry Project SANAL

This document describes a chemistry investigatory project on the preparation of soap. The student aims to study the saponification reaction for preparing soap. The materials and procedure are listed. Coconut oil is reacted with sodium hydroxide solution in a beaker with heating to form a white paste of soap and glycerol. The paste is filtered and cut into a desired shape after drying. Observations note the soap has foaming capacity and a strong essence as expected. The conclusion states soap is a water-soluble sodium salt of fatty acids used to remove dirt, and the saponification reaction between oil and sodium hydroxide is exothermic.

Uploaded by

14 Sanal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

TOPIC : PREPARATION OF SOAP

NAME : SANAL NISHAN DSOUZA


CLASS: XII
Reg.No:

Page | 1
ASSISI CENTRAL SCHOOL

Certificate
This is to certify that SANAL NISHAN DSOUZA of class XII of ASSISI
CENTRAL SCHOOL has successfully completed the project work in
Biology, titled as “CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON topic
preparation of soap ”for the class XII practical examination of the Central
Board of Secondary Education in the year 2023-2024.It is further certified
that this project is the individual work of the candidate.

Principal Subject Teacher

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Reg no: Date :

Page | 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep words of gratitude to


our principal Sr. Shanti Wilma D Almeida and my
Chemistry teacher Miss.Jayalakshmi for their
constant support and guidance by providing all the
facilities which were required to complete this
project.
I would be grateful to thank my parents for always
supporting and helping me to investigate this project.
I feel grateful to thank my fellow classmates who
helped me throughout this project. I would like to
thank my big brother to help me in this project.

Sanal Nishan Dsouza

Page | 3
INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE.NO

1. Introduction 5

2. Aim 6

3. Materials required 7

4. Theory 8-10

5. Procedure 11-12

6. Observation 13

7. Conclusion 14

8. Bibliography 15

Page | 4
INTRODUCTION

Saponification is simply the process of making soaps.


Soaps are just potassium or sodium salts of long-chain fatty
acids. During saponification, ester reacts with an inorganic
base to produce alcohol and soap.
Triglycerides are generally animal fats and vegetable oils.
When they are reacted with sodium hydroxide, a hard form
of soap is created. This is where potassium comes in and
creates a softer version of the soap . The equation can be
written as:

Ester + Base ————–> Alcohol + Soap


.

Page | 5
AIM
Preparation of soap-Saponification :
To study the saponification reaction for
preparation of soap.

Page | 6
Materials Required

 20%NaOH Standard solution


 coconut oil
 Sodium chloride (common salt)
 Perfumes
 Measuring cylinder
 250ml beakers
 Bunsen burner
 Filter paper
 Glass funnel

Page | 7
THEORY
There can be either one-step saponification or two-step
saponification process to convert triglycerides to soaps. The
examples mentioned above are a one-step saponification
process in which triglycerides, when treated with a strong base,
split from the ester bond to release glycerol and soaps (i.e. fatty
acid salts). On the other hand, in the two-step saponification
process, the steam hydrolysis of the triglyceride yields glycerol
and carboxylic acid (rather than its salt). In the second step,
alkali neutralizes fatty acids to produce soap.

Page | 8
Saponification value:
Saponification value or saponification number refers to the
amount of base that is required to saponify a fat sample.
Generally, saponification values are listed in KOH and so,
saponification value can also be defined as that value which
represents the number of milligrams required to saponify 1 gram
of fat under the specified condition. In case sodium hydroxide is
used for the saponification process, the saponification value must
be converted from potassium to sodium by dividing the KOH
values by the ratio of the molecular weights of KOH and
NaOH (i.e. 1.403).

Page | 9
Mechanism
The saponification mechanism or saponification process is
as follows: The hydroxide from the chemical salt performs
a nucleophilic attack on the ester bond of the fat molecule.
A nucleophilic attack is the binding of one molecule to
another due to the first molecule's attraction to the electrons
of the second molecule.

Page | 10
PROCEDURE:

1] Preparation of 20% of NaOH solution:


 Weigh 20 g of NaOH pellets in a watch glass.
 Take a 100ml standard flask and rinse it water.
 Using a funnel add the NaOH pellets and add
water up to the standard mark.
 100ml of 20% NaOH solution is prepared.

Page | 11
2] Preparation of soap (SAPONIFICATION):
 Measure 25ml of coconut oil in a measuring
cylinder and measure 30ml of prepared 20%
NaOH Solution in a measuring cylinder.
 Add some drops of perfume.
 Transfer these in a 250ml beaker and keep it for
heating for a few mins until it turns into white
paste. Add 15g common salt to the mixture and
stir it.
 Transfer the paste into a funnel with filter paper.
 Wait for up to 3 hours.
 Remove the filtrate and cut it of your desired
shape.

Page | 12
OBSERVATION

The soap hence prepared as the follows:


 Foaming capacity as regular soap.
 Has the smell of the perfume used.
 It has slippery effect.
 It can be used to wash hands and lab
apparatus.
 It is a solid soap. It also has a strong
essence.

Page | 13
CONCLUSION

Soap is a substance ,water soluble sodium salts of fatty acid ,that is used
to remove dirt and germs from a surface.

The reaction between vegetable oil and sodium hydroxide solution is


exothermic in nature because heat is liberated during the reaction. The
white suspension formed is made up of soap and glycerol. The process of
formation of soap is called saponification.

Page | 14
Bibliography

 https://www.slideshare.net/ArtiSharma119/chemistry
-project-on-saponification
 https://youtu.be/Tu_sWoHULtY
 https://www.sciencevibs.com/preparation-of-soap/
 Chemistry manual XII
 https://in.pinterest.com/pin/492299803037993327

Page | 15

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