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Solution
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Class 12 - Physics
1. When a wire is stretched, then there is no change in the
matter of the wire, hence its volume remains constant
Here, the potential V = constant, l' = 3 I
i. Drift speed of electrons = nelρ
V

where, n is number of electrons, e is charge on electron, I

is the length of the conductor and p is the resistivity of
conductor.
∴ v ∝ 1l [∵ other factors are constant]
So, when length is tripled, drift velocity gets one-third.
ii. Resistance of the conductor is given as
R = ρ(l/A) where ρ = Resistivity, l = length of the wire, A =
Area of cross section of wire
Here, wire is stretched to triple its length, that means the
mass of the wire remains same in both the conditions.
∴ Mass before stretching = Mass after stretching
(Volume × Density) before stretching = (Volume × Density)
after stretching
(Area of cross-section × Length) before stretching = (Area
of cross-section × Length) after stretching (∵ Density is
same in both cases)
∴ A1l1 = A2l2 ⇒ A1 l = A2 (3 l) [∵ length is tripled after
stretching]
A2 = A1/3
i.e. When length is tripled area of cross-section is reduced
to A/3.
Hence, R = ρ Al = ρ A/3
3l
= 9ρ Al = 9R
′
′
′

Thus, above calculation shows that new resistance will be 9

times of its initial value.
2. Current, I = enAvd
i. In series, current I is constant. So, vd ∝ 1
A
vd (X)
v (Y)
= AY
AX
= 32 = 3 : 2
d
 ii. In parallel, V = IR = constant
∴ I ∝ R1
But R ∝ l
A
∴ I ∝ Al
or IX
IY
= AX
AY
⋅ lY
lX
= 23 × 2
1
= 4
3
en Xvd (X) 2vd (X)
Also, IX
IY
= enA AYvd (Y)
= 3vd (Y)
2vd (X)
Hence, 3vd (Y)
= 43
vd (X)
or vd (Y)
= 2
1
=2:1
3. i. E1 = VL , E2 = 2L
V
, E3
= 2V3L
E2 < E3 < E1
ii. vd ∝ E (the direction of v is directed along the electric field)
vd2 < vd3 < vd1
iii. I = neAvd
J = nevd
J2 < J3 < J1
4. i. For conductor

ii. For semiconductor

Relaxation time is the time between two successive collisions

of an electron with atoms/ions of the conductor.
The relation between resistivity and relaxation time is given
by:
ρ = nem2 τ
In conductors, average relaxation time decreases with
increase in temperature due to which resistivity increases
with increase in temperature.
 In semiconductors, the increase in number density (with
increase in temperature) is more than the decrease in
relaxation time, the net result is therefore a decrease in
resistivity with increase in temperature.
5. i.

ii.

I= E
R+r (V=E-Ir and V=IR)
E
I= 4+r
⇒ E = 4 + r ...(i)
0.5 = 9+r
E

Also E = 4.5 + 0.5r ...(ii)

From equation (i) and (ii),
4 + r = 4.5 + 0.5r
∴ r = 1 Ω (internal resistance)
Using this value of r, we get,
E = 5V

6. As the effective internal resistance of two cells is less than

the internal resistance r1 of one cells so the cell are
connected in parallel between the two point R1 and R2. The
circuit is the potential difference between point R1 and R2.
The potential difference between the terminal of the first cell
is
 ε1 −V
V = VB1 − VB2 = ε1 − I1 r 1 or I1 = r1
Potential difference between the terminal of second cell is
V = VB1 − VB2 = ϵ2 − I2 r 2 or I2 = ε2r−V
2

Hence current in external resistance

I = I1 + I2 = ε1r−V
1
+ ε2 −V
r2

= ( εr11 + ε2
r2 )
− V ( r11 + 1
r2 )
ε1 ε2
or I = ( r1
+ r2 )
− IR ( r11 + 1
r2 )
[∵ V = IR]
or I [1 + R ( r11 + 1
r2 )]
= ( ϵr11 + ε2
r2 )

r 1 r 2 +R(r 2 r 1 )
or [ r1 r2 ]
= ε1 rr21+rε22 r1
or I = (r ×εr1 r)+R( 2 +ε2 r 1
r 2 +r 1 )
1 2

