AGGREGATES

Group 1
Avellana, Gjene Reigh Bersabe, Anna Marie
Camain, Sherwin Pancho, John Melard
Totanes, Zailah Villanueva, Maricel
1. Definition CONTENTS
2. Types and Characteristics of
Aggregates
3. Classification of aggregates
4. Aggregates properties and
test methods
6. Specific gravity (relative
density)
7. Water absorption
8. Abrasion
9. Density and Uniformity
 Aggregates is granular material, such
as sand, gravel, crushed stone and
iron blast-furnace slag, and when

DEFINITION used with a cementing medium

forms a hydraulic cement concrete
OF or mortar.

AGGREGATES
TYPES OF AGGREGATES

According to it’s Size

FINE AGGREGATES. (>0.07mm & passing
through4.75mm) Aggregates which can be passed
through a number 4 sieve, with a mesh size of
4.75mm. Fine aggregates include things such as
sand, silt and clay. Crushed stone and crushed
gravel might also fall under this category. Typically,
fine aggregates are used to improve workability of a
concrete mix.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES

According to it’s Size

COARSE AGGREGATES. (retained on 4.75 mm sieve
& <80mm) Coarse aggregates measure above the
4.75mm limit. These are more likely to be natural
stone or gravel that has not been crushed or
processed. These aggregates will reduce the amount
of water needed for a concrete mix, which may also
reduce workability but improve its innate strength.
classification of
aggregates
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES BY DENSITY
There are three weight-based variations of aggregates:
Lightweight Standard High Density

It is more porous than their used to form heavyweight

heavier counterparts. concrete.

They are also used in They are used for when

mixes for concrete blocks high strength, durable
and pavements, as well as concrete structures are
insulation. required - building
foundations or pipework
ballasting
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES BY GEOLOGY
Another way to classify aggregates is by their origin.
Natural Aggregates
It came from the nature source such as riverbeds, quarries and mines. Sand,
gravel, stone and rock are the most common, and these can be fine or course.

Processed Aggregates
Also called “artificial aggregates” or “by-product” aggregates commonly taken
from industrial or engineering waste, then treated to form construction
aggregates for high quality concrete. Common processed aggregates include
industrial slag, as well as burnt clay. Processed aggregates are used for both
lightweight and high density concrete mixes.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES BY SHAPE
The different shapes of aggregates are:

Natural aggregates smoothed by weathering, erosion and attrition.

Rounded These are the main factor behind work ability.

These are also shaped by attrition, but are not fully rounded.These
Irregular consist of small stone sand gravel, and offer reduced work ability to
rounded aggregates.

Used for higher strength concrete, angular aggregates come in the

Angular form of crushed rock and stone. Work ability is low, but this can be
offset by filling voids with rounded or smaller aggregate.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES BY SHAPE
The different shapes of aggregates are:

Defined as aggregates that are thin in comparison to length and

Flaky width. Increases surface area in a concrete mix.

Also adds more surface area to a mix – meaning more cement

Elongated paste is needed. Elongated aggregates are longer than they are
thick or wide.

A mix of the previous two – and the least efficient form

Flaky and Elongated of aggregate with regards to work ability.
 Aggregates
properties and
test methods
 (A) Grading
Definition and Test Method
Grading refers to the distribution of particle sizes present in an
aggregate. The grading is determined in accordance with ASTM C 136,
“Sieve or Screen Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates.”

