Scribd
Upload
488 views49 pages

Vibration Measuring Instruments

Uploaded by

raghu.entrepreneur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
488 views49 pages

Vibration Measuring Instruments

Uploaded by

raghu.entrepreneur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 49
_ Chapter 5 | Vibration Measuring Instrument 5.1. Introduction Vibration measurement is necessary due to the following reasons (i) Demands of higher productivity and economical design lead to higher operational sj machinery and efficient use of materials through light weight structures, (ii) To select the operating speeds, it is necessary, to know the natural frequencies of as or machine in order to avoid resonant conditions. (iii), Theoretical vibration characteristics may differ from the actual values. (iv) To identify the system in terms of mass, stiffness and damping, the knowledge of input and| resulting output vibration characteristics are required. (v) To design an effective vibration isolation system, measurement of vibration frequency forces developed are necessary. 5.2 Vibration measurement scheme [VTU, Dec. 2013 / Jan. 20 Fig 5.1 shows a basic vibration measurement scheme Vibrating Vibration Signal Display Unit, Data machine or || transducer [>] conversion Recorder orf] analysis Structure or Pickup instrument Computer Fig $1 Depending on the quantity to be measured, a vibration measuring instrument is cal vibrometer, a velocity meter, an accelerometer, a phase meter or a frequency meter. The “meter” is replaced by ‘graph’ if the instrument is designed to record the measured quantity, If vibration measuring instrament consists of spring, mass, damper etc., then it is called a seis instrument. The measured quantities are displayed on the screen in the form of electrical si which can easily be amplified and recorded. The output electrical signal is proportional to Vibration Measuring instruments 433 quantity which is to be measured. Two types of seismic transducers are commonly used. They are (i) Vibrometer and (ii) Accelerometer, 5.3 Vibrometer (Seismometer) [VTU, Dec. 2013 / Jan, 2014, June/July 2014, Dec. 2014/ Jan.2015] A vibrometeris a device used for measuring the displacement of a vibrating body. Itis designed for low natural frequency. Fig 5.2 shows a seismic instrument. It is used to measure any of the vibration characteristics. This instrument works as a vibrometer for large values of frequency ritio @/ @,. [t consists of a frame in which seismic mass m is supported by means of a spring and dashpot. The frame is mounted on a vibrating body. The system is similar to a spring - mass - damper system with base or support excitation. Consider the base to have a sinusoidal motion y = ¥ sina . Steady state relative amplitude of the seismic mass w.r¢ the frame nT, a cache 6.3.1) (-(e)] a) Zi (o/o,): ¥ (a2 ) Similarly phase difference between the exciting force and the relative motion o 562) aS y=Y sinet Pig 5.2: Ifa rotating drum is fixed on the frame and a pointer on the seismic mass, then the amplitude of motion of the mass over the drum represents the relative motion z having an amplitude Z. This relative motion is also harmonic in nature. ‘eismic Instrument (Vibrometer) 434 Mechanical Vibratior re Fig 5.3 Shows the plots of > versus frequency ratio for various values of damping factor! Th 1goz__5=0 1 O.b0 ae hie i Phase angle > 0 ie SS Cane 1.0 2.0 LA 5.0 Frequency ratio * —— Fig 5.3 In equation 5.3.1 if @/«, >>1, then the relative amplitude Z is shown to be equal to ‘amplitude of vibrating body ¥ on the sereen, Also it can be seen from the plots if = 0.7 or lit lower than 0.7, then Z/Y = 1 over a larger range of frequency ratio @/«,. For high e/«, ratio, instruments should have low natural frequency. Normally the instrument should have a frequen range between 1 Hz to 4 Hz 5.4 Accelerometer [VTU, Dec. 2013 / Jan. 2014, June/July 201 Accelerometer is a device used for measuring the acceleration of a vibrating body. Itis desi, for high natural frequency. Hence accelerometer is also called as high frequency transducer, Same seismic instrument shown in Fig 5.2 also behaves like an accelerometer under certain conditi IF the natural frequency «, of the instrument is very high compared to the frequency «0 which is be measured, the ratio «/«, << 1. This range is shown in Fig 5.3. Since the natural frequency the instrument is very high, it is very light weight in construction. Itis possible to make the instru ‘odisplay velocity and displacement in addition to acceleration with the help of electronic integrat Since the instrument is very compact in size and itis possible to measure displacement, velocity. acceleration, it is widely used as a vibration measuring device. The voltage signals obtained the accelerometer is very small and hence it is preamplified. To obtain velocity and displace double integration device may be used, ‘Vibration Measuring Instruments 435 com Zz when