7. Electromotive force EMF of battery = 8 Volt

Internal resistance of battery r = 0.5 Ω
Supply Voltage V = 120 Volt
Resistance of resistor R = 15.5 Ω
Effective voltage in circuit = V1
Since Resistance R is connected in series. Hence, we can
write V1 = V - E
V1 = 120V - 8V = 112 V
Current flowing in the circuit:
V1
⇒ I = R+r
112V
⇒I= 15.5Ω + 0.5Ω
112V
⇒I= 16Ω
I = 7 Ampere
By Ohm’s Law, Voltage across resistor R is given by V = IR
V = 7A × 15.5 Ω
⇒V = 108.5 Volt
Supply Voltage = Terminal Voltage of battery + Voltage drop
across Resistor R
Therefore Terminal Voltage of battery = 120 V - 108.5 V =
 11.5 Volt
The series resistor in the charging circuit reduces the current
drawn from the external supply and the current will be too
high in its absence. Series resistor in the charging circuit
limits the current drawn from the external source.
8. Internal resistance usually means the electrical
resistance inside batteries and power supplies that can limit
the potential difference that can be supplied to an external
load
E E
∵ V = ( R+r ) R = 1+r/R

⇒ with the increase of R, V increases

Graph between terminal voltage(V) and Current (I)

When R = 4Ω and I = 1A.

We know that, terminal voltage, V = E - Ir.
⇒ V = IR = 4 = E - Ir
⇒ E - r = 4 ....(i)
When R = 9Ω and I = 0.5A, then
V = IR = 0.5 × 9 = E - 0.5r
⇒ E - 0 5r = 4.5 ...(ii)
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
r = 1Ω and E = 5V
So from the above calculation, it was found that the internal
resistance of the cell is 1 ohm and emf is 5 volt.
9. i. From the circuit, we can write
V1 = E1 - I1r1 ...(i)
V2 = E2 - I2r2 ...(ii)
Since E1 and E2 are parallel
V1 = V2 = V
I = I 1 + I2
E −V E −V
I = 1r1 + 2r2
E E2
I = ( r11 + r2 ) − V ( r11 + 1
r2 )

E 1 r 2 +E 2 r 1 r 1 +r 2
I= r1 r2 − V( r1 r2 )
 or V = E1 r2 +E2 r1 × r1 r2 − I r1 r2
( r1 r2 ) ( r 1 +r 2 ) ( r 1 +r 2 )

or V = E1 r2 +E2 r1 − I r1 r2
( r 1 +r 2 ) ( r 1 +r 2 )

Comparing above with

V = Eeq − Ieq × Rcq
We get Eeq = E 1 r 2 +E 2 r 1
r 1 +r 2
ii. Given E1 = E2 = 5V
r1 = r2 = 2Ω and Resistance R=10Ω
∴ Eeq = 5×2+5×2
2+2
= 20
4
=5V
req = r1 r2
r 1 +r 2 = 4
4
=1Ω
Eeq
I= R+r eq = 5
10+1
= 5
11
A
Voltage across the external resistance , R ⇒ V = IR
V = 115 × 10 = 5011
V
10. The equivalent resistance R of 12 Ω, 6 Ω and 4 Ω resistances ′

connected in parallel is given by

1 1
R′
= 12 + 16 + 14 = 126
= 12
or R = 2Ω
′

Total resistance = 1 + 5 + 2 + 2 = 10 Ω
Net emf = 20 - 8 = 12
Current in the circuit, I = 12
10
= 1.2 A
So the current through each battery and 5 Ω resistor is 1.2
A.
P.D. across the parallel combination of three resistors is
V = I R = 1.2 × 2 = 2.4 V
′ ′

∴ Current in 2 Ω coil = 2.4

12
= 0.2 A
Current in 6 Ω coil = 2.4
6
= 0.4 A
Current in 4 Ω coil = = 0.6 A. 2.4
4
Terminal p.d. across 20 V battery,
V = ε - Ir = 20 - 1.2 × 1 = 18.8 V
Terminal p.d. across 8 V battery,
V = ε + I r = 8 + 1.2 × 2 = 10.4 V
′ ′ ′

