PALLAVI MODEL SCHOOL, ALWAL

CLASS:IX (CHEMISTRY) LAB RECORD

EXPERIMENT:1
AIM: To prepare: a mixture and a compound using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish
between these on the basis of:
1. appearance i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity.
2. behaviour towards a magnet
3. behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.
4. effect of heat.
DIAGRAM:
Mixture:

Separation of Iron and Sulphur from its Mixture

Compound:
Separation of Iron and Sulphur from its compound

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, hard glass test tube, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire
gauze, magnet, China dish and a watch glass.
Chemicals Required
Iron filings, sulphur powder, carbon disulphide.
PROCEDURE:
1. Preparation of a mixture of iron and sulphur powder. Take a pinch of iron filings and two
pinch of sulphur powder, mix them thoroughly. The product obtained is mixture of iron and
sulphur. Keep it in a watch glass (A).
2. Preparation of the compound of iron and sulphur. Take a pinch of iron filing and a pinch of
sulphur powder in a hard glass test tube. Hold it in a test tube holder, heat it on the flame till
the contents glow. The reaction between sulphur and iron filings is seen in the test tube and
iron sulphide is formed. Transfer the compound formed in a watch glass (B).
(The mixture of iron filing and sulphur powder can be heated in China dish)
Record your observations in the table.
OBSERVATIONS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Heat the mixture of iron and sulphur in hard glass tube or in a china dish.
2. Avoid wasting the chemicals, use very little amount of it.
3. Heating activity should be done carefully.
4. Carbon disulphide is flammable, keep it away from flame.

*********************
EXPERIMENT:2
AIM: To verify the law of conservation of mass in a chemical reaction.
THEORY:
 1. Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical change.
2. Law of conservation of mass: In a chemical reaction (except for nuclear reactions as matter
can change to energy) mass can neither be created nor destroyed. This law was proposed
by Antoine Lavoisier.
METHOD A
PROCEDURE:
1. Take two watch glasses and weigh them using the physical balance and record their weight.
2. Weigh 3.6g of BaCl2.2H2O in a watch glass of known mass.
3. Take 100 ml beaker with 50 ml distilled water in it. Label it as Beaker ‘A’.
4. Dissolve the weighed BaCl2.2H2O in the beaker ‘A’.
5. Now weigh 8.05 g of Na2SO4.H2O in another watch glass of known mass and dissolve it in the
other beaker containing 50 ml of distilled water. Label the beaker as ‘B’.
6. Take another beaker. Weigh it and label it as ‘C’
7. Mix the contents of beaker ‘A’ and ‘B’ in beaker ‘C’ Stir it with glass rod.
8. You will observe the white precipitate that is formed in beaker ‘C’, due to the formation of
(BaSO4) Barium Sulphate.
9. Weigh beaker ‘C’ again with the product obtained and record your observations.
10. To get the mass of the product formed, subtract the mass of beaker ‘C’ before adding the
solutions and after adding the solutions from ‘A’ and ‘B’ beaker.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Mass of Reactants = 44 g
2. Mass of Products = 44 g
3. Mass of BaCl2.2H2O = 3.6 g
4. Mass of BaCl2, solution = 53.6 g
5. Mass of Na2SO4.10H2O = 8.05 g
6. Mass of Na2SO4 solution = 58.05 g
7. Total mass of reactants is 53.6 g + 58.05 g = 111.65 g
8. (BaCl2, soln.) (Na2SO4soln.)
9. Mass of beaker ‘C’ is C1 = 500 g
10. Mass of reaction mixture on adding in beaker ‘C’ is C2 = 611.65 g
11. Mass of the product formed = C2 – C1 = 111.65 g
Note: Mass of 50 ml of distilled water = 50.0 g
(density of water = 1 g/mL)
RESULT:
1. Within the reasonable experimental limits: -
2. Initial mass of reactant = Final mass of the product (reactant mixture)
METHOD B
PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare a 5% solution of any one pair of substances X and Y given.
2. Take a little amount of solution of Y in a conical flask and some solution of X in an ignition
tube.
3. Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully as shown in the figure. The solution from the test
tube should not spill in the flask.
4. Put a cork on the flask.
5. Weigh the flask with its contents carefully.
6. Now tilt and swirl the flask gently, so that the solutions X and Y get mixed.
7. Weigh the conical flask again.
8. Record your observation.
9. Note the mass of the conical flask before reaction.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Initial weight of conical flask + ignition tube with the respective solution X and Y = …….g
2. Weight of conical flask + ignition tube when solution X and Y are mixed and reaction has taken
place =……. g.
3. The weight of reactants = Weight of products.
RESULT:
1. Mass of the reactants = Mass of the products
2. There is no loss of mass in a chemical reaction.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Be careful while using the weighing machine.
2. Prepare the solution in distilled water only.
3. Do not taste any chemical.
4. Fix a cork when solution X and Y are mixed.
5. Subtract the mass of conical flask + cork to get the resultant mass of product.
6. Cork should be used when the chemicals (reactants) are mixed, so that the gas, vapours
formed is not allowed to escape.
7. The law is verified only in closed system.
8. Do not allow the chemical to spill from the ignition tube while recording the initial mass.
*********************
CLASS:IX (PHYSICS) LAB RECORD
EXPERIMENT-1
Aim: To determine the density of solid (denser than water) by using a spring balance and a
measuring cylinder.
Materials Required:
A spring balance, a measuring cylinder, a beaker with water, a metal bob (or any body that is heavier
than water and does not dissolve in water), a cotton string, a stand (optional).
Procedure:
1. Tie a metal bob (or any solid) with the string of cotton to the hook of the spring balance. The
spring balance should be checked for any error. Let the zero error be ‘x’.
2. Hold the spring balance (or tie it to the stand), suspended with the metal bob in air. Measure
the weight of the bob. Let its weight be ‘WF‘
3. Pour the water in the measuring cylinder and record the initial volume of water, let it be ‘ V1‘
4. Suspend the metal bob into the measuring cylinder with water. The bob should not touch the
base, nor the sides of the cylinder.
The water level rises, measure the increased water level, let this volume be ‘ VF‘
5. Record all your observations in the observation table and do the calculation to find the
density of a given solid metal bob.

