EXPERIMENT NO P O1

AIM

To between the loss in weight of solid when fully immersed in (AJ tap water,
establish a relation
nd [B] strong'y salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by using at least two
different solids,

REQUIREMENTS
ASDring balance, an overflow vessel, a glass stopper, a metal bob, a beaker, a measuring cylnael,
strongly salted water and tap water.

THEORY

According to the Archimedes' Principle, whenever a solid immiscible in a liquid, is wholly or

weignt
partially immersed in it, it experiences an apparent loss in its weight which is equal to the
of the volume of liquid displaced.
PROCEDURE
1. Take a spring balance and note Spring MWWW
Ogf
balance 0 gf
down its least count and zero 10
10

error, if any.
wwW 20
20

2. Now take a glass stopper and tie 30

30

it with a spring balance, using a 40

40

thread. 50
50
3. Note its weight in air with the help
of a spring balance. Glass
vessel stopper
4. Arrange the overflow
containing a given volume of tap
Overflow
water and the beaker as shown in Glass
stopper
vessel

Water
the figure. 50 cc

5. Now slowly immerse the glass stopper 40

attached with the spring balance, 30

into the overflow vessel and carefully
20
collect water in a preweighed beake. Wooden
block 10

6. Note the new weight of the glass

stopper using the spring balance, Beaker
when it is fully immersed in water. Fig. 10.1: Archimedes' Principle
7. Now, weigh the preweighted beaker, vessel and record it.
along with water collected from the overflow
water.
8. Repeat the above steps with the glass stopper and the strongly salted
9. Repeat the above steps with another solid, say ametal bob with tap water and salty water
each.
and salted water.
10. Compare your results of tap water
71
 OBSERVATIONS
Zero error of the spring balance = O_g
For tap water

Type of Weight of Solid Weight of Solid Loss in Weight of Weight of Water

Solid Solid, W = W,- W,
in Air, W. in Tap Water, W, Displaced, W
Glass Stopper
Metal Bob 307
For strongly salted water
Type of Weight of Solid Weight of Solid Loss in Weight of Weight of Water
Solid in Air, W, in Salty Water, W, Solid, W= W,- W, Displaced, W
Glass Stopper
Metal Bob 3
RESULT

1. Loss in weight of the body =Weight of water collected in the preweighed beaker.
2. Weight of water displaced using the same solids, is less in the case of tap water than the
weight of water displaced in the case of strongly salted water.
PRECAUTIONS

1. Zero error of the spring balance to be noted carefully.

2. Solids while being immersed in liquids must not touch the sides of the beaker.
3. Beaker must be clean and dry and weighed properly before water is collected in it.
4. There should not be any air bubble in water.
SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Least count of the spring balance and the measuring cylinder is large.
2. Beaker is not cleaned and weighed properly before the experiment is started.
 EXPERIMENT NO.O2
AIM
To determine the density of asolid (denser than water) by using a spring balance
and a
cylinder. measuring
REQUIREMENTS
A glass stopper, cotton thread, a spring balance, a measuring cylinder, a beaker and some water
THEORY
Density of any substance is its mass per unit volume.
M

SI unit is kg/m and CGS unit is g/cm.

PROCEDURE
1. Take a glass stopper and tie a cotton thread
to it.
grams grams
2. Now take a spring balance and note the zero 07
error, if any and record it. 10 -10
20 -20 V2
3. Now suspend the glass stopper from the hook 30 30
of the spring balance and note its weight. Let it V
40 40
be 'Wg 60

4. If any zero error has been recorded then add or 60 60

70 70
subtract it to "W g to get the true weight "T g 80 80
of glass stopper. 90 -90
5. Now pour a known amount of water in the 100 100
measuring cylinder and record it as the initial Fig. 9.1: Measurement of density
volume V, cc.
6. Remove the glass stopper from the hook of
the spring balance and slip it gently into the
measuring cylinder. Note the rise in volume of
water in the measuring cylinder. Let it be V, cc.
7. Now calculate the volåme of the glass stopper.
of water
It is equal to the increase in the volume
in the measuring cylinder, i.e., V, - V, = Vcc.
8. Now calculate the density of glass stopper using the following formula:
Mass of the glass stopper
Density of glass stopper Volume of the glass stopper

OBSERVATIONS
Zero error of the spring balanee =
Weight of the glass stopper in air, W =
True/corrected weight of the glass stopper in air, T =

66
 Initial volume in the measuring cylinder, V, = 00 ccCC
Final volume in the measuring cylinder, V, = 110 cc
Volume of the glass stopper, V = V, - V,= 20 cc
T
Density of the glass stopper, p=,8/cc
V

RESULT
2
Densitv of the glass stopper is found to be 8/cc

PRECAUTIONS
least count.
1. Spring balance must have an appropriate range and
measuring cylinder, level of water must be noted carefully by looking at the lower
2. In the
meniscus of water.
the
stopper must be immersed in the measuring cylinder carefully, without touching
3. Glass
sides of the beaker.
present in water while the glass stopper is immersed in water.
4. No air bubble should be
SOURCES OF ERROR

the spring balance is too high to measure it properly.