11. When I = 0,
total emf = terminal voltage
∴ 4 ε = 5.6 V
or ε = 1.4 V
 When I = 1.0 A, V = 2.8 4
= 0.7 V
Internal resistance
r = ε −I V = 1.41.0
− 0.7
= 0.7Ω
The output power is maximum when external resistance =
internal resistance = 4 r
Imax = Total
Total emf
resistance
= 4r
4ε
+ 4r
= 2rε = 2 ×1.40.7 = 1A
12. Let us assume that I1 = current through E1 and I2 = current
through E2
according to Kirchhoffs first rule, I = I1 + I2
Now, let V = potential difference across the parallel
combination . Then
V = E1 − I1 r 1 or I1 = E1r−V
1
, and similarly
E2 −V
I2 = r2
Thus, substituting for I1 and I2, we have
I = E1r−V
1
+ E2 −V
r2

or I = ( Er11 + E2
r2 )
− V ( r11 + 1
r2 )

V = ( E1 rr12 ++rE22 r1 ) − I ( rr11+rr22 ) ...(i)

Comparing the above equation with, V = Eeq - Ireq we get
i. Eeq = E1 rr12 ++rE22 r1
This is equivalent emf of the combination.
ii. r eq = rr11+rr22
This is equivalent resistance of the combination
13. Applying Kirchhoff's first law at the junction B, we get
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 ..(i)
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to the loop AE1BE2A, we
have
I1 × 1 - I2 × 2 = (10 - 4)
I1 - 2 I2 = 6 ..(ii)
Similarly, from the closed-loop AE2BE3A, we have
I2 × 2 - I3 × 1 = 4 - 13 or 2 I2 - I3 = -9 ...(iii)
Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
I1 = 0, I2 = -3 A, I3 = 3 A
 Thus, the current in the 10 V cell is zero. The current given
by the 13 V cell to the circuit is 3 A, and the current taken by
the 4 V cell from the circuit is 3 A.
As there is no current in the 10 V cell, so the potential
difference across its ends is equal to its e.m.f. i.e., 10 V.
Since all the three cells are in parallel, the potential
difference across the terminals of each is 10 V.
14. In Figure, the network has been redrawn showing the emfs
and internal resistances of the cells explicitly.

i. Applying Kirchhoff's first law at junction D, we get

I = I1 + I2 ...(i)
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to loop ADBA, we get
2I + I + 2I1 = 2 -1
or 3I + 2 I1 = l ...(ii)
Applying Kirchhoff's second law to loop DCBD
3I1 + I2 - 2 I1 = 3 - 1
or 4I2 - 2 I1 = 2 ...(iii)
On solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1
I1 = − 13 6
A, I2 = 13 A and I = 13 5
A
P.D. between the points B and D,
V1 = I1 ×2 = 13 2
V
ii. P.D. between the terminals of G (giving current),
V2 = ε − I2 r = 3 − 13 6
× 3 = 1.615 V
P.D. between the terminals of H (taking current),
V3 = ε + I2 r = 1 + 13
′ ′ 6
× 1 = 1.46 V
15. Applying Kirchhoff's second law in mesh AFEBA,
-1 × I - 1 × I - 6 + 9 = 0
-2I + 3 = 0
I = 32 A ....(i)
 Applying Kirchhoff's second law in mesh AFDCA,
- 1 × I -1 × I × -I × R - 3 + 9 = 0
-2I - IR + 6 = 0
2I + IR = 6 ...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3 3
(2 × 2 ) + 2 R = 6

⇒ R = 2Ω
For potential difference across A and D along AFD,
VA − 32 × 1 − 32 × 1 = VD
VA - VD = 3V
16. Imagine a battery of emf ε, having no internal resistance,
connected between the points A and B. The distribution of
current through various branches is as shown in Figure.

