Phys.

1422
Physics for Engineering II
Textbook:
“Physics for Scientists and Engineers, with
modern physics, tenth edition ”
Serway-Jewett
PMU, Spring 21-22
Instructor:
Dr. Kamal Barghout
Physics 1D03 - Lecture 3 1

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 Introduction
• This lecture is to help you understand
basic electricity

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 This lecture will help you understand:
• Electrical Forces and Charges
• Conservation of Charge
• Coulomb’s Law
• Conductors and Insulators
• Charging
• Electric Field
• Electric Potential
• Electric Energy Storage

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 Electricity
• Electricity is the name given to a wide range
of electrical phenomena, such as
– lightning.
– spark when we strike a match.
– what holds atoms together.

• Electrostatics involves electric charges,

– the forces between them,
– the aura that surrounds them, and
– their behavior in materials.

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 Electric Force and Charges
Central rule of electricity
• Opposite charges attract one another;
like charges repel.

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 Electric Force and Charges
Protons
• Positive electric charges
• Repel positives, but attract negatives
Electrons
• Negative electric charges
• Repel negatives, but attract
positives

Neutrons
• Neutral electric charge

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 Electric Force and Charges
Fundamental facts about atoms
1. Every atom is composed of a positively
charged nucleus surrounded by negatively
charged electrons.
2. Each of the electrons in any atom has the
same quantity of negative charge and the same
mass.

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 Electric Force and Charges
Fundamental facts about atoms (continued)
3. Protons and neutrons compose the nucleus.
Protons are about 1800 times more massive
than electrons, but each one carries an amount
of positive charge equal to the negative charge
of electrons. Neutrons have slightly more mass
than protons and have no net charge.
4. Atoms usually have as many electrons as
protons, so the atom has zero net charge.

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 Electric Force and Charges
Ion
• Positive ion—atom losing one or more electrons
has positive net charge.
• Negative ion—atom gaining one or more
electrons has negative net charge.

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 Electric Force and Charges
Electrons in an atom
• Innermost—attracted very strongly to oppositely
charged atomic nucleus
• Outermost—attracted loosely and can be easily
dislodged

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 Electric Force and Charges
Electrons in an atom
Examples:
• When rubbing a comb through your hair, electrons
transfer from your hair to the comb. Your hair has a
deficiency of electrons (positively charged).
• When rubbing a glass rod with silk, electrons transfer
from the rod onto the silk and the rod becomes
positively charged.

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 Electric Force and Charges
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

When you brush your hair and scrape electrons from your
hair, the charge of your hair is

A. positive.
B. negative.
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A nor B.

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 Electric Force and Charges
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

When you brush your hair and scrape electrons from your
hair, the charge of your hair is

A. positive.
B. negative.
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A nor B.

Comment:
And if electrons were scraped off the brush onto your hair, your hair
would have a negative charge.

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 Conservation of Charge
Conservation of charge
• In any charging process,
no electrons are created
or destroyed. Electrons
are simply transferred from
one material to another.

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 Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s law
• States that for a pair of charged objects that are
much smaller than the distance between them,
the force between them varies directly, as the
product of their charges, and inversely, as the
square of the separation distance

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 Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s law (continued)
• If the charges are alike in sign, the force is
repelling; if the charges are not alike, the force is
attractive.
• In equation form:
q1q2
F=k 2 k = 9,000,000,000 Nm2/C2
d
• Unit of charge is coulomb, C

• Similar to Newton’s law of gravitation for masses

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 Coulomb’s Law
Differences between gravitational and
electrical forces
• Electrical forces may be either attractive or repulsive.
• Gravitational forces are only attractive.

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 Conductors and Insulators
• Conductor: Materials in which one or more of the
electrons in the outer shell of its atoms are not
anchored to the nuclei of particular atoms but are
free to wander in the material
– Example: Metals such as copper and aluminum

• Insulators: Materials in which electrons are tightly

bound and belong to particular atoms and are not
free to wander about among other atoms in the
material, making them flow
– Example: Rubber, glass

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 Charging
• Charging by friction and contact.
Example:
Stroking cats fur, combing your hair, rubbing
your shoes on a carpet

• Electrons transfer from one material to

another by simply touching. For example,
– when a negatively charged rod is placed in
contact with a neutral object, some electrons will
move to the neutral object.

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 Charging
• Charging by induction
– If you bring a charged object near a conducting
surface, electrons are made to move in the
surface material, even without physical contact.

– Example: The negative

charge at the bottom of
the cloud induces a
positive charge on the
buildings below.

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 Charging
Induction: Consider two insulated metal spheres A and B.
a. They touch each other, so in effect they form a single
uncharged conductor.
b. When a negatively charged rod is brought near A, electrons in
the metal, being free to move, are repelled as far as possible
until their mutual repulsion is big enough to balance the
influence of the rod. The charge is redistributed.
c. If A and B are separated while the rod is still present, each will
be equal and oppositely charged.

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 Electric Field
Electric field
• Space surrounding an electric charge
• Describes electric force
• Around a charged particle obeys inverse-square
law
• Force per unit charge

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 Electric Field
Electric field direction
• Same direction as the force on a positive charge
• Opposite direction to the force on an electron

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 Electric Potential
Electric potential energy
• Energy possessed by a charged particle due to
its location in an electric field. Work is required
to push a charged particle against the electric
field of a charged body.

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 Electric Potential

(a) The spring has

more elastic PE when
compressed. (b) The
small charge similarly
has more PE when
pushed closer to the
charged sphere. In
both cases, the
increased PE is the
result of work input.

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 Electric Potential
Electric potential (voltage)
• Energy per charge possessed by a charged
particle due to its location
• May be called voltage—potential energy per
charge
• In equation form:

Electric potential  electric potential energy

amount of charge

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 Electric Energy Storage
• Electrical energy can be stored
in a common device called a
capacitor.
• The simplest capacitor is a pair
of conducting plates separated
by a small distance, but not
touching each other.
• When the plates are connected
to a charging device, such as the
battery, electrons are transferred
from one plate to the other.

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 Electric Energy Storage
• A common laboratory device for producing high voltages
and creating static electricity is the Van de Graaff
generator.

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 Flow of Charge
• When the ends of an electrical conductor are at
different electric potentials—when there is a
potential difference—charge flows from one end
to the other.
– Analogous to water flowing from higher pressure to
lower pressure

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 Flow of Charge
• To attain a sustained flow of charge in a conductor,
some arrangement must be provided to maintain a
difference in potential while charge flows from one
end to the other.
– A continuous flow is possible if the difference in water
levels—hence the difference in water pressures—is
maintained with the use of a pump.

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 Electric Current
Electric current
• Flow of charged particles
– In metal wires
• Conduction electrons are charge carriers that are free to
move throughout atomic lattice.
• Protons are bound within the nuclei of atoms.

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 Electric Current
Alternating current
• Electrons oscillate to and fro around fixed
positions.
• Movement is produced by a generator or an
alternator that switches the signs of charge
periodically.
• Commercial ac circuits are used in most
residential circuits throughout the world and can
be stepped up to high voltage for transmission
over great distances with small heat losses, or
stepped down where energy is consumed.

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 Voltage Sources
Electric potential difference
• Difference in potential between two points
– Charges in conductor flow from higher
potential to lower potential.
– Flow of charge persists until both ends of
conductor reach the same potential.
– Maintained for continuous flow by pumping
device.

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 Voltage Sources
Electric potential difference
• In chemical batteries

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