  • @, hen « = o,. the amplitude ratio y/e —> & and hence violent vibration. This leads exessive dion the bearings and the disc tends.to fly out. ‘I0<©, ic., if the speed of the rotating object is less than critical speed then the amplitude ve will be positive, This means that the dise rotates with heavy side outwards. In this case the nt $ will lie between O.and G as shown in Fig 5.9(a) and therefore the phase difference is zero ‘If@>0, i. if the speed of the rotating object is greater than critical speed then the amplitude will be negative. This means that the disc rotates with heavy side inwards i.e., light side ds, Heavy side means the centre of gravity. Vibration Measuring instruments 439 $6.2 Whirling of shafts with airdamping —[VTU, Dec. 2012, Dec. 2013 / Jan. 2014] The disc is subjected to aero dynamic force which acts radically inwards. The complete "analysis of this force is very complicated. But since the force is proportional to velocity, by considering damping, the damping foree may take care of this force Fig 5.7 shows a vertical shaft with a single disc of mass m in iis deflected position neglecting air damping. point Gis the centre af gravity of the dise and it is displaced from the geometric centre “hy an amount ‘e’ due to manufacturing defect, Point $ is the geometric centre of disc through which the shaft axis passes, O is the point of intersection of the plane of dise and the centre line of bearings. If damping is neglected then these three points will lie onthe same straight line as shown in Fig 5.7. F But when damping is considered then there are three forces that act on the disc. They are, (i) The damping force at S in a direction apposite to the velocity of the point S. Its magnitude is equal to ctay. (ii) The centrifugal force at G and its direction is along OG and outwards. The magnitude of this force is equal tomenx (iii) The restoring force at S along SO in the inward direction. The magnitude of this force is equal to ky. These forces are shown in Fig 5.8. Due to these three forces, the points O, Sand G do not lie in a straight line. s' marrsin® | marreosa Pig 5.8 Prom the geomietiy of the Fig'5:8, OS = From A* $3'G cos 6 = SSYSG ; ~. SS'= SG cosb = ecos sing =S'G/SG; +. SG=SGsin >= esin® 440 From A* O5'G S'G _ esing sin® = Bee ty 1 xsin@ = esin For equilibrium, & F,=0 and F, =0 ie., coy —ma?xsin® = 0 i.e., ewy = mot sind coy = moe sin Similarly, ky — mex cos8 = 0 ie. ky— mor (y +e cos) = 0 ie, ky— my —mare cosh = 0 -. y(k-mor) = moe cosd Now squaring and adding the equations 5.6.3 and 5.6.4. (ctayy? + (k — mea’)?y? = (mae sind? + (more cosy i ise, ¥*[Co0y? + (&-mao*)*] = (moe) [sin? 6 + cos? 6] moe bea, (x—ma?)’ + (cco)? mie Measuring instruments 44at — (5.6.5) tan = este! loreneh. 0 ees (5.6.6) where ¢ is the phase angle between the radius and eccentricity. .7. Discussion of speeds above and below critical speeds (i) Without air damping There are three possible combination of speeds, They are (i) @ = @, (ii) @< @, (iii) @ > a, When «9 = ,, the amplitude ratio y/e > e and hence violent vibration, This leads exessive on the bearings and the disc tends to fly out. I<, i.c., if the speed of the rotating object is less than critical speed then the amplitude [toe wil be positive, This means that the dise rotates with heavy side outwards, In this case the {point 5 will lie between O and G as shown in Fig 5.9(a) and therefore the phase difference is zero v | _ fo >, i... ifthe speed of the rotating object is greater than critical speed then the amplitude ‘ratio ye will be negative. This means that the dise rotates with heavy side inwards ic., light side outwards, Heavy side means the centre of gravity. In this case the point G