Applying Kirchhoff's second law to loop KLOPK, we get

I1R + (I1 - I2)R - 2(I - I1)R = 0
or 4I1 - I2 = 2I ...(i)
Similarly, from the loop LMNOL, we have
2I2R - (I - I2)R - (I1 - I2)R = 0
or - I1 + 4 I1 = I ...(ii)
From the loop AKPONBEA, we have
2 (I - I1) R + (I - I2) R =ε ...(iii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
I1 = 35 I and I2 = 25 I
Substituting these values in equation (iii), we get
2 (I − 35 I ) R + (I − 25 I ) R = ε
or 75 IR = ε ...(iv)
If R is the equivalent resistance between A and B, then
′

I R = ε ...(v)
′
 From (iv) and (v), I R = ′ 7
5
IR
or R =
′ 7
5
R = 75 × 10 = 14Ω
17. As 40Ω
10Ω
= 60Ω
15Ω
The bridge is balanced.
P.D. across AB = P.D. across AD
or 40 I1 = 60 I2
or II12 = 60
40
= 1.5
or I1 = 1.5 I2
Heats produced in time t in different arms of Wheatstone
bridge are
HAb = I12 Rt = (1.5 I2)2 × 40 × t = 90 I22 t
HBC = I12 × 10 × t = (1.5 I2)2 × 10 × t = 22.5 I22 t
HAd = I22 × 60 × t = 60 I22 t
HDC = I22 × 15 ×t = 15 I22 t
Hence the ratio of the heats produced in the four arms is
HAB : HBC : HAD : HDC
= 90 I22 t : 22.5 I22 t : 60 I22 t : 15 I22 t
= 90 : 22.5 : 60 : 15 = 6 : 1.5 : 4 : 1
18. Applying kirchoff law:
Considering the loop BADB, we have
100I1 + 15Ig – 60I2 = 0
or 20I1 + 3Ig – 12I2 = 0 [(a)]
Considering the loop BCDB, we have
10 (I1 – Ig) – 15Ig – 5 (I2 + Ig) = 0
10I1 – 30Ig –5I2 = 0
2I1 – 6Ig – I2 = 0 [(b)]
Considering the loop ADCEA,
60I2 + 5 (I2 + Ig) = 10
65I2 + 5Ig = 10
13I2 + Ig = 2 [(c)]
Multiplying Eq. (b) by 10
20I1 – 60Ig – 10I2 = 0 [(d)]
From Eqs. (d) and (a) we have
63Ig– 2I2 = 0
I2= 31.5Ig [(e)]
 Substituting the value of I2 into Eq. [(c)], we get
13 (31.5Ig) + Ig= 2
410.5 Ig = 2
Ig= 4.87 mA.
19. In balanced Wheatstone bridge if no current flow through
galvanometer, that means while applying Kirchhoff's law, we
can neglect this path. No current flows through the
galvanometer G when circuit is balanced.

Applying Kirchhoff's second rule, we have

In mesh ABDA,
∴ -I1 R1 + (I - I1) R4 = 0
⇒ I1 R1 = (I - I1) R4 ....(i)
In mesh BCDB,
-I1 R2 + (I - I1) R3 = 0
⇒ I1 R2 = (I - I1) R3 ...(ii)
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
I1 R1 (I−I1 )R4
I1 R2
= (I−I )R
⇒ RR12 = RR43
1 3

This is necessary and required balanced condition of

balanced Wheatstone bridge.
20. Applying Kirchhoff's loop law to close loop ABDA, we get
I1R - IgG - I2P = 0 ...(i)

Here, G is the resistance of the galvanometer.

Applying Kirchhoff's loop law in the closed loop BDCB,we get
Ig G + (I1 + Ig ) S − (I2 − Ig ) Q = 0 .. (ii)
When the Wheatstone bridge is balanced, no current flows
through the galvanometer,
i.e. Ig = 0
∴From Eq. (i), we get
I 1R - I 2P = 0 ⇒ I 1R = I 2P
⇒ I1
I2
= PR .. (iii)
Similarly,from Eq. (ii), we get
I 1S - I 2Q = 0
⇒ I1S = I2Q = 0..... (iv)
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
P Q P R
R
= S ⇒ Q = S
This is the required balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge
arrangement and also helps us to determine unknown
resistance.