Observations:

1. Weight of the given Metal Bob = 400N

 2. Mass of the Metal Bob = 400/9.8 = 40.8 g

1. Volume of water displaced by solid (metal bob) = 20 mL.

2. Density of a solid (metal bob) = 40.8g20ml = 2.04 g/cm3
1 mL of water = 1 cm3
Result :
The density of given solid (Metal Bob) is 2.04 g/cm3
Precautions:
1. The spring balance should be sensitive.
2. The zero error in the spring balance should be recorded before it is used to find the weight of
solid.
3. Record the readings carefully of both spring balance and measuring cylinder by keeping the
level of eye and the mark of reading same/parallel.
4. The solid/metal bob should not touch the bottom, or sides of the measuring cylinder.
5. If the zero error in spring balance is 1 N then subtract this error from the final reading of the
weight of solid/ metal bob.
EXPERIMENT-2
Aim: To establish the relation between the loss in weight of a solid when fully immersed in
1. tap water
2. strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least two different
solids.
Procedure:
A. Find the zero error and least count of spring balance:
1. Take an iron stand and suspend a spring balance to it.
2. Study the spring balance, its scale and its least count.
3. Record your observations. If any error, record it as ‘x’ gf.
B. Find the weight of solid metal bob in air:
1. Take a metal bob, tie thread to it and suspend on the hook of the spring balance.
2. Record the weight of the metal bob in air. Let this weight be Wr
C. Find the weight of the metal bob immersed in tap water and record the apparent loss in weight
1. Take an overflow can, fill it with water such that its water level touches the spout of the
overflow can.
2. Keep an overflow can under the spring balance such that the metal bob gets fully immersed in
the water of
the overflow can.
3. Keep a beaker whose weight P1 is recorded, at the mouth of the spout of overflow can.
4. As soon as the metal bob is suspended in water the weight on spring balance scale is
recorded. This loss in weight is due to buoyancy (W2).
5. Collect the water that has overflown in a beaker till the last drop that comes out of the spout.
6. Weigh the beaker with water (P2).
7. Calculate the weight of the displaced water (P2-P1).
 8. Calculate the loss in weight of the metal bob when immersed in water.

D. Find the weight of metal bob immersed in salty water and record the apparent loss in weight.
1. Prepare salty water by taking a 500 mL beaker and adding 300 mL of water in it and dissolving
common salt till the saturated solution is obtained.
2. Take the same metal bob and repeat the steps from 1 to 8 as given in procedure ‘C’
3. Tabulate your observations.
Observations and Calculations:
1.
1. Zero error in spring balance = (x) = 0 gf.
2. Least count of the spring balance = 2 gf.
3. Density of water = 1 g/cm3
4. Weight of empty beaker P1= 100 gf.

Conclusion:
 1. Hence it is proved that the weight of the water displaced by the metal bob is approximately
equal to the apparent loss of weight of the metal bob in water. Archimedes’ principle is
verified.
2. The weight of water displaced by a given solid when immersed fully in strongly salty water is
more than the weight of the water displaced when fully immersed in tap water.
Precautions:
1. Carefully study the spring balance used for the experiment.
2. Fill the overflow can above the mark of the spout, allow extra water to overflow through the
spout without disturbing it. Use this overflow can for the experiment.
3. Do not allow the suspended solid mass i.e. metal bob/stone to touch the base and sides of the
overflow beaker.
*********************
CLASS:IX (BIOLOGY) LAB RECORD
EXPERIMENT:1
Aim: To prepare stained temporary mounts of
1. onion peel and
2. human cheek cells and to record observations and draw their labelled diagrams.
Procedure:
1. Take a medium sized onion, cut its outer surface with knife.
2. Use forceps to remove the peel of onion.
3. With the help of needle separate the small portion of epidermis (peel)
4. Keep dilute safranin solution in a watch glass.
5. Put this small peel in this watch glass with brush and allow it to stain for 3-5 minutes.
6. Transfer the stained peel to another watch glass that contains distilled water in it, to remove
extra stain.
7. Take a clean dry slide and place two drops of water/glycerine on the centre of the slide.
8. Transfer the stained peel with needle and brush on the middle of the slide, if the peel curls
straighten it and flatten it with brush and needle, do this gently.
9. With the help of blade cut the peel into a square shape.
10. Take a dry and clean coverslip and gently place it on the slide with the help of needle such
that no air bubbles enter in it.
11. Gently press the coverslip with needle for even spreading of glycerine.
12. Remove the extra stain and water with the help of blotting paper.