Fineness Modulus
The FM is the sum of the total percentages coarser than each of a
specified series of sieves, divided by 100. The specified sieves are 75.0,
37.5, 19.0, and 9.5 mm (3, 1.5, 3/4, and 3/8 in.) and 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm,
1.18 mm, 600 μm, 300 μm, and 150 μm (No. 4, 8, 16, 30, 50, and 100).
(A) Grading
Maximum size and nominal maximum size
In specifications for aggregates, the
smallest sieve opening through which the
entire amount of aggregate is required to
pass is called the maximum size. The
smallest sieve opening through which the
entire amount of aggregate is permitted to
pass is called the nominal maximum size
(A) Grading
Permissible variations in Grading
Many specifications permit a relatively wide range of grading for both
fine and coarse aggregates. ASTM C 33, for example, states that fine
aggregate failing to meet the sieve analysis requirements may be
accepted if it is demonstrated that concrete made with the fine
aggregate under consideration will have relevant properties at least
equal to those of similar concrete containing a fine aggregate that
conforms to the specification requirements and that is selected from
a source having an acceptable performance record in similar
concrete construction.
(A) Grading
Permissible variations in Grading

For this reason, ASTM C 33 states that, for continuing shipments

from a given source, the fineness modulus of fine aggregate should
not vary by more than 0.20 from the value that is typical of the source
(base fineness modulus).
 FINE AGGREGATE
General Characteristics
Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, manufactured
sand, or a combination thereof.

Natural Manufactured
 FINE AGGREGATE Grading
Sieve Analysis—Fine aggregate, except as provided in (b) and (c)
shall be graded within the following limits:

Sieve (Specification E 11) Percent Passing

9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.) 100

4.75-mm (No. 4) 95 to 100

2.36-mm (No. 8) 80 to 100

1.18-mm (No. 16) 50 to 85

 FINE AGGREGATE Grading
Sieve Analysis—Fine aggregate, except as provided in (b) and (c)
shall be graded within the following limits:

Sieve (Specification E 11) Percent Passing

600-μm (No. 30) 25 to 60

300-μm (No. 50) 5 to 30

150-μm (No. 100) 0 to 10

 NOTE 1

—Concrete with fine aggregate gradings near the minimums for percent
passing the 300 μm (No.50) and 150 μm (No.100) sometimes have difficulties
with workability, pumping or excessive bleeding. The addition of entrained
air, additional cement, or the addition of an approved mineral admixture to
supply the deficient fines, are methods used to alleviate such difficulties.

The fine aggregate shall have not more than 45 % passing any sieve and retained
on the next consecutive sieve of those shown in (a) and its fineness modulus shall
be not less than 2.3 nor more than 3.1.
 NOTE 2
Fine aggregate that conforms to the grading requirements of a specification,
prepared by another organization such as a state transportation agency, which is in
general use in the area, should be considered as having a satisfactory service
record with regard to those concrete properties affected by grading.

NOTE 3
—Relevant properties are those properties of the concrete that are important to the
particular application being considered. For continuing shipments of fine aggregate
from a given source, the fineness modulus shall not vary more than 0.20 from the
base fineness modulus. The base fineness modulus shall be that value that is typical
of the source. The purchaser or specifier has the authority to approve a change in
the base fineness modulus.
 NOTE 4

—The base fineness modulus should be determined from previous tests, or if

no previous tests exist, from the average of the fineness modulus values for
the first ten samples (or all preceding samples if less than ten) on the order.
The proportioning of a concrete mixture may be dependent on the base
fineness modulus of the fine aggregate to be used. Therefore, when it appears
that the base fineness modulus is considerably different from the value used
in the concrete mixture, a suitable adjustment in the mixture may be
necessary.
 COARSE AGGREGATE
General Characteristics
Coarse aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel,
crushed stone, air-cooled blast furnace slag, or crushed
hydrauliccement concrete (see Note 5), or a combination
thereof, conforming to the requirements of this specification.
 NOTE 5

—Although crushed hydraulic-cement concrete has been used as an aggregate

with reported satisfactory results, its use may require some additional
precautions. Mixing water requirements may be increased because of the
harshness of the aggregate. Partially deteriorated concrete, used as aggregate,
may reduce freeze-thaw resistance, affect air void properties or degrade
during handling, mixing, or placing. Crushed concrete may have constituents
that would be susceptible to alkali aggregate reactivity or sulfate attack in the
new concrete or may bring sulfates, chlorides, or organic material to the new
concrete in its pore structure.
 NOTE 6

The ranges shown in Table are by necessity very wide in order to

accommodate nationwide conditions. For quality control of any specific
operation, a producer should develop an average grading for the particular
source and production facilities, and should control the production grading
within reasonable tolerances from this average. Where coarse aggregate size
numbers 357 or 467 are used, the aggregate should be furnished in at least two
separate sizes.
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF
AGGREGATES
Defined as the ratio of Weight of Aggregate to the
Weight of equal Volume of water.