will lie between O and S as shown in Fig 5.9(b) and hence the difference is 180° (b) With air damping _ The curves shown in Fig 4.8 holds good for air damping also. The only clifference ordinate represents the values of y/e in this case, The following points were observed curves shown in Fig. 4.4(b). G) Ho =0iem<@,, then the heavy side is inwards. (vi) If = 180°, i.e., >> @,, then the heavy side is inwards. The points 0, G, S will be: ‘same line as shown in Fig'5.9(b). ‘The effect of damping is very very small at very high speeds and hence it can be A vibrometer having a natural of 5 rad/sec and & = 0.25 is attached to.a structure that an harmonic motion. If the difference between the maximum and minimum recorded values mm, find the amplitude of motion of the vibrating structure when its frequency is 50 rad/sec Sradisec; & = 0.25 ; (9) 0)" } + (2x028x10)" iw . Amplitude of motion of the vibrating structure ¥ = 4.9563 mm. 252 Anaccclerometer with a damped natural frequency of vibration of 160 Hz has a suspended mass 10,02 kg. When it is mounted on an engine, which is undergoing an accleration of 10 m/sec? at an speed of 6500 rpm, the acceleration recorded in the instrument is 9.75 m/sec’, determinate constant and the spring stiffness of the accelerometer. 1 [= 160 He ; m= 0,02 kg; Y= 10 m/sec’; N= 6500 rpm ;Z = 9.75 m/sec” True value of acceleration a Y = 10 méec* Mcasured value of acccleration @,'Z = 9.75 m/sec’ 1 Damped frequency, = mn @ circular frequency of damped vibration @, = 2nf, = 2x x 160 = 1005.31 rad/s 2aN — 276500 Circular frequency of forced vibration 0 = TN tece Ol a 680.68 rad/sec 4s Mechanical Vibri — Met chanicat Vio Also @, = @, 1-2? = 1005.31 o @ 680.68 == = 2067 % —-@,Ji-2 100531 me o “o, = 1 yi-8? ie. (2) = 0.4584 (1-87) Now, Measured valueof acceleration 9.75 True valueof acceleration 10. ws (eh 10 add {t-oasea(i—e?)}" +482 xo4sea{i~e?) ] 1 is, 09506 = — ee ee ; {I-045844-o4se4e?)* + 193368 —ig336e* 1 AL Bi neds iat ane uioa [ossis-+oasese*]’ + 183366? 1833664 1 at oh ante et 0.2933 + 0.49656? + 0.2164 + 1833687 -183368* ~ 1.6236 § + 2.33 & + 0,2933 = 1.052 1.6236 E — 2.33 E+ 0.7587=0 2 1.6236 ie, a = 0.9356 or 0.4994 ©. & = 0.9673 or 0.7067 Select & = 07067 0, 1005.31 2Ol= = > = 1420.9 radisce ‘ ie vif-070677 {i) Damping Constant ie, ¢ = Imm, & =2 0.02 x 14209 x 0.7067 = 40.166 Niseo/m (4) Spring stiffness We know, «2, = He rud/sec? inca el m + Spring stiffness k = mre,” = (0.02) (1420.97 = 40379. Nim le: 5.3 Fig §.10 shows a mass of 5kg is suspended in a box by a spring The box is placed ona platform vibration y = 10 sin 10t mm. The stiffness of the spring is 10000 N/m. Determine the absolute of the mass. 2 y=10sin 10f mm; -.¥ =10mm;@= 10 rad/sec m=5 kg; k = 10,000. N/m The ratio between the relative amplitude (Z) and support displacement (¥) is given by, Ze 77 Neglecting air damping, 2 ee 2, 7 en te) o, E Rane - m Fig. 5.10 446 Mechanica! Vibrat © Frequency ratio = = 02236 2 (v223e)" WW 10.3230 ee Relative amplitude of vibration 2 = 0.5203 mun Absolute amplitude af mass X= 44 = 08263 4 10 = 10 $26.0 Example : St A vibrometer gives a reading of relative displacement 0.5 mm. The natural frequency of vibrati js 600 rpm and the machine runs at 200 rpm. De lace ment, velocity a acceleration of the vibrating machine part, (TU. Dec. 2 2nx 600 Data: £=0.5mm 50, = radisecs “ ot 2m x 200 w= EY aysec Sebetia [ ll 60 Brequency ratio =0383 [Iman | 4 60} Nelecting air damping f O85 ¥ ~ 1-fo333)' Support displacement or amplitude ¥ = 4 mm i.e. Displacement of vibrating machine pust P= enim {2m 2001 Velocity of vibrating machine part @ =| 4g) 4 = 84 T76rmndwee 2m 200} Accelerution of vibrating machine parton Y=) "4 = 1754 6 mmiser Vibration Measuring Instruments Example : 5.5 ___ Avibration pick up has a natural frequency of 7.5 4z and a damping factor of 0.5 Determine the frequency beyond which the amplitude can he measured within (i) L% error (ii) 2% error 1 f,<7S He; &=05 IVTU, June 2012] m2 (i) 1% error : Ratio between the relative displacement and support displacement is given by z ¥ (2) ] y ae o Zz Let the frequency ratio ~ aur ALR [yay LJ Zz Now, select a value of |, ~ such that 7 1.01 (since within 1% error) (ey E os COR a a ree ae rea GOW = Taterta(2e0Sur) = lara Le, 1-P + = 0.984 ; 0.024-P+1=0 : ie. A-S0r450=0 +50 VSO" —4x 150 2x1 Inthese two values Z/Y = 1,01. In between these two values Z/Y > 1.01, Therefore the lowest frequency id Which the amplitude can be measured within 1% error is given by ie, P= 248.98 or 1.02 =Tor LOL alt 1 7, SH. © Gy, Tf): MAU ATATSH S25 He (ii) 2% error : Z/Y = 1,02 (.