13. Clean the sides of the coverslip with dry blotting paper and place it under the lens of the
microscope and record your observations.
Observations:
The cells under observation are the plant cells. It consists of cell wall and large vacuoles. The nucleus
is very prominent and is clearly visible.
Inference
Plant cell shows the following:
 1. It consists of cell wall.
2. The nucleus is prominent and present at the periphery of cytoplasm.
3. Large vacuoles are seen at the centre of the cell.
4. A lightly stained cytoplasm is present in the cell.
Precautions:
1. Use dilute stain for staining.
2. Avoid the formation of air-bubbles while placing the coverslip on the slide.
3. Take very thin peel of onion to get a single layer of cells, no overlapping of cells should be
seen.
4. Use dry and clean slide, wipe out extra stain or water present on the sides of the slide.

B. To prepare stained, temporary mount of human cheek cells.

Materials Required: Slide, coverslip, watch glass, methylene blue stain, blotting paper, toothpick,
needle, dropper, brush, microscope and glycerine.
Procedure:
1. Make a dilute methylene blue solution in a watch glass.
2. Keep a clean slide with a drop of distilled water at the middle of the slide.
3. Take a clean/unused toothpick and scrap the inner wall of your mouth/cheek gently to obtain
the epithelial animal tissue, (use the blunt side of toothpick)
4. Transfer the scrap on the middle of the glass slide and put a drop of methylene blue solution
on it, to stain the cells.
5. After 2-3 minutes place the coverslip gently on the cheek cell with the help of needle and
avoid the air bubble. (A drop of glycerine can be spread on the cheek cells, it is optional)
6. With the help of blotting paper remove the extra stain/water present on the slide.
7. Place the slide under microscope and observe it.
Observations:
1. Cells with irregular shapes are seen.
2. A prominent nucleus is seen in the middle of the cell.
3. A thin membrane called plasma-membrane is visible at the boundary of each cell.
4. The cells do not show any intercellular space.
5. No big vacuoles and cell wall is seen.
Inference
The cells observed under the microscope do not have cell wall and big vacuoles, these are the cells
of animal.
Precautions:
1. Use unused/new toothpick for scraping of cheek cells.
2. Placing of coverslip should be done carefully to avoid air bubbles.
3. Avoid overstaining.
4. Use clean/dry mounted slide while placing it under the lens of the microscope.
EXPERIMENT:2
Aim: To study parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants from prepared slides.
Materials Required:
Tender stem of a herb, safranin stain solution, dilute glycerine, chart of transverse section of stem,
compound microscope, razor blade, slide, cover slip, brush, petridish, and a piece of blotting paper.
Procedure:
Step 1: A tender stem of any of the herb is cut into bits of about 3 cm length and placed in water.
Step 2: A piece is hold between the thumb and forefinger in your left hand.
Step 3: A wet blade across the stem is passed in quick motion so as to get a thin, unbroken, circular
cross section of the material.
Step 4: The process is repeated to get about fifteen transverse sections of the material.
Step 5: The sections is transferred to a petridish containing water. A thin, transparent section is
selected and with a brush transfer it to a drop of water taken on a slide. Three drops of dilute
safranin stain solution is added to the section and leave it for about five minutes.
Step 6: The excess stain is blotted. Three drops of dilute glycerine is added on the stained section. A
cover slip is placed on it. It is then focused under the low power of microscope and observe the
section.
Step 7: The section is focused under high power and observed again. The observations are recorded.
Observation

Sl.
No. Feature Parenchyma Sclerenchyma

oval or
1 Shape of cell spherical elongated and polygonal

2 Arrangement of cells loose compact

3 Inter cellular spaces present absent

4 Lumen absent present

5 Nucleus present absent

 6 Cell wall present present

8 Staining of wall deeply stained mildly stained

7 Cytoplasm present absent

Results and Discussion:

Parenchyma tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in plants. It forms the major bulk of stem,
roots, leaves, fruits and seeds. The tissue is composed of living cells, with various shapes, sizes and
functions. The cells provide mechanical support to the plant body. The parenchyma also acts as a
storage tissue for food, air and water. Cells of sclerenchyma tissue are highly lignified with very thick
cell walls and obliterated lumen. Cells are usually elongated and polygonal in shape in cross-section.
The tissue provides the mechanical support and is found below the epidermis and around the
vascular bundles.
Precautions:
1. For sectioning, select soft, tender herbaceous stem only. Avoid stems that are hard and woody.
2. Take care not to injure your finger while sectioning.
3. Always keep the plant materials and sections in water.
4. Use dilute safranin stain solution.
***********************