1. Least count of
freely. Hence, it is not able to measure the weight
not suspended
2. The spring balance is
properly.
 EXPERIMENT NO.g3
AIM

lo verily the Laws of Reflection of Sound.

APPARATUS

Two identical metal pipes of at least 75 cm in length, a clock or a vibrating tuning tork, a tabie,
achart paper, thumb pin8, a wooden board, a rubber cork and a metal plate.
THEORY
The Laws of Reflection of Sound can be stated as
I. The angleof incidence, i.c, the angle which the incident sound wave makes with the normal
isequal to the angle of reflection, i.e., the angle which the reflected sound wave makes with
the normal.
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
I. The incident sound wave, reflected sound wave and the normal to the surface, all must lie at
the same point in the same plane.
PROCEDURE

1. Spread the chart paper on thetable and put thumb pins on the side so that it does not move.
2. In the centre of the paper, draw a straight line, marking its position as MM, and at its mid
point B, draw a perpendicular BD.
3. Put a wooden board along the straight line MM,. The wooden board will act as a reflector.
4. Now lake two identical metal pipes and place one of them along the incident sound wave
and the other along the reflected sound wave.
5. At the open end of the metal pipe, placed along the incident sound wave, place a ticking
clock or avibrating tuning fork.
A wooden board
acting as reflector
B

M.

Vibrating D
tuning fork Perpendicular Ear
Fig. 8.1: Reflection of sound

6. Bend down and hear the sound coming out of the open end of the metal pipe, placed along
the reflcted sound wave.
7. Adjust the metal pipe placed along the reflected sound wave so as to hear the maximum
sOund.
8. Mark the position of incident and reflected sound waves along the centre of the metal
Pipes.
9. Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
10. Repeat the experinment with different values of the angle of incidence and record your
observations.
61
OBSERVATIONS
S. No.
Angle of Incidence (Z) Angle of Reflection (Z)
1,
30
2.
3
4. 60 6|
RESULT
1. We observe that with no experimental error, angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
2. Incident sound wave, reflected sound waveand the normal to the surface, all lie in the same
plane.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Both metal pipes must have the same size and the same cross-sectional area, i.e., same
diameters.
2. The metal pipes should be sufficiently long.
3. The ticking sound produced by the clock or the vibrating tuning fork must be loud enough.
4. Inner sides of the metal pipes and of the reflector wooden board, must be well-polished.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Metal pipes are not aligned properly, i.e., not along the incident and reflected sound waves.
2. Ticking sound produced by the clock or the vibrating tuning fork is not loud enough hence,
the sound is not clear at the other end.
3. Reflecting surfaces of the metal pipes are not polished properly.
 Y
EXPERIMENT N0. 1

AIM spring/slinky (helical slinky).

To determine the speed of a pulse propagated through a stretched
APPARATUS
metre scale.
A spring/slinky, a stopwatch and a
THEORY
both longitudinal and transverse waves can be set up.
Slinky: It is acoiled spring in which
through a medium due to repeated periodic motion of the
Wave: It is a disturbance which travels position.
particles of the medium at their mean
medium for a very short duration of
time.
Pulse: lt is a disturbance set up in a
Totaldistance travelled
Velocity of pulse Total time taken

PROCEDURE
a wall.
1. Place a smooth long table along the side of on
Now put a nail on the wall and slowly put one end of the slinky on it such that it lies
2.
the surface horizontally.
note the distance between the two ends. Let
3. Hold the open end of slinky in your handand
it be 50 cm.
create a pulse in it.
4. Now stretch the slinky further by 10 cm and then leave it to
Wooden block
S S2

k-10cm’

S1 A S2
P

lo
S S2

S
S2

S
S2
Fig. 11.1:Determination of velocity of apulse propagated through stretched slinky

76
 K Repeat it 5-10 times till you are able to generate a pulse.
Now note downthe time taken by the puse to go and come buck to youusing a stopwaten
carefully.
7. Repeat the above step of noting down the tine taken by the pulse, 4-5 times, carefully.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
SNo Length distance between A and B, Time taken,
Velocity, D= 2L/T
L (cm) T (sec)
(cm/s)

2
3

2L
Welocity T - 7 2 cm/s
RESULT
Velocity of the pulse- 472
2 cm/s
PRECAUTIONS
1. Slinky must be held tightly and the jerk must be gerntle.
2. Distance between A and B must be large. Slinky must be elastic.
3. Least count of the stopwatch must be small.
noting down the time.
4. As the pulse takes very less time to travel, one must be prompt in
SOURCES OF ERROR
pulse to travel.
1. There is a tie lag in noting down the time taken by the
2. The jerk is not perpendicular.