- within2% error), ‘ ee (LY = ai lr t's 0967 fas®— 16.0041 =0:1¢,7°-257 +25= = eas =23,96 of 1.0436 cor = 4.804 or 10215; Inthese two values Z/¥ = 1,02. In between these two Values Z/Y > 1.02. Therefore the lowest frequency which the amplitude can be measured within 2% error is, given by r= = faae 2 f= 36.7 Ha. dn 448 Example : 5.6 / ‘A ring is connected to a shaft by means of spiral spring, It is used for measuring torsional) acceleration. The system is provided with a viscous damper having a constant of 0.12 Nm.see/ead. torsional stiffness of the springis 1 Nm/rad and the moment of inertia of the ringiis 0.05 kg.m*. Determine the maximum acceleration of the shaft, if the relative amplitude between the ring and the shaft is2.5% The frequency of the shaft is 20 cycles/minute. (VTU, Dec.2010) Data: ¢,= 0.12 Nmasec/rad ;q or k, = 1 Nm/rads 1=0.05 kgm’; 8, 20 cycle s/min Solution : Circular frequency of the vibrating body @ = 21g" ® Frequency ratio G” = “Gaqy = 04683 Damping constant ¢, = 2/@,=2 al-& 2 012 = (2vix005) & i.e., Damping factor § = 0.268 Now, for torsional system oe Una (04683) pe i 0.4683)"} + (2x0.268x 4683)" 2.8, = 0,x3.74=2.5x3.74=9.35° 30.1632 radian. <. Maximum angular acceleration of the shaft =0°8, = (2.0944)" (0.1632)=0.7158 radisec Vibration Measuring Instruments 449 Example : 5.7 A Frahm’s Reed Tachometer is used for measuring the frequency of vibration of a system. The reed is al the resonance frequency of 30 z when a mass of 0.025 kg is placed at its end. The length and the thickness of the reed are 60 mm and 0,6 mm respectively. Determine its width if the youngs modulus ofthe reed material is 2.1% 10" N/m? Dalia: £, =30 Hz5m = 0.025kg; 1= 60 mm = 0.06m; d = 0.6mm = 0.6 x 10°m_ B= 21x 10"Nim? Solution : For cantilever, deflection = ml here 3 . Ser le as 0.025% 981x006" _ 46714x 10 0.6 10) b sion aee” 12 Natural fi alin: ; tural frequency, = 55° 4/5 He in pee hen = Gat 5 ag ee Sa 160 SO" = “ant ™ 46714x10 Width of reed b = 0.01692m=1692mm Example : 5.8 ‘The motion ofa vibratory system is to be recorded by a seismic instrument having natural frequency 1500 Hz. What is the reading of the instrument if the motion is given by the equation Z=1.5 sin 188.5 ¢ + 0.5sin 377 ¢ and the damping factor is 0.65. Solution: u ‘We know that, For the given equation, , = 188.5 rad/sec and, = 377 rad/sec undamped circular natural frequency @, = Inf, =2nx 1500=9424,78 rad/sec 450 Mechanical sas 1885 ++ First frequeney ration, = "= Ggpg 9g 70.02 ae. Second frequency ratio r, = = Ga5q qq = O04 ‘The response of instrument to the first part of motion i.e., 1.5 sin 188.5¢ is, Te 2? a ay \2 {ina} +28) {1-0027} + (2065x002) Z =. = 3.999%104 13 “ Z, = 5.9986 104=6x 10+ ag? 2065x002 1-002? st = 149° 0,047 Zz Similarly (2) 1.6004 x 107 = 1.6 x | i {oo}? +(2 065x004)" eZ, = O5x16x107=8x 10" 2Er, 20.65 0.04 eS eee ot ee cones 6, = tart Pp star! oo 7258 Hence the vibration record obtained from the instrument is. Z = Z, sin (188.51—6,) + Z,sin G77!~ 0) = 6x 10% sin (188.51— 1,49°) + 8 x 10% sin (377t - 2,98") Example ; 5.9 A seismic instrument with a natural frequency of S Hz is used to measure the vibration machine operating at 150 rpm. The retative displacement of the seismic mass as read from the! is 0.05 mm, neglecting air damping, determine the amplitude of vibration of the machine, Solution : Circular frequency of undamped vibration«, = 2z f, = 2n x 5 = 31.416 rad/sec 2mN = 2n150 Circular frequency of vibrating bedy = “> = —E5— = 15.708 radisee jo 2. = 15708 9 requency ratio = ay 41g =0- _ Mibration Measuring instruments 459 Neglecting damping, =} Zz 05)" eo Ate z= ( Y oa33 r | 1-(03) oO, ’. Amplitude of machine ¥ ae Amplitude ofmachine ¥ = 5555 Example : 5.10 Anundamped vibration pick up has a natural frequency of I eps. It is used to measure a harmonic vibration of 4 cps. If the amplitude indicated by the pickup is 0.125 em, what is the correct amplitude, (WTU, June/July'08) Data sf =Lcps ;f=4 eps ;Z=0.125 cm. | Solution : | Frequancyatigg@yie Lea Sed Gen nt Measured value of amplitude True value of amplitude ~ + Correct amplitude of vibration ¥ = 0.1172cm Example : 5.11 A seismic instrument has natural frequency of 6 Hz. What is the lowest frequency beyond whieh the amplitude can be measured within 2 % error. Neglect damping. (VTU, July 2007) - Data Solution : Ratio between the relative displacement and support displacement is given by o Select the value of {~ such that 3 = 1.02 (2 within 2% error) 2 2 1M = or 1 = ie, 102-1027 = PF ie, 1027-102 = P ie, 1.02 = 202° ors 7143 r = 071065 Zz In these two values é = 1.02. In between these two values y > 1.02. Therefore the lowest beyond which the amplitude can be measured within 2% error is given by, 27.1414: oy 7.14143 ‘. f = 7.14143 f,=7,14143 x 6=42.85 Hz Example : 5.12 Prove that an undamped measuring instrument will show a true response for frequency rat o 1 @, 2" Solution : Gs sutal «, Frequency ratior = i Jy Hence proved. Example : 5.13 A steel shaft simply supported in bearings 50mm diameter and 1.5 m long carries solid ‘weight 1600 N at its centre find its critical speed if E = 200 GN/m? Data: d= $0 mm=0.05m ;[= 1.5m; W= 1600.N; E= 200 x 10? Nim? Measuring instruments 453 tion : For simply supported beam with central load ae +. Critical speed, ‘Example : 5.14 Asteel shaft 25 mu diameter, 1.5m long carries a disc of mass Skg at its centre and 2kg at 0.5 m from ‘one support. Find the whirling speed if£ =2 x 10° MN/m?* ‘Data: d=25 nam = 0,02Sm 32= 1.5 mi; E=2% 10° MNim? =2 x 10"! Nim? Solution ; m,=2kg m,=5 kg 0.5m 0.75m, Fig. 5.11 3 3 As the Skg mass is acting at the centre of beam 8, = 25> = Ta = 8.99x 104m 2) maglils SEH For 2 kg mass, 5, sui By oe ormasne sk 3x2x10" x (0025) x15, | ve ise fWisy bb 381 | Ciro apo gi \@+3 2m V8.99x10 +2842 x10 14.492 ps = 14.492 x 60 = 869.5 rpm Example : 5.15 A rotor of mass 12kg is mounted midway on a 25 mun diameter horizontal shaft supported at the by two bearings. The span between the bearings is 900 mm. Because of some manufacturing defect the; of the rotor is 0.02un away from geometric centre of rotor, If the system rotates at M0 rpm, the amplitude of steady state vibrations and the dynamic force on the bearings. Take E =200GPa. (WTU, June/July 2009, June/July 2011, June 201 Data: m =12.kg ;d=2Smm=25 x 10" m = 900mm = 0.9m ; ¢ = 0.02 mm = 0.02 x 10° m N= 3000 rpm Solution : (@ Amplitude of steady state vibrations WP mat For ith = ae simply supported with centre oad, 8 = 3) = oy 3 y 12x981x09 a aeea oes 48%200% 10° xB x(0.025)* ae 12x91 tiffness k= Jogi ~25261802Nin Lil feed i = = 60 Ce eee fi “ipo Omm = 35 Va66x107 * = 1385.52:pm e e Amplitude of steady state vibrations y= +t ——<>— = 4 ——*y— Ue) tae © = 902 = 90254107 m ae 3000 ve sign indicates that the displacement is out of phase with the centrifugal force. i-c., the disc with heavy side inwards. Hence the phase difference is 180°. (ii) Dynamic force on the bearing Dynamic force on bearings F,, = ky=252618.02x0.0254 x 10° = 6.42N For horizontal shaft, the total load on the bearings under dynamic conditions is, ‘Total load on bearings = Dynamic load + Static load ie, Fy = Fy tmg=642+ 12x9.81=124.14N Measuring Instruments 455 ad Dynamic force on bearings is also equal to. m «(y—e) fe a = oe = a = 265m] 2 = mo? (y-0)= 12542) (0.025410 -0.02 10) =6.4N 22 i {the mass is mounted mid way, then total load on each bearing under dynamie conditions is “> 124.14 ‘Total load on each bearing = ad = 62.07N ple : 5.16 A vertical shaft 12.5mm in diameter rotates in long bearings and a disc of mass 15 kg attached to the at mid span. The span of the shaft between the bearings is 0.5 m, The mass centre of the disc is 0.5 mm. theaxis of shaft. Neglecting the mass of shafi and taking the deflection as for heam fixed at both ends, ine the critical speed of rotation. Also determine the range of speed in which the stress in the shaft tobending will exceed 125 MPa. Take E = 200 Gpa. ¢ d= 12.5 mm = 0.0125 m 5 m= 15kg 1=05 m;e=0.5 mm =0.5x 10m. = 125 MPa= 125 * 10 Nims B= 200 GPa = 200 x 10" Nim? tion : : 5 WE mgt? Forbeam fixed at both ends with centre load 8= 7557 = {55 ap 15x981x05° " —_____. = 4x 10m. 192x000” x{ Zxaouast] 1 [981 = Se Varro X00 1495.50 *. Critical speed N, = fe 60 rpm * an Vb ‘The fundamental bending moment equation is, le [Foream fixed at bothends with load at the centre, Max. B. M ft) € t 6 MOS (a) © Facts * (0.0125 8x Z x (00128) Additional load due to CF, F, = 383.5N For(15 9.81) N,deflection = 4% 104m 4x10“ 15x981 ie, Additional deflection due to C.F, = 1.042 10m » For383.5i, deflectiony = *383.5= 1.042 x 10% Now, y ie, 1.042% 10% = ie, 5S er 14955? “Sf = 1804798 = 1.4798 00.5202 edie’ 14955" 149557 14798" 95202 oN = 12294pmo0r2073 5 rpm. ++ The range of speed at which the stress will exceed 125 MPa is 1229.4 rpm to 2073,5 rpm Example : 5.17 : A shaft 10 cm diameter is supported in bearings 2.5 m apart. It carries two weights W, = 2000 W, = 1500 W at 1m and 2m respectively from one bearing. Calculate the whirling speed of shaft Dunkerley’s method. 