EXPERIMENT 1

Aim
To determine the density of solid (denser than water) by using a spring balance and
a measuring cylinder.

Theory

1. Density: The density of a substance is defined as the mass per unit

volume,[D= MV]
Here, D = Density of the body
M = Mass of the body
V = Volume of the body.
2. S.I. unit of density = Kgm-3 or Kg/m-3
c.g.s. unit of density = g/cm-3 or g cm-3

Materials Required
A spring balance, a measuring cylinder, a beaker with water, a metal bob (or any
body that is heavier than water and does not dissolve in water), a cotton string, a
stand (optional).

Procedure

1. Tie a metal bob (or any solid) with the string of cotton to the hook of the spring
balance. The spring balance should be checked for any error. Let the zero
error be ‘x’.
2. Hold the spring balance (or tie it to the stand), suspended with the metal bob in
air. Measure the weight of the bob. Let its weight be ‘WF‘
3. Pour the water in the measuring cylinder and record the initial volume of water,
let it be ‘ V1‘
4. Suspend the metal bob into the measuring cylinder with water. The bob should
not touch the base, nor the sides of the cylinder.
The water level rises, measure the increased water level, let this volume be
‘ VF‘
5. Record all your observations in the observation table and do the calculation to
find the density of a given solid metal bob.
Observations

1. Weight of the given Metal Bob = -------- N

2. Mass of the Metal Bob = ---- g

1. Volume of water displaced by solid (metal bob) =

2. Density of a solid (metal bob) =
1 mL of water = 1 cm3
Result
The density of given solid (Metal Bob) is ---- g/cm3

Precautions

1. The spring balance should be sensitive.

2. The zero error in the spring balance should be recorded before it is used to find
the weight of solid.
3. Record the readings carefully of both spring balance and measuring cylinder by
keeping the level of eye and the mark of reading same/parallel.
4. The solid/metal bob should not touch the bottom, or sides of the measuring
cylinder.
5. If the zero error in spring balance is 1 N then subtract this error from the final
reading of the weight of solid/ metal bob.

VIVA VOCE

Exp 2

Aim
To establish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed in

1. tap water
2. strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least
two different solids.

Theory

1. Fluids: Gases and liquids flow and are thus called fluids.
2. Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by fluids on any body is called the
buoyant force and this phenomenon is known as buoyancy.
3. Thrust: The force acting on a body perpendicular to its surface is called thrust.
S.I. unit is Newton.
4. Pressure: The thrust per unit area is called pressure.
Pressure =ThrustArea
S.I. Unit =Nm2 or Nm-2. This unit (Nm-2)is also called Pascal,
.’. 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 Nm-2
5. Weight of a body = Mass x acceleration due to gravity
W = mg
6. Archimedes’ Principle: When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it
experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
by it.

Materials Required
A spring balance, a metal bob, a cotton thread, an overflow can, a glass beaker, tap
water, salty water, an iron stand.
Procedure
A. Find the zero error and least count of spring balance:

1. Take an iron stand and suspend a spring balance to it.

2. Study the spring balance, its scale and its least count.
3. Record your observations. If any error, record it as ‘x’ gf.

B. Find the weight of solid metal bob in air:

1. Take a metal bob, tie thread to it and suspend on the hook of the spring
balance.
2. Record the weight of the metal bob in air. Let this weight be Wr

C. Find the weight of the metal bob immersed in tap water and record the
apparent loss in weight

1. Take an overflow can, fill it with water such that its water level touches the
spout of the overflow can.
2. Keep an overflow can under the spring balance such that the metal bob gets
fully immersed in the water of
the overflow can.
3. Keep a beaker whose weight P1 is recorded, at the mouth of the spout of
overflow can.
4. As soon as the metal bob is suspended in water the weight on spring balance
scale is recorded. This loss in weight is due to buoyancy (W2).
5. Collect the water that has overflown in a beaker till the last drop that comes out
of the spout.
6. Weigh the beaker with water (P2).
7. Calculate the weight of the displaced water (P2-P1).
 8. Calculate the loss in weight of the metal bob when immersed in water.

D. Find the weight of metal bob immersed in salty water and record the
apparent loss in weight.

1. Prepare salty water by taking a 500 mL beaker and adding 300 mL of water in
it and dissolving common salt till the saturated solution is obtained.
2. Take the same metal bob and repeat the steps from 1 to 8 as given in
procedure ‘C’
3. Tabulate your observations.

Observations and Calculations

1. Zero error in spring balance = (x) = 0 gf.

2. Least count of the spring balance = gf.
3. Density of water = 1 g/cm3
4. Weight of empty beaker P1= gf.
Conclusion

1. Hence it is proved that the weight of the water displaced by the metal bob is
approximately equal to the apparent loss of weight of the metal bob in water.
Archimedes’ principle is verified.
2. The weight of water displaced by a given solid when immersed fully in strongly
salty water is more than the weight of the water displaced when fully immersed
in tap water.

Precautions

1. Carefully study the spring balance used for the experiment.

2. Fill the overflow can above the mark of the spout, allow extra water to overflow
through the spout without disturbing it. Use this overflow can for the
experiment.
3. Do not allow the suspended solid mass i.e. metal bob/stone to touch the base
and sides of the overflow beaker

Aim
To verify the laws of reflection of sound.

Theory

1. Sound: It is a form of energy produced by vibration and it needs medium to

propagate.
 2. Reflection of sound: As light reflects when it strikes any hard object (opaque),
sound also gets reflected when it strikes any object.

Laws of Reflection of sound

1. The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.

2. The incident sound wave, the normal and the reflected sound wave lie in the
same plane.

Materials Required
Two highly polished metal tubes made up of stainless steel or aluminium of length 25
cm and diameter 2 cm, a drawing sheet, metal plate, a geometrical set, thumb pins,
drawing board/table, stopwatch, metal stand.

Procedure

1. Fix the white sheet on drawing board with thumb pin.

2. Draw a line AB to place the metal plate as reflecting surface with the help of
metal stand, and draw normal OP to this line as shown in the figure.
3. Now draw a line OC making an angle of 30° with the line OP.
4. Place one metal tube near to the point O of normal and metal plate on the line
OC.
5. Place the ticking watch closer to one end of this metal tube.
6. Now place the second tube so that its one end is near to the point O. Bring
your ear close to the other end and adjust its position such that it colle
 cts the maximum reflected sound.
7. Mark the position of the tube when it collects the clear and maximum reflected
sound.
8. Draw an extended line of reflected sound wave and mark it as OD.
9. Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
10. Follow the above procedure and record your observation thrice.

11.

Observation Table

Result

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

2. The incident, normal and reflected sound waves lie in the same plane.

Precautions

1. The metal plate should be placed vertical on the drawing board.

2. Both the pipes used should be clean and shining.
3. The sound producer i.e. stopwatch should be placed closer to the end of the
metallic tube.
4. Avoid touching of the source of sound to the metal tube.
5. Maintain complete silence in the lab.