It is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of

the material.

Aggregates having low specific gravity are generally

weaker
than those with high specific gravity. This property helps in a
general identification of aggregates.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The specific gravity of aggregates test measures coarse
aggregate weight under moisture conditions of aggregates 1)
Oven-dry; 2) Saturated surface-dry; 3) damp or wet; 4) air-dry

The specific gravity of aggregates normally used in construction

ranges from about 2.5 to 3.0 with an average value of about 2.68.

The standard coarse aggregate specific gravity and absorption

test is AASHTO T 85 and ASTM C 127: Specific Gravity and
Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.
 WATER ABSORPOTION
OF AGGREGATES
Water absorption of aggregate is a measure of porosity. This
value is considered as a measure of resistance to frost action,
and as a measure of sustaining weathering action.

Where:
A is weight of SSD sample in g.
B is weight of oven dried sample in g.

Two such tests should be done and the individual and mean results should be reported.
the aggregate absorption rate shallnot exceed 2%.
ABRASION OF AGGREGATES
Abrasion test is carried out to test the hardness property of
aggregates. The abrasion value of coarse aggregate may be
determined by either Deval machine or Los Angeles machine. The
aggregate abrasion value gives a relative measure of resistance of an
aggregate to wear when it is rotated in cylinder along with some
abrasive charge.
TO CALCULATE:

Where:
A - weight in gm of oven-dried sample.
B - weight in gm offraction retained on 1.70 mm IS Sieves after washing and oven
dried up to constant weight.
DENSITY AND UNIFORMITY
OF AGGREGATES
Particle shape and surface texture influence the properties of freshly
mixed concrete more than the properties of hardened concrete.
The shape and surface texture of the individual aggregate particles
determine how the material will pack into a dense configuration and
also determines the mobility of the stones within a mix.
There are two considerations in the shape of the material: angularity
and flakiness.
The shape of aggregate particles can be classified as either angular,
subangular, subrounded or rounded. Each shape has advantages and
disadvantages depending on the desired properties of the finished
product.
DENSITY & UNIFORMITY

PARTICLE SHAPE OF COARSE AGGREGATES

A flat particle is defined as one where the ratio of the “middle” dimension to
the smallest dimension of the particle exceeds the 3 to 1.

An elongated particle is defined as one where the ratio of the longest

dimension to the middle dimension of the particle exceeds the 3 to 1

Under the Superpave criteria, particles are classified as

“flat and elongated” if the ratio of the largest dimension to
the smallest dimension exceeds 5 to 1.
TEXTURE OF COARSE
AGGREGATES

Surface texture is a measure of the smoothness and

roughness of aggregate.
The grouping of aggregate is broad and is based on visual
examination of the specimen.
The aggregates are classified into five groups, namely, Glassy,
Smooth, Granular, Crystalline, Honeycombed and Porous
DENSITY AND UNIFORMITY
Particle shape and texture of Fine Aggregates

The angularity and texture of fine aggregates have a very strong

influence on the stability of asphalt concrete mixes.

Uncompacted Void Content test [ASTM C-1252]

The test determines percent air voids present in loosely compacted fine
aggregate when a sample of fine aggregate is allowed to flow into a
small calibrated cylinder through a standard funnel.
UNCOMPACTED VOID CONTENT
TEST [ASTM C-1252]
The uncompacted void content of fine aggregate is calculated
from the following formula:

WHERE
G - dry bulk specific gravity of fine aggregate.
Where:
U - uncompacted void content in fine aggregate (%)
V - volume of a calibrated cylinder (ml)
F - mass of fine aggregate in the cylinder
THANK YOU