2) Energy method. ‘The deflection of shaft undler W, is (0611 cm when W, alone acting and 0.0866 .em when both W, W, are in position, corresponding values under W, is 0.0204.cm and 0.0543.cm. Data: d = Wem=0.1m;l=25m W, = 2000N; W,=1500N 8, = 0.0611 em =0.0611 x 10°m JY, = 0.0866 cm = 0.0866 x 10° m 5, = 0.0204. em = 0.0204 x 10° m Jy = 0.0543 cm = 0.0543 x 10% m Measuring Instruments {i) By Dunkerley’s method : ical ates ee Leo 8 Critical Speed N, = >= aan ie 545, 60pm = 1047.7 rpm (i) By Energy method LWY = Wy, +W,¥,=2000 x 0.0866 x 107+ 1500 0.0543 x 10 = 25465 LW! = W,¥24.W¥)=2000(0,0866% 10°F + 1500 «(0.0543 x 10°F 1,9422% 107 Gace speed = ee WY ks | 981X545) ein nie Se rere Pras ie VEYA 2h 1962 1G aacamale ie alle Calculate the first and second whirling speed in case of steel tube supported in short bearing two centre to centre. The external and internal diameter of tube are 3.5 cm: and 2.5 cm respectively. ity of steel may be taken .as 7800kg/m' and E for steel 200GPa 2.5 cm = 0.025 m = 200 GPa =200 x 10°N/m* = 7800 kg/m* = 2m Since the density of the tube material is given, consider the weight of the tube, x *. Mass per unit length = & (43 =a?) x1xp= J (0.035"~ 0.025%) 1x 7800 ~. Weight per metre length = mg= 3.6756 9.81 =36.06 N/meter length | = 3.6756 kg/metre length | Forsimple supported with U.D.L. Wik defloutie nyse ee jax deflection, = a7 5 36.0624 Senn 0x? —— =6.8935 104m 200%10? x (0035*-0.025") 64 458 Mechanical Vi 1 2m V8s/1.27 “. First Critical speed Ips x 60 rpm. ok mV 5s/1.27 98l a N= ra mils 8935x107 x 60 = 1283 8 epm Second critical speed = S135,2epm Example : 5.19 ‘The following data relate tow horizontal shaft held in long bearings Length ofshaft = 12m Diameter ofshaf = 14mm Massof rotor at mid point = 16 kg Eccentricity of centre of mass of rotor from centre of rotor = 04m Modulus of elasticity of shaft material = 200GN/m* Permissible stress in shaft material = 70 10" N/m? Determine the critical speed of the shaftand the range of speed over which it is unsafe to run the Neglect the mass of shaft, {VTU, Feb. Data: 16 kg = lle = 14mm = 0.014 m = O4mm=4x 104m 200 GN/m2 = 200.x 10° N/m? = 70x 10° Nin? ama and r Solution : (i) Critical Speed : As the shaft is held in long bearings, it may be assumed to be fixed at both the ends. fe | 981 Critic = on V8 = 2 Vo.0087456 ie. Critical speed N, = 8.145 x60rp.m=488.7 pm (ii) Range of speed which is unsafe to run: When the shalt rotates, additional dynamic load on the shafi can be obtained fram the relation Measuring instruments 459 fl we oes 8 a ae eee a 4 2 Rx12 _ 70x10° axxo) Hold 64 2 Additional load due to C.F, F, = 125.716 i ‘ ‘ fi fi 6 +. Additional deflection due w this load y = x5 = 7 xb 7 % 010087456 = 0.008:m. When the shafts horizontal Total deflection under dynamic conditions = Deflection due to static load + Deflection due to dynamic load ic, y' = 8+ y= 0.0037456 + 0.003 = 6.7456 «10° m é ie, 6.7456 x 107 (eet) - N : (7 4x10 een | cokes ~ si N 6.7456 x 10* | N= 474.81pmor503.87 pm | Hence the range of speed which is unsafe to run the shafts from 474.8 rpmto 503.87 spm, , {Example : 5.20 Addiscof mass 4kg is mounted midway between bearings, which may be assumed to be simple supports, “The bearings span is 480m. The steel shaft which is horizontal is 9mm in diameter. The centre of gravity | ofthe disc is displaced 3nim from geometric centre, The equivalent viscous damping at the centre of the dise |shaftmay be taken as 49 N.Sec/m. If theshaft ratates at 760 rpm, find the maximum stress in the shaft and | compare it with dead load stress in the shaft, Take modulus of elasticity for shaft material E =2 x10" N/m (VTU, Jan / Feb 2005, Dec.09/Jan,10, May/June 2010, June / July 2014) ‘Dua: =m = 4kg;1=480mm=048m; d = 9mm=9x 10! mse=3mm=3x107m; = 49 NSecim; N= 760 rpm ; B= 2x 10" Nin? Solution : For simply supported beam with central load deflection KS we 4x981x 048" SBET ABEL 4g 2x10! x= x (9x10 64 = 14036%10%m Hy ay" aanr _48*2x10 xg (9x10) B =27956.8 Nin Stiffness of the shaft k = 048° Circular frequency of undamped vibration @, = 8 1 IpS= 5, %836%60 = 798.335 rpm ~. Critical speed of the shaft anN _ 2n760 Circular frequency of the shaftw = oa Rp = 796 radlsee © Frequency ratio = ®, 49 Damping factor E = —© =0.073265 2mm, 2X4x836 For critical speed with air damping, (0.952) 0952)" ¥ +(20.073265x 0952)" . Additional deflectiony = 16.18% 10“m=16.18mm Measuring Instruments Dynamic load on the bearings F, = (ky)* +(cay)* = 16.18% 10° 279568)" +(49x79.6)" = 456.72N Dead load on the shaft = mg=49.81=39.24N Total maximum load on the shaft under dynamic conditions = F,+ Dead lond = 456.72 +39.24= 495.96 ik? +(cen)” From Bending equation, ee = oF For simply supported beam with central load maximum bending Moment M= 8Fx048 o= > = 1676,694 x 10°F +. Total maximum stress under dynamic condition 6, = 1676.694 x 10° x 495.96=8.316 x 10" Nim? Maximum stress under dead load 6, = 1676.694 x 10° 39.24 =6.58 x 10” N/m | _ _Maximumstressunder dynamiceondition _ 8316x108 Set * “Maximumstress under staticcondition ~ 658x10" — | Example : 5.21 Determine the damping torqueand the power required todrive the shaft at the given speed in exercise 27 Solution : Damping force = cay =49x 79.6% 16.18% 10 = 63.1085 N ». Damping torque = 63.1085 > 16.18><10° = 1.0211 Nm 2nNT _ 2nx760x LO211 =81.266 60 60 81.266 warts <. Power Example : 5.22 A disc attached to the middle of a flexible shaft has a critical speed of 2250qpm. After the disc | balanced an additional balance mass of 100 gram was attached to the disc at a distance of 2Sem centre and the shaft was then rotated at 1500rpm, By means of an instrument the phase angle @ was: to be 10°. Find the radius of the circle described by the centre of dise when the mass of the disc is: Fig 5.12(a) shows as the centre of rotation, A as the centre of the disc and # as the balance mass gram. Solution Let ‘e* be the distance of centre of gravity of the disc after adding the mass of $0 gram geometric centre A, us shown in fig 5.12¢b) s+ O.1xgxiQ5-e) = 24.9xgxe ie, 25 = 25e¢ ss 2 ¢ = O.Lom=0.1x 10m r o 100 Bg 2xBX Zen 2. Damping factor = 00735 Now, tan 10° = 463 Measuring Instruments ( a 4 y 2250. hen O10 a2 1500 -|—— 2x O073Sx — 1 (33) } f «O07. bk 5 . ¥ = 0.0788x 107m. iic., Radius of the circle described by the centre of the disc =0.0788 x 107m ‘Example : 5.23 ‘The distance hetween the bearings in a freely supported shaft of 5 cm diameter is 150¢m. Itearries a single concentrated load 50 N at its centre. Determine its first critical speed if the shaft ‘material has a “density of 10 gm/ccand Young’s modulus 2 x 10!" Ném* ‘Data :d= Sem = 0.05 m 3/= 150 em=1.5m;W=50N;E =2x 10" Nim 10 5 = c= — 100" = ! p 10 gmice i 100° = 10! kp/m’ “Solution Simply supported beam of mass ‘n' carrying amass ‘Mat the middle, 7 Wi alent mass M = M+— m=—+—— a - pg hg ae Mass of shaft m = pal = 10" x5 x 0057 X1.5= 29.45 kg. 50.17 a oo, = weet 1x 29.45=194 Equivalent mass M, = 957+ 35 24 ke 3 ‘i 1 War Mal) dR BIKIS _ saiaix itm Static deflection 8 = “A = ABEL f ABET 48x 2910" 7 (005)" ne 1 1 9.81 Critica N, =e XO = —x,|———, * 60 = 2025.25 itical speed No = 5 fE eM = 5X ao 0 = 2025.25 rpm 48x2x10!'x™ xo.0s* “4 iat 48ET _ OR Stiffness of shaft k = eee = 872664.63 Nim 1 72664, keg fam = 2 EOE ceo somasiaia y alia Critical speed = a an 194 ay Note : Equivalent weight W, = wail we wit mg = s0+t2 2945x981 =190.325N 5 Note2 : Cantilever beam of mass m currying an end mass M, equivalent mass.M,.= Mf = m Example : 5.24 A Cantilever shaft of 0.5 m effective length has a rotor fixed at its free end. The mass of the ‘Skg and has its radius of gyration 0.0m about its axis. The moment of inertia of the shaft about its: axis is 107 m*‘, This shaft is to run at 9500 rpm. Verify whether the operating speed is safe or thickness of the rotor is 0.05 m. Data: 1 = OS m;m=Skg;r,=0.1m T= 107% m3 b= 0,05 m Solution : Let 'r’ be the radius of gyration of the rotor about a line through CG = ah , gost = —=s5. , aut. 2 5.208 x 10° m. 3r? 3208x107 Now, fh = 3 = SX5208x10" Beat 0.0625 ‘The two natural frequencies, eh 2 [arns loys] = amis [os 1) + (0062s-)? ones = 09546,67.045 Now, 32! 2 [3x2x10"'x107 _ 99.94 mi? 5x05° 3 . gs o/s orons yout = 300.848 + First natural frequency @, = 309,84x 0.9546 = 302.725 rad/sec. 302.725 x 60 2n ‘Secondary natural frequency @, = 309.84 x (67.045 =2537 rad/sec at 2537 60 + Secondary critical speed N= >= Since the operating speed 9'500 rpm is for away from the critical speeds, the operating speed is *. Firsteritical speed N, = 2890.8 pm =24226.6mpm 465 Measuring instruments ple 25.25 __ Ashaft carrying a rotor of weight 450 N and eccentricity 2.54 mm rotates at 1200 rpm. Determine, Steady state whirl amplitude (ii) Maximum whirl amplitude during start up conditions of the system. ‘the stiffness of the shaft as 36000) N/m and the external damping ratioas 0.1 [VTU, Dec. 2011] W=450N ;¢=2.54mm=2.54 x 10°'m;N'=1200 rpm ; k= 36000.Nim | =0.1 5 ms Ciel reqency of utrped vibration, =f ea = ee =28.014radisec 2nN 2: Circular frequency of shaft = Sot oe = 195 64 rndlsce 60 fio = 125064 quency ratio > = egy = {) Steady state whirl amplitude 2 o ea ©, a o ls o Sela ig 2 25410 (4.486) Savor lt—4.a86?)’ + (20.1% 4.486)" | Gi) Maximum whirl amplitude during start up and stopping conditions of the system | _ As during start up and stopping period, the frequency of the rotor must passes through the natural | frequency of the system, @ = @, During start up and stopping period @= @, e Maximum whirl amplitude during startup conditiony = >= Example : 5.26 A rotor of mass 4 kg is mounted on a 10mm diameter shaft supported at the ends by two bearings, Rotor is mounted 100 mm from one endl of a 250mm tong shaft, The centre of gravity is 0.08 away from the geometric centre, If the shaft rotates at 5000 rpm, neglecting mass of shaft and determine (i) Critical speed of shaft. (ii) Amplitude of steady vibrations, Take E = 1.96 x 10" Nim? Data : m= 4kg ;d=10mm=001m; /=250mm=0.25m; e N= 5000 rpm; B= 1.96 x 10" Nim? Solution : 03mm = 3x 10m; yc fotor ‘50mm Fig. 5.13 () Critical speed a= 100mm=0,1m ;6= 150mm=0.15 m;/=0.25 m A shaft supported in short bearing is assumed to be simply supported. For simply supported eccentric load. Wa'b? _ Mga"b? 3Ell 3Bil Static deflection under the laod 8 = renin o peaxe «O15: = 12236% 104m 3x196x10!! x,» (001)" 025 1 fe l 98 cal s = — |£x6onm=— |——""_- x 60 = 27039 1pm Critical speed N, = 5 > yg %OO mM = od 7 (ii) Amplitude of steady state Vibration Amplitude of vibration y = Measuring Instruments 467 see alOe fs y es 5000 = ve sign indicates that the displacement is out of phase with centrifugal force. i.e., disc rotates with side inwards. Hence the phase difference is 180° =~ 4.24% 10%m ple = 5.27 Addisk of mass 4 kg is mounted midway between bearings which may be assumed to be simple supports. bearing spanis 0.5 m. The shaft is 10mm diameter and ishorizontal. The CG af the disk is displaced from the geometric centre. The damping ratio is 0.065, Ifthe shaft rotates at 250 rpm, neglecting of shaft, determine : (i) Critical speed. Take E = 196 GPa (ii) Amplitude of whirl at operating speed. (ii) Amplitude of whirl ateritical speed fiy) Amplitude of whirlat 75% of critical speed (vy) Amplitude of whirl When no damping (vi) Amplitude of whirl.at Critical speed and no damping (VTU, June / July 2005) Data: m=4kg3/=0.5m; d=10mm=0.01 m ;e=2mm=2x 10m ;&= 0.065; N=250rpm ; j= 196 GPa = 196 x 10° N/m? ms Fora simply supported beam with centre load, 2 aes, BEL Mg _ 4x981%05* Static deflection = = Bas 48% 196.10" © x(a01)* = 1.062% 10%m " ti) Critical Speed mn : 5 L [eg 1 981 = — | 2x60 mpm= —x |——"__ x 60 = 917.8 Critical Speed of the shaft, = 5 > J x60 rpm= —— cents 1pm | (i) Amplitude of whirlat operating speed g 981 i i = | = |— = =96.11 radisec Circular frequency of undamped vibration @, ff eas 2mN _ 20250 Circular frequency of the shaft = —>~ = 7 =26,18radsec © Prequency ratio ae F Oath 02724 Amplitude of vibration y 3 2 a 2x10" x (02724) server z {1 (02724)"} 4+-(2%0.065%0,2724)? (iil) Amplitude of whirl at critical Speed Atcritical speed @ = a, = 15.385x107 m = 251x103 m ie, &=0 3 x0. Amplitade whirl y = —SOA4 = 2800 ROTI 1503x104 m 1-02724" (vi) Amplitude of whirl at critical speed and no damping ie, @ =, and &=0

    • You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy